global warming a glimpse

Philippines-Australia Community Assistance Program

Lake Mainit Development Alliance

TopicsTopics

• What is Global Warming?What is Global Warming?• What are Greenhouse Gases and What are Greenhouse Gases and

Greenhouse Effect? Greenhouse Effect? • Causes of Global Warming?Causes of Global Warming?• Present Danger on Global Warming Present Danger on Global Warming

on Earth? on Earth? • Possible solution to reduce Global Possible solution to reduce Global

Warming. Warming.



What is Global Warming?

•Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth, is believed to be the result of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#Greenhouse_gases

•Global Warming, term denoting the accelerated warming of the Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic (human activity-related) releases of greenhouse gases due to industrial activity and deforestation.

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What are Greenhouse Gases? Many greenhouse gases occur naturally,

such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. But others such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) result exclusively from human industrial processes.

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Greenhouse gases are components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect. Without the greenhouse effect the Earth would be uninhabitable.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas



What is Greenhouse effect…

Refers to the way in which gases in the Earth’s atmosphere warm the Earth like the glass roof of a greenhouse—by letting sunlight in but keeping the reflected heat energy trapped inside..

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Greenhouse gases vary in their ability to absorb and hold heat in the atmosphere, a phenomenon known as the "greenhouse effect." HFCs and PFCs are the most heat-absorbent, but there are also wide differences between naturally occurring gases. For example, nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and methane absorbs 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide.




1 Energy from the Sun beats down on the Earth.

1

2 Some energy is reflected into space, the rest enters the atmosphere.

23 The Earth absorbs

the energy and emits heat.

3

4 Unlike other gases, greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit the heat energy - some is emitted into space and some back to Earth.

4

5 The heat is effectively trapped and warms the Earth.

5

HOW GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORKS?



Sun

Atmosphere

Methane Carbon Dioxide

Nitrous Oxide

Water vapor



Sun

Solar Energy

Atmosphere

Reflected solar

energy

Absorbed heat



Sun

Atmosphere

Absorbed heat


Nitrous Oxide

Water vapor


Nitrous Oxide

Water vapor



Sun

Earth’s TemperatureEarth’s Temperature

Solar

Energy

Solar

Energy

RadiativeCooling

RadiativeCooling

If the amount of solar energy is greater than the amount radiated, then the earth heats up



Sun

Earth’s TemperatureEarth’s Temperature

Solar

Energy

Solar

Energy

RadiativeCooling

RadiativeCooling

If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down



Cause of Global Warming…

Generally global warming is brought about by the increase of Greenhouse Gases in the atmosphere.

While the greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life on Earth, there really can be too much of a good thing.

The problems begin when human activities distort and accelerate the natural process by creating more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than are necessary to warm the planet to an ideal temperature http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/marchweb-only/113-52.0.html



How human contribute to the Greenhouse Gases Effect?

•Burning natural gas, coal and oilBurning natural gas, coal and oil —including —including gasoline for automobile engines—raises the level of gasoline for automobile engines—raises the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

•Some farming practices and land-use changesSome farming practices and land-use changes increase the levels of methane and nitrous oxide. increase the levels of methane and nitrous oxide.

•Many factories produce long-lasting industrial Many factories produce long-lasting industrial gasesgases that do not occur naturally, yet contribute that do not occur naturally, yet contribute significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect and significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect and “global warming” that is currently under way. “global warming” that is currently under way.





• Deforestation:Deforestation: T Trees rees use carbon dioxide and use carbon dioxide and give off oxygen in its give off oxygen in its place, which helps to place, which helps to create the optimal create the optimal balance of gases in the balance of gases in the atmosphere. As more atmosphere. As more forests are logged for forests are logged for timber or cut down to timber or cut down to make way for farming, make way for farming, however, there are however, there are fewer trees to perform fewer trees to perform this critical function. this critical function. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/marchweb-only/113-52.0.html




• Population growth…Population growth… bbecause as more people ecause as more people use fossil fuels for heat, use fossil fuels for heat, transportation and transportation and manufacturing the level manufacturing the level of greenhouse gases of greenhouse gases continues to increase. continues to increase. As more farming occurs As more farming occurs to feed millions of new to feed millions of new people, more people, more greenhouse gases enter greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere. the atmosphere.

