g]kfnm hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jftfj/0f aoj:yfkgsf nful ifdtf clej[wbl— lhnnf … · 2014-09-29 ·...

k|fljlws ;xfotf k/fdz{bftfåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] l/kf]6 {

k|f]h]S6 gDa/M 6L P &!&# g]kfn,c;f/ @)^(

g]kfn M hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jftfj/0fAoj:yfkgsf nfuL Ifdtf clej[WbL —

lhNnf :t/Lo tflnd ;fdu|L, efu @M;xefuLx?sf nflu tflnd ;|f]t k'l:tsf

g]kfn ;/sf/, jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] nflu

;fd"lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0f g]kfn tyf gd{;\ g]kfnsf]sG:ff]l6{odåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf]

o; l/kf]6{df AoSt ljrf/n] P8LaL cyjf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ffAoSt u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g / o;af6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] s'g} bfloTjaf6 oLlgsfox? d'St /xg] 5g\ .

g]kfn ;/sf/jftfj/0f dGqfno

lhNnf txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyfjftfj/0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL

tflnd lgb]{lzsf

;xefuLx?sf nflu tflnd ;|f]tk'l:tsf

-Participant Guide and Resources Materials)

b'O{ zAb

g]kfn ;/sf/ jftfj/0f dGqfnon] g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fJoj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf]k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA7173) cfof]hgf cGtu{t ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn] ;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ kof{Kt ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t eP/clws hf]lvddf /x]sf lhNnfx?df jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf hf]lvdx?klxrfg ug{, ;f]xLcg'?k of]hgf agfpg / ;d'bfonfO{ ;zQm ?kdf cg's'ngsf pkfocjnDag ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] 5 .

o; cfof]hgfsf] Ps k|d'v cËsf ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fsf ;DaGwdf;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] r]tgf clej[l4 klg Ps xf] . o; cg'?k ul/g] ljleGg lqmofsnfkdWo] :yfgLo txsf lgsfox?df hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQmljsf; ug]{{ sfo{sf nflu lhNnf txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg;DalGw tflnd lgb]{lzsf tof/L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ;fd"lxs cleofg,?kfGt/0f g]kfn tyf gd{;\ g]kfnsf] sG:ff]l6{odnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . o;} cg'?k pQmsG;f]l6{odåf/f of] tflnd k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

of] tflnd k'l:tsfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t ljifox?/ :yfgLo txsf of]hgf th'{dfdf o;sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;dfj]; ug{ rflng'kg]{ sbdsfcfwf/e"t s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g'sf cltl/Qm /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd (NationalAdaptation Program of Action (NAPA) - 2010) n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf cGo 5 j6f If]qdfhjnfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj / To;nfO{ cGt//fli6«o tyf /fli6«o txdf ul/Psf;Daf]wgsf ljifodf cfwf/e"t s'/fx? ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L tL If]qx? -s[ifLtyf vfB ;'/Iff, jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, hn;|f]t tyf phf{, hg:jf:Yo, zx/La;f]jf; tyf k"jf{wf/ / hnjfo' ;[lht k|sf]kdf cg's'ng x'gsf nflu :yfgLo txdfug{ ;lsg] k|of;x?sf ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ ljifoa:t'x? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

o; dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf o;sf] csf]{ c+u (Component) ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t;Í6f;Gg\ ljZn]if0f, hf]lvd gSzfÍg tyf cg's'ng of]hgf (Community BasedVulnerability Assessment, Risk Mapping and Adaptation Planning (CBVA) ;+u ;d]t;dGjo ub}{ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsf nflu ljifoa:t' lgwf{/0f ug]{ r/0fb]lvg} 5 j6} ljifout (Thematic) dGqfnosf s]lGb|o txsf sd{rf/L, ljleGg ljsf;;fem]bf/x?sf lj1x? tyf cGo ljleGg ;+:yfsf ljifo lj1x?;Fu 5nkmn / k[i7kf]if0fcfbfgk|bfg ub}{ tflnd k'l:tsf tof/L 6f]lnsf ljifout lj1x?åf/f ljifout dGqfno,ljefu tyf tflnd dxfzfvfx?sf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx?;Fusf] e]63f6, cGt/lqmof /ljleGg k|sfzgx?sf] ;dLIffaf6 cWoog ;fdu|Lx? tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

lgb]{lzsfsf] d:of}bf tof/L kl5 o;sf] k"j{ k/LIf0f tflnd ?kGb]xL lhNnfdf ul/of] .k"j{ kl/If0f tflndjf6 k|fKt ;'emfj / l;sfO{x?nfO{ lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]; ul/ o;lgb]{lzsfdf cfwfl/t eO{ sf7df08f}+df k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd ;+rfng ul/of] .

k|lzIf0f tflndsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ kl/rfng ul/ k|f/flDes tflndx?df wflbª, afUn'ª/ bfª lhNnfx?sf ;+rfng ul/of] . oL ;j} tflndx?df hDdf &!% hgf JolQmx?sf];xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof] . tflndsf ;xefuLx?sf] ;d]t k[i7kf]if0f ;d]6]/ o;lgb]{lzsfnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

o; lgb]{lzsfsf] tof/L kl5 ;dsIfL ;dLIff (Peer Review) ug{] sfo{df jftfj/0fdGqfnosf ;x;lrj >L dLgf vgfn, >L a6's[i0f pk|]lt, n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs;dfj];Ls/0f ljz]if1 >L lbJofb]jL u'?Ë, l8PkmcfOl8sL >L ;ljtf yfkf tyf tflndljz]if1 >L af;'b]j Gof}kfg]af6 k|fKt ;'emfj Pj+ k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 .

of] tflnd k'l:tsf :yfgLo txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsfljifodf ;r]t hgzlQm tof/ ug{ ;xof]uL l;4 x'g]5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

cGtdf o; lgb]{lzsf tof/Lsf qmddf ;+nUg /xg' ePsf ;fd'lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0fg]kfn / gd{; sG;f]l6{odsf l6dnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .

s[i0f 1jfnL;lrj

jftfj/0f dGqfno

b'O{ zAb

g]kfn ;/sf/ jftfj/0f dGqfnon] g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fJoj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf]k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA7173) cfof]hgf cGtu{t hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fsf;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{{ sfo{sf nflu lhNnf txdf hnjfo'kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DalGw of] tflnd lgb]{lzsf tof/L u/]sf] 5 . o;dGqfnon] of] sfo{ ;fd"lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0f g]kfn tyf gd{;\ g]kfnsf]sG:ff]l6{odnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] cg'?k pQm sG;f]l6{odåf/f of] tflnd lgb]{lzsf tof/ul/Psf] xf] .

o; lgb]{lzsfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t ljifox? /:yfgLo txsf of]hgf th'{dfdf o;sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;dfj]; ug{ rflng'kg]{ sbdsfcfwf/e"t s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g'sf ;fy} /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd (National AdaptationProgram of Action (NAPA) - 2010) n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf cGo 5 j6f If]qdf hjnfo'kl/jt{gsf k|efj / To;nfO{ cGt//fli6«o tyf /fli6«o txdf ul/Psf ;Daf]wgsfljifodf cfwf/e"t s'/fx? ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 .

o; lgb]{lzsf nflu ljifoa:t' lgwf{/0f ug]{ r/0f b]lvg} 5 j6} ljifout (Thematic)dGqfnosf s]lGb|o txsf sd{rf/L, ljleGg ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf lj1x? tyf cGoljleGg ;+:yfsf ljifo lj1x?;Fu 5nkmn / k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg ub}{ tflnd k'l:tsftof/L 6f]lnsf ljifout lj1x?åf/f ljifout dGqfno, ljefu tyf tflnddxfzfvfx?sf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx?;Fusf] e]63f6, cGt/lqmof / ljleGg k|sfzgx?sf];dLIffaf6 cWoog ;fdu|Lx? tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .


pQm sG;f]l6{odåf/f of] tflnd k'l:tsf tof/L sfo{df w]/} hgf lj1 tyf cGoJolQmx?sf] cd"No of]ubfgaf6 of] k'l:tsf o; ?kdf tof/ ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{dfof]ubfg k'¥ofpg'x'g] ljleGg dxfg'efjx?nfO{ of] æhnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fJoj:yfkg ;DaGwL Ifdtf clwj[l4sf] nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf sfo{qmdÆ sf tkm{af6xflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5'+ .

;a{k|yd lgb]{lzsf tof/L sfo{df lg/Gt/ ;dGjo tyf dGqfnoaf6 cfjZos kg]{;xof]usf nflu ;+nUg x'g'x'g] æhnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwLIfdtf clwj[l4sf] nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf sfo{qmdÆ sf /fli6«o sfo{qmd Joj:yfks>L k"0f{eQm t08'sf/ tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o; dGqfnod}}PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA7173) 6f]nL cGt/ut /x]/ ljleGgsfo{df ;xhLs/0f ug'{x'g] >L ªldGb| bfxfn, >L l8NnL/fh hf]zL tyf >L rfN;{k|wfgnfO{ ;xhLs/0fsf nflu wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

lgb]{lzsf tof/Lsf nflu cWoogsf qmddf tyf ljleGg ;dodf k[i7kf]if0f tyf tflnduf]li7df ;xefuLtf hgfP/ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ljleGg ljifout dGqfno (ThematicMinistries) sf sd{rf/L tyf ljefusf k|d'vx? Pj+ ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsfk|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

cGtdf o; lgb]{lzsf tof/Lsf qmddf ;+nUg /xg' ePsf ;fd'lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0fg]kfn / gd{; sG;f]l6{odsf l6dnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .

>LdtL dLgf vgfn/fli6«o sfo{qmd lgb]{zs

ADB TA 7173;x ;lrj

jftfj/0f dGqfno

s[t1tf

jftfj/0f dGqfnon] PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA7173) cGtu{tg]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /fli6«oIfdtf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmd dWo]] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf?kdf lhNnf txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DalGw tflndlgb]{lzsf tof/L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;fd"lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0f g]kfn tyf gd{;\ g]kfnsf]sG:ff]l6{odnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . pQm sG;f]l6{odåf/f of] tflnd k'l:tsf tof/L sfo{dfw]/} hgf lj1 tyf cGo JolQmx?sf] cd"No of]ubfgaf6 of] k'l:tsf o; ?kdf tof/ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'x'g] ljleGg dxfg'efjx?nfO{ of] sG;f]l6{odxflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5+ .

