glam metal

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Glam metal 1 Glam metal Glam metal Stylistic origins Heavy metal, hard rock, glam rock, pop rock, punk rock Cultural origins Late 1970s, early 1980s Los Angeles and New York City Typical instruments Bass, drums, electric guitar, keyboards Regional scenes United States (Los Angeles, New York City), United Kingdom, Europe, Canada, Sweden, Finland Glam metal (also known as hair metal [1] and often used synonymously with pop metal [2] ) is a subgenre of hard rock [1] and heavy metal. It combines elements of these genres with punk rock and pop music, adding catchy hooks and guitar riffs, while borrowing from the aesthetic of 1970s glam rock. It arose in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the United States, particularly on the Los Angeles Sunset Strip music scene, pioneered by bands such as Kix, Hanoi Rocks, Mötley Crüe and Quiet Riot. It was popular throughout the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, bringing to prominence bands including Poison, Cinderella and Bon Jovi. The genre rapidly lost mainstream interest from 1991 to 1994 with the rise of grunge and the release of albums such as Nirvana's Nevermind, but it has enjoyed somewhat of a revival since the beginning of the new millennium with reunions of many popular acts from the genre`s 1980s heyday, as well as the retro styling of new bands including The Darkness and Steel Panther. Characteristics Poison were one extreme of the glam metal look with long shaggy or backcombed hair, accessories, metal studs, leather and make-up during their live performances Musically, glam metal uses traditional hard rock and heavy metal songs, incorporating elements of punk rock, [3] while adding pop-influenced catchy hooks and guitar riffs. [2][4] Like other heavy metal songs of the 1980s, they often feature shred guitar solos. [5] They also include extensive use of harmonies, particularly in the characteristic power ballads, slow, emotional songs that gradually build to a strong finale. [6] These were among the most commercially successful singles in the genre and opened it up to a wider audience that would not have been attracted to traditional heavy metal. Lyrical themes often deal with love and lust, concerns inherited from blues music, with songs often directed at a particular woman. [7] Aesthetically glam metal draws heavily on the glam rock or glitter rock of the 1970s, [8] often with very long backcombed hair, use of make-up, gaudy clothing and accessories (chiefly consisting of tight denim or leather jeans, spandex, and headbands). [9] The visual aspects of glam metal appealed to music television producers, particularly MTV, whose establishment coincided with the rise of the genre. [10] Glam metal performers became infamous for their debauched lifestyles of late-night parties, which were widely covered in the tabloid press. [11]

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Page 1: Glam Metal

Glam metal 1

Glam metal

Glam metalStylistic origins Heavy metal, hard rock, glam rock, pop rock, punk rock

Cultural origins Late 1970s, early 1980s Los Angeles and New York City

Typical instruments Bass, drums, electric guitar, keyboards

Regional scenes

United States (Los Angeles, New York City), United Kingdom, Europe, Canada, Sweden, Finland

Glam metal (also known as hair metal[1] and often used synonymously with pop metal[2]) is a subgenre of hardrock[1] and heavy metal. It combines elements of these genres with punk rock and pop music, adding catchy hooksand guitar riffs, while borrowing from the aesthetic of 1970s glam rock.It arose in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the United States, particularly on the Los Angeles Sunset Strip musicscene, pioneered by bands such as Kix, Hanoi Rocks, Mötley Crüe and Quiet Riot. It was popular throughout the1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, bringing to prominence bands including Poison, Cinderella and Bon Jovi.The genre rapidly lost mainstream interest from 1991 to 1994 with the rise of grunge and the release of albums suchas Nirvana's Nevermind, but it has enjoyed somewhat of a revival since the beginning of the new millennium withreunions of many popular acts from the genre`s 1980s heyday, as well as the retro styling of new bands includingThe Darkness and Steel Panther.

Characteristics

Poison were one extreme of the glam metal lookwith long shaggy or backcombed hair,

accessories, metal studs, leather and make-upduring their live performances

Musically, glam metal uses traditional hard rock and heavy metalsongs, incorporating elements of punk rock,[3] while addingpop-influenced catchy hooks and guitar riffs.[2][4] Like other heavymetal songs of the 1980s, they often feature shred guitar solos.[5] Theyalso include extensive use of harmonies, particularly in thecharacteristic power ballads, slow, emotional songs that graduallybuild to a strong finale.[6] These were among the most commerciallysuccessful singles in the genre and opened it up to a wider audiencethat would not have been attracted to traditional heavy metal. Lyricalthemes often deal with love and lust, concerns inherited from bluesmusic, with songs often directed at a particular woman.[7]