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/marchweb-only/113-52.0.htmlIPCC 2001

HadleyCentre

IPCC 2001HadleyCentre



Present Danger of Global Warming

Death due to climate change (WHO determines death of 154,000 people a year; Professor Andrew Haines)

Increasing storms and flooding (Dr. Thomas Karl: Increase in precipitation in the 20th century)

Killer heat waves (1700 people died in India in 2003)

Forest and Wildfires Increasing (In Alaska and Canada’s boreal forest, fire consumed an average of 7 million acres a year in 1990.) Source: www.ecobridge.org/content/g_cse.htm

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that the world's poorer nations face spiraling rates of death and disease due to increased risk of droughts, floods, storms and other severe climate effects spurred by human-caused greenhouse gas emissions:



Heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather Ocean warming, sea-level rise and coastal flooding

Glaciers melting

Arctic and Antarctic warming

Spreading disease

Earlier spring arrival

Plant and animal range shifts and population changes

Coral reef bleaching

Downpours, heavy snowfalls, and flooding

Droughts and fires http://www.climatehotmap.org

The impact of global warming in Europe and Russia


Arctic Ocean - Decreasing ice cover. Satellite measurements indicate the area of perennial ice cover has decreased by about 7% per decade since 1978.

Caucasus Mountains, Russia -- Half of all glacial ice disappeared in the past 100 years.

United Kingdom -- Birds shift northward. Over a 20-year period, many birds have extended the northern margins of their ranges by an average of about 12 miles

Mediterranean -- Intense drought and fires. Spain lost more than 1.2 million acres (485,622 hectares) of forest to wildfires in 1994, and 370,000 acres (149,734 hectares) burned in each of Greece and Italy in 1998.

Germany -- Mollusc range shift. 20% of 40 mollusc species in a national park have changed their distribution in response to warming.

United Kingdom - British birds extend their ranges northward. A comparison of the breeding distributions of birds for two time periods, 1968-72 and 1988-91, showed that the northern margins for many species had moved northwards by an average of about 12 miles (19 km).




Glaciers melting


Spreading disease






The impact of global warming in Asia


Garhwal Himalayas, India -- Glacial retreat at record pace. The Dokriani Barnak Glacier retreated 66 ft (20.1 m) in 1998 despite a severe winter. The Gangorti Glacier is retreating 98 ft (30 m) per year. At this rate scientists predict the loss of all central and eastern Himalayan glaciers by 2035.

Coral reef bleaching in the Philippines, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean -- Coral reef bleaching (include Seychelles; Kenya; Reunion; Mauritius; Somalia; Madagascar; Maldives; Indonesia; Sri Lanka; Gulf of Thailand [Siam]; Andaman Islands; Malaysia; Oman; India; and Cambodia).

Indonesia -- Malaria spreads to high elevations. Malaria was detected for the first time as high as 6,900 feet (2103 m) in the highlands of Irian Jaya in 1997.

Indonesia -- Burning rainforest, 1998. Fires burned up to 2 million acres (809,371 hectares) of land, including almost 250,000 acres (101,172 hectares) of primary forest and parts of the already severely reduced habitat of the Kalimantan orangutan.

Bangladesh - Link between stronger El Nivents and cholera prevalence. Researchers found a robust relationship between progressively stronger El Nivents and cholera prevalence, spanning a 70-year period from 1893-1940 and 1980-2001.

119. Chokoria Sundarbans, Bangladesh - Flooded mangroves. Rising ocean levels have flooded about 18,500 acres (7,500 hectares) of mangrove forest during the past three decades. Global sea-level rise is aggravated by substantial deltaic subsidence in the area with rates as high as 5.5 mm/year.

155. China - Disappearing Lakes, 2001. More than half of the 4,000 lakes in the Qinghai province are disappearing due to drought




Glaciers melting


Spreading disease






The impact of global warming in Africa


Senegal -- Sea-level rise; Sea-level rise is causing the loss of coastal land at Rufisque, on the South Coast of Senegal.

121. World Ocean - Warming water. The world ocean has experienced a net warming of 0.11?F (0.06?C) from the sea surface to a depth of 10,000 feet (3000 m) over the past 35-45 years.

Kenya - Worst drought in 60 years, 2001. Over four million people were affected by a severely reduced harvest, weakened livestock, and poor sanitary conditions.

