global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the earth

8/7/2019 Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth

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Global warming is the increase in the average temperatureof the Earth's near-surface air

and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface

temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the last century.[1][A] TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed

temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing

concentrations ofgreenhouse gases resulting from human activity such asfossil fuelburning and deforestation.[1] The IPCC also concludes that variations in natural

phenomena such as solar radiationand volcanoes produced most of the warming from

pre-industrial times to 1950 and had a small cooling effect afterward. [2][3] These basicconclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of

science,[B] including all of thenational academies of science of the major industrialized

countries.[4]

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the globalsurface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the

twenty-first century.[1] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with

differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrationsand the use of differing estimates offuture greenhouse gas emissions. Some otheruncertainties include how warming andrelated changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most studies focus on

the period up to the year 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100

even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of theoceans and the longlifetime ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[5][6]

An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount

and pattern ofprecipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.[7] The

continuing retreat ofglaciers,permafrostandsea ice is expected, with warming beingstrongest in the Arctic. Other likely effects include increases in the intensity ofextreme

weatherevents, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields.

Political andpublic debate continues regarding climate change, and what actions (if any)

to take in response. The available options aremitigation to reduce further emissions;adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively,

geoengineering to reverse global warming.Most national governments have signed and

ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Temperature changes

Main article: Temperature record

Two millennia of mean surface temperatures according to different reconstructions, eachsmoothed on a decadal scale. The unsmoothed, annual value for 2004 is also plotted for

reference.

The most commonly discussed measure of global warming is the trend in globally

averaged temperature near the Earth's surface. Expressed as a lineartrend, thistemperature rose by 0.74C 0.18C over the period 1906-2005. The rate of warming
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over the last half of that period was almost double that for the period as a whole (0.13C

0.03C per decade, versus 0.07C 0.02C per decade). The urban heat island effect is

estimated to account for about 0.002 C of warming per decade since 1900.[8]

Temperatures in the lowertroposphere have increased between 0.12 and 0.22 C (0.22

and 0.4 F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements.

Temperature is believed to have been relatively stable over the one or two thousand yearsbefore 1850, with regionally-varying fluctuations such as theMedieval Warm Periodor

the Little Ice Age.

Based on estimates by NASA'sGoddard Institute for Space Studies, 2005 was the

warmest year since reliable, widespread instrumental measurements became available inthe late 1800s, exceeding the previous record set in 1998 by a few hundredths of a

degree.[9] Estimates prepared by theWorld Meteorological Organization and the Climatic

Research Unitconcluded that 2005 was the second warmest year, behind 1998.[10][11]

Temperatures in 1998 were unusually warm because the strongestEl Nioin the past

century occurred during that year.[12] Global temperature is subject to short-term

fluctuations that overlay long term trends and can temporarily mask them. The relativestability in temperature from 1999 to 2009 is consistent with such an episode.[13][14]

Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased

about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 C per decade against 0.13 C per

decade).[15] Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because ofthe larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more heat by

evaporation.[16]The Northern Hemispherewarms faster than the Southern Hemisphere

because it has more land and because it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice

cover subject to the ice-albedo feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted inthe Northern than Southern Hemisphere this does not contribute to the difference in

warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix betweenhemispheres.[17]

The thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean thatclimate can take centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Climate commitment

studies indicate that even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further

warming of about 0.5 C (0.9 F) would still occur.

Responses to global warming

The broad agreement among climate scientists that global temperatures will continue to

increase has led some nations, states,corporations and individuals to implementresponses. These responses to global warming can be divided intomitigation of thecauses and effects of global warming, adaptationto the changing global environment, and

geoengineering to reverse global warming.

Mitigation

Main article: Mitigation of global warming
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigation. Emissions may be

sequestered from fossil fuel power plants, or removed during processing in hydrogen

production. When used on plants, it is known asbio-energy with carbon capture andstorage.

Mitigation of global warming is accomplished through reductions in the rate of

anthropogenic greenhouse gas release. Models suggest that mitigation can quickly beginto slow global warming, but that temperatures will appreciably decrease only after

several centuries.[93] The world's primary international agreement on reducing greenhousegas emissions is the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UNFCCC negotiated in 1997.

The Protocol now covers more than 160 countries and over 55 percent of globalgreenhouse gas emissions.[94] As of June 2009, only the United States, historically the

world's largest emitterof greenhouse gases, hasrefused to ratify the treaty. The treaty

expires in 2012. International talks began in May 2007 on a future treaty to succeed thecurrent one.[95] UN negotiations are now gathering pace in advance of ameeting in

Copenhagen in December 2009.[96]

Many environmental groups encourage individual actionagainst global warming, as well

as community and regional actions. Others have suggested aquotaon worldwide fossil

fuel production, citing a direct link between fossil fuel production and CO2 emissions.[97]

[98]

There has also been business action on climate change, including efforts to improve

energy efficiency and limited moves towards use ofalternative fuels. In January 2005 theEuropean Union introduced its European Union Emission Trading Scheme, through

which companies in conjunction with government agree to cap their emissions or to

purchase credits from those below their allowances. Australia announced its CarbonPollution Reduction Schemein 2008. United States PresidentBarack Obamahas

announced plans to introduce an economy-widecap and trade scheme.[99]

The IPCC's Working Group III is responsible for crafting reports on mitigation of globalwarming and the costs and benefits of different approaches. The 2007 IPCC FourthAssessment Reportconcludes that no one technology or sector can be completely

responsible for mitigating future warming. They find there are key practices and

technologies in various sectors, such asenergy supply,transportation, industry, andagriculture, that should be implemented to reduced global emissions. They estimate that

stabilization ofcarbon dioxide equivalentbetween 445 and 710 ppm by 2030 will result
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in between a 0.6 percent increase and three percent decrease in globalgross domestic

product.[100]

Adaptation

Main article: Adaptation to global warming

A wide variety of measures have been suggested foradaptation to global warming. These

measures range from the trivial, such as the installation ofair-conditioningequipment, to

majorinfrastructure projects, such as abandoning settlements threatened bysea level rise.

Measures including water conservation,[101]water rationing, adaptive agriculturalpractices,[102] construction offlood defences,[103]Martian colonization,[104] changes to

medical care,[105] and interventions to protect threatened species [106] have all been

suggested. A wide-ranging study of the possible opportunities for adaptation ofinfrastructure has been published by theInstitute of Mechanical Engineers.[107]

GeoengineeringMain article: Geoengineering

Geoengineering is the deliberate modification of Earth's natural environment on a largescale to suit human needs.[108] An example is greenhouse gas remediation, which removes

greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, usually through carbon sequestration techniques

such as carbon dioxide air capture.[109]Solar radiation management reduces absorbed

solar radiation, such as by the addition ofstratospheric sulfur aerosols[110] orcool rooftechniques.[111]. No large-scale geoengineering projects have yet been undertaken.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-IPCCAR4WG3SPM-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_water-use_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_water-use_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_defenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_defenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_air_capturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfur_aerosols_(geoengineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-IPCCAR4WG3SPM-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_water-use_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_defenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_air_capturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfur_aerosols_(geoengineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-110

global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the earth

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