global markets for gasifiers

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Global Markets for Gasifiers

Published on April 2013

Report Summary

INTRODUCTION

Gasification is a centuries'old thermochemical energy conversion technology that has slowly achieved modernity over the decades.

The technology is undergoing its third evolutionary surge. Fuel shortages in WWII spurred widespread adoption for vehicle fuels. The

oil crisis 1973 spurred a re'evaluation and renewed development. Rising oil prices, globally increasing fuel demand, and

overwhelming scientific evidence of climate change have spurred this last leg to full industrialization.

The central concept of gasification is that by raising carbon'rich materials to high temperatures in an oxygen'deficient containment, the

material will break down thermochemically instead of burning. If the same material is combusted (burned), it emits carbon monoxide

and a host of pollutants, besides being incompletely consumed. If gasified, the products are hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO)

and carbon dioxide (CO2). This is synthetic gas, simply called 'syngas.' It can be burned, captured, stored, or its molecules

rearranged to form fuels and chemical feedstocks.

The process is moderately more efficient than incineration, has significantly fewer emissions and waste, and the syngas can be

shaped into a myriad of products for power production, chemical industries, liquid fuels, and heat.

Feedstock for gasification can be coal, the organic components of municipal waste, industrial waste streams, chemical feedstocks,

forestry residues, forest products and crop residues, medical waste, unrecycled plastic or, in the case of plasma gasifiers, almost any

nonradioactive material.

A gasifier is the central component of a gasification plant. Surrounding it are the feedstock conditioning and delivery systems, oxygen,

steam and air input systems, waste removal components, syngas cooling and cleaning systems, power plants, heat recovery units,

Fischer'Tropsch molecule rearrangers, and so on. This report focuses on the markets for gasifier units that are in place and will be

installed by application segment and geographic location through the year 2017.

WHY JUST THE GASIFIER'

Gasifier technology is actually a group of technologies that has emerged commercially in a number of applications and is being

evolved for others. For several decades, gas and oil refiners, chemicals companies, remote'from'grid communities, and

techno'hobbyists have been advancing the design and functional performance of gasifiers. As oil prices have risen and the specter of

carbon emissions regulations draws nearer, the intensity of interest in gasifiers has grown apace.

From a 5,000 ft. altitude view, an industrial scale gasifier plant appears remarkably similar to an integrated circuit. There are

connecting pipelines (circuits) everywhere, and various specialized devices (subprocessors) to provide input and take the output of

the central processor, the gasifier, and do something with the syngas.

As in the semiconductor industry, there are only a few major, very large unit, central processor (gasifier) integrated chip 'fabs,' but a

host of suppliers for the smaller on'chip support components. It is becoming more difficult for new technologies to emerge now that

gasifiers have reached truly large proportions, capable of processing thousands of tons of feedstock daily, mass'producing a product

(syngas) that is at the foundation of many essential industries (energy, plastics, medicines, liquid fuels, and more).

Global Markets for Gasifiers (From Issuu) /23

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Gasifiers can also be standalone fuel conversion devices that range from a rural home cook stove to a megawatt'scale, micro'industry

gas supplier.

The number of companies producing gasifiers increases in inverse proportion to the output capacity of the gasifier product. Output,

usually expressed in megawatt' or kilowatt'thermal, can range from hundreds of watts to hundreds of megawatts.

Only a few companies are capable of supplying and servicing gasifiers with utility'scale output capabilities of hundreds of

megawatts'thermal. Well over a hundred companies manufacture gasifiers with outputs in the tens of megawatts'thermal. The

smallest gasifiers, for individual or small commercial use, are produced by a large array of manufacturers spread throughout the

world.

THE MOST SIGNIFICANT GASIFIER MARKETS

This study of the markets for gasifiers recognizes that the various market segments involve different operational characteristics,

economics and feedstocks. The financing arrangements for gasification systems are different among municipal, utility, industrial, gas

and oil, and low'level economies.

Gasification provides a venue to power generation using carbon fuels without exposing project developers to risk from environmental

and health concerns. Gasification also empowers users to utilize high carbon, low value fuels (e.g., lignite, sub'bituminous coals, peat)

and derive electricity, industrial chemicals, clean fuels, synthetic transportation fuels, and inert re'usable waste.

It also provides a way to deal with trash. All societies with operating economies must deal with garbage, and the bigger the economy,

the more garbage generated. It all must go somewhere, for reasons of public health and fiscal responsibility, real estate values, and

as a source of raw materials. Besides the energy carrier (syngas) that is produced from organic material in refuse by gasifiers, a

major side benefit is a significant reduction in the volume of feedstock waste material, and possible economic value in the solid waste

remaining after gasification.

Another global situation is a dependence on fossil fuels, particularly coal, which is abundant, relatively low tech and low cost, but

accompanied by significant environmental risk at all stages of use. IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) power plants have

been and are currently being built that demonstrate that gasification technologies meet the conceptual goal of 'clean coal,' at least at

the consumption stage, as well as on the emissions side.

Gasifiers are pre'combustion devices, providing operators an opportunity to capture carbon before combustion, when it is easier than

after combustion, when the thermochemistry is much more complex.

A confluence of forces in developed nations (economic upheaval, recession, rising energy costs, inexorable generation of waste,

environmental regulations, municipal money shortfalls) is a perfect storm to spur gasification markets to expand. Utilities,

municipalities, heavy industries (petrochemicals, chemicals, metal refining, others) need large energy supplies, have large amounts of

waste, must economize, and must reduce their carbon footprints.

The largest gasifiers for power plants have yet to be the default choice for power plants because of price (unless the price of carbon

penalties increases). A number of other applications, such as coal to liquids (CTL ' fuel, industrial feedstock), wastes (solid, sludge,

industrial waste) waste to energy (WTE), petcoke/refinery residuals, and biomass to energy and liquid (BTE, BTL) are now proven in

the field and on the short lists of options when dealing with garbage volume, on'site power from industrial waste, refinery energy and

supplies of industrial feedstocks.

The central concept of the gasifier scales down quite well to simple personal use stoves for residential cooking and recreational

camping.









This report characterizes the state of gasification technologies, the way they serve their most significant applications, and quantifies

the number and regional trends in gasifier utilization throughout the globe. The economics and influencing financials, laws and

regulations, and feedstocks are investigated, along with technical and operational maturity.

