glass without guilt - gary handel

W W W . H A N D E L A R C H I T E C T S . C O M

G L A S S W I T H O U T G U I L T



WHY WE LIKE GLASS


requires a lot of energy to make...


In the United States, buildings accounted for 41%

of primary energy consumption, representing 7%

of global primary energy consumption.1

1United States Department of Energy, 2010

contributes to global warming...


wrecks art...


Las Vegas hotel guests left with severe burns from 'death ray' caused by building's designBy Daily Mail ReporterUPDATED:05:53 EST, 29 September 2010

Guests at a new hotel in Las Vegas have complained of receiving severe burns from a 'death ray' of sunlight caused by the unique design of the building.

Due to the concave shape of the Vdara hotel, the strong Nevada sun reflects off its all-glass front and directly onto sections of the swimming pool area below.

The result has left some guests with burns from the powerful rays and even plastic bags have been recorded as melting in the heat.

Death ray: Guests at the Vdara hotel in Las Vegas have complained of receiving severe burns from the intense spot of sunlight reflected off the building

burns people... melts coffee cups...


1Powdermill Avian Research Center

kills birds...

In North America, estimates are that 100 million

to 1 billion birds die from glass impact each year.1


UTOPIA DYSTOPIA


Fewer small windows in a well-insulated wall.


Improvements in Technology


PERFORMANCE

CLIMATEMATTERS

ORIENTATIONMATTERS

SHAPEMATTERS

USEMATTERS


What metrics do we use?

U-Value R-Value

Shading Coefficient (SC)

Solar Heat Gain

Relative-Heat Gain (RHG)

Visible Light Transmission (VLT) Solar Energy Transmittance

Solar Energy Reflectance


New York City Green Building Code gives you a bonus for adding insulation but you can still use PTACs.

The average room air conditioner and PTAC leaks as much air as a six square inch hole—and increases total annual heating costs by $130-$180 million in New York City alone. The leaks account for 1% of citywide greenhouse gas emissions.

What metrics do we use?

Source: Steven Winter Associates


HOT

DRY WET

COLD

Solutions vary...CLIMATEMatters

TEMPERATE


Glazing Type 1: Single Glazing

Glazing Type 2: Double Glazed, No Low E-Coating

Glazing Type 3: High Performance Double Glazed (Low E-Coating)

Glazing Type 4: Triple Glazed, Low E-Coating

E W

S

N

ORIENTATIONMatters

Effect of Building Orientation, New York City

Source: BuildingGreen.com


Glazing Type 3: High Performance Double Glazed (Low E-Coating)

Glazing Type 4: Triple Glazed, Low E-Coating

SHAPEMatters


Building 1: 100,000 Sq. Ft.




Energy consumption is shown in million Btus per year (mmBtu/yr) for the building, including cooling, heating, ventilation, lighting (1.2 watts/ft2), and miscellaneous loads (1.5 W/ft2).

Annual energy consumption is compared for a 100,000 sf square building in three different cities and with four glazing types as the glazing areas is increased from 20% to 80%.

TYPE 1 Single Glazing

TYPE 2 Double Glazed, No Low E-Coating

TYPE 3 High Performance Double Glazed (Low E-Coating)

TYPE 4 Triple Glazed, Low E-Coating

NEW YORK

12

10

8

6

4

2

020%

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(10

6 B

tu/y

r)

Gross Facade Percentage40% 60% 80%

TYPE 1

TYPE 2

TYPE 3

TYPE 4

MIAMI

12

10

8

6

4

2

020%

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(10

6 B

tu/y

r)


TYPE 1

TYPE 2TYPE 3

TYPE 4

SAN FRANCISCO

12

10

8

6

4

2

020%

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(10

6 B

tu/y

r)


TYPE 1

TYPE 2

TYPE 3

TYPE 4



USEMatters

Source: US Department of Energy

U.S. COMMERCIAL SECTOR USE TOP 5 IN 2010

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 LIGHTING

SPACE COOLING

SPACE HEATING

VENTILATION

REFRIGERATION

%

19.7%

15.3%14.1%

8.9%

6.5%

U.S. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR USE TOP 5 IN 2010

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 SPACE HEATING

WATER HEATING

SPACE COOLING

LIGHTING

ELECTRONICS

%28.9%

14.0% 12.9%

9.0%

7.1%


What is a GLASS BUILDING?

