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Glass Curtain WallsDesign, Engineering, and Performance
Building Enclosure Council ‐ Baltimore14 June 2016
John A. Jackson, M.Eng, AIASimpson, Gumpertz, & Heger
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product._______________________________________Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Provider Number: J380Course Number: GLASSCW60
© 2016 Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc.
Copyright Materials
Curtain Walls
Curtain Walls
• Systems• Performances• Testing &
Construction
Curtain Walls
• Terminology• Stick-Built• Unitized• Glass Retention• Spandrel Panels• Transitions• Other Materials• Other Glazing Systems
• Systems• Performances• Testing &
Construction
Terminology
Mullion
Transom
Stack head
Stack sill
Stack joint
Spandrel panel
Stick-Built
Stick-Built
Stick-Built
Stick-Built
Stick Built
Unitized
Unitized
Unitized
Unitizedwet dry
“chicken head”
outside inside
thermal break
rainscreen gasket
movement at stack joint
Unitized
wet
dry
outside
inside
Unitized
Unitized
“chicken head” acts as lateral restraint for above panel
Anchor bracket
Embed anchor
Above panel
Unitized
Silicone boot
Unitized
“chicken head”
Panel splice
wetdry
1 panel
Capped(i.e. traditionally glazed)
Glass Retention
Structural Silicone Glazed(i.e. SSG)
Glass-to-Glass
Bolt-Fixing Clamped
Toggle-Fixing
Glass Retention
Spandrel Panels
Spandrel Panels
Spandrel Glass
Spandrel Panels
Shadow Box
Spandrel Panels
All Glass
Transitions
Perimeter sealant joint
Flexible membrane tied into glazing
Glazing stop installed on site
Transitions
Sealant
Aluminum plate
Panel hung from floor
above
Flexible membrane
glued to everything
Transitions
Other Glazing Systems
Punched Windows Ribbon Windows
Other Glazing Systems
Window WallStorefront
Other Glazing Systems
Glass FinsCables & Rods
Other Glazing Systems
Double Skins Free-Form
Other Materials
Metal Panel TerracottaStone
Curtain Walls
• Structural• Movement• Water-tightness• Airtightness• Solar Control• Thermal• Condensation Assessment• Ventilation• Acoustics• Fire• Blast• Access & Maintenance
• Systems• Performances• Testing &
Construction
Structural
Deflection due to wind suction
Deflection due to wind pressure
Framing Deflection
Internal steel reinforcement
StructuralGlass Deflection
Glass Center-Pane Deflection
Movement
• Live Load Deflections
• Wind Load Deflections/Sway
• Seismic Deflections/Sway
• Thermal Movements
• Moisture Movements
• Long-Term Shrinkage
• Differential Settlement
• Superimposed Dead Load Deflections
• Construction Sequencing
• Fabrication Tolerances
• Erection Tolerances
• Dead Load Deflections
• Snow/Rain Load Deflections
Movement
Movement
Δ
H
Water-tightness
Water-tightness:
Provide aluminum curtain wall systems that do not evidence water penetration when tested according to ASTM E331 (static) and AAMA 501.1 (dynamic) for one 15 min. cycle at a minimum differential static pressure of 20% of the peak positive wind load design pressure, but not less than 15 psf.
Barrier (i.e. no provision for drainage within system)
Drained and Ventilated(i.e. provision for drainage)
WATER DRAINAGE
Water-tightness
Water-tightness
Drainage at Base(i.e. pressure moderated)
Zone Dammed Drainage(i.e. pressure equalized)
Water-tightness
Continuous two lines of water defense within system and at transition to adjacent assemblies.
First Line
Second Line
Airtightness
Air Infiltration/Exfiltration:
Provide aluminum glazed curtain wall systems with maximum air leakage of 0.06-cfm/sq ft of fixed wall area when tested according to ASTM E283 at a minimum static-air-pressure differential of 6.24-lbf/sq ft.
Airtightness
Continuous air barrier within system and at transition to adjacent assemblies.
Air barrier
Solar Control
Solar Energy:
• Infrared (i.e. Heat Gain)
• Visible (i.e. Light Transmission)
• Ultraviolet (i.e. Material Degradation)
Solar Control
Laye
r 1
Laye
r 2
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- Total percentage of solar heat energy transmitted through a material, including energy absorbed and reradiated - European designation: G-value = SHGC- Shading Coefficient (SC) is an antiquated term, based on a standardized glass thickness (SHGC = 0.87 * SC)- Unit-less Value, ranges from 0 to 1.0- Typical SHGC of glazing include:
High Performance, Low-E 0.25 – 0.55
1 2 3 4
Typical position of Low-E Coating
Solar Control
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
Light to Solar Gain (LSG)= VLT/SHGC
Thermal1)2)3)U-value of
Glazing System
Center of Glass U-value
Thermal
Frame
Edge(2-1/2”)
Edge(2-1/2”)
Center Pane
Center Pane
Thermal
Thermal Barrier
Continuous thermal barrier within system and at transition to adjacent assemblies.
Condensation Assessment
Interior dew point temperature: 37°F
Interior Temperature: 70°FInterior Relative Humidity: 30%
Exterior Temperature: 17.3°FExterior Wind Speed: 15.3 mph
Ventilation
Acoustics
• Inside to Outside • Vertical Flanking (floor-to-floor)• Horizontal Flanking (across partitions)
Fire
UL Tested Edge of Slab Firesafing Assembly
Blast
Peak Pressure
Initial pressure
Initial rebound
Impulse = area under curve
Approx. Impulse = area under triangle
Access & Maintenance
Conflicting Requirements
Thermal Control vs TransparencyHigh cost Complexity vs StandardisationLow visual Weight vs StrengthNeed for Ventilation & Access vs WeathertightnessNeed for Ventilation & Access vs Acoustic controlHigh quality vs CostComplexity vs Fast installationNew technology vs RiskArchitectural Forms vs Maintenance Access
Delegated Design
Glazed aluminium curtain wall systems shall be designed, engineered, fabricated, and installed by a single-source curtain wall sub contractor:
• Structural Calculations• Air and Water Management• Thermal Calculations• Condensation Assessment• Edge of Slab Firesafeing
Curtain Walls
• Systems• Performances• Testing &
Construction
• Lab Mockup Testing• Fabrication• Storage• Transportation• Installation• Field Testing
Lab Mockup Testing
Air Infiltration/Exfiltration (ASTM E283) Static Water (ASTM E331)
Lab Mockup Testing
Dynamic Water (AAMA 501.1)
Lab Mockup Testing
Deflection (ASTM E330) Thermal Cycling/Condensation Assessment (AAMA 501.5)
Lab Mockup Testing
Horizontal Movement (AAMA 501.4) Vertical Movement (AAMA 501.7)
Fabrication
Fabrication
Storage
Transportation
Installation
Installation
Installation
Site applied panel splice
Field Testing
Hose Testing (AAMA 501.2) Chamber Air (ASTM E783)Chamber Water (ASTM E1105)
Questions?
John A. Jackson, M.Eng, AIASimpson, Gumpertz, & Heger