;a{k|yd o; sG;f]l6{odsf] Ifdtf / cg'ejnfO{ ljZjf; u/L of] sfo{ ;'lDkO{ lgb]{lzsftof/L sfo{df lg/Gt/ lgb]{zg tyf ;'emfj lbg'ePsfdf g]kfn ;/sf/,jftfj/0fdGqfno, æhnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL Ifdtf clwj[l4sf] nfluk|fljlws ;xfotf sfo{qmdÆ sf /fli6«o sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, >Ldlt ldgf vgfn, /fli6«osfo{qmd Joj:yfks >L k"0f{eQm t08'sf/ tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbgrfxG5f}+ .

o; dGqfnod}} PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA7173) 6f]nL cGt/ut/x]/ ljleGg sfo{df ;xhLs/0f ug'{x'g] >L ªldGb| bfxfn, >L l8NnL/fh hf]zL tyf >LrfN;{ k|wfgsf] ;xof]u clj:d/0fLo /xg] 5 . o; ;xhLs/0fsf nflu jxfFx?nfO{wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .

lgb]{lzsf tof/Lsf nflu cWoogsf qmddf tyf ljleGg ;dodf k[i7kf]if0f tyf tflnduf]li7df ;xefuLtf hgfP/ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ljleGg ljifout dGqfno (ThematicMinistries) sf sd{rf/L tyf ljefusf k|d'vx? Pj+ ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsfk|ltlglwx?n] o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;s];Dd Jojxfl/s / k"0f{ agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . o; ;xof]usf nflu jxfFx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .

o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k"j{ k/LIf0f, k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tyf k|f/flDes tflndx?df k|lzIfssf]e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf txsf ;a} sd{rf/L /;fd"lxs cleofg tyf ?kfGt/0f g]kfnsf lj1 k|lzIfsx?sf] ;xof]u ljgf of] sfo{cw'/f] /xg] lyof] . o; cd"No ;xof]usf nflu ;a} k|lzIfsx?nfO{ wGojfb lbgrfxG5f}+ .

o;} u/L lgb]{lzsfsf] k"j{ k/LIf0f, k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tyf k|/flDes tflndx?dfsf7df08f}, ?kGb]xL, wflbª, afUn'ª / bfª lhNnfx?sf &!% hgf JolQmx? ;xefuL eO{dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f ;d]t lbg' ePsf] 5 . tL ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;|f]t JolQmsf?kdf ;Ddfg ub}{ xflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f}+ .

o;} u/L o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ljifoa:t' tyf k|lqmofdf ;dsIfL ;ldIff (Peer Review) ug{]sfo{df ;do lbO{ ;[hgfTds (Constructive) k[i7kf]if0f lbg'x'g] jftfj/0f dGqfnosf;x;lrj >LdtL dLgf vgfn, >L a6's[i0f pk|]lt, n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj];Ls/0fljz]if1 >L lbJofb]jL u'?Ë >L lbJof b]jL u'?Ë, l8PkmcfOl8sf >L ;ljtf yfkf tyftflnd ljz]if1 >L af;'b]j Gof}kfg]k|lt 6f]nL s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5f}+ . o;/L g} o;lgb]{lzsf tof/Lsf k|f/De b]lv k|fljlws ;/;Nnfx Pj+ ljleGg dGqfnox? /ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x?;+u ;dGjo, ;+rf/ tyf Harmonization sfo{df k'–ofFpg'of]ubfg k|lt 6f]nL cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxfG5f} .

of] lgb]{lzsfsf] efiffut pNyf ug'{ x'g] >L lbk]z Kofs'/]n / n]–cfp6 l8hfOg ug''{ x'g]>L cGh' lrqsf/sf] nugzLntf / Joj;flos bIftfljgf of] lgb]{lzsf o; ?kdfcfpg ufX|f] lyof] . To; dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf nflu b'j}hgfnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .

cGTodf ;fd"lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0f g]kfn tyf gd{;\ g]kfnsf sd{rf/Lx?n] tflndPj+ cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefP/ of] lgb]{lzsf tof/Lsfo{df ;xhcj:yf agfpg d2t k'¥ofpg' ePsf]df jxfFx?nfO{ klg wGoafb lbg rfxG5f}+ .

lgb]{lzsf tof/L 6f]nL

>L j]b k|;fb ;fksf]6f 6f]nLg]tf ;fd'lxs cleofg

>L z+s/ kf}8]n k|fljlws ;+of]hs ?kfGt/0f g]kfn

>L slkn Gofkfg] kf7\oqmd ljsf; lj1 ;fd"lxs cleofg

>L ;f]xg nfn >]i7 kf7\oqmd ljsf; lj1 ?kfGt/0f g]kfn

>L uf]kL k|;fb kf}8]n zx/L j;f]jf; tyf k"jf{wf/ gd{;

8f= lbks l/hfn s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff ljz]if1

>L cfbz{ kf]v/]n hn;|f]t tyf phf{ ljz]if1

8f= jGbgf k|wfg hg:jfZYo ljz]if1

>L lbgfgfy e08f/L hnjfo" l;lh{t k|sf]k ljz]if1

>L 1fg]Gb| jxfb'/ sfsL{ jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ljz]if1

e"ldsf

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d"n sf/s g]kfn geP klg o;sf c;/n] lxdfno nufot dfgjhLjg, ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;, h}ljs ljljwtf, ko{6sLo ljsf; cflb If]qdfgsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpg yfn]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, af9L, klx/f],lxdklx/f], ;'Vvf, clt hf8f], clt udL{ h:tf k|fs[lts ljkbsf] hf]lvd al9/x]sf] 5 .g]kfndf o;sf] k|efj s]jn lxdfno If]qdf dfq geP/ ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qdf k/Ljftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lju|b} uPsf] 5 . ljut s]xL jif{ otf b]lvPsf ;'Vvf / jif{fdfclgoldttfn] klg g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df r'gf}lt v8f ug{ yfln;s]sf] 5 . jiff{dfclgoldttf, af9L, klx/f], s[lif pkhdf cfPsf] sdL cflb s'/fn] l;w} vfB ;'/Iffdf;d:of v8f ul//x]sf 5 . jflif{s xhf/f}++ x]S6/ hldg af9L tyf klx/f]af6 gi6 e}/x]sf]ljleGg tYox?n] b]vfp5g\ .

oLg} tYonfO{ dgg ub}{ jftfj/0f dGqfnon] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fJoj:yfkgsf hNbfaNbf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|oTg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA7173) cGtu{t g]kfndfhnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /fli6«o Ifdtfclej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmd dWo] :yfgLo txsf lgsfox?dfhnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ of]hgf th'{dftyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{ klg Ps xf] . o;lqmofsnfksf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf ?kdf lhNnf txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyfjftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DalGw tflnd lgb]{lzsf tof/L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ jftfj/0fdGqfnon] ;fd"lxs cleofg, gD; g]kfn tyf ?kfGt/0f g]kfnsf] sG:ff]l6{odnfO{;'lDkPsf] lyof] . o;} cg'?k pQm sG;f]l6{odåf/f of] tflnd k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf].

dfly pNn]lvt tLg}j6f ;+:yf ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfdf tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sfIf]qdf nfdf] cg'ej ;+ufn]sf ;+:yfx? x'g\ . :yfgLo If]qdf Ifdtf ljsf;sf ljleGgtflnd lgb]{lzsfx?sf] tof/L tyf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{df cg'ejL JolQmx? tyfhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljleGg ljifodf lj1 JolQmx?sf] ;+o'Qm 6f]lnåf/f o;sf] lgdf{0ful/Psf] xf] .

of] tflnd k'l:tsfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t ljifox?/ :yfgLo txsf of]hgf th'{dfdf o;sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;dfj]; ug{ rflng'kg]{ sbdsfcfwf/e"t s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g'sf cltl/Qm /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{ of]hgf (NationalAdaptation Program of Action-2010) n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf cGo 5 j6f If]qdf hjnfo'kl/jt{gsf k|efj / To;nfO{ cGt//fli6«o tyf /fli6«o txdf ul/Psf ;Daf]wgsfljifodf cfwf/e"t s'/fx? ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L tL If]q -s[ifL tyf vfB;'/Iff, jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, hn;|f]t tyf phf{, hgZjf:Yo, zx/L a;f]jf; tyfk"jf{wf/ / hnjfo' ;[lht k|sf]kdf cg's'ng x'gsf nflu :yfgLo txdf ug{ ;lsg]k|of;x?sf ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ ljifoa:t'x? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

of] tflnd k'l:tsf ljleGg k|lqmofx? kf/ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . z'?d} ljifoa:t'tyf o;sf] ;+a]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofg /fVb} o;sf] ljifoa:t' lgwf{/0f ug{sf nlu s]lGb|otxsf sd{rf/L, ljleGg ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf lj1x? tyf cGo ljleGg ;+:yfsf ljifolj1x?;Fu sfo{zfnf uf]li7 ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm uf]li7sf ;xefuLx?sf] ;'emfjx?nfO{;d]t ;d]6\b} tflnd k'l:tsf tof/L 6f]lnsf ljifout lj1x?n] ljifout dGqfno,ljefu tyf tflnd dxfzfvfx?sf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx?;Fusf] e]63f6, cGt/lqmof /ljleGg k|sfzgx?sf] ;dLIffaf6 cWoog ;fdu|Lx? tof/ u/]sf lyP . o;sfcfwf/df 6f]lnsf kf7\oqmo lj1x?n] tflnd k'l:tsfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] kf7\oa:t'sf]vfsf tof/ u/]sf lyP .

pQm vfsfnfO{ ;d]t ljleGg ;fem]bf/ tyf cGo ;+:yfx?;Fu 5nkmnsf nflu k|:t'tu/L Jojxfl/s ;'emfj ;+sng u/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . oxLsf cfwf/df of] tflndlgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

o; tflnd lgb]{lzsfsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf tof/ e} ;s]kl5 o;sf] k"j{ k/LIf0fsf nflu?kGb]xL lhNnfdf kfFr lbg] tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; kl5 s]lGb|o txdf;a} ljifout dGqfnosf tflnd tyf of]hgf dxfzfvfsf sd{rf/L tyf tflndsfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ cGo ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? ;d]tsf nflu % lbg] k|lzIfsk|lzIf0f lbOPsf] lyof] . k|f/lDes tflnd (Piloting) sf nflu bfË, jfUn'ª tyf wflbªlhNnfx?df klg lhNnf txdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L tyf cGo ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf nflukfFr lbg] tflnd ;d]t ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . pQm ;a} tflndsf ;xefuLx?sf];'emfjnfO{ ;d]6\b} of] tflnd lgb]{lzsfnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

o;} u/L o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ljifoa:t' tyf k|lqmofdf hf]8L ;ldIff -Peer Review_ ug{]sfo{df jftfj/0f dGqfnosf ;x;lrj >Ldlt ldgf vgfn, a6's[i0f pk|]ltn] ;dLIffug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] o'Pgl8lk====== sf lbJo ;'Jaf, l8PkmcfOl8sf ;ljtf yfkfaf6Jojxfl/s ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . hf]8L ;ldIff -Peer Reviewer _ tyf cGo;fem]bf/x?sf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]6b} of] tflnd lgb]{lzsfnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg] k|oTgul/Psf] 5 .


!= k[i7e"dL

g]kfn ;/sf/, jftfj/0f dGqfno ljut bz jif{ b]lv d'n'ssf] jftfj/0f;+u ;DaGwL;jfnx?sf Joj:yfkgdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Nb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnon] k|b'if0flgoGq0f, k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg tyf cGo ljljw;jfndf lgods ;+:yfsf ?kdf klg sfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf;Gbe{df klg kmf]sn ;+:yfsf ?kdf o;} dGqfnon] lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .ljZjdf xl/t u[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf g]kfnsf] e"ldsf gu0o /x]sf] ePtf klg xl/tu[x Uof;sf] k|efjsf] c;/ vKg ;Sg] x}l;ot tyf cg's'lnt x'g] Ifdtf eg] g]kfnsfu/Lj tyf l;dfGts[t ju{x?df sd 5 . oL ju{x?sf] cg's'lnt x'g] Ifdtf a9fOPgeg] hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf k|efjaf6 pTkGg x'g] gsf/fTds c;/sf] lzsf/ x'g ;Sg]tYo ljleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . t;y{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj;+u cg's'lntx'b} bLuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfsf] cg's'ng Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ clth?/L /x]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/n] s]jn Pp6f If]q jf kIf dfq geO{ k|efj gkf/]/ o;af6ljleGg If]qx? (Sectors) k|efljt ePsf x'G5g\ . t;y{ o;sf c;/;+u cg's'ngx'gsf nflu ;a} kIfsf] Plss[t k|of; x'g' h?/L 5 . o;} tYonfO{ dgg ub}{ jftfj/0fdGqfnon] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf hNbfjNbf ;jfnx?nfO{;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|oTg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

ljsf; of]hgfx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] sdL tyfljkb Joj:yfkg Pj+ k"j{tof/Lsf of]hgfx?df o;sf ;jfnnfO{ j]jf:tf ul/g] s'/fxfnsf d"Vo r'gf}ltsf ?kdf dGqfnon] lnPsf] 5 . :yfgLo tx b]lv g} hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf k|efj;+u cg's'ng x'g] vfnsf of]hgf th'{df, sfo{Gjog, cg'udg tyfd"NoÍgsf ;jfndf :yfgLo lgsfo nufot ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{clt h?/L /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L :yfgLo lgsfox? klg o; ;jfndf s]lGb|o txsflgsfox?;+u ;xsfo{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

pNn]lvt r'gf}ltx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of;s} ;Gbe{df jftfj/0f dGqfnon] hnjfo'kl/jt{g dxf;fvfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{ of]hgf (NationalAdaptation Program of Action (NAPA) - 2010) Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^*;d]t tof/ u/L sfo{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;} u/L s]lGb|o txdf ljleGg If]q(Sectors) df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;jfndf ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{sf nflu Psax'If]qLo hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf cu|;/tf ;dGjo ;ldlt -Multi-stakeholder ClimateChange Initiatives Coordination Committee (MCCICC) ;d]t u7g eP/ lqmofzLn 5.