Aesthetically glam metal draws heavily on the glam rock or glitter rock of the 1970s,[8] often with very longbackcombed hair, use of make-up, gaudy clothing and accessories (chiefly consisting of tight denim or leather jeans,spandex, and headbands).[9] The visual aspects of glam metal appealed to music television producers, particularlyMTV, whose establishment coincided with the rise of the genre.[10] Glam metal performers became infamous fortheir debauched lifestyles of late-night parties, which were widely covered in the tabloid press.[11]

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TerminologySociologist Deena Weinstein points to the large number of terms used to describe more commercial forms of heavymetal, which she groups together as lite metal. These include, beside glam metal: melodic metal, false metal, poodlebands, nerf metal, pop metal or metal pop, the last of which was coined by critic Philip Bashe in 1983 to describebands such as Van Halen and Def Leppard.[7] Allmusic distinguishes pop metal, which refers to the whole pop-tintedhard rock and heavy metal scene of the 1980s (including Def Leppard, Bon Jovi, Europe),[2] from hair metal, thecharacteristics of which are flashy clothing and heavy makeup (as embodied by Poison, and Mötley Crüe).[1] Use ofthe derogatory term hair metal started in the early 1990s, as grunge gained popularity at the expense of 1980smetal.[1] In the "definitive metal family tree" of his documentary Metal: A Headbanger's Journey, anthropologistSam Dunn differentiates pop metal, which includes bands like Def Leppard, Europe, and Whitesnake, from glammetal bands that include Mötley Crüe, Twisted Sister and Poison.[12]

History

Origins

The New York Dolls in 1973. Their visual styleinfluenced the look of many 1980s-era glam

metal groups.

Music journalist Stephen Davis claims the influences of the style canbe traced back to acts like Aerosmith, Kiss, Boston, Cheap Trick, andThe New York Dolls.[13] Particularly Kiss, but also the shock rockstyle of such acts as Alice Cooper, served as a major influence on thegenre.[14] Finnish band Hanoi Rocks have been credited with setting ablueprint for the look of hair metal.[15]

Van Halen has been seen as highly influential on the movement,emerging in 1978 from the Los Angeles music scene on Sunset Strip,with a sound based around the lead guitar skills of Eddie Van Halen.He popularized a playing technique of two‐handed hammer‐ons andpull‐offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from thealbum Van Halen.[3] This sound, and lead singer David Lee Roth'sstage antics, would be highly influential on glam metal, although VanHalen would never fully adopt a glam aesthetic.[16]

Often categorized with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second albumHigh 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade.[17]

Their follow-up album Pyromania (1983), certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of Americahaving sold over 10 million copies in the US, reached number two on the Billboard 200, and the singles "Foolin'","Photograph", and "Rock of Ages", helped by the emergence of MTV, reached the Top 40.[17][18][19] It was widelyemulated, particularly by the emerging Californian scene.[4]

First wave (1980-84)In the early 1980s a number of bands from across the US began to move towards what would become the glam metalsound. These included Kix from Western Maryland, who released their eponymous debut in 1981.[20] From SanFrancisco Night Ranger's first album Dawn Patrol (1982), reached the top 40 in the US, but their breakthroughalbum was 1983's Midnight Madness, which included the top five single "Sister Christian".[21] From New YorkTwisted Sister, originally formed as a glam rock band in 1972, released their first album, Under the Blade in1982.[22]

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Kix performing in 1983

The most active scene was in the clubs on Sunset Strip, Los Angeles,including The Trip, the Whisky a Go Go, and Starwood. These beganto avoid booking punk rock bands because of fears of violence, andwere colonized by metal bands, usually on a "pay to play" basis,creating a vibrant scene for hard rock music.[3][23] One of the firstgroups to emerge from this scene were Mötley Crüe, with their albumsToo Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983).[24] QuietRiot's US debut Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album,and arguably the first heavy metal album, to reach number one in theBillboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstreamsuccess by subsequent bands.[25] Increasing numbers of L.A. bands were able to produce début albums in 1984,including Ratt with their breakthrough Out of the Cellar (1984),[26] and W.A.S.P. with their eponymous album.[27] Inaddition Black 'n Blue, formed in Portland, Oregon released their eponymous debut[28] and New York-based Danishband White Lion produced Fight to Survive (1985).[29] All of these bands played a prominent part in the developingthe overall look and sound of glam metal.[3]