40 BOND STREET has a total opaque facade area of 65% of the building, and a total vision glass area of 35% of the building.

LEOBEN JUSTICE CENTRE IN AUSTRIA has a total opaque facade of 9% of the building and a total vision glass area of 91% of the building.


19101900 1920 1930 1940 1950

1945 Double insulating glazing introduced into the building market. It was first developed for railroad passenger cars.

1940s Postwar building boom calls for more plate glass use in commercial construction than ever before.

1928 Safety glass available for PPG. Developed for the automobile industry, the ‘Creighton Process’ bonds two plies of glass with a layer of cellulose acetate.

1952 Float glass intro-duced in England by Pilkington Glass Ltd., revolutionizing glass manufacture.

1918 Hallidie building : development of curtain wall glazing.

GLAZING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS


What was the performance of a late 1950s or early 1960s curtainwall? How has the technology improved?

U-value of glazing of Lever House in 1952 was 1.01.LEVER HOUSE, 1952

Source: CTBUH


Early 1950’s fleet: Avg of 12 MPG

BASELINE


19701960 1980

1978 Southwall Technologies introduces ‘Heat Mirror.’ in which a low-e coated film is suspended within an insulating glass unit, creating a triple glazed unit with a weight of a double glazed unit.

1961 Metalized window films for solar control introduced.

1979 Argon-filled low-e double glazing available in Germany.

1979 Neutral colored, architectur-ally acceptable low-E coatings (softcoat on glass) first become available.

1966 Ford acquires the rights to the Pilkington float glass process and begins to produce the first float glass in the U.S..

1970s Building code changes following the energy crisis of 1973 begin to force a widespread switch to double glazing.



1980 1990 2000

Between 1974 and 1994 the ratio of glass area/floor area in the typical U.S. house increases by 25%.

1989 ‘Superwindow’ marketed using two suspended layers of 0.10 emissivity polyester film within Krypton gas filled units.

1989 ’Hard coat’ low-E coating is produced by Pilkington and LOF.

2006 Triple-Silver low-E coatings are introduced, with a new level of spectral selectivity to let in natural light while blocking solar heat.

1984 First prototype of a ‘mini-float’ plant opened by AFG Technologies.

1989 Pyramid of the Grand Louvre is clad with insulating units made with a 10mm glass with low iron content.


By 1993 one third of residential windows sold and one fifth of commercial windows sold employ low-E coatings.


LEVER HOUSE, 1998

U-value of glazing of Lever House in 1952 was 1.01.

After curtainwall upgrade in 1998, U-value of glazing of Lever House reduced to ~ 0.220.


1998 fleet: Avg of 22 MPG

Improvement of < 200%

Early 1950’s fleet: Avg of 12 MPG


AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT

GLAZING Insulated glazing, multiple glazing, gas-filled, vacuum glazing, spacer materials

FRAMING All metal, thermally broken, non-metal

CASSETTE SYSTEMS

SHADING Static, active, adaptive

DOUBLE SKIN FACADES

COATING TECHNOLOGIES photochromic, thermo-chromic, electrochromic, bird friendly glass