154. Lake Chad - Disappearing Lake. The surface area of the lake has decreased from 9,650 square miles (25,000 km2) in 1963 to 521 (1,350 km2) today

Kenya -- Deadly malaria outbreak, summer, 1997. Hundreds of people died from malaria in the Kenyan highlands where the population had previously been unexposed. Tanzania -- Malaria expands in mountains. Higher annual temperatures in the Usamabara Mountains have been linked to expanding malaria transmission.




Glaciers melting


Spreading disease






The impact of global warming in OceaniaPresent Danger of Global Warming

Fiji -- Sea-level rise. Reports from local inhabitants at 16 sites indicate that the island's average shoreline has been receding half a foot (0.15 m) per year over at least the past 90 years.

American and Western Samoa -- Land loss. Western Samoa has experienced shore recession of about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) per year for at least the past 90 years

Coral reef bleaching in Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Papua New Guinea, American Samoa and Indian Ocean.

New Zealand - Ocean warming. The oceans around New Zealand have been warming over the past decade at a rate not seen since the 1930s.

Australia - 2002 - Warmest April on record. This occurred in the context of an average annual temperature increase of 0.9-1.8?F (0.5-1.0?C) per decade over the past century. There has also been an increase in warm days and a decrease in cold winter days.



http://www.climatehotmap.org

The impact of global warming in North AmericaPresent Danger of Global Warming

42. Hawaii -- Beach loss. Sea-level rise at Waimea Bay, along with coastal development, has contributed to considerable beach loss over the past 90 years.

69. Barrow, Alaska -- Less snow in summer. Summer days without snow have increased from fewer than 80 in the 1950's to more than 100 in the 1990's.

16. Mexico -- Dengue fever spreads to higher elevations. Dengue fever has spread above its former elevation limit of 3,300 feet (1,006 m) and has appeared at 5,600 feet (1,707 m).

19. Central America -- Dengue fever spreads to higher elevations. Dengue fever is spreading above its former limit of 3,300 feet (1,006 m) and has been reported above 4,000 feet (1,219 m).

85. Mexico -- Worst fire season ever, 1998. 1.25 million acres burned during a severe drought. Smoke reaching Texas triggered a statewide health alert.

82. Florida -- Worst wildfires in 50 years, 1998. Fires burned 485,000 acres (196,272 hectares) and destroyed more than 300 homes and structures.

84. Florida, Texas, Louisiana -- Driest period in 104 years, April-June 1998

33. Alaska -- Sea bird population decline. The black guilemot population is declining from 1990 levels because melting sea ice has increased the distance the birds must fly to forage for food and reduced the number of resting sites available.

86. Nicaragua -- 2.2 million acres (890,308 hectares) burned, 1998. Over 15,000 fires burned in 1998, and the blazing acreage included protected lands in the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve.



Wildlife EffectsWildlife Effects

• Polar BearsPolar Bears– Require pack ice to liveRequire pack ice to live– Might eventually go extinct in the wildMight eventually go extinct in the wild

• Sea turtlesSea turtles– Breed on the same islands asBreed on the same islands as

their birththeir birth– Could go extinct on some islandsCould go extinct on some islands

as beaches are floodedas beaches are flooded

• More than a million More than a million species face extinctionspecies face extinction from disappearing habitat, changing ecosystems, and acidifying oceans

• Polar BearsPolar Bears– Require pack ice to liveRequire pack ice to live– Might eventually go extinct in the wildMight eventually go extinct in the wild

• Sea turtlesSea turtles– Breed on the same islands asBreed on the same islands as

their birththeir birth– Could go extinct on some islandsCould go extinct on some islands

as beaches are floodedas beaches are flooded

• More than a million More than a million species face extinctionspecies face extinction from disappearing habitat, changing ecosystems, and acidifying oceans





Impacts on Coastal AreasImpacts on Coastal Areas

• Erosion Erosion

• Inundation of Inundation of coastal landscoastal lands

• Additional costs Additional costs to protect to protect coastal coastal communities communities





US Geological Survey

Understanding: MediumEverywhere:•Increase in intensity of hurricanes•Increase in droughts in some places•Increase in intense rain in some places

What After:Changes in how well forests grow

Increased habitat for pests

Farming: some crops will grow better, some will grow worse.




Everywhere:•Increased winter flooding

•Increased landslides

•Overall forest health

•Coastal erosionWhat After How will humans

react Surprise changes?