What is revealed is that in some market segments gasification is not ready for prime time, in others the financials don't work for a

number of reasons that are explored, and in others, the use of gasification is compelling, profitable, and inevitable. The discussion

also seeks to provide clarity in the confounding situation that some gasifier markets are now viable in some geographic regions, while

the same technologies are unlikely to make headway in others.

The bottom line is that gasifiers have become a mainstream product in a broad range of applications that include central power

stations, waste treatment, industrial chemicals production, on'site small industrial operations, district cogeneration, residences in rural

economically poor areas, and more. They are becoming an essential part of the energy conversion landscape and are already a

multi'billion dollar a year diversified industry on a strong growth path globally.

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

This report was written to characterize and quantify the world markets for gasifiers in terms of gasifier technologies, unit counts,

regions, feedstocks and end product application. Gasifier technologies have been evolving for well over a century, but only recently

emerged as either at or near being economically and technologically viable as a short'list choice for the production of syngas and

chemical feedstocks on an industrial scale and energy sources for a variety of smaller regional, municipal, village and commercial or

residential sectors. A very limited number of opportunities also exist where gasifiers are a de facto choice for syngas production.

In sum, this report is designed to adequately identify and describe the markets in which gasifiers are playing, will expand their roles,

or will gain entry to markets that encompass both thermal and chemical energy generation, and fuel and industrial chemicals

production.

This report summarizes the market drivers that are raising demand for gasifiers. These forces include a relentlessly increasing

consumption of electricity and liquid fuels, rising fuel costs, environmental laws and regulations, a lack of natural gas resources in key

locations, abundant coal resources, rising volumes of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, surging economies in Asia, and the

improving sophistication and performance of gasifiers.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Gasifiers can be regarded as a new/old technology. Their functioning principles have been known ' and applied commercially since

the 19th century. Before the electric light, gasification supplied town gas for lighting city streets.

Low'cost fossil fuels have regularly distracted industries and research organizations from continuing to develop the technology. With

the arrival on the world economic stage of surging economies in Asia, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, the era of

low'cost liquid fossil fuels has passed for good. There is too much competition for every barrel of oil, thus keeping prices elevated.

Advanced materials, thermodynamics modeling, attractive economics and tightening emissions regulations have formed a perfect

storm that is driving the appearance and quick expansion of markets for gasifiers. As long as there are feedstocks available in

sustainable quantities, gasifiers can deliver syngas for a variety of applications.

This report was written because conditions are finally right for long'running markets for gasifiers. A critical mass of technologies,

engineering competence and tools, diverse markets, environmental regulations and international agreements to minimize greenhouse

gas emissions, industrial production capacity and demonstrated pilot and commercial applications now exist. There are established

markets for gasifiers that range in capacity by a factor of a million (thermal output). This established base, the worldwide spread of the

technology, decades of experience with the equipment, vendors with large balance sheets, a developing world that now has









substantial economic inertia, and the flexibility of applications of gasifiers have opened the gates to extremely widespread adoption.

This market study was undertaken to identify, characterize, and quantify the status of the markets for gasifiers and the extent to which

the gasifier universe will expand, where activity will take place, at what pace, and what the trends in gasifier markets will be through

2017.

SCOPE OF REPORT

This report identifies, characterizes, describes, and forecasts world markets for gasifiers on global and regional bases. Attention is

given to national/state incentives, international agreements, regulatory regimes, and political policies that foster, hinder or neglect

(whether benignly or otherwise) the implementation of gasifiers.

Forecasts are provided to estimate the robustness of gasifier markets in their different size ranges, feedstocks, and applications over

time, covering the period 2012 through 2017.

Regional forecasts are made as granular as feasible or appropriate, covering the global market in terms of 10 geographic areas with

what is perceived to be a commonality of usage patterns, market demand, and geographic proximity. This last factor is taken to

indicate an organic proximity that will enable development of a regional market awareness of the availability of gasifiers and a need

for their particular attributes as key components in energy, fuel or chemicals production systems.

A high level approach is taken to describe the theory of gasification and its various common forms, (i.e., downdraft, updraft, fixed bed,

fluidized bed and plasma). Greater detail is developed for the characteristics of the markets for gasifiers, and the types of gasifiers

that serve those markets, namely coal to energy (CTE), coal to liquids (CTL), direct reduction of iron (DRI melt) in steel mills,

petcoke/refinery residuals, biomass to energy (BTE), biomass to liquids (BTE), waste to energy (WTE) and plasma. These market

segments encompass nearly all applications and configurations of gasifiers, from utility'scale to jungle hut.

Attention is also given to market segmentation and proliferation of small gasifiers, with particular focus on factors that enhance or

hinder both their usage and market size. The factors considered include reliability, the necessity of support services, the differences

between developed world and developing world markets, and success factors for each type of application.

METHODOLOGY

The development of this report involved foundation research into existing technology assessments, as well as market data for

worldwide gasifier implementation.

Materials that were examined include conference proceedings, research reports from work carried out and sponsored by the U.S.

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), publicly available presentations and marketing materials by various gasification

equipment and project development companies and gasification and biomass energy organizations, companies' 10'K and 10'Q

reports where available, telephone interviews and discussions with gasifier vendors and buyers, municipal waste management

officials and town managers, and chemical industry executives. An attempt was made to balance discussions among technology

experts, market developers, corporate management, and regulatory agencies, as well as prospective buyers of gasifiers.

Consultations were held with various political advisors to gain an understanding of the machinations that influence state and local

level decisions on whether or not to adopt gasification installations into the public weal, and under what circumstances they will or will

not.

The study considers the various market segments that are served by gasifiers, and how those niches are conditioned by regulatory

drivers, economics, incumbent technologies, national policies, environmental mandates, government subsidy programs, and the

economics of each type of application, and where. Due to the expense associated with large gasifiers, and the concomitant total bill









for an entire functioning plant, care was taken to understand the payback, and whether or not there were sufficient factors in play to

reliably sustain a gasifier market in the various world regions, and separately within the various market segments being examined.