ENERGY GENERATING FACADES

DEPOLLUTING COATINGS


Source: Efficient Windows Collaborative

GLAZING IMPROVEMENTS

Single-GlazedClear

U-FACTOR

SHGC

1.04

0 1

1

0.86

0




Single-GlazedTinted

U-FACTOR

SHGC

1.04

0 1

1

0.73

0




Double-Glazed (IG)Clear

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.48

0 1

1

0.76

0




Double-Glazed (IG)Tinted

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.49

0 1

1

0.63

0




Double-Glazed (IG)High-Solar-Gain Low-e

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.26

0.67

0

0

1

1




Double-Glazed (IG)Medium-Solar-Gain Low-e

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.25

0.2

0

0

1

1




Double-Glazed (IG)Low-Solar-Gain Low-e

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.24

0.26

0

0

1

1




Triple-GlazedHigh-Solar-Gain Low-e

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.16

0.55

0

0

1

1




Triple-GlazedMedium-Solar-Gain Low-e

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.15

0.38

0

0

1

1




Triple-GlazedLow-Solar-Gain Low-e

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.15

0.24

0

0

1

1


Source: Southwall Technologies


Quad-Cavity R20 Glazing

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.05

0.12

0

0

1

1



Double-Glazed (IG), Medium-Solar-

Gain Low-e

Triple-Glazed, Medium-Solar-Gain

Low-e

Double-Glazed (IG), Low-Solar-Gain

Low-e

Triple-Glazed, Low-Solar-

Gain Low-e

Double-Glazed (IG), High-Solar-Gain

Low-e

Triple-Glazed, High-Solar-Gain Low-e

Double-Glazed (IG), Tinted

Double-Glazed (IG), Clear

Single-Glazed, Tinted

Single-Glazed, Clear

Quad-Cavity R20

Glazing

U-FACTOR

SHGC

0.86

1.04

0.73

1.04

0.76

0.48

0.63

0.49

0.67

0.260.2

0.25 0.260.24

0.55

0.16

0.38

0.15

0.24

0.15 0.120.05


G L A S S W I T H O U T G U I L TGLAZING IMPROVEMENTS,WHOLE WINDOW

Single-Glazed, Clear Glass Façade, Metal FrameSingle-Glazed, Clear Glass Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.71-0.99

Single-glazed, Tinted Glass Façade, Metal Frame >0.60Single-glazed, Tinted Glass Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.71-0.99 0.41-0.60

Double-glazed, Clear Glass Façade, Metal Frame 0.71-0.99 0.41-0.55Double-glazed, Clear Glass Façade, Metal Frame with Thermal Break 0.56-0.70 >0.60Double-glazed, Clear Glass Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.41-0.55 0.41-0.60

Double-glazed, Tinted Glass Façade, Metal Frame 0.71-0.99 0.41-0.60Double-glazed, Tinted Glass Façade, Metal Frame with Thermal Break 0.56-0.70 0.41-0.60Double-glazed, Tinted Glass Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.41-0.55 0.41-0.60

Double-glazed, High-performance Tinted Glass Façade, Metal Frame 0.71-0.99 0.41-0.60Double-glazed, High-performance Tinted Glass Façade, Metal Frame with Thermal Break 0.56-0.70 0.41-0.60Double-glazed, High-performance Tinted Glass Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.41-0.55 0.26-0.40

Double-glazed, High-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Metal Frame 0.56-0.70 >0.60Double-glazed, High-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Metal Frame with Thermal Break 0.41-0.55 0.41-0.60Double-glazed, High-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.41-0.55 0.41-0.60Double-glazed, High-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame, Themally Improved 0.23-0.30 0.41-0.60

Double-glazed, Medium-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Metal Frame 0.56-0.70 0.26-0.40Double-glazed, Medium-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Metal Frame with Thermal Break 0.41-0.55 0.26-0.40Double-glazed, Medium-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.41-0.55 0.26-0.40Double-glazed, Medium-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame, Thermally Improved 0.23-0.30 0.26-0.40

Double-glazed, Low-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Metal Frame 0.56-0.70Double-glazed, Low-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Metal Frame with Thermal Break 0.41-0.55Double-glazed, Low-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame 0.41-0.55Double-glazed, Low-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame, Thermally Improved 0.23-0.30

Triple-glazed, High-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame, Thermally Improved 0.41-0.60Triple-glazed, Medium-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame, Thermally Improved 0.26-0.40Triple-glazed, Low-solar-gain Low-E Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Façade, Non-Metal Frame, Thermally Improved

