glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● the brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the...

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Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist on glucose ● Glucose is a precursor of other sugars needed in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids ● Glucose is needed to replenish NADPH, which supplies reducing power for biosynthesis and detoxification

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Page 1: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Glucose is an indispensable metabolite

● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose

● Red blood cells exclusively subsist on glucose

● Glucose is a precursor of other sugars needed in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

● Glucose is needed to replenish NADPH, which supplies reducing power for biosynthesis and detoxification

Page 2: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 3: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

The pyruvate carboxylase reaction

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 4: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

The active site of E. coli biotin carboxylase

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 5: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Activation of bicarbonate and carboxylation of biotin

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 6: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

The carboxylation of pyruvate

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 7: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 8: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 9: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Energy balance of gluconeogenesis

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 10: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Mitochondrial substrate transport in gluconeogenesis

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 11: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Ethanol degradation inhibits gluconeogenesis

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 12: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Simultaneous activity of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis creates futile cycles

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 13: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Glucose phosphorylation cycling involves two separate compartments

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 14: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Allosteric regulation limits fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylationcycling

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 15: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Hormonal control of phosphofructokinase andfructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 16: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

The secondary messengers cAMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

© Michael Palmer 2014

Page 17: Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist

Regulation of pyruvate kinase

● allosteric inhibition by ATP

● allosteric activation by alanine and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

● inhibition by PKA-mediated phosphorylation

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