glider design project. the task to design, build and test a scale-model glider designs will be...
DESCRIPTION
Design Requirements The glider must: Have a wing span of no more than 60 cm Be no more than 50 cm long 60 cm 50 cmTRANSCRIPT
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GLIDER DESIGN PROJECT
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The Task• To design, build and test a scale-model glider
• Designs will be judged on four criteria:
– Distance travelled, D
– Time of flight, T
– The product D×T
– The quantity D×T÷M where M is the glider mass
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Design RequirementsThe glider must:• Have a wing span of no more than 60 cm• Be no more than 50 cm long
60 cm
50 cm
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Materials• Thick foam board – 2 sheets ~33×8 cm• Thin foam board – 2 sheets ~31×19.5 cm• A4 paper – 4 sheets• Drinking straws – 8• Tissue paper – 1 sheet• Masking tape• Adhesive
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Equipment• Scissors • Stanley knife• Steel ruler• Sand paper• Radius aids• Bluetack (for centre of gravity adjustment)
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ObjectivesTo give a taste of what Engineering is all about:• Problem solving• Being creative – an Engineer is by definition
an ingenious person• Team work• Rewarding• Fun
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Project TimetableIntroduction to Design Task 10 minutes
Introduction to Glider Design 20 minutes
Design Session 15 minutes
Construction/Test Session 60 minutes
Final Test Session 15 minutes
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An Introduction to Glider Design
Geoff Parks
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Glider Parts
Fuselage
Main wingStabiliser
Verticaltail
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Glider Control Surfaces
ElevatorAilerons
Rudder
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Forces on a Glider
Weight
Lift
Drag
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Weight• The weight of a glider is simply its mass
multiplied by g, the acceleration due to gravity
W = Mg
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Lift I• The Coanda Effect: a fluid has a natural
tendency to follow the shape of a body as it flows past it
• If the body is correctly shaped (airfoil shaped), this can be used to generate lift
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Lift II
Fluid is deflected downwards by airfoil Force acts downwards on fluid Force acts upwards on airfoil (by Newton’s 3rd Law)
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Lift IIIThe amount of lift depends on:• Wing size – larger area more lift• Speed – higher speed more lift• Airfoil shape – more flow turning
more lift• Airfoil angle of attack – larger angle of
attack more lift
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Stall
Attached Separated
• If the airfoil angle of attack (a) becomes too large and/or the flow speed becomes too large…
• The Coanda effect can break down, leading to flow separation
• This separation, known as stall, reduces lift
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Drag IThere are two forms of drag: • Form Drag• Induced DragForm Drag depends on:• The size of the object – larger projected
area more drag• Speed – higher speed more drag
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Drag IIInduced Drag, ID, depends on:• The amount of lift, L• Wing aspect ratio, AR
ID L2 ÷AR
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Typical Glider Profile
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Lines of Action
Weight
Lift
• To maximise flight distance, the lines of action of the lift and weight must coincide
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Design Tips I• Tape pieces of thin board onto the glider
to act as ailerons, elevator and rudder; you can then slightly bend these to help trim your glider and direct it in flight.
• Add dihedral to the wing tips by making the outer portions of the wing angle upwards.
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Design Tips II• Make the wings moveable – so you can
slide them fore and aft along the fuselage to find their optimal position.
• Round the leading edges of all surfaces and “point” the trailing edges.