Project specifications for as'built and planned undertakings were examined to derive rational estimates of gasifiers in the field and the

number of units to be deployed through 2017 (and beyond). Reports and case histories were studied to understand the economics of

capital expenditures and ROIs for gasifier'based power plants, chemical feedstock and fuel production, refinery use with petcoke and

residuals, direct reduction of iron (DRI melt), biomass energy and chemical liquid conversion, and waste to energy (WTE), as well as

remote rural use for thermal energy and biofuels production.

The research and analysis led to the development of a quantitative picture of the status of the gasifier industry, its major segments,

and the geographic market activity and indicators of the directions of evolution of those markets. The accumulated data, (i.e.,

installed, contracted for, financed, and scheduled for deployment) was analyzed in terms of a world segmented into 10 regions, each

with multiple countries having sufficient key similarities and geographic proximity to be included within that region.

Some considered choices were required to identify various cut'off points for market segmentation. The diversity of applications now

under way with gasifiers (a few hundred watts'thermal up to hundreds of megawatts'thermal) indicate that future studies may consider

a more limited scope, for example, output capacity ranges, specific market segments such as coal'to'energy (CTE) gasifiers, fuel

production using coal (CTL) or best'fit gasifiers to obtain particular chemicals from a given regionally ubiquitous biomass feedstock

(biomass to energy ' BTE or biomass to liquid ' BTL).

The chief metrics in this report are new and cumulative units (gasifiers) broken down by world markets, by application and region. The

discussions explore the market dynamics driven by particular feedstock availability, and the annual regional market for gasifiers in a

given application segment.

As was discovered in the course of research for this report, the necessity of reducing carbon emissions is imparting a significant

upward push to the market for the largest gasifiers. It is not the only driving force, but has a powerful compatibility with the

performance characteristics of gasifiers (efficient fuel conversion, emissions control facilitation, minimal solid waste, mitigation of

water contamination).

This report covers the locations, quantities and trends of the world gasifiers markets. If a reasoned analysis showed that a particular

market segment would not appear or progress in a given area, attention was immediately withdrawn from that area of research, for

that application segment, and no further discussion was included. In some cases, the causes and conditions of a failure to grow the

market are discussed, as is the reasoning behind the identification and quantification of regional markets that will succeed and why.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

The report is of interest to manufacturers, marketing, sales, production planning, strategic planning, and service planners for gasifier

manufacturers, balance of plant component manufacturers, plant designers, and service organizations. It is also of use to buyers, and

investors in gasifiers of any size and geographic region. The information is of interest to project planners, refinery operators, coal and

biomass energy and liquid product extraction equipment and engineering firms, coal company owners, coal shipment companies,

liquid fuel project developers, legislative bodies, regulatory authorities, municipal waste disposal management authorities and project

developers, renewable and fossil fuel energy proponents and opponents, regional grid operators, coal mine company managers, and

developers of competitive and complementary combustion, anaerobic digestion, and bio'gasification technology development

companies.

Matters covered in this report may be helpful to university and governmental energy, fossil fuel, biomass, forestry and forestry

products, and agricultural research staff. Manufacturers, investors and developers of various biofuel production technologies may

benefit from the market intelligence contained herein.









The information presented covers both the technology and the applications of gasifiers, as well as their associated markets and the

factors that shape the markets for gasifiers. Details are provided that affect buyers' choice of product, the requirements of gasifiers for

different applications, and thus are pertinent to the needs of gasifier equipment vendors, product investors, and product evaluators.

Discussions of the market conditioning factors is likely to be of use to government regulators and legislators, regulators, corporate

executives, project developers, equipment manufacturers and marketers, particularly because of the suitability of gasifiers to satisfy

various power production, chemical supply, clean energy and industrialization feedstock requirements, as well as use fuels extracted

from beneath the earth, within mountains in political regions of influence, and grown in similar areas.

International funding agencies seeking to aid the development of power production infrastructure in evolving economies can gain

insight into the gainful and positive economic benefits of gasifiers, their limitations, and the capabilities of devices that enable bulk

molecular manipulation of carbonaceous materials that are often either common to many regions of the world, or, as with biomass,

vary widely among climate zones, continents, and economic development stage.

INFORMATION SOURCES

The information sources accessed for this report included telephone interviews with a number of private and federal researchers

investigating various gasifier technologies and operations. Discussions were also held with project developers and officials in utilities,

municipal waste treatment, wastewater treatment, coal mining, and biomass power plant development and operation, as well as

cogeneration and trigeneration operations and planning. As much as possible, attention was given to obtaining primary information

about all sizes of gasifiers and the diverse gasifier platforms, including plasma reactors.

Extensive efforts were made to understand the global distribution of fossil fuels (the various coals, natural gas deposits, and shale

plays), and prominent biomass species indigenous to areas where gasifiers might be considered.

International agreements and programs were examined in the light of follow'through by various governments to provide funding for

gasifier technology development, pilot plants and demonstration projects. The economics of each type of application were examined

through case histories, academic and central government'funded analyses and projections, and many International Gasification

Council conference proceedings. Reports from various U.S. national laboratories in particular proved very helpful in framing an

informed knowledge base on the functions of gasifiers, their configurations, components and balance of plant, and the status and rate

of evolution of the technologies and their costs.

Trade publications covering fossil fuels, power plants, biomass, waste management, energy projects, biofuels, and the renewable

energy world ecosystem were thoroughly studied.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

Michael Kujawa has authored market research analysis reports covering a wide gamut of conventional and renewable energy

technologies, including topics such as bulk power installations of photovoltaics, large wind turbines, small hydro, biogas, geothermal

and ocean energy conversion systems. He has also covered world markets for stationary and transportation fuel cells, building

integrated photovoltaics, cogeneration equipment, building management systems, distributed generation, and U.S. markets for power

production machinery in a deregulated power industry. Mr. Kujawa has co'founded several companies engaged in the development of

clean energy technologies, onshore and offshore wind projects, marine high definition aerial wildlife monitoring, and multi'megawatt

solar parks. He is also involved in the commercial development of a marine aquaculture operation.

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

This report provides:









' An exploration of the global markets for gasifiers.

' Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2011 and 2012, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs)

through 2017.

' A breakdown of the types of gasifier technologies, including fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, entrained-flow, and plasma.