o;} u/L jftfj/0f dGqfnon] :yfgLo txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fJoj:yfkg ;DalGw r]tgf clej[l4 ug{sf ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0fJoj:yfkgsf If]qdf b]vfk/]sf / kg]{ ;jfnnfO{ klxrfg ug]{ / ljsf;sf of]hgfdf

cg's'ngsf ;jfnx? ;d]t ;dfj]; ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;d]t ljleGglqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]udf :yfgLo txsf lgsfox?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gtyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf;Ifd cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{ x]t'n] ;~rflnt o:tf lqmofsnfk dWo] lhNnf:t/sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DalGw tflnd lgb]{lzsftof/L ug]{ klg Ps xf] . o; ;Gbe{df jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ;fd"lxs cleofg,?kfGt/0f g]kfn tyf gd{;\ g]kfnsf] sG:ff]l6{odnfO{ tflnd lgb]{lzsfx? tof/L ug]{sfo{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . o;} cg'?k pQm sG;f]l6{odåf/f of] ælhNnf :tl/o hnjfo'kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg tflnd lgb]{lzsfÆ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;DjlGw tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] tflndsf;xefuLx?sf nflu o; tflnd ;|f]t k'l:tsf k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5g\ . o; ;|f]tk'l:tsf d'Vo p2]Zo tflnd cjwLdf tflnd ;xefuLnfO{ tflnd sfo{qmdsf] lrgfgL,tflnd k2tL, tflnd Joj:yfkg / tflnd d"NofFsg ;DjlGw hfgsf/L ug'{ /x]sf]5 .o; ;|f]t k'l:tsfn] tflnd k"j{ / tflnd ;+rfng cjwLdf ;xefuLx?n] ;+nUg x'g' kg]{ljleGg sfo{ / k|lqmofsf ;lIfKt hfgsf/L pknJw ub{5 .

;xof]uL k'l:tsfnfO{ ;ft j6f d'Vo lzif{sdf ljefhg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf]j'bfFdf ;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] kl/ro, bf];|f]df tflnd df]8'o'nsf] pb]Zo tyf ck]lIftpknJwx?, t];|f]df tflnd Joj:yfkg, rf}yf]df tflndsf] ;lIfKt hfgsf/L, kfrf}+tflndsf] vFfsf÷k|f?k, 57f}+df ;xefuLx?n] ug'{ kg]{ tflnd k"j{sf tof/L / clGtdftflnd d"NofFsg ;DjlGw ljj/0fx? /flvPsf] 5 .

@= tflndsf] p2]Zo

tflndsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] lgDg s'/fx? ug{ ;Sg]5g\ M

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff j0f{g ug{ gfkfåf/f lgwf{l/t 5 j6f If]qdf (jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, zxLs/0f tyf

ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hg:jf:Yo, phf{ tyf hn;|f]t, k|sf]k / s[lif tyf vfB;'/Iff_df jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{gsf ePsf d"Vo d"Vocf;/x? jtpg Clarify impact of climate change and environmentalmanagement in different sector (6 Thematic sector of NAPA)

gfkfåf/f lgwf{l/t 5 j6f If]qdf jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{gsfePsf d"Vo d"Vo cf;/x?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ nflnPsf :yfgLo, /fli6«o Pj}cGt//fli6o txdf ul/Psf k|of;x? jtpg Describe local, National, Regionaland International initiatives to respond environmental and climate changeissues

:yfgLo txdf jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;jfnx?klxrfg ug]{ cfwf/e"t k|lqmof j0f{g ug{ Identify and priorities localenvironmental management and climate change related issues and problem

:yfgLo txdf jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;jfnx?nfO{;Djf]wg ug]{ :yfgLo txsf of]hgfx?df ;dfj]; ug]{ / ;|f]t ;fFwgsf]ljlgof]hg ug]{ cfwf/e"t tl/sfx? ckgfpg Reflect own programme,plan and resources to respond climate change and environment management

:yfgLo txdf jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{g ;DjlGw of]hgfx?sfof{Gjog ug{ ;|f]t tyf ;fFwgsf ;DefJotf vf]hL tyf klxrfg ug{Explore resources to deliver climate change adaptation and environmentalmanagement related interventions

:yfgLo txdf jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;jfn tyfsfj{g dfs]{l6+usf cfwf/e"t s'/fx?df 5nkmn ug{ Discuss on smallproject related to Climate Change, environmental management and carbonmarketing in Nepal

:yfgLo txdf jftfj/0f ljgf; tyf hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;jfnx?;Daf]wg ub}{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf klxrfg ug{Identify roles of stakeholders to responding EM and CC issues

#= tflndsf] Joj:yfkg

o; tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] ;xefuLx?n] lgDgcg';f/ ;fdfu|Lx? Pj+ ;]jf ;'ljwfpknAw x'g]5 .

#=! tflndsf] z}lIfs ;fdfu|L

k|To]s ;xefuLx?nfO{ tflnd ;|f]t k'l:tsf pknJw x'g]5 . pQm tflnd ;|f]tk'l:tsfdf ;];g cg';f/sf] cWoog ;fdu|L (Reading Materials) / tflnd df]8'o'ncg';f/sf] ;b{e ;fdfu|Lx? -Reference Materials_ ;"rL ;+nUg x'g]5 . o;/L g} tflndljlw cg'?ksf ljleGg lkmNd, kf]i6/x?sf] l8eL8L Pj+ ;Ll8x? ;d]t pknJw x'g]5 .

#=@= ;xefuLx?sf nflu :6];g/LM

x/]s ;xefuLx?sf nflu 86k]g, k]G;Ln, gf]6j's, g]d 6\ofu, ;fdfu|L /fVg] Knfl:6ssf]emf]nf pknJw x'g]5 .

#=# ;xefuLx?sf nflu ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf Pj+ sfof{nosf lgoodf cg';f/ tflndf cfpbfF hfFbfsf]jf:tljs oftfoft vr{ / b}lgs tflnd eQf pknJw x'g]5 . o; eQfdf g]kfn;/sf/sf] lgodfg';f/ s/x? s§L ul/g] 5 .

$= tflnd df]8'o'nsf] kl/ro (Introduction of training course)

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Ps uxg d'2fsf] ?kdf ljZjdf cfPsf]5 .:yfgLo b]lv cGt//lfi6«o tx ;Dd o; ljifodf 5nkmn x'g z'?jft ePsf 5 . o;;b{edf P;LofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] -P8LjL – &!&#_ ;xof]udf jftfj/0f dGqfnon]Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] jftf/0f dGqfno:j+osf] Ifdtf ljsf; / jftfj/0f Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ;+nUg /x]sf];/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

o; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;fd"lxs cleofg, ?kfGt/0f g]kfn / gd{; lhNnf ljsf;of]hgf th'{df ;+nUg x'g] of]hgfsf/x? (District Planner) nfO{ jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgPj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng ;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; ug{sf nflu lhNnf :t/Lotflnd df]8'o'n tof/ ePsf] 5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] tflnd df]8'o'ndf hDdf Pscfwf/e't (General) / 5 j6f ljifut If]q (Thematic) df]8'o'nx? tof/ ePsf 5g\ .

cfwf/e't df]8'o'ndf d'Vo u/L jftfj/0f Jofj:yfkg, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, o;sf] k|efj,cg's'ng, :yfgLo, /fli6«o, cGt//fli6«o k|of;x?, hf]lvd ljZn]if0f tyf cg's'ngof]hgf th'{df, / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ d'2fnfO{ ljsf;sf of]hgfdfd"nk|efljs/0f÷Plss[t ug]{ h:tf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; tflnd df]8'o'n hDdf# lbgsf] /x]sf 5 / o;df !@ j6f ;];gx? /x]sf]5 .

o;/L g} /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd klxrfg u/]sf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjsf sf/0fcToGt ;Dj]bgl;n 5 j6f ljifout If]qx?df cfwfl/t eO{ ljifout df]8'o'n tof/ePsf 5g\ . tL ljifout If]qx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M

!= s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff@= jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf#= hn;|f]t tyf phf{$= hg :jf:y%= zx/L j;f]jf; tyf k"jf{wf/^= hnjfo' l;lh{t k|sf]k

oL If]qx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/]sf c;/ tyf k|efjx?, If]qut?kdf hf]lvdsfljZn]if0f Pj+ d"NofÍg ug]{ ljlw, cg's'ngsf ljsNk Pj+ pkfox? klxrfg ug]{,:yfgLo :t/df cg's'ng of]hgf tof/L Pj+ klxrfg ePsf ljsNkx?nfO{ ljsf;sfof]hgfdfx?df ;dfj]z ug]{ h:tf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . oL 5 j6} df]8'o'nx?dfx/]ssf nflu @÷@ lbgsf /x]sf]] 5 / k|To]sdf * j6f ;];gx? /x]sf 5g\ .

tflndsf] cf}krfl/s z'?jft kZrft ;xeflutfTds k2tLjf6 ;xefuL / tflnd;xhstf{sf] kl/ro ul/g] 5 . o;n] tflnd ;xhstf{ / ;xefuL aLrdf gfd, sfd,cg'ej / d'Vo ?rL cfbfg k|bfg x'g]5 . o; k|lqmofn] ;xefuL aLr ePsf tgfjnfO{36fpg / l;sfO{sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o; kZrft tflnd;xhstf{n] tflndsf] nIo p2]Zox? / tflnd lnPsf] ck]lIft pknJwLx?, tflnd

;lIfKt k|f?k÷vFfsf ljifodf k|:t'lt / 5nkmn x'g]5 . o;n] ;xefuL / tflnd;xhstf{sf] e'ldsf k|:6 agfpg d2t ub{5 .

o;/L g} tflnddf ;xhstf{n] tflnd ;xefuLaf6 tflnddf /fv]sf ck]Iff s'/fx?klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{5 . o; ;];gdf ;xefuLx?n] tflnddf cfkm'n]/fv]sf ck]Iffx?nfO{ k|:6;+u /fVg' kb{5 . cGTodf tflnd ;xhstf{ / ;xefuL aLrdftflndsf] p2]Zodf s]lGb|t eO{ 5nkmn ul/g] ljifodf ;femf ;xdltdf k'Ug]5 .tflndsf] clGtd lbgdf oL ljifodf 5nkmn eP gePsf] k"gM 5nkmn / d"NofÍgul/g]5 . o; k|sf/ ;xdtLn] ;xefuL / tflnd ;xhstf{ aLr tflnd cjwLdfpTkGg x'g ;Sg] ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ sd ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

%= tflndsf] ;do tflnsf (Time table)

o; tflndnfO{ u}/ cfjfl;o tflndsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .tflndn] lnPsf p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{sf nflu k|efjsf/L ;dosf] ?kdf 5 306fcfjZos kb{5 . o; afx]s k|To]s lbg ;];g cg'?k s]lx ;do lj>fdsf ;];gx?/xg]5 . o; lj>fddf ;xefuL ;xefuL aLr / ;xefuL tflnd ;xhstf{ aLrdfcgf}krfl/s 5nkmn Pj+ s'/fsfgL ug{ cj;/ ;d]t ldNg]5 . oL ;a} sfo{ ug{sfnflu b}lgs ;ft 306fsf ;do cfjZos x'g]5 . ;fdGotof b}lgs ?kdf $ j6f;];gx?df 5nkmn x'g]5 . o;/L ;dosf] lx;fjdf cfwf cfwf laxfgL / lbpF;f]sf];];gx?sf nflu x'g]5 .

^= ;xefuLn] tflndsf nflu ug'{kg]{ k"j{ tof/L (Advance Preparation ofParticipant)

;xefuL?n] o; tflnddf ;xefuL x'g cfpbfF k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yf jf sfof{nosf]lgDg ;fdu|Lx? ;fydf lnO{ cfpg' kg]{5M

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yf jf sfof{nosf n]6/Kof8df ;xeflutf ;DaGwL n]lvPsf]kq .