Second wave (1985-92)By the mid-1980s, glam metal had begun to be a major mainstream success. Los Angeles continued to foster themost important scene around the Sunset Strip, with groups like London, which had originally formed as a glam rockband in the 1970s, and had seen future members of Mötley Crüe, Cinderella and Guns N' Roses pass through itsranks, finally releasing their début album Non Stop Rock in 1985.[30] Pennsylvania also produced successful bands,with Harrisburg's Poison and Philadelphia's Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums, respectivelyLook What the Cat Dragged In and Night Songs in 1986.[31][32] Stryper, formed in 1983 in Orange County,California, made their mainstream breakthrough in 1986 with their platinum album To Hell with the Devil andbrought Christian lyrics to their hard rock music style and glam metal looks.[33] Van Halen released 5150 (1986),their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the U.S. for three weeks and sold oversix million copies.[16] The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe reached the top ten inseveral countries, including the U.S. and while the title single reached number one in 26 countries.[34] Someestablished heavy metal acts of the era such as Ozzy Osbourne and Judas Priest began incorporating glam metalelements into their sounds and images, as the genre's popularity skyrocketed in 1985-86.[35]Wikipedia:Identifyingreliable sourcesThe most commercially significant release of the era was by Bon Jovi from New Jersey, with Slippery When Wet(1986), which mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity, and spent a total of eight weeks at the top of the Billboard 200album chart, selling over 12 million copies in the US. It became the first hard rock album to spawn three top tensingles, two of which reached number one.[36] The album has been credited with widening the audience for thegenre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the doorto MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade.[37] During the mid-to-late 1980s, glammetal bands were in heavy rotation on the channel, often at the top of MTV's daily dial countdown, and some of thebands appeared on the channel's shows such as Headbanger's Ball, which became one of the most popular programswith over 1.3 million views a week.[10][38] The groups also received heavy rotation on radio stations such as KNACin Los Angeles.[39] By the second half of the decade, despite mostly negative critical reviews and being shunned bycertain sections of the music industry,[40] glam metal had become the most reliable form of commercial popularmusic in the United States.[41]

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Original member Izzy Stradlin' on stage withGuns N' Roses in 2006

Mötley Crüe with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their run ofcommercial success,[24] and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit theircommercial peak, the latter producing a hard rock record of seven hitsingles.[17] L.A. band Faster Pussycat released their eponymous début,but the greatest success was Guns N' Roses, originally formed from afusion of bands L.A. Guns and Hollywood Rose, who released thebest-selling début of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a"grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced threetop 10 hits, including the number one "Sweet Child O' Mine".[42] Suchwas the dominance of the style that Californian hardcore punk bandT.S.O.L. moved towards a glam metal sound in this period.[43][44]

In the last years of the decade the most notable successes were NewJersey (1988) by Bon Jovi,[45] OU812 (1988) by Van Halen,[16] whileOpen Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, spawned number one hit

single "Every Rose Has Its Thorn", and eventually sold eight million copies worldwide.[31][46] Britny Fox fromPhiladelphia[47] and Winger from New York[48] released their eponymous débuts in 1988. In 1989 Mötley Crüeproduced their most commercially successful album, the multi-platinum number one Dr. Feelgood.[24] In the sameyear eponymous débuts included Danger Danger from New York[49] and Dangerous Toys from Austin, Texas, whoprovided more of a Southern rock tone to the genre.[50] L.A. débuts included Warrant with Dirty Rotten FilthyStinking Rich (1989),[51] and Skid Row with their eponymous album (1989), which reached number six in theBillboard 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam metal era.[52] Glam metalentered the 1990s as one of the major commercial genres of popular music. In 1990 débuts for Slaughter, from LasVegas with Stick It to Ya[53] and Firehouse, from North Carolina, with their eponymous album reached number 18and number 21 on the Billboard 100 respectively, but it would be the peak of their commercial achievement.[54]

Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both in 1991)[42] and Van Halen's For Unlawful CarnalKnowledge (1991) showcased the genre's popularity.[16] In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria withAdrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the U.S.album chart for five weeks, the only hard rock album to reach that position that year.[55]

Decline (1993-96)

W.A.S.P. performing live in Stavanger, Norwayin 2006

The 1988 film The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The MetalYears captured the Los Angeles scene of successful and aspiring bands.It also highlighted the excesses of glam metal, particularly the scene inwhich W.A.S.P. guitarist Chris Holmes was interviewed whiledrinking vodka on an inflatable raft in a swimming pool as his motherwatched. As a result it has been seen as helping to create a backlashagainst the genre.[56][57] In the early 1990s glam metal's popularityrapidly declined after nearly a decade of success. Several music writersand musicians began to deride glam metal acts as "hair farmers,"[58][59]

hinting at the soon-to-be-popularized term "hair metal." Another reason for the decline in popularity of the style mayhave been the changing popularity of the power ballad. While its use, especially after a hard-rocking anthem, wasinitially a successful formula, in the late 1980s and early 1990s audiences lost interest in this approach.[6][60]