' Examinations of feedstocks, such as fossil fuel (coal, petcoke, and residuals), wood, forestry products, waste and waste wood, seed

hulls, nut shells, organic refuse, and others (oil palm plantation waste, corn cobs and stover, coconut husks).

' Examination of government support mechanisms, climate change policy impacts, and market expansion constraints, such as

emissions, component costs, natural gas and shale gas prices, and land requirements for feedstocks.

Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2

WHY JUST THE GASIFIER' 2

THE MOST SIGNIFICANT GASIFIER MARKETS 3

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 4

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 5

SCOPE OF REPORT 6

METHODOLOGY 6

INTENDED AUDIENCE 8

INFORMATION SOURCES 8

ANALYST CREDENTIALS 9

RELATED BCC REPORTS 9

BCC ON-LINE SERVICES 10

DISCLAIMER 10

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 12

SUMMARY FORECAST FOR ANNUAL GASIFIER UNITS 13

SUMMARY TABLE WORLD MARKET FOR NEW GASIFIERS, BY APPLICATION

SEGMENT THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 15

SUMMARY FIGURE CUMULATIVE INSTALLATIONS OF GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION

PLUS PLASMA ARC, 2011-2017 (LOGARITHMIC SCALE - CUMMULATIVE UNITS

INSTALLED)

17

CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 20

A RELATIVELY QUICK EVOLUTION TO USEFULNESS 21

CHAPTER 4 GASIFIER TECHNOLOGIES 24









TYPES OF GASIFIERS 24

OTHER GASIFIER FUNCTIONAL DISTINGUISHING DESIGN FEATURES 25

GASIFIER SYSTEM COMPONENTS 26

THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GASIFIERS 26

CHAPTER 5 GASIFIER APPLICATIONS 29

THE NEWEST KID ON THE BLOCK: PLASMA 29

GASIFICATION COMES IN MANY SIZES 29

COAL TO ENERGY (CTE) -UTILITY-SCALE GASIFICATION 30

THE SHALE GAS NEW NORMAL 30

FIGURE 1 MAP OF WORLD SHALE GAS DEPOSITS 31

COAL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR NATURAL GAS 32

FIGURE 2 MAJOR WORLD COAL DEPOSITS (IN GRAY) 32

UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION 33

COAL TO LIQUID (CTL) GASIFIERS: SEVERAL MW TO >100 MW 33

BIOMASS TO ENERGY (BTE): HUNDREDS OF WATTS TO TENS OF MEGAWATTS 34

THE SMALL HOME GASIFIER MASSIVE OPPORTUNITY 35

BIOMASS TO LIQUIDS (BTL) 35

COSTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION 36

FIGURE 3 COST OF BIOFUEL LIPIDS PER LITER (BY COUNTRY) 36

TABLE 1 TOP 10 COUNTRIES RANKED FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 37

PETCOKE (AND REFINERY RESIDUALS) 38

DIRECT REDUCTION IRON MELT GASIFIERS (DRI) 38

WASTE TO ENERGY (WTE - INCLUDES MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, WASTEWATER

TREATMENT SLUDGE AND ANIMAL EXCREMENT SOLIDS) 40

THE ASH QUESTION FOR WTE 41

Small/Village/Microindustry Gasifiers 41

CHAPTER 6 WORLD GASIFIER MARKET DRIVERS 44

GASIFIER MARKET STRUCTURE 45

TABLE 2 CAPACITY RANGES FOR GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION SEGMENT 45

LARGE SCALE GASIFIERS 45

MEDIUM SCALE GASIFIERS 46

SMALL SCALE GASIFIERS 47

The Large Small-scale BTL Opportunity 48

CHAPTER 7 GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTS IMPACTING

GASIFIER MARKETS 50

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS INFLUENCING MARKETS FOR GASIFIERS 50

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR COAL TO

ENERGY (CTE) GASIFIERS 51

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR COAL TO

LIQUIDS (CTL) GASIFIERS 52

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR

PETCOKE/RESIDUALS GASIFIERS 52









LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR DIRECT

REDUCTION IRON (DRI) MELT GASIFIERS 52

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR BIOMASS

TO ENERGY (BTE) GASIFIERS 53

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR BIOMASS

TO LIQUIDS (BTL) GASIFIERS 54

Industrial Chemical Legal and Regulatory Issues for BTL Gasifiers 54

Fuel Production Legal and Regulatory Issues for BTL Gasifiers 55

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR WASTE

TO ENERGY (WTE) GASIFIERS 55

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT IMPACT MARKETS FOR PLASMA

GASIFIERS 56

CHAPTER 8 FINANCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE VARIOUS GASIFIER MARKETS

SEGMENTS 59

COAL TO ENERGY (CTE) GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 59

THE PRICE OF COAL VS. FRACED GAS 60

THE FEDERALISM OF INDIGENOUS COAL VS. IMPORTED GAS 60

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF COAL TO ENERGY (CTE) 61

THE PRICE POINT IS MOOT IN SOME INSTANCES 61

COAL TO LIQUIDS (CTL) GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 61

LIQUIDS FROM COAL VS. SHALE GAS AND NATURAL GAS 62

BIOMASS TO ENERGY (BTE) GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 63

BIOMASS TO LIQUIDS (BTL) GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 64

PETCOKE/REFINERY RESIDUES GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 65

COMPETITION WITH COAL TO LIQUID (CTL) 65

DRI MELT GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 66

MUNICIPAL WASTE TO ENERGY GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 67

DISCUSSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF WTE GASIFICATION 67

PLASMA GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 69

VILLAGE-SCALE GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 69

IN REMOTE SITES, THERMAL MEANS SIMPLICITY AND RELIABILITY 70

SMALL-SCALE GASIFIER MARKET FINANCIAL INFLUENCES 70

O&M-A KEY ELEMENT 71

HEAT-ONLY IS BEST (WHEN IT IS THE BEST YOU CAN GET RELIABLY) 72

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE THERMAL ENERGY-PLUS X SMALL GASIFIER

MARKET 72

IS CARBON WORTH ANYTHING' (AND DOES IT ALWAYS MATTER') 73

CONCLUSION ON THE IMPACT OF CARBON PRICING 75

CHAPTER 9 WORLD GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECASTS 77

GLOBAL GASIFIER MARKETS FORECASTS 77

TABLE 3 SIZE RANGES FOR GASIFIERS IN THE FORECASTS (MW-TH) 78

WORLD GASIFIER MARKET FORECAST BY NEW UNITS 79

DISCUSSION OF FORECASTS FOR NEW GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION

SEGMENT 79









CTE Gasifiers - New Units 80

CTL Gasifiers - New Units 80

BTE Gasifiers - New Units 81

BTL Gasifiers - New Units 82

Petcoke/Refinery Residuals Gasifiers - New Units 82

DRI Melt Gasifiers - New Units 83

Waste to Energy (WTE) Gasifiers - New Units 83

Plasma Gasifiers - New Units 84

The Value of the Gasifiers Markets 85

TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NEW GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2017

(ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 86

GLOBAL MARKETS FOR GASIFIERS - CUMULATIVE UNITS AND TRENDS 86

CTE Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 87

CTL Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 88

Petcoke/residuals Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 89

DRI Melt Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 89

BTE Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 90

BTL Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 91

WTE Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 92

Plasma Gasifiers - Cumulative Units 93

TABLE 5 CUMULATIVE WORLD INSTALLATIONS OF GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION,

THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL UNITS DELIVERED) 94

CHAPTER 10 REGIONAL GASIFIER MARKETS 96

CHAPTER 11 NORTH AMERICAN GASIFIER MARKETS 99

FORECAST FOR NORTH AMERICAN GASIFIER MARKETS - NEW UNITS 100

COAL TO ENERGY (CTE) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW

UNITS 100

COAL TO LIQUIDS (CTL) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW

UNITS 100

PETCOKE (AND RESIDUALS) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW

UNITS 101

DRI MELT GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW UNITS 102

BIOMASS TO ENERGY (BTE) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW

UNITS 102

BIOMASS TO LIQUIDS (BTL) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW

UNITS 102

WASTE TO ENERGY (WTE) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW

UNITS 103

PLASMA GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - NEW UNITS 104

TABLE 6 ANNUAL NEW INSTALLATIONS OF GASIFIERS IN NORTH AMERICA BY

APPLICATION, THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL NEW UNITS) 105

FORECAST FOR NORTH AMERICAN GASIFIER MARKETS - CUMULATIVE UNITS 105

COAL TO ENERGY (CTE) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA -

CUMULATIVE UNITS 105

COAL TO LIQUIDS (CTL) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA -










PETCOKE (AND RESIDUALS) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA -


DRI MELT GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - CUMULATIVE UNITS 107

BIOMASS TO ENERGY (BTE) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA -


BIOMASS TO LIQUIDS (BTL) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA -


WASTE TO ENERGY (WTE) GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA -


PLASMA GASIFIER MARKETS IN NORTH AMERICA - CUMULATIVE UNITS 108

TABLE 7 CUMULATIVE INSTALLATIONS OF GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION IN NORTH

AMERICA, THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL UNITS) 109

U.S. GASIFIER MARKETS 110

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN THE

U.S. 110

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN THE U.S. 110

Gasifier-Related Government Policies in the U.S. 110

Self-financing a Key 111

TABLE 8 INDIVIDUAL STATES BIOMASS TO ENERGY (BTE) INCENTIVES 113

OPPORTUNITIES IN U.S. GASIFIER MARKETS SEGMENTS 115

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 115

FIGURE 4 MAP OF U.S. COAL DEPOSITS BY TYPE OF COAL 115

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 116

Petcoke Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 116

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 117

TABLE 9 U.S. STEEL MILLS AND LOCATIONS 118

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 118

TABLE 10 COSTS OF THERMAL ENERGY FROM COMMON U.S. BIOMASS

FEEDSTOCKS ($/MMBTU) 119

FIGURE 5 MAP OF LOCATIONS OF FORESTS PRODUCTS FACILITIES IN THE U.S. 120

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 121

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 122

Plasma Gasifier Opportunities in the U.S. 123

U.S. NEW GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECAST 123

CTE Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 123

CTL Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 123

Petcoke/Residuals Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 124

DRI Melt Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 125

BTE Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 125

BTL Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 125

WTE Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 126

Plasma Gasifier Market Forecast for the U.S. 126

TABLE 11 ANNUAL NEW U.S. GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL

UNITS) 127

U.S. CUMULATIVE GASIFIER MARKET FORECAST BY APPLICATION 127

TABLE 12 CUMULATIVE U.S. INSTALLATIONS OF GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION,

THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL UNITS) 129









CANADIAN GASIFIER MARKETS 129

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN

CANADA 129

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN THE CANADIAN MARKETS 130

OPPORTUNITIES IN CANADIAN GASIFIER MARKETS SEGMENTS 130

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 130

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 131

Petcoke Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 131

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 131

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 132

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 132

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 132

TABLE 13 FORECAST OF CUMULATIVE CANADIAN WTE GASIFIER INSTALLATIONS,

THROUGH 2017 (CUMULATIVE UNITS) 133

Plasma Gasifier Opportunities in Canada 133

MEXICO GASIFIER MARKETS 134


MEXICO 134

Financial Incentives for Gasifiers in Mexico 134

Opportunities in Gasifier Market Segments in Mexico 135

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 135

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 135

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 135

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 135

Petcoke Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 136

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 136

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 137

Plasma Gasifier Opportunities in Mexico 137

CHAPTER 12 WESTERN EUROPE GASIFIER MARKET FORECASTS 139

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN EUROPE 140

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) DIRECTIVES AND POLICIES THAT IMPACT

MARKETS FOR COAL GASIFIERS 140


MARKETS FOR PETCOKE/RESIDUAL GASIFIERS AND DRI MELT GASIFIERS 141


MARKETS FOR BIOMASS TO ENERGY (BTE) GASIFIERS 141


MARKETS FOR BIOMASS TO LIQUID (BTL) GASIFIERS 141

Biofuels Directive 141

Energy Tax Directive 142

Renewable Energy Directive 142

Fuel Quality Directive 142

Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading 143

EUROPEAN POLICIES THAT IMPACT WTE AND PLASMA GASIFIER MARKETS 143

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 144

CTE FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 144









CTL FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 145

PETCOKE/RESIDUAL FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 145

DRI MELT FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 145

BTE FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 146

BTE Financial Incentives in Germany 146

BTL FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 146

WTE FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 146

The UK ROCs 147

PLASMA FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 147

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 147

CTE GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 147

CTL GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 148

TABLE 14 REFINERIES IN EUROPE BY REGION AND CAPACITY 148

PETCOKE/RESIDUAL GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN

EUROPE 149

DRI MELT GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 149

BTE GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 150

TABLE 15 BIOMASS FITS (FEED-IN TARIFFS) IN WESTERN EUROPE, APRIL 2010 ' 151

BTL GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 151

WTE GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 152

PLASMA GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN WESTERN EUROPE 152

