Global IssuesGlobal Issues

James Hou / 2007

各種全球議題的世界分佈圖各種全球議題的世界分佈圖

重大全球議題的方向流動重大全球議題的方向流動

聯合國千禧年目標

經濟發展過程中不同的就業結構變化經濟發展過程中不同的就業結構變化

服務業占國內產值比例服務業占國內產值比例

誰對地球暖化要負起較大責任？誰對地球暖化要負起較大責任？

世界貧窮程度之估算世界貧窮程度之估算

全球因傳染病造成的死亡率狀況全球因傳染病造成的死亡率狀況

全球不同傳染病造成的死亡率狀況全球不同傳染病造成的死亡率狀況

傳染病造成的區域負擔傳染病造成的區域負擔

Global DriversGlobal Drivers

Positive

Technology

Open Markets

Economic Integration

Peace

Corporate Strategy

Global Focus

Negative

Culture

Market Barriers

National Barriers

War

Corporate Strategy

Local Focus

What does Globalization Mean What does Globalization Mean for You?for You?

• More choices• Lower prices• Blurred national identity for products and

services• Career choices and progression

Who Benefits from Who Benefits from Globalization?Globalization?• Allegedly at the cost of poorer nations.• Higher among the G-7, but some (e.g. Japan)

are low on globalization• Some emerging economies (Czech Republic)

are quite high• Developing countries exceeded the global

average in trade growth

Globalization and social expenditure

Globalization and happiness

全球化爭議點全球化爭議點

• 全球化的好處並未能公平地分配到各地• 國家主權的喪失

– 從屬於世界性組織（諸如 WTO ）的各種規則、協議、約定、標準之下

• 文化認同的喪失– 麥當勞、可口可樂、好萊塢式的均質世界觀

• 企業課責 (Corporate Accountability)– 人權、勞動權、環境責任是普世價值且為全球企業

所應遵守的職責

全球化五大迷思全球化五大迷思

• 全球化導致大公司勝利（規模勝過一切）• 全球化產品的勝利• 全球化終結傳統的景氣循環 （經濟學要重寫）• 全球化是零和遊戲• 全球化表示地理不再重要

THE ISSUES 1THE ISSUES 1

• Poverty–Income distributions are similar across countries?

• Poverty is reduced by the pie getting bigger–Growth – can help or hinder poverty

• Raw material exports• Labor intensive exports vs. capital intensive

–Some government programs• Get mini capital to the poor, etc.

–Free trade and growth• Scale economies & efficiencies• Protect local monopolies

THE ISSUES 2THE ISSUES 2

• Child Labor (est.: 100-200 million under 15 work)–Education is a superior good–Vietnamese rice

• As price (and exports) went up child labor diminished

• Women–Gender wage gap, glass ceiling

• R-A theory: globalization enhances competition– Unpaid household work ($ 11 trillion)

• Women’s Edge (NGO) wants WTO to recognize

THE ISSUES 3THE ISSUES 3• Democracy

–Globalization provides access to markets and more independence

–Capital leaves radical environments

• Culture–Language – two centuries of growth–Indigenous cultures – on the way or in the way?–WTO – ‘cultural exceptions’ – movies, etc.

• Wage and labor standards–Labor unions–Emigration to US

全球化的好處全球化的好處

• 帶給人們更多選擇機會，和更多可使用的低價格貨品和服務

• 經濟成長 • 開發中國家比較會加強對基礎建設的投資• 帶來更高規格、更好的生活水準• 根據比較利益理論，肯定自由貿易和全球化

必然增進人類福祉

全球化的壞處全球化的壞處

• 貧富差距加劇、數位落差問題• MNCs （多國企業）無法約制• 政府貪腐及無效能• 恐怖主義與毒品交易全球蔓延• 戰爭與大規模殺傷武器問題• 移民與難民問題• 新疾病與傳染病全球蔓延• 生態問題與環境污染加劇

ANTI-GLOBALIZATIONANTI-GLOBALIZATION

Inequality Women’s Rights Emigration

Child labor Poverty Exploitation

Democracy Culture Environment

反資本主義

反全球化

反大型財團企業

下週見！