One significant factor in the decline was the rise of grunge music from Seattle, with bands including Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden. This was particularly obvious after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a dirty sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion,

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fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes, a stripped-down aesthetic and a complete rejection of the glammetal visual style and performance.[1][61] Many major labels felt they had been caught off-guard by the surprisesuccess of grunge and began turning over their personnel in favor of younger staffers more versed in the new scene.As MTV shifted its attention to the new style, glam metal bands found themselves relegated increasingly to and latenight airplay, and Headbanger's Ball was cancelled at the end of 1994,[38] while KNAC went over to Spanishprogramming.[39] Given glam metal's lack of a major format presence on radio, bands were left without a clear wayto reach their audience. Other alternative rock bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Jane's Addiction also helpedsupplant the popularity of the genre.[62]

Some artists tried to alter their sound, while others struggled on with their original format.[1] In 1995 Van Halenreleased Balance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 DavidLee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, was fired soon after the releaseof the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III. Van Halen would not tour or record again until2004.[16] Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was firedin 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensionsbetween the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers album TheSpaghetti Incident?. Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1998. Axl Rose, the onlyoriginal member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over ten years tocomplete.[42]

Revival (1997-present)

The Darkness performing in Sydney, Australia in2004

During the late 1990s and the 2000s glam metal began to enjoysomething of a revival. Some established acts who had managed toweather the storm enjoyed renewed popularity, others reformed andnew bands emerged to emulate the glam metal style. Bon Jovi werestill able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" (2000).[45]

They branched into country music with a version of their 2005 song"Who Says You Can't Go Home", which reached number one on theHot Country Singles chart in 2006 and the rock/country album LostHighway which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovireleased The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock soundand reached number one on the Billboard 200.[45] Mötley Crüe

reunited with Vince Neil to record the 1997 album Generation Swine[24] and Poison reunited with guitarist C.C.DeVille in 1999, producing the mostly live Power to the People (2000);[31] both bands began to tour extensively.There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007).[16] The longawaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum in the U.S.,produced no hit singles, and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material.[]

Europe's "Final Countdown" enjoyed a new lease of popularity as the millennium drew to a close and the bandreformed.[] Other acts to reform included Ratt,[26] Britny Fox,[63] Stryper (annually),[33] and Skid Row.[52]

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The Rocklahoma festival held in Pryor,Oklahoma in 2008

Beginning in 1999, Monster Ballads, a series of compilation albumsthat feature popular power ballads, usually from the glam metal genre,capitalized on the nostalgia, with the first volume going platinum.[64]

The VH1 sponsored Rock Never Stops Tour, beginning in 1998, hasseen many glam metal bands take to the stage again, including on theinaugural tour: Warrant, Slaughter, Quiet Riot, FireHouse, and L.A.Guns. Slaughter also took part in the 1999 version with Ted Nugent,Night Ranger, and Quiet Riot.[65] Poison and Cinderella touredtogether in 2000 and 2002, and in 2005 Cinderella headlined the RockNever Stops Tour, with support from Ratt, Quiet Riot, andFireHouse.[32] In 2007 the four-day long Rocklahoma festival held inOklahoma included glam metal bands Poison, Ratt and TwistedSister.[66] Warrant and Cinderella co-headlined the festival in 2008.[67] Nostalgia for the genre was evidenced in theproduction of the glam metal themed musical Rock of Ages, which ran in Los Angeles in 2006[68] and in New Yorkin 2008.[69] It was made into a film released in 2012.[70]

Glam metal experienced a partial resurgence around the turn of the century, due in part to increased interest on theinternet, with the successful 'Glam Slam Metal Jam' music festival taking place in the summer of 2000.[71] By theearly 2000s, a handful of new bands began to revive glam metal in one form or another. The Darkness's Permissionto Land (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam",[72] topped the UK charts,going quintuple platinum. One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005) reached number 11, but the band broke up in2006.[73] Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by playing 80s style glam metal.[74] InSweden the sleaze rock movement attempted to revive the genre, with bands including Vains of Jenna,[75]

Crashdïet[76] and H.E.A.T.[77] Other new acts included Beautiful Creatures[78] and Buckcherry. The latter'sbreakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum in the U.S. and spawned the single "Sorry" (2007), which made the top10 of the Billboard Hot 100.[79] Bands known for their metalcore background such as Black Veil Brides[80] andBlessed by a Broken Heart[81] have changed their style to be glam metal inspired, both musically and visually, withBlack Veil Brides adding a gothic spin to the traditional glam image.[82]