US Geological Survey




projected

present

Increased risk of floods, potentially displacing tens of millions of people, due to sea level rise and heavy rainfall events, especially in Small Island States and low-lying deltaic areas. Bangladesh is projected to lose about 17% of its land area with a sea level rise of one meter - very difficult to adapt due to lack of adaptive capacity.





Food production Food production needs to double needs to double to meet the needs to meet the needs of an additional 3 of an additional 3 billion people in billion people in the next 30 yearsthe next 30 years

Climate change is Climate change is projected to decrease projected to decrease agricultural productivity agricultural productivity in the tropics and sub-in the tropics and sub-tropics for almost any tropics for almost any amount of warming. amount of warming.





Wood demand will Wood demand will double in the next 50 double in the next 50 years.years.

Forest management Forest management will become more will become more difficult due to an difficult due to an increase in pests and increase in pests and fires. fires.



Wood fuel is the only Wood fuel is the only source of fuel for one source of fuel for one third of the world’s third of the world’s population.population.



One third of the world’s One third of the world’s population is now population is now subject to water subject to water scarcity. scarcity.

Population facing water scarcity will more than double over the next 30 years

Climate change is projected to decrease water availability in many arid- and semi-arid regions





Global scenarios: Worst case (left) and best case (right)

Climate forecast

In 2001, scientists predicted the Earth would warm by 1.4 - 5.8 ˚C by 2100.

Most of the warming, they believed, was a result of humanity's use of fossil fuels, like oil and coal.

Comparison of Climatic Forecast Present Danger of Global Warming



Possible Solutions to Possible Solutions to Global WarmingGlobal WarmingWhat we can do What we can do now to reduce now to reduce

global warmingglobal warming??



Reduce global warming by…Reduce global warming by…• Reducing, Reusing and Recycling.Reducing, Reusing and Recycling.

IPCC 2001HadleyCentre http://www.christianitytoday.com

• Reduce energy needsReduce energy needs – Changing light bulbChanging light bulb

Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFLs also last 10 compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds

less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat.

Do your part to reduce waste by choosing Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. By reusable products instead of disposables. By recycling half of your household waste, you can recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.



• Reduce energy needs Reduce energy needs – Use the "Off" SwitchUse the "Off" Switch Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off

lights when you leave a room, and using only as much lights when you leave a room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your light as you need. And remember to turn off your television, video player, stereo and computer when television, video player, stereo and computer when you're not using them. Use natural light whenever you're not using them. Use natural light whenever

possible.possible. – Buy Energy-Efficient ProductsBuy Energy-Efficient Products When it’s time to buy a new car, choose one that offers When it’s time to buy a new car, choose one that offers

good gas mileage. Home appliances now come in a good gas mileage. Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact florescent range of energy-efficient models, and compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.

Reduce global warming by…Reduce global warming by…

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• Use alternative energy sourcesUse alternative energy sources


IPCC 2001HadleyCentre http://www.christianitytoday.com

SolarSolar

• Give priority on sustainable developmentGive priority on sustainable development Adopt nature farming technology system, organic farming,

composting and other sustainable agriculture practices.

WindWind

GeothermalGeothermal HydroelectricHydroelectric



• Planting more trees.Planting more trees.

During photosynthesis, trees and During photosynthesis, trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide other plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. They are an and give off oxygen. They are an integral part of the natural integral part of the natural atmospheric exchange cycle here atmospheric exchange cycle here on Earth, but there are too few of on Earth, but there are too few of them to fully counter the increases them to fully counter the increases in carbon dioxide caused by in carbon dioxide caused by automobile traffic, manufacturing automobile traffic, manufacturing and other human activities. A and other human activities. A single tree will absorb single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon approximately one ton of carbon

dioxide during its lifetime. dioxide during its lifetime.


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• Educating and Educating and encouraging others to encouraging others to conserveconserve

Share information about Share information about recycling and energy recycling and energy conservation with your friends, conservation with your friends, neighbors and co-workers, and neighbors and co-workers, and take opportunities to take opportunities to encourage public officials to encourage public officials to establish programs and establish programs and policies that are good for the policies that are good for the environment. environment.




Reduce Global Warming…

START NOW!



Prepared by:

JOHNY S. NATADLake Mainit FOCAS Management CommitteeLake Mainit Development Alliance3/F New Public Market BuildingKitcharao, Agusan del Norte

http://lmda.wordpress.comhttp://lmda.blogspot.com.

global warming a glimpse

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