Keep silence…!

“In the name of Allah the most beneficent and merciful”.

Presented to: Muhammad Tanveer Khan

Group members: Syed Usman Farooq Gilani

Bpd01093202 Muhammad Hassaan

Bpd01093087 Usman Rasheed

Bpd01093100 Syed Mugheera Hashmi

Bpd01093201 Zubair Aziz

Bpd01093119 Hesham Al-noor

Bpd02113220

Semester: 5th C

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY

The University Of Lahore

GLYCOSIDES

Glycosides

GLYCOSIDE

“A glycoside is an organic compound, usually of plant origin maybe of animal origin, that is composed of a sugar portion linked to a non-sugar moiety”.

Glycone: The sugar residue of a gglycoside.

Aglycone / Genin: An aglycone is the non-sugar compound remaining after replacement of the glycosyl group from a glycoside by a hydrogen atom.

Types

Based on atoms involved in glycosidic linkage:

O- glycosides

In these glycosides the sugar is combined with alcohlic or phenolic hydroxyl function of aglycone, e.g. digitoxin.

N- glycosides

In these glycosides nitrogen of amino group is condensed with a sugar, e.g. nucleosides.

S- glycosides

These glycosides contains a sugar moiety attached to the sulphur of the aglycone, e.g.isothiocynate glycosides.

C- glycosides

Condensation of sugar directly to a carbon atom gives rise to C-glycosides, e.g. aloin & cascarosides.

Classification

(a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill

(b) Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and Senna

(c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla

(d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry

(e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard

(f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide

(g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla

(h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian, Quassia, Dioscorea

DIGITALIS

Botanical Origin:

Digitalis purpurea

Family:

Plantaginaceae

Part used:

Dried leaves

Common Name:

Foxglove, purple foxglove, finger flower, fairy glove.

Vernacular Names:

English: Fairy fingers, Witchs bells.

Distribution:

Digitalis is native to Western Europe. It can also be located in Asia, North Africa, Canada and much of the US.

Introduction:

Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species, that was traditionally palced in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae.

Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the much enlarged family Plantaginaceae.

Constituents:

Cardiac glycosides are composed of two structural features:

the sugars (glycone)

the non-sugar (aglycone) moieties

The R group at the 17-position defines the class of cardiac glycosides. Two classes have been observed in Nature

The cardenolides

The bufadienolides

Uses: Traditionally it has been used in heart diseases.

It increases the activity of all forms of muscle tissues, but more especially that of the heart and arterioles.

The most important action of the drug being its action on the circulation.

Digitalis medication works directly on the heart muscle to strengthen and regulate the heartbeat.

It is used to treat certain heart conditions.

It is used in CHF (congestive heart failure).

It is an agent that increases the force of

contraction of cardiac muscle.

Toxicity:Digitalis toxicity causes;

Anorexia

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Jaundice or yellow vision

Bradycardia

Side effects: Abdominal pain

Cardiovascular shock

bradycardia

Upset stomach

Problems with eyesight

ALOE

Botanical Origin:

Aloe vera

Family:

Aloeaceae

Liliaceae

Part used:

Dried exudation of leaves

Common Name:

Ghrita kumari

Vernacular Names:

Hindi: Guarpatha, ghikanvar

Distribution:

Aloe vera is native to North Africa, the mediterranean region of Southern Europe and to the Canary Islands.

Constituents:There are about 500 species of aloe.

All species contain anthraquinone glycosides.

Following components are present generally in most of the species;

Barbaloin (is the major active constituent)

Aloin

Aloeresins

Aloetic acid

Homonataloin aloe-sone

Chrysophanic acid

Chrysamminic acid

Galactouronic acid

Choline salicylate

Saponins

Mucopolysacchrides glucosamines

Glucosamines

Vitamins

Sreroids etc.

USES:

In cosmetic & toiletry products: Mascara & eyelash

Facial moisturizer

Hand & body lotion

Shaving preparations (to promote razor glide, reduce nicks & razor burns)

Sun care products

Makeup remover

Anti-acne gel etc.