Notes[1] [ "Hair metal"], AllMusic. Retrieved 6 July 2010.[2] [ "Pop metal"], AllMusic. Retrieved 6 July 2010.[3] R. Moore, Sells Like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009), ISBN

0-8147-5748-0, pp. 105–6.[4] C. Smith, 101 Albums that Changed Popular Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 0-19-537371-5, pp. 160–2.[5] D. Bukszpan, The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal (London: Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2003), ISBN 0-7607-4218-9, p. 63.[6] G. T. Pillsbury, Damage Incorporated: Metallica and the Production of Musical Identity (New York, NY: CRC Press, 2006), ISBN

0-415-97374-0, p. 45.[7] D. Weinstein, Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2000), ISBN 0-306-80970-2, pp. 45–7.[8] P. Auslander, Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006),

ISBN 0-7546-4057-4, p. 232.[9] D. Bukszpan, The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal (London: Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2003), ISBN 0-7607-4218-9, p. 60.[10] R. Walser, Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press,

1993), ISBN 0-8195-6260-2, p. 13.[11] R. Batchelor and S. Stoddart, The 1980s (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), ISBN 0-313-33000-X, p. 121.[12] Metal – A Headbanger's Journey, DVD, ASIN B000FS9OZY (2005).[13] S. Davis, Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses (New York, NY: Gotham Books, 2008), ISBN 978-1-59240-377-6, p. 30.[14] P. Scaruffi, A History of Rock Music:1951–2000 (iUniverse, 2003), ISBN 0-595-29565-7, p. 274.[15] B. Macdonald, J. Harrington and R. Dimery, Albums You Must Hear Before You Die (London: Quintet, 2006), ISBN 0-7893-1371-5, p. 508.[16] S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato,[ "Van Halen"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

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[17] V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI:Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 293–4.

[18] "American album certifications – Def Leppard – Pyromania". (http:/ / www. riaa. com/ goldandplatinumdata. php?artist="Unplugged")RIAA. Retrieved 17 November 2011.

[19] Pyromania: Def Leppard (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ album/ pyromania-r5349) AllMusic. Retrieved 17 November 2011[20] J. Franck, [ "Kix"], AllMusic. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[21] S. T. Erlewine, [ "Night Ranger"], AllMusic. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[22] E. Rivadavia, [ "Twisted Sister"], AllMusic. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[23] A. Chapman and L. Silber, Rock to Riches: Build Your Business the Rock & Roll Way (Capital Books, 2008), ISBN 1-933102-65-9, p. 151.[24] V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI:

Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 767–8.[25] E. Rivadavia, [ "Quiet Riot"], AllMusic. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[26] S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato, [ "Ratt"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[27] E. Rivadavia, [ "W.A.S.P."], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[28] W. Ruhlmann, [ "Black 'n Blue"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[29] G. Prato, [ "White Lion"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[30] D. Stone, [ "London"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[31] B. Weber, [ "Poison"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[32] W. Ruhlmann, [ "Cinderella"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[33] G. Prato, [ "Stryper"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[35] Top 50 Glam Metal Albums http:/ / www. metal-rules. com/ polls/ index. php?id=8[36] L. Flick, "Bon Jovi bounce back from tragedy", Billboard, 28 September 2002, vol. 114, No. 39, ISSN 0006-2510, p. 81.[37] D. Nicholls, The Cambridge History of American Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), ISBN 0-521-45429-8, p. 378.[38] C. Marshall, "Where do all the Videos Go?", Billboard, vol. 113, No. 25 June 23, 2001, ISSN 0006-2510, p. 32.[39] M. Moses and D. Kaye, "What did you do in the war daddy?", Billboard, vol. 111, no. 23, 5 June 1999, ISSN 0006-2510, p. 82.[40] D. Weinstein, "Rock critics need bad music", in C. Washburne and M. Derno, eds, Bad Music: the Music we Love to Hate (London:

Routledge, 2004), ISBN 0-415-94366-3, p. 297.[41] S. Holden, "The Pop Life" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1989/ 12/ 27/ arts/ the-pop-life-940989. html), The New York Times, 27 December