;+:yf jf sfof{nosf] jflif{s of]hgf tyf of]hgf k|lqmofsf r/0fx? . hnjfo kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf] gLlt,

/0fgLlt, 36gf cWoog, k|utLsf] k|ltj]bg l;sfO{ / cg'ejx? . ;+:yf jf sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw lkmNd

tyf 8s'd]G6«L . ;d'bfo :t/df jg]sf cg's'ng of]hgfx?

&= tflndsf] d"NofÍg (Evaluation of Training)

tflndsf] p2]Zo / ck]lIft pknJwLdf cfwfl/t /lx tflndsf] ;xefuLsf] ljifoj:t'dfa'emfO{ cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu ;xefuLx?sf] j'emfO{sf] cfsfng ug{tflnd k"j{ / tflnd kZrft a'emfO{sf] cfFsfng ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu ;xefuLx?n]tf]lsPsf] 9frfFdf a'emfO{ cfsfng ul/g]5 . o;/L g} b}lgs ?kdf ;xeflutfTds

ljlwx?jf6 lbgsf] cGTodf ul/g]5 . tflndnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu;xefuLx?n] tflnd cjwL / tflnddf cGTodf k[i6kf]if0fx? lbg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

*= ;];gsf vfsf (Session outline)

efu ! ;fdfGo tflnd

klxnf] lbg bf]z|f] lbg t]z|f] lbg

;q ! pb\3f6g

() ldg]6

hnjfo' tyf hnjfo'kl/jt{g lj1fg

() ldg]6

cg's'ng of]hgfsf ;fdu|Ltyf k|s[ofx? () ldg]6

;q @ hnjfo' kl/jt{g /jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg

() ldg]6

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] /fli6«otyf cGt/fli6«o c;/x?

() ldg]6

cg's'ng of]hgfsf ;fdu|Ltyf k|s[ofx? -qmdz_

() ldg]6

;q # jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg

() ldg]6

hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf/];r]tgf

() ldg]6

cg's'ng of]hgfnfO{cfjlws sfo{s|dx?df

;dflxt tyf ;+ul7t ug]{

^) ldg]6

;q $ jftfj/0fLo k|0ffnLjf/]cjwf/0ff

() ldg]6

Go'lgs/0f ^) ldg]6

cg's'ngsf] cjwf/0ff #)ldg]6

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlG3xfn ePsf gLlt lgodx?

#) ldg]6

;q % tflnd ;dfkg

efu @M s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff

klxnf] lbg bf]z|f] lbgklxnf] ;q kl/ro tyf ;fdfGo wf/0ff ()

ldg]6s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iffdf hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] k|To'Q/ () ldg]6bf]z|f] ;q hnjfo' kl/jt{g, s[lif / vfB

;'/Iff () ldg]6cg's'ng sfo{ () ldg]6

t]z|f] ;q s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iffdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf k|s[ofx? ()

ldg]6

;dfof]hg÷ ;dflji7 !*) ldg]6

rf}yf] ;q s[lif / vfB ;'/Iffdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] ;DjGw () ldg]6

kf7\oqmdsf] ?k/]vfefu # hn tyf phf{

klxnf] lbg bf]z|f] lbgklxnf] ;q kl/ro tyf ;fdfGo wf/0ff ()

ldg]6/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo gLlt tyf Joj:yfM

!@) ldg]6bf]z|f] ;q kfgLsf] >f]t tyf phf{df hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] c;/ () ldg]6cg's'ng pkfosf nflu d"Nof+sg

;fdu|L, tyf k|fyldlss/0f !@) ldg]6

t]z|f] ;q hnzf:q tyf g]kfndf hn>f]tsf] cj:yf

() ldg]6

cg's'ng of]hgfsf] ;dfof]hg÷;dflji7 ^) ldg]6

rf}yf] ;q kfgL tyf phf{sf] If]qdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] c;/ () ldg]6

cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ^) ldg]6

efu $M jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfklxnf] lbg bf]z|f] lbg

klxnf] ;q kl/ro tyf ;fdfGo wf/0ff ()ldg]6

jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf cg's'ng^) ldg]6

bf]z|f] ;q hnjfo' kl/jt{g, ^) ldg]6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+j]bglzn jg tyfh}ljs ljljwtf If]qsf] klxrfg !*)

ldg]6t]z|f] ;q jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf k|s[ofx? ^)ldg]6

Go"lgs/0f ^) ldg]6

rf}yf] ;q jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] ;DjGw () ldg]6

;DjlGwt sfo{ tyf of]hgfx?sf] d'nof]hgfdf ;dfof]hg tyf Plss/0f

() ldg]6kfrf}+ ;q jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] k|To'Q/÷tof/L^) ldg]6

efu %M hg :jf:Yo

klxnf] lbg bf]z|f] lbgklxnf] ;q kl/ro tyf ;fdfGo wf/0ff #)

ldg]6hf]lvd d"Nof+sg / cg's'ng ofhgf

!*) ldg]6bf]z|f] ;q /f]u, /f]usf ls6f0f' tyf /f]usf

;+jfxsaf/] a'emfO{ #) ldg]6t]z|f] ;q :jf:Yo If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]

k|efj ^) ldg]6hnjfo' kl/jt{g / hg :jf:Yosf;jfnx?sf] ;dfof]hg () ldg]6

rf}yf] ;q /f]usf] k|sf]ksf] kl/df0fdf cfPsf]km/s -;DjGw_ () ldg]6

k|of;÷sfo{x?nfO{ Plss[t / ;dfof]hgug]{ () ldg]6

kfrf}+ ;q hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn]:jf:Yodf cfPsf] hf]lvd lj?4

tof/L #) ldg]65}7f} ;q cg's'ngsf pkfox? !@) ldg]6

efu &M hnjfo'hGo vt/f / k|sf]k Go'lgs/0fklxnf] lbg bf]z|f] lbg

klxnf] ;q kl/ro tyf ;fdfGo wf/0ff #)ldg]6

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjhGo ljklQtyf k|sf]k 36fpgsf] nflu

cg's'ngsf k|of;÷sfo{x? () ldg]6

bf]z|f] ;q k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] k|efj

^) ldg]6

jftfj/0fLo tyf ljklQsf] d"Nof+sg!*) ldg]6

t]z|f] ;q ljklQ tyf k|sf]k 36fpghnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] dxTj !*)

ldg]6rf}yf] ;q ljklQ tyf k|sf]k 36fpgsf nflu

tof/L () ldg]6of]hgf tyf Plss/0f () ldg]6

hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg tflnd

;|f]t ;fdu|L

!= cfwf/e't tlnd lgb]{lzsf (General Module)

s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jftfj/0f Aoj:yfkg ;DjlGw zAbfjnL

cg's"ng -Adaptation_ M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kl/jlt{t cyf{t gofF ?kdf l;h{gf ePsf]jftfj/0fdf ljleGg pkfox? lgsfn]/ afFRg] / a:g] tl/sf g} cg's"ng xf] . cg's"ngsfpkfox?sf] dfWodaf6 jf:tljs / ;Defljt hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;[lht r'gf}tL jf hf]lvddf]n]/ dfgj lgld{t jf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf ;dflxt x'g] cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ul/G5 .cg's'ngsf ljleGg k|sf/x? 5g h:t} k"j{cg's"ng (Anticipatory adaptation) /k|ltsfTds cg's'ng (reactive adaptation), AolQmut cg's'ng / ;fj{hlgs cg's'ng,:JffoQ cg's"gng / of]hgfj4 cg's'ng .

cg's"ng Ifdtf -Adaptive Capacity_ M hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf cGo jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx?;Fucg's"ng x'g ;Sg] k|0ffnLsf] -h:t}M kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL_ IfdtfnfO{ cg's"ng Ifdtf elgG5 .hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df ul/jLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ wgL /fi6«x?sf] t'ngfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf]cg's"ng Ifdtf sd /x]sf] x'G5, .

IPCC @))& sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 x'g] ;Defljt k|lts'n k|efjx?nfO{ sdug{, To;sf cg's"n k|efjx?af6 kmfObf lng tyf To;af6 kg]{ k|lts'n k|efjx?;Fu h'em\g ;Sg];du| Ifdtf g} cg's"ng Ifdtf xf] .

jfo'd08n -Atmosphere) M k[YjLnfO{ 9fs]/ /fv]sf] xfjfsf] cfj/0fnfO{ jfo'd08n elgG5 .jfo'd0ndf nueu gfO{6«f]hg -cfotgsf] &*=!%_, clS;hg -@)=* %_ / / cGo UofF; cfu{g- )=(# %_, x]lnod, sfj{g 8fO{cS;fO{8 ()=)#%%) / cf]hg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qmjfo'd08ndf kfgLsf] jfkm klg /x]sf] x'G5 h;sf] dfqfdf 36j6 eO{/xG5 . o:t}ul/jfo'd08ndf jfbn tyf o/];f]n (Aerosel) klg /x]sf] 5 .

jfo'd08n k[YjLsf] ;txb]lv dfly hfFb} ubf{ jfo'd08ndf klg kl/jt{g x'G5 . jfo'd08ndflgDgd08n (troposphere 8- 14.5 Km), ;dtfkd08n (stratosphere14.5-50 km), dWod08n(Mesosphere 50-50 KM) / tfkLod08n (Thermosphere 50-85Km) u/L rf/ tx /x]sf 5g\oL ;j} txx?sf] tfkqmd km/s km/s x'G5 .

h}ljs ljljwtf (Biodiversity) M k[YjLsf] ljleGg xfjfkfgL, w/ftn, hnfzo, jghËn,v]taf/L / df6f]df kfOg] ;du| lhljt k|f0fL, jg:klt, ;'Id hLjf0f' Pj+ v]taf/L /df6f]df kfOg] ;du| lhljt k|f0fL, jg:klt, Pj+ ltgsf hft, k|sf/, j+z, /ltgLx¿aLrsf] leGgtf g} h}ljs ljljwtf xf] . h}ljs ljljwtf eGgfn] cGo s'/fsf]cltl/Qm :yn, ;fd'lGb|s tyf cGo hn kof{j/0fLo k4lt ;d]tsf hLljt hLjf0f'x?aLrsf] kl/jt{gzLntf tyf ltgLx? ;d]t ;dfj]z /x]sf] kof{j/0fLo ;lDd>0f ;Demg'kb{5 / o; zAbn] hLj sf]lifsf, k|hflt tyf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx? (Genetic diversity,

Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity) aLrsf] ljljwtf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .

h}ljs lk08 (Biomass) M s'g} klg jg:klt jf k|f0fLsf] zfl//Ls ;+/rgfleq df}Hbft/x]sf] h}ljs c+z jf tf}nsf] dfqfnfO{ h}ljs lk08 elgG5 . xfn;fn} lj?jfsf] d[tj:t'x?nfO{ klg d[t h}ljs lk08sf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . af]6 lj?jfx?sf];Gbe{df ;'Vvf ?kdf dfkg ul/Psf] s'n tf}n (dry weight) nfO{ h}ljs lk08 elgG5 .To:tf j:t'x? h'g h}ljs j:t'df cfwfl/t 5g lt ;j}nfO{ h}ljs lk08sf] ?kdflnO{G5 rfx] hLljt jf d[t jf hldg eGbf d'gL jf tn g} lsg gx'g . pbfx/0fsf]?kdf ?v lj?jf, jfln, 3fF;, ?vsf kftkltË/, h/f / hgfj/ / hgfj/x? jf6lg:sg] dnd'qx?nfO{ klg h}ljs lk08sf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .

hLjd08n (Biosphere) M jfo'd08n, e"—d08n / hnd08nsf] ;j} kf/l:yltsLok|0ffnL / hLljt jf d[t j:t'x? /xg] k[lYjsf] s'g} klg efunfO{ lhjd08n elgG5 .

sfj{g qm]l86 (Carbon Credit) M of] sfj{g Jokf/sf ;Gbe{df k|o'Qm x'g] zAbfjnL xf],h; cg';f/ Ps sfj{g qm]l86 k|fKt ug]{ kIfn] Ps 6g sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{g ug{;Sg] clwsf/ kfpF5 .