In hair care products: Moisturing conditioner–add shine & softness to hair.

Detangler-allows comb through the hair with its lubricating properities.

Medical products: Phyto Derma Skin Barrier 40Z (is an emollient cream.

Body care: Body Heat Vanilla Rub 40Z, 80Z.

Different shampoos:

Aloe vera Jaswant shampoo

Aloe vera Hibiscus shampoo,

Aloe vera Herbal Henna shampoo

Aloe vera Lime Phudina shampoo

Different gels:

Aloe vera Plain gel

Aloe vera Jaswant gel

Aloe vera Cucumber gel

Contraindication:

Dietary supplement should not be used

In pregnant women

If breast feeding

If allergic to aloe

Side effects:

Because of laxative effects, overuse may cause electrolyte imbalance.

Senna

Botanical Origin:

Cassia angustifolia

Family:

Leguminosae

Part used:

Dried leaflets & pods

Common Name:

American senne

Locust plant

Maryland Cassia

Vernacular Names:

Hindi: Sanaya

Urdu: amaltās, Sonamukhi

Distribution: Cassia angustifolia is native to India, Somalia and Arabia.

It is mainly cultivated in India and Pakistan.

Introduction:

Senna is an Arabian name, and the drug was first brought into use by the Arabian physicians Serapion and Mesue.

Constituents: Water and diluted alcohol extract the active principles of

Senna

Pure alcohol only extracts the imperfectly

The activity of drug is largely due to anthraquinone glycosides In leaf

sennoside A and B

sennoside C and D

Some free anthraquinones

are present.

Medicinal action & Use: Purgative

It increases the peristaltic movement of

the colon by its action upon the intestinal wall

As expectorant

Useful in loss of appetite

Carminative and laxative

Hepatomegaly & spleenomegaly

Wound dresser

Leaves are made into a paste, and applied to

various skin diseases.

Side effects: Senna can cause the colon to become dependent on it to

move properly.

Therefor, senna should not be used for more than ten consecutive days.

GLYCYRRHIZA

Botanical Origin:

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Family:

Fabaceae

Part used:

Dried roots and rhizomes

Common Name: Sweet licorice

Licorice root

Vernacular Names:

English: Liquorice

Urdu: Mulethi, Jethi-madh

Distribution:

It is grown in India, Spain, Russia, China & Italy.

Introduction: Hippocrates named the herb glukos riza, or sweet root.

The British adopted the spelling liquorice from Latin liquiritia.

Sanskrit name yashti. meaning ‘stem, stalk; and madhu meaning ‘sweet’.

The Latin specie name glabra meaning ‘hairless’ refers to the leaves.

Types:There are two types of liquorice,

standard liquorice

De-glycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL)

When glycyrrhizin is removed from liquorice, the product is called de-glycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL).

Constituents: The root contains;

4% glycyyrrhizin

The potassium or calcium salt of glycyrrhizinic acid.

It is a saponin glycoside also called Glycyrrhizin which is the Calcium and potassium salt of glycyrrhizinic acid.

Glycyrrhizin is about 50 times sweeter than sucrose (cane sugar).

Glycyrrhizin

Glucoronic acid(2 molecules) Glycyrrhetinic acid

HYDROLYSIS

General Uses: Liquorice is used as;

Flavour

in a wide variety of liquorice candies

in some soft drinks (root beer)

Herbal teas

Medicinal Uses: Flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals

Expectorant (helping to liquefy mucus & facilitate its discharge)

Sweetner

Mild laxative

In tooth powders

Remedy for hyperacidity

Peptic ulcer

Cough syrups

Contraindication:

Liquorice is contraindicated in pregnant women as well as in people with liver and kidney disorders.

De-glycyrrhizinated liquorice do not cause these side effects because there is no glycyrrhizin in them.

“That’s all……….!”

– BY: Gilani