1989. Retrieved 25 October 2009.[42] S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato, [ "Guns N' Roses"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[43] B. Torreano, [ "TSOL"] AllMusic. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[44] Garry Sharpe-Young, New Wave of American Heavy Metal (New Plymouth, New Zealand: Zonda, 2005), ISBN 0-9582684-0-1, p. 302.[45] S. T. Erlewine, [ "Bon Jovi"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[46] [ "Poison Artist information"], Billboard. Retrieved 18 June 2012.[47] J. Ulrey, [ "Britny Fox"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[48] S. T. Erlewine, [ "Winger"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[49] G. Prato, [ "Danger Danger"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[50] G. Prato, [ "Dangerous Toys"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[51] S. T. Erlewine, [ "Warrant"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[52] B. Weber, [ "Skid Row"], AllMusic. Retrieved 10 July 2010.[53] S. Huey, [ "Slaughter"], AllMusic. Retrieved 18 June 2010.[54] S. T. Erlewine, [ "Firehouse"], AllMusic. Retrieved 6 July 2010.[55] "Def Leppard – the Band" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ dna/ h2g2/ alabaster/ A425828) BBC h2g2. Retrieved 18 June 2010.[56] E. Danville and C. Mott, The Official Heavy Metal Book of Lists (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2009), ISBN

0-87930-983-0, p. 16.[57] M. G. Hurd, Women Directors and their Films (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), ISBN 0-275-98578-4, p. 79.[60] C. Aaron, "Don't fight the power" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=m-qexhnZaukC& pg=PA86& dq="power+ ballad"+ 1980s&

hl=en& ei=Qf44TI6eJKX40wSpvKzsAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=book-thumbnail& resnum=1& ved=0CCwQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q="power ballad" 1980s& f=false), Spin, vol. 17, No. 11, Nov 2001, ISSN 0886-3032, p. 90.

[61] [ "Grunge"], AllMusic. Retrieved 18 June 2010.[62] R. Moore, Sells Like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009), ISBN

0-8147-5748-0, p. 117.[63] "Britny Fox" (http:/ / www. nme. com/ artists/ britny-fox#biography), NME Artists. Retrieved 10 July 2010.[64] C. Marshall, "From big hair and power ballads to Polish metal, every song has its niche" (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/

books?id=rg8EAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA42& lpg=PA42& dq="monster+ ballads"+ + Billboard& source=bl& ots=U-deUDk5Rp&sig=QOUxp3CxvNxInSsHh4iDI0OrqPI& hl=en& ei=QCk3TJj_B8uNjAf088X4Aw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5&ved=0CCUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q& f=false), Billboard, vol. 112, no. 26, 24 June 2000, ISSN 0006-2510, p. 42.

[65] "'80s Rock Never Stops On Tour" (http:/ / www. billboard. com/ articles/ news/ 70583/ 80s-rock-never-stops-on-tour), Billboard. Retrieved10 July 2010.

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[69] W. McBride, "Photo Coverage: 'ROCK OF AGES' Meets the Press" (http:/ / broadwayworld. com/ article/Photo_Coverage_ROCK_OF_AGES_Meets_the_Press_20000101), BroadwayWorld.com, 4 March 2009.

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The Seattle Times, 5 May 2008.[72] H. Phares, [ "The Darkness: Permission to Land"], AllMusic. Retrieved 11 June 2007.[73] "Chart Stats: The Darkness" (http:/ / www. chartstats. com/ artistinfo. php?id=52), Chart Stats. Retrieved 17 June 2008.[74] M. Brown, [ "Steel Panther"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[75] M. Brown, [ "Vains of Jenna"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[76] K. Ross Hoffman, [ "Crashdïet"], AllMusic. Retrieved 11 February 2012.[77] A. Eremenko, [ "H.E.A.T."], AllMusic. Retrieved 2 May 2010.[78] J. Loftus, [ "Beautiful Creatures"], AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[79] J. Ankeny, [ "Buckcherry"], AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2010.[80] Jason Lymangrover, "Set the World on Fire Review" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ album/ set-the-world-on-fire-r2187537/ review),