0.14 0.50.14 0.5

0.123 0.5

Source: Efficient Windows Collaborative / Zola Windows


Source: Enermodal Engineering

SPACER IMPROVEMENTS

0.3291. Aluminum box / PIB / silicone0.304

0.287

2. Tin U-channel / butyl

4. Stainless Steel U-channel / butyl0.2933. Stainless box / PIB primary sealant

Spacer SystemTotal IGU U-factor

0.2865. Coated corrugated plastic / butyl0.2776. Super Spacer Structural foam / butyl

Effective Thermal Conductivity

Simulations performed by Enermodal Engineering Ltd. using Windows 5.2 and Therm 5.2 as per NFRC100-2011. Outside temperature 0Â°F. Inside tem-perature 70Â° F. Low-E glass is Cardi-nal Low-E 272. All air spaces are .500" wide. IGUs are 24" x 48". [Test Reports EIG906w, EIG10005, EIG10009w]

Aluminum box Desiccant

Primary Sealant

Secondary Seal-ant

Stainless Steel Spacer

Super Spacer

PIB / Silicone

Butyl Tape

Sealant

Sealant

Metal with Butyl Tape

Metal Spacer

Desiccant

Primary Sealant

Secondary Sealant

Corrugate metal strip

Sealant


Innovative new thermal break designs have been combined with changes in frame design to achieve U-factors lower than 0.5

Current technology with standard thermal breaks has improved aluminum frame U-factors from roughly 2.0 to about 1.0.

Aluminum frame with thermal break

Wood frame

Thermo uPVC ™

Thermo Wood ™

Thermo Clad ™

Vinyl frame

Hybrid frame

Insulated fiberglass frame

Wood clad frame

Wood-framed windows perform well with frame U-factors in the range of 0.3 to 0.5.

High performance passive house windows achieve U-factors lower than 0.13.

FRAMING IMPROVEMENTS


Aluminum frame without th

ermal break


Roughly 100 MPGe


Exterior Shades

Interior Shades

Between-Pane Shades

Good Better BestHeat Rejection

SHADING IMPROVEMENTS


SOLAR SHADING SYSTEM Fc values

Without solar shading system 1.00

Internal or Between the Panes Dark colors or higher transparency 0.90Light colors or low transparency 0.80White or reflective surface with low (<20%) transparency 0.75

External Awnings, general 0.50 Canopies, loggias 0.50Awnings with top and side ventilation 0.40Roller shutters, folding shutters 0.30External venetian blinds and materials with low (<20%) transparency 0.25

The FC value has been used as the common denominator to evaluate the effectiveness of sun-shading systems. It describes the relationship between the energy transmittance coefficient of a window with or without solar shading.

Source: plusminus20o/40olatitude by Schuco

Note: Values refer to a fixed solar shading system. Standard decorative curtains do not qualify as solar shading systems.


STATIC SHADING ADAPTIVE SHADING


Traditional code-compliant façade de-signs sacrifice daylight to reduce HVAC energy use due to solar and conduc-tive loads. The daylit zone is typically at most 15 feet deep and is compromised by manually-operated interior shades that significantly reduce daylight and view.

0% SAVINGS: SHADING BASELINE

Window Heat Gain

c/o lowenergyfacades.lbl.gov


The New York Times Headquarters: 100% lighting controls, and auto-mated shades.

20% SAVINGS: INTEGRATED DAYLIGHTING SOLUTIONS

Automated Shades

Intelligent, dynamic and/or light-redirect-ing façades combined with automated lighting controls can extend the daylit zone up to 20-30 feet deep by actively balancing daylight and thermal loads on a real-time basis while mitigating sunlight and glare. This approach, however, re-quires careful space planning.

c/o lowenergyfacades.lbl.gov


INTEGRATED DESIGNINTEGRATED FAÇADES WITH LOW-ENERGY COOLING

juwi Group Headquarters in Wörrstadt, Germany : 183,000 SF Office Building that generates more energy than it uses. Solar electricity produced on a surface of 32,000 SF.

c/o juwi.comc/o lowenergyfacades.lbl.gov

Combine high-performance façades, daylighting, and low-energy cooling strategies such as natural ventilation and radiant cooling to eliminate the HVAC system entirely in some climates. High-R windows and dynamic façades can significantly reduce thermal loads during critical peak periods while maintaining high daylight efficiency. Use build-ing integrated photovoltaics for energy supply.