WESTERN EUROPE NEW GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECAST BY APPLICATION 152

FORECAST FOR NEW CTE GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 153

FORECAST FOR NEW CTL GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 153

FORECAST FOR NEW PETCOKE/RESIDUAL GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 154

FORECAST FOR NEW DRI MELT GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 154

FORECAST FOR NEW BTE GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 154

FORECAST FOR NEW BTL GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 155

FORECAST FOR NEW WTE GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 156

FORECAST FOR NEW PLASMA GASIFIERS IN WESTERN EUROPE 156

TABLE 16 ANNUAL NEW WESTERN EUROPE GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH

2017 (TOTAL UNITS) 157

WESTERN EUROPE CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECAST BY

APPLICATION 157

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE CTE GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 158

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE CTL GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 158

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE PETCOKE/RESIDUAL GASIFIER MARKETS IN

WESTERN EUROPE 159

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE DRI MELT GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 159

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE BTE GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 159

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE BTL GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 160

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE WTE GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN









EUROPE 160

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE PLASMA GASIFIER MARKETS IN WESTERN

EUROPE 161

TABLE 17 FORECASTS OF CUMULATIVE WESTERN EUROPE INSTALLATIONS OF

GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL UNITS) 162

CHAPTER 13 PACIFIC RIM GASIFIERS MARKETS 164

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS IMPACTING PACIFIC RIM GASIFIER MARKETS 165

FINANCIAL FACTORS IMPACTING PACIFIC RIM GASIFIER MARKETS 166

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN PACIFIC RIM NATIONS 167

CHINA GASIFIERS MARKETS 167

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN CHINA 167

Biofuel-related Regulations in China 168

National Plan on Renewable Energy Development 168

National MSW Policies and Regulations in China 169

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN CHINA 170

OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINESE GASIFIER MARKET SEGMENTS 170

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in China 170

Analysis of the CTE Gasifier Market Opportunity in China 171

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in China 172

Petcoke/residual Gasifier Opportunities in China 172

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in China 172

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in China 173

BTE Gasifier Quirks and Innovations in China 174

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in China 175

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in China 175

Many New MSW Waste Plans on the Way 176

Chinese MSW Characteristics 176

CHINA GASIFIER MARKET FORECAST 178

CHINA NEW GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECAST 178

New China Coal to Energy (CTE) Gasifier Market Forecast 178

New China Coal to Liquids (CTL) Gasifier Market Forecast 178

New China Petcoke/Residual Gasifier Market Forecast 178

New China DRI Melt Gasifier Market Forecast 178

New China Biomass to Energy (BTE) Gasifier Market Forecast 179

New China Biomass to Liquids (BTL) Gasifier Market Forecast 179

New China Municipal Waste to Energy (WTE) Gasifier Market Forecast 179

New China Plasma Gasifier Market Forecast 179

CHINA NEW GASIFIER MARKET FORECAST SUMMARY DISCUSSION 180

TABLE 18 FORECAST FOR NEW GASIFIERS IN CHINA BY APPLICATION SEGMENT,

THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 181

CHINA CUMULATIVE GASIFIER MARKET FORECAST 181

Cumulative Market for CTE Gasifiers in China 181

Cumulative Market for CTL Gasifiers in China 182

Cumulative Market for Petcoke/Residual Gasifiers in China 182

Cumulative Market for DRI Melt Gasifiers in China 182

Cumulative Market for BTE Gasifiers in China 183









Cumulative Market for BTL Gasifiers in China 183

Cumulative Market for WTE Gasifiers in China 183

Cumulative Market for Plasma Gasifiers in China 184

TABLE 19 FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS IN CHINA BY APPLICATION

SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (CUMULATIVE UNITS) 184

JAPAN GASIFIER MARKETS 185

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN JAPAN 185

BTE-Specific Regulation 185

WTE-Specific Regulation 186

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN JAPAN 186

BTE Gasifier Incentives 186

OPPORTUNITIES IN JAPAN GASIFIER MARKET SEGMENTS 186

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 186

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 187

TABLE 20 COAL TO LIQUID (CTL) CHEMICAL PLANTS IN JAPAN BY COMPANY AND

TONNAGE (2005) 187

Petcoke/Residual Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 188

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 189

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 190

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 190

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in Japan 191

Plasma Gasification Opportunities in Japan 192

The Great East Japan Earthquake 192

JAPAN GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECASTS 193

NEW JAPAN MSW (MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE) GASIFIERS MARKET

FORECAST 193

TABLE 21 FORECAST FOR NEW WTE GASIFIERS IN JAPAN THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL

NEW UNITS) 194

CUMULATIVE JAPAN GASIFIERS MARKET FORECAST 194

TABLE 22 FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS IN JAPAN BY APPLICATION


THE PHILIPPINES GASIFIERS MARKETS 196

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN THE

PHILIPPINES 196

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN THE PHILIPPINES 197

OPPORTUNITIES IN PHILIPPINES GASIFIER MARKET SEGMENTS 198

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 198

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 199

Petcoke Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 199

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 199

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 199

Philippines Biomass Resource 200

TABLE 23 PHILIPPINES MAJOR CROP ANNUAL WASTE (K/TONS) 200

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 201

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 201

Plasma Gasifier Opportunities in the Philippines 202

FORECASTS FOR PHILIPPINES NEW GASIFIERS MARKETS 202

Forecast for New BTE Gasifiers in the Philippines 202









Forecast for New BTL Gasifiers in the Philippines 202

Forecast for New WTE Gasifiers in the Philippines 203

Forecast for New Plasma Gasifiers in the Philippines 203

TABLE 24 FORECAST FOR NEW GASIFIERS IN THE PHILIPPINES BY APPLICATION


FORECAST FOR PHILIPPINES CUMULATIVE GASIFIER MARKET 204

Forecast for Cumulative BTE Gasifiers in the Philippines 205

Forecast for Cumulative BTL Gasifiers in the Philippines 205

Forecast for Cumulative WTE Gasifiers in the Philippines 205

Forecast for Cumulative Plasma Gasifiers in the Philippines 206

TABLE 25 FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS IN THE PHILIPPINES BY