sfj{g rqm (Carbon Cycle) M /f;folgs, ef}lts tyf h}ljs k|lqmofsf dfWodaf6sfj{g ;l~rlt ePsf ljleGg kbfy{x?df sfj{g cfbfg k|bfg eO/xg] / sfj{g k"gMk|f/lDes cj:yfdf g} kmls{g] k|lqmofnfO{ sfj{g rqm elgG5 . o; qmddf sfj{g k|foh;f] jfo'd08n (atmosphere), hLjd08n (biosphere), ;d'Gb| (oceans) / lyu|]gL(sediments) dWo] s'g} g s'g} :yfgdf /x]sf] x'G5 . sfj{g e08f/0f ug]{ :yfgdfljleGg /f;folgs, ef}lts, jftfj/0fLo / h}ljs /f;folgs k|ltlqmofx'g] ePsf]sf/0fn] jflif{s ?kdf sfj{gsf] dfqdf 36j9 x'G5 . ;d'Gb|n] ;jeGbf jl9 sfj{ge08f/0f ub{5 .

sfj{g8fOcS;fO{8 (Carbon Dioxide) M of] k|fs[lts ?k kfOg] /Fu tyf uGw /lxtUofF; xf] . of] UofF; k|fs[lts ?kdf -h:t} M :jf;–k|:jf; k|0ffnL, jg:kltsf] u'0f:t/dfx'g] x|f;, jg 89]nf] cflb_ / dfgjhGo lqmofsnfkx? -h:t}M vlgh OGwgsf] k|of]u,e"–pkof]udf kl/jt{g / cGo cf}Bf]lus ultljlw cflb_ sf sf/0f o; UofF;sf] pTkfbgtyf pT;h{g x'G5 . xl/tu[x UofF;df /x]sf cGo UofF;x?nfO{ sfj{g8fO{ cS;fO{8UofF;nfO{ cfwf/dfgL lng] ul/G5 .

sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 sfj{g / clS;hg tTjsf] /f;folgs ;ld>0faf6 jg]sf] UofF; xf]h;df Ps efu sfj{g / b'O{ efu clS;hg /x]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ CO2 elgG5 . of]k[lYjsf] jfo'd08ndf sd dfqdf /x]sf] x'G5 / o;n] xl/t u[x UofF; ?kdf sfo{ ub{5. sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 7f]; cj:yfdf /x]sf] cj:Yfdf o;nfO{ ;'Vvf j/km (Dry ice)klg elgG5 . dfr{ @))^ df jfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfqf #*! kLkLPd/x]sf 5 h'g cf}Bf]lus ;do z'? x'g' eGbf klxn]sf] eGbf !)) kLkLPd jl9 5 .

sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 O{So'efn]G6 (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent ) MljZj tfkkf]6]lG;onsf] cfwf/df ljleGg UofF;x?sf] pT;{hgnfO{ dfkg ug]{ k4lt (Metric) g}sfj{g8fcS;fO{8 OSo'efn]G6 xf] . sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 OSo'efn]G6 nfO{ ;fwf/0ftofdLnLog d]l6s 6g ckm sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 eGg] ul/G5 .

sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 dn (Carbon Dioxide Fertilization) Mjfo'd08ndf ePsf]sfj{g8fOcS;fO{8sf] ;3gtfdf j[l4sf] sf/0fn] lj?jfx?sf] j[l4 klg /fd|f] x'G5 .

sfj{g t6:y (Carbon Neutral) M sfj{g pT;h{g gug]{ jf pT;h{g u/]sf] sfj{g k"gM;l~rltsf nflu ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf nufgL u/L sfj{g k"gM ;l~rlt u/fpg] sfo{nfO{sfj{g t6:y k4lt eGg] ul/G5 . s'g} JolQm jf sDkgLn] cfkm'n] pT;h{g u/]sf]kl/df0f a/fa/sf] sfj{g jfo'd08naf6 x6fpg] jf ;'Go cj:yfdf Nofpg] Joj:yfu/]df pQm JolQm jf sDkgLnfO{ sfj{g t6:y ePsf] dflgG5 . s'g} AolQm jfsDkgLx?n] OGwgsf] vkt 36fO{, j}slNks gljs/0fLo phf{sf] k|of]u u/L tyfj[Iff/f]kf0f h:tf sfo{x? ;Frfng u/L sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] pT;{hgnfO{ ;'Gosf]cj:yfdf Nofpg ;Sb5g\ .

sfj{g ;Gt'ng (Carbon offsetting) Mj[Iff/f]k0f jf gljs/0fLo phf{ h:tfkl/of]hgfx?4f/f jfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfqf j9g' glbg' jf jfo'd08ndfePsf] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfqf 36fpg'nfO{ sfj{g ;Gt'ng elgG5 .

sfj{g zf]if0f (Carbon Sequestration)M jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xl/tu[x UofF;nfO{ lng] /e08f/0f ug]{ sfo{ g} sfj{g zf]if0f xf] . h:t}M ?v lj?jfx?n] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf]sfj{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ zf]if0f u/L sfj{gnfO{ cfk"mdf ;~ro ub{5 .

sfj{g e08f/0f (Carbon Sink) M sfj{g e08f/0f To:tf] k|fs[lts k|lqmof jf dfgjLolqmofsnfk xf] h;n] jfo'd08ndf ePsf] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8nfO{ zf];L e08f/ u/L/fVb5 h:t} ?vlj?jfx?n] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8nfO{ ;f];L e08f/0f ug'{ .

sfj{g Jofkf/ (Carbon Trade) M ljZjJofkL ?kdf sfj{g pT;h{gnfO{ Pp6f lglZrttxdf /fVg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . sfj{g jf cGo xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g ubf{ tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq /xg] u/L pT;h{g ug{ kfpg] cg'dlt lng' cfjZos x'G5 . xl/tu[x UofF;pT;h{g s6f}tL ug'{kg]{ nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] clws pT;h{sx?nfO{o:tf] cg'dlt lbg] jf o:tf] cg'dltnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kdf lnnfd a9fa9sf]dfWodaf6 ljqmL ug{ ;S5g\ . ;/sf/åf/f ;[lht / ;/sf/ lgolGqt dfWodaf6 o:tf]pT;h{g cg'dlt cyf{t k|b'if0f cg'dltsf] vl/bljqmL x'G5 / o:tf] vl/b ljqmLdfpT;h{s Pj+ k|b'ifsx? ;xefuL x'G5g\ . oxL k|lqmofnfO{ pT;h{g cg'dlt Jofkf/ eGg]ul/G5 .

;d'bfo :t/sf] cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf (Community Adaptation Plan of Action)Mg]kfnsf] !% lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x / ufpF jg ;dGjo ;ldltx?df;d'bfo :t/sf] cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfsf] cEof;sf] eO{/x]sf] 5 . hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflujg sfo{qmd/l8=Pkm=cfO{=l8 n] ;d'bfo :t/sf] cg's'ng of]hgfsf] cEof;sf] z'?cftePsf] lyof] eg] ?kfGt/0f g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!! h'nfO{ b]lv o;sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tflbPsf] 5 .

Snf]/f] kmf]nf]/f]sfj{g (CFCs) MSnf]/f] kmf]nf]/f]sfj{g nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf CFC elgG5 h;dfsf]lN/g / kmf]lN/g c0f'sf] ;ld>0fjf6 of] UofF; jg]sf] x'G5 . df]G6l/on cle;lGw x'g'k'j{ of] Uof; /]km|LhL/]6/df k|of]u] ul/GYof] o;sf]] k|of]un] cf]hg tx kftln+b}j}1flgsx?n] jtfPsf 5g\ . o; UofF;nfO{ xl/t u[x UofF;sf] ?kdf klg lng] ul/Psf]5 .

:jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq (Clean Development Mechanism) M ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] sfj{gpT;h{g Go"lgs/0fsf nflu u/]sf] k|ltj4tf k'/f ug{sf] nflu Sof]6f] cle;lGw cg';f/lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfj{g Jofkf/ ;+/rgf xf] h; cGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?dfsfj{g pT;h{g Go"lgs/0fsf] sfo{dfq geO{ oL b]zx?sf] lbuf] ljsf;df ;d]t of]ubfgug]{ sfo{x? x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 .

hnjfo' (Climate) M s'g} klg If]qdf x'g] df};dsf] cf}ift cj:yfnfO{ hnjfo' elgG5 .s]xL lbg jf xhf/f}+ jif{nfO{ klg bL3{sfnLg cjlw dfGg ;lsG5 . ljZj hnjfo' ;F:yf(Wolrd Metrological organization) sf cg';f/ hnjfo'sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ #) jif{sf]cjlwnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g (Climate Change) M nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fn Pj+ lb3{sfnLg cjlwdfhnjfo'sf ljleGg tTjx?df ePsf] cf};t kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 .

hnjfo' eljiojf0fL (Climate forecast) M eljiodf x'g;Sg] hnjfo'sf] cj:yf jf/]cg'dfg ug'{nfO{ hnjfo' eljiojf0fL elgG5 .

hnjfo' k|0ffnL (Climate System) M hnjfo' k|0ffnLdf jfo'd08n, hnd08n,Cryosphere, e" d08n / hLjd08n u/L hDdf % efu /x]sf] xG5 h'g hnjfo' /o;sf] clglZrttfdf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .

kIf /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng (Conference of Parties-COP) M hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|f?k dxf;lGwsf] ;+/rgfdf kIf /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng ;a}eGbf ;jf]{Rrlgsfosf] ?kdf /xG5 . ljZjsf !($ kIf/fi6«x? kIf /fi6«sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf];Dd]ng k|To]s jif{ a:g] ub{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo k|f?kdxf;lGwsf] kIf/fi6«sf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng ;g !((% hd{gsf jln{gdf ePsf] lyof] . of];Dd]ngn] ljleGg ;dodf ePsf k|ltj4tfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{sf ;fy} gofFj}1flgs tYox? klxrfg u/L /fli6o tyf cGt{/fli6o :t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu;DjlGwt sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/Ltf jf/] ;ldIff ug]{ ub{5 .

jg ljgf; (Deforestation) M hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo k|f?kdxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng / ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;Ë7gsf cg';f/ jgljgf; eGgfn] jgnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf g} u}x|jgdf kl/0ft ug'{ cyf{t jgnfO{ jgafx]s cGo k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug'{ g} jg ljgf; xf] .

lglb{i6 /fli6«o clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo (Designated National Authority-DNA) M Sof]6f]cle;lGw cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x?n] :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq cGtu{t k]z ug{sf nfluk|:tfj u/]sf] kl/of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffkq / kl/of]hgf k|:tfj :jLs[lt lbg] k|of]hgsfnflu tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L lgsfo g} lglb{i6 /fli6«o lgsfo xf] . o:tf] lgsfosf] cg'dltljgf :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqsf dfWodaf6 pT;h{g s6f}tL u/L /sd k|fKt ug]{ s'g} klgkl/of]hgf k|:tfjx? cuf8L a9\g ;Sb}gg\ . lglb{i6 /fli6«o clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfosf]d'Vo sfo{ eg]sf] ;DefAo :jR5 ljsf; ;FoGq kl/of]hgfx?sf] d'NofFsg u/L To:tf]kl/of]hgfx?n] lbuf] ljsf; nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] jf/] olsg u/L:jR5 ljsf; ;FoGqsf kl/of]hgfx? ;Frfng ug{ l:js[tL k|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] x'G5 .o:tf] l:js[t kqn] :jR5 ;FoGq kl/of]hgf4f/f ;Frflnt lqmofsnkfx?n] b]zsf] lbuf]ljsf;df dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg k'/ofpg] s'/fsf] lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 .