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Page 9: Glam Metal

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsGlam metal  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568475199  Contributors: 10metreh, 1exec1, 1zackman, 2601:A:4100:5A:20EA:6C68:1A92:A7F6, 4N4RCH0, 70Jack90, ATrain, A2Kafir, ABC123456, ACSE, AN OLD MAN, Abandoned, Abeyi76, Aceman97, Acidburn24m, Aclipps, Acphenom, Adam Conover, Airguitar78, Akaisuisei, Albertrocker, AlexakaAlex,Alexius08, Alfrin, Algae, Allysonbcrawford, AmericanLeMans, AndrewHowse, Andycjp, Anetode, Angelczek, Anger22, Angry Shoplifter, AnnaAniston, Aphasia83, Aphrodite901, Appraiser,Areaseven, Arf!, Arm, Asarlaí, Asgpublishing, Ashley Pomeroy, Asided m plane, Aussie Ausborn, Avador, Avandra, AvatarMN, Avram Fawcett, BD2412, Badgernet, Bardin, Bbq2, Be BlackHole Sun, Benfranksano, Betacommand, Billjones65, Billytrok, Birdieblues, Blackmetalbaz, BloodyRose, Bojars, Bongwarrior, Bonskidroses, Born Again 83, BreakerLOLZ, Breakfast machine,Brianhenke, Bridgeplayer, Brodiefan85, Brothejr, Bsherr, Bsktballplyr99, C628, Calabe1992, Caleson, Callmarcus, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Ceptizzy, ChakaKong, Cheese crackersgrmoit, Cherryberryvery, Cholmes75, Chris Henniker, Chris the speller, ChrisB, Christian75, Chubbles, Chubdub, CircafuciX, Circeus, CityPages, Coburnpharr04, Colchester121891, ColoniesChris, Comet Tuttle, Confession0791, Contra10, CoolKatt number 99999, Corvoe, Cory pratt, CosmicLegg, Courcelles, Crasherisntmydogsname, Crystallina, Curb Chain, CuteHappyBrute,Cygnus78, Cyrus XIII, D-Kuru, DCEdwards1966, DFWRaider, DLL25, DWalker59, DabMachine, Daddy Kindsoul, Dagonet, Dakota Pauls, Dalmo Hernandes, Danceswithzerglings,DandyDan2007, Dante Alighieri, Darolew, Davetron5000, David Whitton, Dear cobain, Der Naturfreund, DerHexer, Deus Ex, Devilxhlywood, Discospinster, Djrobgordon, DocWatson42, Dr.Blofeld, Drpickem, Druiloor, Dunktattoo, Dystopos, E0steven, Eddcooper, Edkollin, Eduardonwa, El C, Elchafa, Elitropia, Elkman, Enter The Crypt, Epbr123, EscapingTheGuillotine,Everyking, Evlekis, Ewlyahoocom, FMAFan1990, Fair Deal, FatalError, FateForger, Feitclub, Felicity4711, Ferkelparade, FireCrystal, Florentyna, Foxj, Fram, Fredrik, Frieda, Frongle,Frozen4322, Funeral, Fxhomie, GSav88, GTBacchus, GVOLTT, Gaff, Gamma85, Gareth Griffith-Jones, GentlemanGhost, Ghetteaux, Ghewgill, Ghghbh, Giggy, GlamMetalrocks, Glen, Gnr 45,Goatasaur, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Gothbag, GreenZeb, Greg D. Barnes, Gregsinclair, Gringo300, GripTheHusk, Grrlb0t, Gueneverey, Guitarkirby, Guitarmike, Gunmetal Angel,Gunsnroses118, Gurch, Gustav Lindwall, Gökhan, Haham hanuka, Hairhorn, Hairmetaller86, Hairraid, Hannes Röst, HarryHenryGebel, Hede2000, Hike395, Hoponpop69, Hraefen, I call the bigone bitey, I feel like a tourist, I want a big stereo, I'll bring the food, ICE77, IL7Soulhunter, Ianblair23, Ianjones50, Ihcoyc, Ihy34, IllaZilla, Inhumer, Ixfd64, Ixnayonthetimmay, J Milburn,J.delanoy, JForget, JKKDARK, JRC3, JSellers0, JaGa, Jaakonam, Jacj, JackorKnave, JamesAM, Jaredchristensen, Jasper8000, Jaxxalude, Jcon91, Jebus989, Jeff G., Jet57, JetsLuvver, Jewofunk,Jigsaw Jimmy, JimboV1, Jimp, Jjmckool, Jogers, John of Reading, Jonobennett, Joost, Jpatokal, Judasandmegadeth, Jumanji656, JzG, K1Bond007, KAMiKAZOW, Karada, Kariteh, Kazmeyer,Kennstinson, Kevinbrowning, Kexu22, Kezzran, Kgman6, KieferSkunk, Kingdom Of Rap, Kirazoglu, Klippdass, Knight Of Steel, KnightRider, Koavf, Koda Niko Carrie, Kooo, Koumz, Kragen,Kwiki, Kyle