COATING TECHNOLOGIES: photochromic, thermochromic (passive); electrochromic (active)


Dynamic 4: 0.11 SHGC, <4% Transmitted Light

Dynamic 60: 0.47 SHGC, >60% Transmitted Light

Dynamic 40: 0.27 SHGC, 40% Transmitted Light

Dynamic 20: 0.17 SHGC, 20% Transmitted Light

ELECTROCHROMIC GLASS

Images c/o Soladigm

SHGC


SUSPENDED PARTICLE DEVICE (SPD) windows can instantaneously be adjusted to “tune” the amount of light, glare and heat passing through the windows. Regulating the voltage to the film adjusts microscopic particles’ orientation, instantly and precisely controlling the passage of light, glare and heat through the film. SPD-SMART film is laminated between panes of glass or plastic substrates.

Source: SPD-SmartGlass


PRINTABLE TECHNOLOGIES : Organic thin-film, or plastic solar cells, use low-cost materials primarily based on nanoparticles and polymers. They are formed on inexpensive polymer substrates which can take advantage of the relatively inexpensive “roll-to-roll” production methods used in newspaper presses.

Source: Nanotechnology for Green Building


The most energy efficient double skin glass façade is about 22.84% more efficient than the most energy efficient single skin glass façade.1

Building energy modeling of double skin facades is inherently more difficult because of varying heat transfer properties within the cavity, making the modeling of energy performance and the prediction of savings debatable.2

1Source: Journal: Energy and Buildings - ENERG BLDG , vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 673-684, 20052Source: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi-neers

DOUBLE SKIN FACADES


Multifunctional windows that offer insulation, sunscreen, ventilation and sound reduction properties. Involves two separate layers of glass (can be either single layer or insulated glass), where each layer is divided to allow small vents to be opened independently.

Source: Hansen Group

VENTILATED MICROCAVITIES Both vents

closedBoth vents fully opened

Outside vent closedy p


WHAT WE SEE: light at wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers.

WHAT THE BIRDS SEE: the UV range as well, from 320 to 400 nanometers. (A design prototype on Vassar’s campus using Ornilux Mikado glass)

BIRD FRIENDLY GLASS

Images c/o Ornilux


ENERGY GENERATING GLASS

Generates 4.275 - 5.3 W/Sq. Ft. vs. 8 - 10 W/Sq. Ft. for typical photovoltaic panel

Images c/o MSK Solar Buildings | Onyx Solar

Transparent Photovolatic Glass


VACUUM-FILLED OR AEROGEL IGUS. Aerogel is just 5 percent solid and 95 percent air, and is said to be the lightest weight solid in the world.

A 3.5” thick aerogel panel can offer an R-value of R-28. (Source: Sandia National Laboratory)

Nanogel panels provide translucency and insulation. High-in-sulating Nanogel panels are available with up to 75 percenttranslucency. (Source: Kalwall)


NANOPARTICLETitanium dioxide nanoparticles acting as a catalyst to form reactive hydroxyl radicals can oxidize and destroy most pollutant molecules, and remove nitric oxide from the atmosphere.

CONVENTIONAL GLASS GLASS PRODUCT WITH PHOTOCATALYTIC AND

HYDROPHILIC PROPERTIESSource: California Energy Commission


CASSETTE SYSTEMS : ADAPTIVE OVER TIME

c/o Enclos Corp.


1975

LOSS

GAIN1985 1995 2005 2015 2025

Single Glaze U = 1

U-factor

Year

ADVANCED WINDOWS CAN BECOME ENERGY PRODUCERS(US Mixed and Northern Climates)

Double Glaze U = 0.5

Low “e”U = 0.35

R6 Window U = 0.17 (Dynamic Niche)

R10 WindowU = 0.10 (Dynamic Wide Spread)

0

1

0.5

Source: US Department of Energy


Bird friendly

Adaptive over time

Tunable shading

Self cleaning and air cleansing

Energy generating

Superior insulating qualities

S lf

IMAGING IF WE COULD PUT IT ALL TOGETHER

glass without guilt - gary handel

Documents

t h o u t g u i

r c h i t e c t s

tw w w

glass g

low ecoating glazing

tglazing type

lot of energy

severe burns