APPLICATION SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (CUMULATIVE UNITS BY MARKET

SEGMENT)

207

SOUTH KOREA GASIFIERS MARKETS 207


SOUTH KOREA 208

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR GASIFIERS IN SOUTH KOREA 208

South Korea Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) 209

OPPORTUNITIES IN SOUTH KOREAN GASIFIER MARKET SEGMENTS 209

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 209

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 210

Petcoke Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 210

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 210

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 211

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 212

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 212

Plasma Gasifier Opportunities in South Korea 213

FORECASTS FOR NEW GASIFIER MARKETS IN SOUTH KOREA 214

Forecast for New CTE Gasifiers in South Korea 214

Forecast for New CTL Gasifiers in South Korea 214

Forecast for New DRI Melt Gasifiers in South Korea 214

Forecast for New BTE Gasifiers in South Korea 214

Forecast for New BTL Gasifiers in the South Korea 214

Forecast for New WTE Gasifiers in South Korea 215

Forecast for New Plasma Gasifiers in South Korea 215

TABLE 26 FORECASTS FOR NEW GASIFIERS MARKETS IN SOUTH KOREA BY

APPLICATION, THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL UNITS) 215

FORECASTS FOR CUMULATIVE GASIFIER MARKETS IN SOUTH KOREA 216

Forecast for Cumulative CTE Gasifiers in South Korea 216

Forecast for Cumulative CTL Gasifiers in South Korea 217

Forecast for Cumulative DRI Melt Gasifiers in South Korea 217

Forecast for BTE Gasifiers in South Korea 217

Forecast for BTL Gasifiers in South Korea 218

Forecast for WTE Gasifiers in South Korea 218

Forecast for Plasma Gasifiers in South Korea 218

TABLE 27 FORECASTS OF CUMULATIVE SOUTH KOREA INSTALLATIONS OF

GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2017 (TOTAL UNITS) 219









TAIWAN GASIFIERS MARKETS 219


TAIWAN 220

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN TAIWAN 220

Carbon Trade Incentives that Impact Gasification Markets in Taiwan 220

Biomass-oriented Incentives that Impact Gasifier Markets in Taiwan 221

OPPORTUNITIES IN TAIWAN GASIFIER MARKETS SEGMENTS 221

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 222

CTL Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 222

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 222

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 223

Petcoke Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 223

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 223

WTE Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 223

Plasma Gasifier Opportunities in Taiwan 224

TAIWAN PLASMA GASIFIERS TAIWAN MARKET FORECASTS 224

Plasma Gasifier Market Forecast for Taiwan - New Units 224

TABLE 28 FORECASTS FOR NEW PLASMA GASIFIERS MARKET IN TAIWAN THROUGH

2017 (NEW UNITS) 225

Plasma Gasifier Market Forecast for Taiwan - Cumulative Units 225

TABLE 29 FORECASTS FOR CUMULATIVE PLASMA GASIFIERS MARKET IN TAIWAN,

THROUGH 2017 (CUMULATIVE UNITS) 225

PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES GASIFIERS MARKETS FORECASTS 226

FORECASTS FOR PACIFIC RIM NEW GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION 226

Forecast for Coal to Energy (CTE) Gasifier Markets for the Pacific Rim

- New Units 226

Forecast for Coal to Liquid (CTL) Gasifier Markets for the Pacific Rim -

New Units 227

Forecast for Petcoke/Residual Gasifier Markets for the Pacific Rim -

New Units 227

Forecast for Direct Reduction Iron (DRI) Melt Gasifier Market for the

Pacific Rim - New Units 227

Forecast for Biomass to Energy (BTE) Gasifier Market for the Pacific

Rim - New Units 228

Forecast for Biomass to Liquid (BTL) Gasifier Market for the Pacific

Rim - New Units 228

Forecast for Waste to Energy (WTE) Gasifier Market for the Pacific

Rim - New Units 228

Forecast for Plasma Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim - New Units 229

TABLE 30 FORECAST FOR PACIFIC RIM MARKETS FOR NEW GASIFIERS BY

APPLICATION SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 229

FORECASTS FOR PACIFIC RIM CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION 230

Forecast for Cumulative CTE Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim 230

Forecast for Cumulative CTL Gasifiers for the Pacific Rim 230

Forecast for Cumulative Petcoke/Residual Gasifier Market for the

Pacific Rim 231

Forecast for Cumulative DRI Melt Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim 231

Forecast for Cumulative BTE Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim 231









Forecast for Cumulative BTL Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim 232

Forecast for Cumulative WTE Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim 233

Forecast for Cumulative Plasma Gasifier Market for the Pacific Rim 233

TABLE 31 FORECAST FOR PACIFIC RIM CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS BY APPLICATION

SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 234

CHAPTER 14 SOUTHEAST ASIA GASIFIERS MARKETS 236

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKETS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 237

THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 237

ASEAN Position on Climate Change 237

Cook Stoves 238

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIERS MARKETS IN CAMBODIA 238

Government Policy Impacting WTE Gasifiers in Cambodia 238

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIERS MARKETS IN INDONESIA 239