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Ecosystem) M jleGg lsl;dsf jg:ktL, hLj hGt', ;'Id hLjcflbn] jg]sf] :jfrflnt k|fs[lts ;+/rgf g} kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL xf . g]kfndf !!*j6f kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? /x]sf 5g\ .

jftfj/0f jftfj/0f (Environment) Mjftfj/0f eGgfn] k|fs[lts, wfld{s tyf ;fdflhsk|0ffnL ljrsf] cGof]GoflLt ;DjGw xf] . jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'NofFsg (EnvironmentalImpact Assessment - EIA)

o; k4lt4f/f k|:tfj ul/Psf] kl/of]hgjf6 k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kIfx?df;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds ?kdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjx?sf] d'NofFsg ug{ ul/G5 .jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'NofFsgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lg0f{ostf{nfO{ s'g} kl/of]hgf jf/] lg0f{oubf{ To:tf kl/of]hgfx?n] jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n k|efj kfb{5 jf kfb{}g eGg] jf/]lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] x'G5 .

pT;h{g (Emission) M s'g} lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lglZrt :yfgaf6 jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x UofF;k|jfx x'g'nfO{ pT;h{g elgG5 .pT;h{g Jofkf/ (Emission Trading) M cf}Bflus /fi6«x?n] Sof]6f] cle;lGw cg';f/xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g s6f}tLsf nflu u/]sf] sfg"gL k|ltj4tf k"/f ug]{ qmddfcjnDag ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f pkfo pT;h{g Jofkf/ klg xf] . pT;h{g Jofkf/sfdfWodaf6 ljsl;t÷cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?n] Ps cfk;df cfkm"n] s6f}tL ug'{kg]{pT;h{gsf] OsfO{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;sf nflu oL /fi6«x?n] Sof]6f]cle;lGwsf cfwf/df th'{df ul/Psf dfkb08 / k"j{zt{x?sf] s8fO{sf ;fy kfngfug'{k5{ .

lxdgbL (Glacier) M w]/} jif{ b]lv hDdf ePsf] lxp sf] y'k|f] hldgdf u'?Tjcfsif{0fsf]sf/0fn] jUg] ub{5 . ;f] lxdglb hldgdf jf kfgLdf uP/ ;dfKt x'G5 . lxdefuk[lYjdf sf] klxnf] tfhf kfgLsf] >f]t xf] eg] ;d'Gb| kfgLsf] 7'nf] >f]tsf] e08f/ xf] .ci6«]lnof afx]s cGo dxfl4kx?df lxdglbx? kfO{G5 .

ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0f (Global Warming) M k[YjLsf] cf};t eGbf jl9 tfkqmd x'g'nfO{ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0f elgG5 . k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0fn] ubf{ ljZj pi0fLs/0fx'g] ub{5 . xl/tu[x UofF;sf] clws pT;h{g ug]{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? g}ljZjJofkLpi0ftfsf nflu d'Vo sf/s /x]sf 5g\ .

xl/t u[x UofF;sf] k|efj (Greenhouse Effect ) M k[lYjsf] ;tx ljz]if u/LlgDgd08ndf tfkqmddf j[l4 x'g' xl/t u[x UofF;sf] k|efj xf] . ;'o{jf6 cfPsf] tfkk[lYjsf] ;txdf cfO{ s]lx k[lYjsf] ;txdf 7f]lSsO{ kms]{/ hfG5 eg] s]lx efu kfgLsf]jfkm, sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8, cf]hf]g / cGo xl/tu[x UofF;n] zf];L k'gM k[lYjsf] ;tx lt/g} lkmtf{ ug]{ ub{5 . jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x UofF;sf] dfqf j9]df jfo'd08nsf] tNnf]txsf] tfkqmd lj:tf/} j9b5 .

xl/tu[x UofF; (Green House Gases- GHG) M jfo'd0ndf ljZjJofkL ?kdf tfkqmdpi0fLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ /x]sf UofF;x?nfO{ xl/t u[x UofF; elgG5 .Sof]6f] cle;lGw !((& sf] cg';"rL–! cg';f/ xl/tu[x UofF; cGtu{t sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8(CO2), ldy]g (CH4), gfO6«; cS;fO8 (N2O), xfO8«f]km\nf]/f]sfj{g (HFCs),k/km\nf]/f]sfj{g (PFCs), ;Nkm/ x]Shfkm\nf]/fO8 (SF6) u/L ^ lsl;dsf UofF;x? kb{5g /

pQm cle;lGw ;+zf]wgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] k|:tfjdf gfO6«f]hg 6«Lkm \nf]/fO8 (NF3) nfO{klg xl/tu[x UofF; cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 .

jf;:yfg (Habitat) M lj?jf jf hgfj/ k|fs[lts ?kdf /xg / lj:tf/ x'g ;Sg] :yfgjf jftfj/0fnfO{ jf;:yfg elgG5 .

tfkaf6 x'g] bjfj (Heat Stress) M w]/} tfkqmd / cfb|tfsf] sf] sf/0fn] x?;Fu;DjlGwt ;d:ofx? tfkaf6 x'g] bjfj cGt{ut kb{5g\ .

hnLo rqm (Hydrological Cycle) M kfgL Ps cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yfdf ljleGg?kaf6 k'uL k'gM kfgLsf] cj:yfdf cfpg] rqmnfO{ hnLo rqm elgG5 . ;f}o{ phf{sf]d2tn] ;d'Gb|, gbL, tfn tyf lxpF cflbdf jfikLs/0f eO{ jfbndf kl/0ft x'G5 / k"gMlr;f] eP/ kfgL, t';f/f], cl;gf, lxpF cflbsf] ?kdf k[YjLdf g} v:b5 . o;/L k[YjLdfv;]sf] kfgLsf] s]xL c+z jfkmsf ?kdf km]/L jfo'd08ndf hfG5 eg] s]xL c+z ;f]l;P/e"ldut hndf kl/0ft x'G5 . To:t} kfgLsf] s]xL c+z af]6lj?jf / k|f0fLn] klg k|of]uub{5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f k|fs[lts ?kdf rNb} cfPsf] of] hnLo rqmdf;d]t k|efj k/]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGt/—;/sf/L ;d"x Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) M ljZj hnjfo' ;Ë7g / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdsf];lqmotfdf ;g\ !(** df o; ;d"xsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; ;d"xn] hnjfo'kl/jt{g ;DaGwL lj1fg / jftfj/0fLo, cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs If]qdf o;sf] k|efj,hnjfo' ;DaGwL k|ljlw ljsf;, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«okxnx? / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL y'k|} jx'kIfLo ljifox?sf] d"NofËg ug]{, k|ltj]bgtof/ ug]{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"lgs/0fsf nflu dfu{lgb]{lzsfx? tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ub{5. xfn o; ;d'xdf ^) /fi6«sf @%)) eGbf jl9 j}1flgs tyf lj1x? /x]sf 5g\ .

;+o'Qm sfof{Gjog (Joint implementation -JI_ M dxf;lGwsf] cg';"rL ! df k/]sfljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ;f]xL /fi6«x? leq} pT;h{g s6f}tL kl/of]hgfx?df nufgL u/Lcfkm\gf] k|ltj4tf k'/f ug]{ pkfo cGtu{t ;+o'Qm nufgLsf sfo{x? ug{ ;Sb5g .ljsl;t b]zx? leq} pT;h{g s6f}tLsf nflu of] Pp6f ;lhnf] / j}slNks pkfo xf] .:jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqsf dfWodaf6 pT;h{g s6f}tL ug{sf nflu ljsl;t /fi6« afx]scGo /fi6«df nufgL ug'{ kb{5 eg] o; Joj:yf cGtu{t pT;h{g s6f}tL ug'{kg]{ bfloTj/ k|ltj4tf af]s]sf ljsl;t /fi6«df g} nufgL nufpg' kb{5 . Sof]6f] cle;lGwdf;Fo'Qm sfof{Gjogsf] k|fjwfg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Sof]6f] cle;lGw, !((& (Kyoto Protocol ) M hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lok|f?k dxf;lGw !((@ cGtu{t xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g s6f}tLsf nflu ;g !((&hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] zx/df kIf/fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng -COP3_ df ul/Psf] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{cle;lGw xf] . of] cle;lGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg';f/ cle;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{cg';'rL–! cGtu{tsf /fi6«x?n] ;g @))*–@)!@ ;Dddf ;g !(() nfO{ cfwf/ jif{dfgL ;f]sf] t'ngfdf cf};t %=@ k|ltztsf b/n] cfkm\gf] xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{gs6f}tL ug'{ kb{5 .

Sof]6f] ;FoGq (Kyoto Mechanism) :Sof]6f] ;FoGqn] sfj{g pT;{hgnfO{ sd ug{ tLgj6f jhf/ ;FoGqsf] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 h; cGt{ut ;Fo'Qm sfof{Gjog, :jR5 ljsf;;+oGq / pT;{hg Aokf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

e"–pkof]u, e"–pkof]udf kl/jt{g / jg (Land use, land use change and forestry -LULUCF)M Sof]6f] cle;lGw cGtu{t xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{gdf e"ldsf v]Ng] tyf;~rodf of]ubfg ug]{ k|d'v If]qx?dWo] Pp6f If]q …e"–pkof]u, e"–pkof]udf kl/jt{g /jgÚ klg xf], h;n] jg nufotsf ljleGg k|of]hgsf lglDt ul/g] hdLgsf] pkof]u /To;sf] pkof]udf ul/g] kl/jt{g ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\5 .

e"—pkof]udf kl/jt{g (Land-use change ) :dfgljo lqmofsnfksf] sf/0f e" pkof]udfjf Aoj:yfkgdf kl/jt{g x'g'nfO{ e" pkof]udf kl/jt{g elgG5 . e" ;tx - Landcover) df cfpg] kl/jt{gn] xl/tu[x UofF;nfO{ ;f]if0f ug{ / cGo hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu;DjlGwt k|0fflnnfO{ :yfgLo / ljZjAofkL ?kdf k|efj kfb{5 .

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf (Local Adaptation plan of Action -LAPA) M hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;[lht hf]lvdx? ;Fu h'4gsf nflu ljZjJofkL k|of;x? :yfgLo:t/df s]lGb|t x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotfn] k|d'vtf kfpFb} uPsf] 5 . :yfgLo cg's'ngof]hgf To:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f >[hLt hf]lvdx?nfO{ljsf;sf] d'n k|jfxdf ;dfj]z ub{5 . Climate Adaptation Design and PilotingProject Nepal (CADP-N) n] ^ j6f :yfgLo ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xsfo{df :yfgLo :t/sf]cg's'ng of]hgfsf] ;FoGq tof/ u/]sf] lyof] h;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] e/v/} cg'df]bgu/]sf] 5 .

Go"lgs/0f (Mitigation) M xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g s6f}tL u/]/ jf jfo'd08ndf ePsf]clws sfj{gnfO{ oyf:cj:yfdf Nofpg] jf jfo'd08ndf yk xl/tu[x UofF; pT;{hgx'gjf6 /f]Sg] sfo{nfO{ g} Go"lgs/0f eGg] ul/G5 .

df]lG6«on cle;lGw (Montreal Protocol) M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;g !(*& df hf/L ul/Psf] df]lG6«on cle;lGw xf] . of] cle;lGwnfO{ ;g!(() df n08g, !((@ df sf]k]gx]ug, !((% df e]ogf, !((& df d]lG6«on / ;g!((( df j]hLªdf ;+;f]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cle;lGwdf cf]hf]g txnfO{ gi6 ug]{UofF; Snf]/f]km\nf]/f]sfj{g, x]nf]g, ldy]n Snf]/f]kmf]d, sfj{g 6]6«fSnf]/fO8,xfO8«f]Snf]/f]km\nf]/f]sfj{g / ldyfOn a|f]dfO8sf] pTkfbg cGTo ug]{ ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .

/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf (National Adaptation Programme of Action NAPA) Mcltsd ljsl;t b]zx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] hf]lvdx? klxrfgu/L cg's"ngsf nflu cfkm\gf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] /fli6«o :t/sf] of]hgf sf]clen]lvs/0f g} /fli6o cg's'ng of]hgf xf] . o; sfo{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo;+/rgf cGtu{t cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx?nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .

cf]hf]g (O3)M cf]hf]g eGgfn] jfo'd08ndf kfOg] Ps of}lus xf] h'g clS;hgsftLgj6f k/df0f'x? ldn]/ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . k|fs[lts k|ltlqmof tyf kmf]6f]s]ldsnk|ltlqmof4f/f lgDgd08ndf cf]hgsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . lgDgd08ndf ePsf]cf]hgsf] dfqf jl9 ePdf o;n] h}ljs j:t'x?df c;/ ub{5 . lgDgd08ndf ePsf]cf]hg xl/t u[x UofF;sf] sfd klg u/]sf] x'G5 .

jftfj/0fLo ;]jfsf] e"QmfgL (Payment for Environmental Service -PES) Mjftfj/0fLo ;]jfsf] e'QmfgL eGgfn] :j]lR5s ?kdf jftfj/0fLo ;]jfsf] cfbfg k|bfg,kl/eflift ?kdf jftfj/0fLo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;'lglZrttf, jftfj/0fLo ;]jf lng rfxg]

slDtdf s'g} qm]tfsf] ljBdfgtf, jftfj/0fLo ;]jf k|bfossf] ;'lglZrttf, jftfj/0fLo;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|fjwfg h:tf sfo{x? Ps cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt ?kdf Joj:yfkgx'g] sfo{nfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;]jfsf] e'QmfgL eGg] ul/G5 .

kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf] e'QmfgL (Payment of ecosystem services (PES) M lglZrtkfl/l:yltsLo jf jftfj/0fLo ;]jfnfO{ ;F/If0f u/] jfkt e'QmfgL u/Lg] k|0ffnLnfO{kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf] e'QmfgL eGg] ul/G5 .

k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f (Photosynthesis) M af]6la?jfsf xl/ts0fo'Qm -xl/of_ kft tyf cGoefux?n] ;"o{af6 cfpg] k|sfzsf] ;xfotfn] vfgf agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0felgG5 . o; k|lqmofdf jfo'd0ndf ePsf] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8nfO{ ;f];L Un'sf]h /clS;hgdf kl/0ft ug]{ ub{5 . oxL k|lqmofaf6 af]6lj?jfn] sfj{gnfO{ cfkm'df ;~rou/L clS;hgnfO{ jfo'd08ndf kmfNg] sfo{ ub{5 .

k'g:yf{kg Ifdtf (Resilience) M Jofks ?kdf k|efljt ePsf, IfoLs/0f ePsf jfIfltu|:t ePsf kof{j/0fLo Pj+ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx? ;fljss} cj:yfdf kms{g ;Sg]cyf{t k|fs[lts ?kdf k'g:yf{kg x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ k'g:yf{kg Ifdtf eGg] ul/G5 .

e08f/0f (Sink) : jfo'd08ndf ePsf] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8, P/f];f]n / cGo xl/tu[xUofF;nfO{ cfkm'df kmsf{O{ jfo'd08ndf ePsf] xl/t u[x UofF;nfO{ sd ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{e08f/0f elgG5 .

clglZrttf (Uncertainty) : eljiosf] jf/]df s'g} lglZrt hfgsf/L gx'g' g}clglZrttf xf] h:t} hnjfo'sf] eljiosf] cj:yfnfO{ olsg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g .;'rgfsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] eljiodf s] x'G5 jf s] x'Fb}g eGg] jf/] Plsg hfgsf/Lk|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|f?k dxf;lGw !((@M (United NationFramework Convention on Climate Change) M M ;g !((@ df x:tfIf/sf nfluv'Nnf ul/Psf] of] dxf;lGw !(($ b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] . !($ /fi6« ;b:o/x]sf] o; dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x UofF;nfO{ k|ltj4tfcg';f/sf] dfqfdf lglZrt\ ;doleq l:y/ /fVg' /x]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf ;DaGwdf b]zx?sf] Ifdtf cg';f/ ;femf t/ k[ys lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{,hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] c;dfg'kflts jf c;fdfGo af]em axg /cg's"ngsf nflu ljsf;f]Gd'v b]znfO{ ljsl;t b]zaf6 ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] h:tfl;4fGtx? clËsf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';rL–! / @ df k/]sf ljsl;t /fi6«x?n]xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g 36fpg] k|ltj4tf hgfO{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ s'/f pNn]lvt 5 . o;dxf;lGwdf ul/Psf Joj:yfx? b'/ufdL k|s[ltsf, /rgfTds / lbuf] ljsf;;Fu;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwsf] ;lrjfno hd{gLdf /x]sf] 5 .

clt ;+j]bgzLntf (Vulnarability) M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf hf]lvd,vt/f, k|lts'n k|efj cflb;Fu h'em\g ;Sg] x}l;otdf cToGt sdL cfPsf] cj:yfnfO{clt;+j]bgzLntf eGg] ul/G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cg's"ngsf] Ifdtfdf ;d]t sdLcfO/x]sf] x'G5 .

df};d (Weather) : s'g} lglZrt :yfgsf] lglZrt ;dosf] jfo'd08nsf] cj:yfnfO{df};d elgG5 . o;nfO{ xfjf, tfkqmd, cfb|tf, jfo'd08nLo rfk, jfbn / jiff{sf]

cflbsf] cj:yfsf] ?kdf dfkg ug]{ ul/G5 . w]/} h:tf] :yfgdf df};d 306f–306f,lbg–lbg / Ct' cg';f/ km]/jbn eO{/xG5 . hnjfo'nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf df};dsf] cf}iftsf]?kdf a'lemG5 eg] lj:t[t ?kdf o;nfO{ kl/eflift ubf{ df};ddf /x]sf r/x?sf]] nfdf]cjlwsf] cf}ift -;fwf/0ftof #) jif{_ nfO{ hnjfo' eGg] ul/G5 .

jftfj/0f / o;sf tTjx?Environment and its Components

jftfj/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <jftfj/0f To:tf] k|fs[lts 3]/f (surrounding) xf] h;n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf k|f0fL(organism) x?nfO{ ljsf; ug{ jf a[l4 x'gdf ;xof]u k'/ofpFb5 . 5f]6s/Ldfjftfj/0fn]] h}ljs jf ch}ljs j:t'x?sf] hDdf hLljt jf d[t j:t'x?sf] tTj xf] h'gdfgjsf] jl/kl/ (surrounding) df /x]sf] x'G5 . csf]{ cy{df To:tf] 3]/f (Surrounding)h;df ljleGg h}ljs tyf ch}lhs j:t' ljr h:t} xfjf, kfgL, hldg, k|fs[lts >f]t,?v lj?jf, jGohGt' / dfgj tyf ltgLx? ljrsf] cGt/ ;DjGw /x]sf] x'G5 .jftfj/0f km|]Gr zAb Environ jf6 lnO{Psf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ km}nfj6 (encompass)tyf 3]/f (surround) x'G5 . !()) sf] z'?df lhj j}1flgs Jacob Van Erkul n] o;zAbsf] gfdfs/0f lbPsf lyP .

dflysf] lrqdf bzf{OP cg';/ jftfj/0fdf d'Vo ltg a6f tTj? (Component) /x]sfx'G5g h;nfO{ ( j6f pk—tTjx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ef}lts tTj (Physicalcomponents) cGt{ut afo'd08n -xfjf_, hnd08n -kfgL_ / e'—d08n -df6f]/r6\6fg_x'G5g . k[lYjsf] jl/kl/ jfo'd08ndf ljleGg UofF;x? /x]sf x'G5g\ h'g k[lYjsf] ;txb]lv nueu %)) ls=dL= dfly ;Dd km}lnPsf] x'G5 . jfo'd08ndf lhjhGt'x?nfO{cfjZos kg]{ clS;hg / lj?jfsf] nflu k|sfz ;F:n]if0f lqmofsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 UofF;x? /x]sf x'G5g .

To:t} hnd08n cGt{ut k[lYjsf] ;tx tyf hldg d'lg kfgLsf] >f]t tyf e08f//x]sf] x'G5 . o;} u/L e'—d08ndf df6f] tyf r6\6fgx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . h}ljs tyfch}ljs j:t'x? / kfgLsf] ;ld>0faf6 df6f] jg]sf] x'G5 . oL k|fylds tTjx?nfO{hLjg ;xof]uL tTj klg elgG5 . h}ljs / ch}ljs b'j} j:t'x? jftfj/0fsf] d'Voltg} tTj (component) x?df /x]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf] ;j} tTj tyf pktTjx?dflk08 / phf{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfbfg—k|bfg eO{ /s]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s j:t' Ps csf{dflg/Gt/ ?kdf rnfodfg e} /x]sf] x'G5 . To;} sf/0fn] jftfj/0fdf ePsf] ;d:of s'g}Ps 7fpFdf jf hxfF ;d:of z'? ePsf] xf] To; 7fpFdf dfq g/lx ;j} qmdzM ;j}:yfgx?df km}ln+b} hfG5 .

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL s]nfO{ elgG5 (Wthat is Ecosystem)

ljleGg lsl;dsf jg:ktL, hLj hGt', ;'Id hLj cflbn] jg]sf] :jfrflnt k|fs[lts;+/rgf / o;sf] cGt{;DjGw g} kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL xf] s'g} klg kfl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLdf h}ljs (Biotic) / ch}ljs (Abiotic) tTjx? /x]sf x'G5g h;nfO{jftfj/0fLo (Ecological) tTj eGg] ul/G5 . jftfj/0fsf] ef}lts sf/0fn] h}ljsj:t'x?sf] lhjgdf 7'nf] c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . kfl/l:yltsLo k|0fflndf hnjfo'(climatic), edaphic / h}ljs (biotic) u/L d'Vo ltg tTjx? /x]sf x'G5g .jftfj/0fsf] ltg} tTjx? ljrdf h:t} kf/l:yltsLo k|0fflnsf] tLg} tTjx? ljrdf klglg/Gt/ ?kdf phf{ / lk08x? rnfodfg eO{ /x]sf x'G5g\ . kf/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf]ljleGg dfWofdaf6 ljleGg j:t' / ;]jfx?sf] pTkfbg eO{/x]sf] x'G5 h;n] k[lYjdflhjhGt'sf] cl:yTj sfod /fVg dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g\ .

hLljt j:t'x?sf] cl:tTjsf] nflu kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5/ oLlgx?df hf]lvdx? klg j9\b} uPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts k|lqmof cg';f/ jftfj/0f tyfkfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf s]lx hf]lvdx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf /lx /x]sf x'G5g h:t} e'sDk,cflwj]x/L, jfl9, crfgs 7'nf] e" :vng (Avalanche), ;'Vvf, cfunfuL, s'lx/f] cl;gfkfgL cflb . o:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx? dflg;sf lqmofsnfkx?sf sf/0fn] ubf{ j9\b}uPsf] 5 / cGttf]uTjf o;n] jftfj/0f tyf hLjhGt'x?df cToflws k|lts'n c;/kf/]sf] 5 . ljZj plZjs/0f, cDnLo jiff{, cf]hf]g tx kftnLg', xfjfkfgL tyf e"—k|b'if0f x'g' Eutrophication in water bodies / h}ljs ljljwtfdf sld cfpg' h:tfk|efjx? b]lvg yfln ;lsPsf] 5 . o;n] jftfj/0fLo j:t' / ;]jfdf g/fd|f] k|efjkfl//x]sf] 5 / jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkgsf] d'2f hNbf] jNbf] ?kdf p7]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0fsf d'Vo d'Vo If]qx? (Key sectors of the environment)

xfdLn] klxn] pNn]v u/L ;Sof}+ ls jftfj/0fsf] cy{ Aofks /x]sf] 5 ;fy} o;n]ljleGg If]qx? nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . ;fwf/0ftof jftj/0fnfO{ xl/of], v}/f] / lgnf] u/L d'VotLg If]qx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . h;cGt{ut xl/of] If]q eGgfn] jg / s[lif, v}/fIf]q eGgfn] cf}Bf]lus / zx/L If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt k|b'if0f/jftfj/0f / lgnf] If]q eGgfn]kfgLsf efux? kb{5g\ . o:tf If]qx?sf] k|s[lt, :j?k / ;jfnfx? km/s—km/sePsf]n] jftfj/0f Aoj:yfks ;Fu oL ltg} If]qsf] ljlzi6 1fg tyf hfgsf/L x'g'cfjZos 5 .