Barbour, Kzollman, L33th4x0rguy, Lassewikman, Laughingman78, Laurinavicius, Lewismaster, Lexor, Lexusuns, Leyasu, Lightmouse, Lironos, Live Light, Lothar von Richthofen,MER-C, METALGOD42088, Mahanga, MakeChooChooGoNow, Malo, Marbehraglaim, Marcus Brute, Markkiroxx, Marko sk, Marskuzz, Martarius, Martindeandrade, Matt Crypto, MatthewFennell, Matthew238, Maximus Rex, Maxí, MegX, Megan1967, Metal indo aryan, Metal80s, Metal80sfan1987, Metalhead94, Metalion SOS, Metamagician3000, Metrospex, Mezmerizer,Michaelas10, Midgrid, MikeCapone, Miketm, Mimzy1990, Mineralboy, Mirrormundo, MisfitToys, Mkweise, Mmustafa, MoiraDetroit, Moondyne, Motley Crue Rocks, Motley crue cat,MotorheadMan, Mr Pyles, Mr Stephen, MrAmazing8270, MrDarcy, MrHuckel123, MrOllie, Msbluerasp, Mtmtmt, Mushroom, Myxomatosis57, Nancy, Nappyheaded, Navnløs, Neelix,Neitherday, NendoShisu, Nertzy, Neutrality, New Rock Star, Nfleming, Ni666, Nick19thind, Nigel tempest, Nikoz78, Nite-Sirk, Njbob, Noitall, Noozgroop, Ntsimp, Nummer29, Nurg, Nv8200p,Nymf, Nyttend, OZPerpetue, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Omdfg, OnBeyondZebrax, Orderinchaos, OregonD00d, Osbus, Ours18, Ozzy stene, PMDrive1061, Pacian, Pat Payne, Patchyreynolds,Pattoole, Paul518, Pearle, Peregrine Fisher, Peter Fleet, Peter.C, Petrb, Phil Sandifer, PiT (The Physicist), Piegas, Pinethicket, Pkeets, Porkas, Portillo, Prolog, Protos99, Psyren Wanderer,Puddhe, Pwalker1972, Qsaw, Queen Zeppelin Metallica Floyd, Quercusrobur, Quiddity, Quintote, RadioFan, Radioflyr, Raikiri Rampage, Ramirez72, RandyRhoadsRonnieDio, Rawal12,Rawisericho, Razorhead, Rcunit14, RedWordSmith, Redrocket, Res2216firestar, RetiredUser124642196, RetromanThe, Revlonred, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, RickK, Rida12525,Riotrocket8676, Rjwilmsi, Rlquall, Roadpup, Robin, Robina Fox, Rockgenre, Ronaldb64, Rose64bud, Rothskin, Roygbiv666, Rplant1961, Rzrscm, SJP, Sabine's Sunbird, Sabrebd, Salty-horse,Sam Spade, Samboob, Santacloud21, Sardanaphalus, Sbrianhicks, Scarian, Schroeder74, SchwartzPadre, Scorpion0422, Seed25, Seegoon, Sensor, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Serpent-A,Shadowjams, Shawn pickrell, Shawncito, ShelfSkewed, Shelivade91, Shredosaurus, Shudde, SilverBullitt, Size J Battery, Sjorford, Sketchmoose, Skullgriffin2, Skullord, Sleezbeez, Slysplace,Smurfix, Snowolf, Soundvisions1, Spacefan75, Spearhead, SpeedyGonsales, Squakbox, Srleffler, Stevometal, Stormie, Sugar Bear, Sugar-Baby-Love, SuperDamian, Superastig, Supreme Wiki,Surreal90, TUF-KAT, Tassedethe, Tbhotch, Tedder, Template namespace initialisation script, ThaddeusB, ThatRockMetalGuy, Thatemooverthere, The Elfoid, The Librarian, The Mark of theBeast, The Utahraptor, TheDoober, TheOnly ones, Thermaland, Therocknrollguy01, Thundermaster, Tigerghost, TimothyPilgrim, Timsheridan, Tingtinghk829, Tombomp, Tony1,Toomuch4love, Trashcat, Travelling Tragition, Trencacloscas, Trigun12789, Twang, TyA, TylerThorne, Underground00, Underwater, Valvicus, Vegaswikian, Vegaswikian1, Veluet, Vianello,Voerman, WDavis1911, Wadems, Warpozio, Wasted Time R, Weatherman90, Webbird, Welsh, WesleyDodds, Wether B, Wfaulk, Wiki Raja, Wiki libs, Wikix645, Wildhearted, Willking1979,Wizardman, Woohookitty, WrathChild1978, Wyldephang, Xaosflux, Xndr, Xtremeblur, Y, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Yaakov Pinus, Yankees76, Yothers, Yworo, Zakkman, Zanimum, Zarsh, Zazaban,Zenohockey, Zero Tolerance, ZiggyZig, Zippy, Zouavman Le Zouave, Михајло Анђелковић, 曖, 1739 anonymous edits

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