Laws and Regulations Impacting CTE Gasifier Market in Indonesia 239

Laws and Regulations Impacting CTL Gasifier Market in Indonesia 239

Laws and Regulations Impacting WTE Gasifier Market in Indonesia 240

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN LAOS 241

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN MALAYSIA 242

Laws and Regulations Impacting CTE Gasifier Market in Malaysia 242

Laws and Regulations Impacting CTL Gasifier Market in Malaysia 242

Laws and Regulations Impacting BTE Gasifier Market in Malaysia 242

Laws and Regulations Impacting BTL Gasifier Market in Malaysia 242

Laws and Regulations Impacting WTE Gasifier Market in Malaysia 242

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN SINGAPORE 243

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN THAILAND 243

Giving FITs to Renewable Energy Power Producers 244

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN VIETNAM 244

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING SOUTHEAST ASIA

GASIFIER MARKET 245

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING GASIFIER MARKET IN

CAMBODIA 245


INDONESIA 245

Financial Incentives and Factors Influencing CTE Gasifier Markets in

Indonesia 245

Financial Incentives and Factors Influencing CTL Gasifiers Market in

Indonesia 245

Financial Incentives and Factors Influencing BTE Gasifier Market in

Indonesia 246

Financial Incentives and Factors Influencing BTL Gasifier Market in

Indonesia 246

Financial Incentives and Factors Influencing WTE Gasifier Market in

Indonesia 246

Financial Incentives and Factors Influencing Plasma Gasifier Market in

Indonesia 246










LAOS 247


MALAYSIA 247


SINGAPORE 248


THAILAND 248


VIETNAM 248

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 248

TABLE 32 SIGNIFICANT BIOMASS CROPS AND MILLS IN SE ASIA (MILLS BY UNIT

AND BIOMASS BY MILLION TONS ANNUALLY) 249

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN CAMBODIA 250

BTE Gasification Opportunities in Cambodia 250

BTL Gasification Opportunities in Cambodia 251

WTE/Plasma Gasification Opportunities in Cambodia 252

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN INDONESIA 252

CTE Gasifier Opportunities in Indonesia 252

CTL Gasifiers in Indonesia 252

DRI Gasification Opportunities in Indonesia 253

TABLE 33 INDONESIAN MINING COMPANIES AND EXPECTED YEAR OF STARTUP OF

INDIGENOUS REFINING CAPACITY (YEAR) 253

BTE Gasifier Opportunities in Indonesia 254

BTL Gasifier Opportunities in Indonesia 254

MSW Gasification Opportunities in Indonesia 254

Plasma Gasification Opportunities in Indonesia 255

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN LAOS 255

GASIFIER MARKETS OPPORTUNITIES IN MALAYSIA 256

CTE Gasifier Market Opportunities in Malaysia 256

CTL Gasifier Market Opportunities in Malaysia 256

BTE Gasifier Market Opportunities in Malaysia 256

BTL Gasifier Market Opportunities in Malaysia 256

WTE Gasifier Market Opportunities in Malaysia 257

Plasma Gasifier Market Opportunities in Malaysia 257

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN SINGAPORE 257

CTE/CTL Gasifier Market Opportunities in Singapore 257

Petcoke/Residuals Gasification Opportunity in Singapore 258

BTE/BTL Gasifier Market Opportunities in Singapore 258

WTE and Plasma Gasifier Market Opportunities in Singapore 260

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN THAILAND 260

GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN VIETNAM 260

Petcoke/Residual Gasifier Opportunities in Vietnam 261

DRI Melt Gasifier Opportunities in Vietnam 261

BTE Gasifier Market Opportunities in Vietnam 262

BTL Gasifier Market Opportunities in Vietnam 262

WTE Gasifier Market Opportunities in Vietnam 263

Plasma Gasifier Market Opportunities in Vietnam 263

SOUTHEAST ASIA GASIFIER MARKET FORECASTS 263









FORECAST FOR NEW GASIFIER MARKET IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 263

Forecast for New CTE Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 263

Forecast for New CTL Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 264

Forecast for New Petcoke/Residual Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 264

Forecast for New DRI Melt Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 264

Forecast for New BTE Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 264

TABLE 34 SOUTHEAST ASIA MARKET FOR NEW BTE GASIFIERS BY COUNTRY,

THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW BTE UNITS) 265

Forecasts for New WTE Gasifiers Markets in Southeast Asia 266

Forecasts for New Plasma Gasifier Markets in Southeast Asia 266

The Forecast for New Gasifiers by Application Segment in Southeast

Asia 266

TABLE 35 FORECAST FOR NEW GASIFIERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA BY APPLICATION

SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 267

FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS MARKETS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 268

Forecast for Cumulative CTE Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 268

Forecast for Cumulative CTL Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 268

Forecast for Cumulative Petcoke/residual Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 268

Forecast for Cumulative BTE Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 269

Forecast for Cumulative BTE Gasifiers in Southeast Asian Countries 269

TABLE 36 SOUTHEAST ASIA CUMULATIVE BTE GASIFIERS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH

2017 (CUMULATIVE BTE UNITS) 270

Forecast for Cumulative BTL Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 270

Forecast for Cumulative WTE Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 271

Forecast for Cumulative Plasma Gasifiers in Southeast Asia 271

TABLE 37 FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE GASIFIERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA BY

APPLICATION SEGMENT, THROUGH 2017 (ANNUAL NEW UNITS) 272

CHAPTER 15 SOUTHWEST ASIA GASIFIERS MARKETS ANALYSIS AND FORECASTS 274

LAWS AND REGULATIONS INFLUENCING THE SOUTHWEST ASIA GASIFIER

MARKET 274

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN BANGLADESH 274

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIERS MARKETS IN INDIA 274

Environmental Issues vs. the Indian Struggle for Domestic Energy

Sufficiency 275

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) 276

The Challenge of Indian Forests 276

Laws and Regulations Impacting BTE Gasifier Opportunities in India 277

Laws and Regulations Impacting BTL Gasifier Opportunities in India 278

Laws and Regulations Impacting WTE Gasifier Opportunities in India 279

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN MYANMAR 279

The Myanmar Foreign Investment Law 279

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN PAKISTAN 280

LAWS AND REGULATIONS IMPACTING GASIFIER MARKET IN SRI LANKA 281

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING SOUTHWEST ASIA

GASIFIER MARKET 281










BANGLADESH 281

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING GASIFIERS MARKETS

IN INDIA 282

Indian Biomass Incentives 282

National Imperatives to Reduce Fuel Use in India 283


MYANMAR 284


PAKISTAN 284

Guidelines for Independent Power Producers in Pakistan 284

New Renewable Energy Policy to Be Issued for 2014 284

First Biomass-based Renewable Energy Projects by SSJD 285

Medical Waste Treatment Opportunities in Pakistan 285


SRI LANKA 286

Lanka Gasifiers Pvt. Ltd. Financing 287

SOUTHWEST ASIA GASIFIERS MARKETS OPPORTUNITIES 287

BANGLADESH GASIFIER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES 287








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