v}/f] If]q (Brown Sector)

v}/f] If]qn] jftfj/0fsf] To:tf] If]qnfO{ hgfpFb5 h'g k|b'if0f tyf kmf]xf]/d}nfAoj:yfkg ;Fu ;DjlGwt ;jfnx? kb{5g . tLgLx?nfO{ jftfj/0fsf] v}/f] If]qsf];d:ofsf] ?kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . o;n] xfjf, glb tyf ;d'lGb|t6sf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ 36fpg'sf] ;fy} 7f]; tyf xfgLsf/s kmf]x/d}nfx?sf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ub{5 /o;sf] Aoj:yfkgdf ;d]t sl7gfO{ Nofpg] ub{5 . v}/f] jftfj/0fnfO{ vNjnfpg] /k|b'if0f j9fpg] d'Vo sf/ssf] ?kdf clToflws ?kdf /x]sf] ufl8x?sf] rfk /cAojl:yt kmf]x/d}nfnfO{ lnO{Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qx? o:tf] k|sf/sf];d:ofjf6 u|l;t e} g;s]sf] ePtfklg sf7df08f}+ nfuot cGo gofF gofF zx/x? /lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx? of] ;d:ofaf6 lbg k|ltlbg u|l;t x'Fb} uO{/x]sf 5g\ .

xl/of] If]q (Green Sector)

xl/of] If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt ;d:ofx? k|fs[lts >f]tsf] IfoLs/0f / s[lif pTkfbg,f jg /h}ljs ljljwtfdf k/]sf] hf]lvd;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . jg ljgf; cGt{ut jg If]q / 3fF;]d}bfgx? Aofks ?kdf s[lif / zx/L If]qdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . s[lif pTkfbgsf] nflu/f;folgs dn, ls6gf;s cf}iflw h:tf j:t'x?df nfugL j[l4 u/]sf] ePtfklgt/fO{sf] If]qdf s[lif pTkfbgdf cf;fltt j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] kxfl8 tyf lxdfnLe]udf sd pTkflbt If]q ePsf] / le/fnf] If]qdf k/Dk/fut ?kdf s[lif k|0ffnLn]ckgfO{Pg] ubf{ e'Ifosf] k|sf]k cToflws ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

cGosf] t'ngfdf o; If]qsf] nflu jg ljgf; klxnf] d'4fsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 clglZrt/fhg}lts jftfj/0fn] t/fO{sf] dxTjk'0f{ jg k|hfltx?sf] rf]l/lgsf;Ldf j[l4 ePsf] 5/ To:t} sf7sf] d'No cToflws ?kdf j9]sf] 5 . s[lif If]qsf] lj:tf/sf] nflu jg

If]qsf] cltqmd0f ePsf] 5 eg] kxfl8 lhNnfx?df dgkl/ ?kdf ;8s jf6f]x?sf]lgdf{0fsfo{n] jg If]qsf] ljgf; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

lgnf] If]q (Blue Sector)

lgnf] If]qnfO{ jftfj/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt t]>f] If]qsf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 h;n] kfgL ;Fu;DjlGwt ;jfnx?;Fu ;DjGw /fVb5 . o; ju{ ;Fu ;DjlGwt ;d:ofx?df kfgLsf]dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug'{, hnfwf/ If]qsf] IfoLs/0f, Ogf/ tyf kfgLsf d'xfgx? ;'Sg', tfntyf kf]v/Lx?df kfgLsf] dfqf 36\b} hfg' tyf ;d'b|L t6x?df >f]tx?df sld x'Fb} hfg'cflb kb{5g\ . g]kfn kfgLsf] nflu ljZj d} wlg /fi6« ePtfklg b|'tb/df j9b} uPsf]zx/Ls/0fn] o; If]qdf ljleGg ;d:ofx? NofPsf] kfO{G5 .

kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df sld x'Fb} hfg' / kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'Fb} hfg' g]kfnsf] d'Vo ;d:of/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf kfgLsf] vkt sd ePtfklg o;n] glb / vf]nfdfcToflws k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . snsf/vfgf lr:ofpg, ttfpg, Process Water, tyf;/;kmfO{sf] nflu cf}Bf]lus If]qdf cToflws dfqfdf kfgLsf] vkt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 h;sf]nflu hdLg d'gLaf6 kfgL lgsfNg] ul/G5 . k|z:tdfqdf h8fg ul/Psf 6o'j]nn]hldgsf] kfgLnfO{ k|b'lift u/L g]kfnsf] nflu kLpg] kfgLsf] dfkb08 eGbf dfly -k|b'lift dfqf %)kLkLjL_ k'u]sf] tYofFsn] b]vfPsf] 5 . xfn ;Dd hDdf t/fO{ If]qdf/x]sf #=&% 6\o'j]nx?df dfq kfgLsf] k|b'if0fsf] dfqf hfFr ul/Psf] 5 (NESS).

g]kfndf klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]] ljZjAofkL ?kdf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf] ?kdfb]lvPsf] kfgLsf >f]tx? hf]lvddf kb}{ uPsf] ;jfnx? p7]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]sf/0fn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf ljB't pTkfbg, l;FrfO{, vfg]kfgLsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/+b} cfPsf]glbsf] kfgLnfO{ hf]lvddf kf/]sf] 5 eg] lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gsf] sf/0faf6 wghgsf]k|r'/ dfqfdf Ifltx'g] ;Defjg klg plQs} /x]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] k|efj (Climate Change and its Impact)

hnjfo' eg]sf] s'g} 7fpFsf]] df};dsf] nfdf] ;dosf] cf};t cj:yf xf] . vf; u/Ltfkqmd / jiff{sf] bzsf}F jf ;of}F jif{x¿sf] clen]v ljZn]if0f u/L lgsflnPsf] ;/b/cj:yfnfO{ hnjfo' elgG5 . ljZj df};d ;+u7gsf cg';f/, ;fdfGotof sDtLdf #)jif{ cjlwsf] cf};t df};dL cfFs8fsf] cj:yfnfO{ hnjfo' eGg] ul/G5 . To;}n] To:tfhnjfo' ;"rsf+sx¿ ;fdfGotof l:y/ g} /xG5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g eGgfn] l:y//xg'kg]{ hnjfo'sf ;"rsf+sx¿ ablng yfn]sf] dflgG5 . ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgdf:yflkt df};d cjnf]sg s]Gb|x¿af6 k|fKt emG8} !%) jif{ cjlwsf] tfkqmdsf]clen]vn] k[YjLsf] ;txsf] tfkqmd :ki6 ¿kdf al9/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 t/ Tof] j[l4b/;a} 7fpFdf ;dfg eg] 5}g .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g a'em\gsf] nflu df};d / hnjfo' aLrsf] leGgtf yfxf kfpg' h?/Lx'G5 . df};d eg]sf] Ifl0fs xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf xf] / of] lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xG5 .h:tf]— laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Dd ;"o{sf] tfk, jfo'sf] rfk, afbn, jfo'sf] ult cflbsfsf/0f df};dsf] cj:yf ablnO/xG5, h'g Pp6f lgoldt k|fs[lts lqmof xf] . o:t},Ct' cg';f/ df};ddf x'g] kl/jt{g klg lgoldt k|fs[lts lqmof xf] . To;}n] df};d

ablnO/xg' :jfefljs k|lqmof ePsfn] o;nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g eGbf km/s ¿kn]a'em\g'k5{ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / xl/tu[x UofF; (Climate change and Green house Gas)

jfo'd08n ljleGg Uof;x¿af6 ag]sf] 5 . o;df &*% gfO6«f]hg, @!% clS;hgtyf ! % cGo Uof;x? /x]sf 5g\ . ;"o{sf] k|sfz jfo'd08n x'Fb} ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|sfz /tfksf ¿kdf k[YjL ;Dd cfpF5 . ;"o{af6 k|jflxt x'g] ;f}o{ phf{ dWo] #)% aLr}dfcGtl/Ifdf 5l/P/ x/fpF5 / jfFls &)% ;f}o{ phf{ k[YjL;Dd cfOk'U5 . ;"o{af6k[YjL;Dd cfOk'u]sf] ;f}o{ pmhf{dWo] s]xL efu k[YjL tyf;d'b|sf] ;txn] ;f]:5 eg] s]xL efu k/fjlt{t eP/ k'gMjfo'd08n d} kmls{G5 . k[YjLaf6 k/fjlt{t pmhf{sf] s]xLc+z jfo'd08nsf] xl/tu[x Uof; -jfs; !_ sf] txn]/f]s]/ km]l/ k[YjLtkm{ kmsf{OlbG5 . jfo'd08ndf afSnf]txsf ¿kdf /x]sf oL xl/tu[x Uof;x¿ gePsf] eP;fob k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd z"GoeGbf !* l8u|L;]lG6u|]8 sd x'g] lyof] / ;f] tfkqmddf xfnsf] h:tf]dfgj nufot hLjhut\sf nflu pko'St xfjfkfgLePsf] ;fdfGo ;+;f/ ;Dej x'g] lyPg .

jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] tx (Layer) dfgjl;lh{t lqmofsnfkx¿n] ubf{ afSnf] x'b} uPsf]n]k[YjLaf6 k/fjlt{t ;f}o{phf{ jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xl/tu[x UofF;n] /f]s]/ k'gM k[lYj lt/}kmsf{pg] ub{5 lsgls tL Uof;x¿n] ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf cfpg] tfksf t/+ux¿nfO{jfo'd08naf6 leq cfpg lbG5g\ t/ aflx/ lg:sg lbFb}gg\ . h;n] ubf{ k[lYj tftf] x'Fb}uO{/x]sf] 5 . dfly afs; ! df plNnlvt sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 (CO2), ldy]g (CH4),gfO6«; cS;fO8 (NO2), cf]hf]g (O3), , kfgLsf] afkm (Water Vapour) /Xofnf]sfa{G; (HC) cflbnfO{ xl/t UofF; elgG5 .

dfgjLo lqmofsnfk ljz]ifu/L ljnflztfsf] lhjgz}nLsf] sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gdfc;/ kf/]sf] 5 . !( cf}+ ztflAbsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGt;Fu} cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkx?sf]nflu h}ljs OGwgsf] cToflws k|of]u ePsf] kfO{G5 . vlgh pmhf{df cfwfl/t a9\bf]cf}Bf]uLs/0f, oftfoft lj:tf/ / df]6/ uf8L -c6f]df]afON;_ sf] cTolws pTkfbg /k|of]u, x/]s If]qdf OGwgsf] cTolws k|of]u, s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f -wfg afnL,l;FrfO, ljiffbL tyf /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u_, e"–pkof]u k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g,ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x¿ -lk|mh, Po/slG8;g/ cflb_ sf] a9\bf] pkof]usf sf/0f dfgjl;lh{t xl/tu[x Uof; -h;nfO{ Sof]6f] cle;lGwn] ;d]t ;"lrs[t u/]sf] 5, jfs; g+@_ sf] pTkfbg / pT;h{gdf tLj|tf cfO/x]sf] 5 . oL pT;lh{t Uof;x¿ jfo'd08ndfylkFb} hfg' / k[YjLaf6 k/fjlt{t tfksf] 7"nf] efu jfo'd08ndf /f]lsP/ /xg] qmddfj[l4 x'gfn] ljut s]xL bzsb]lv ljZjJofkL jfo'd08nLo tfkqmddf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .jfofF lrqdf h:t} ljleGg >f]tx¿ Dffkm{t dfgj l;lh{t xl/tu[x UofF;x¿

Sof]6f] cle;lGwn];"lrs[t u/]sfxl/tu[x UofF;x¿

sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 (CO2),ldy]g (CH4),gfO6«; cS;fO8 (NO2),xfO8«f]km\nf]/f] sfa{g (HFCs)k/km\nf]/f] sfa{g (PFCcs)

;Nkm/x]Shfkm\nf]/fO8 (SF6_

jfo"d08ndf qmlds ¿kn] pT;h{g eO g} /x]sfn] klg xfn k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j9\g]qmd sfod} 5 .

cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] ;'?jftlt/ cyf{t\ ;g\ !&%) lt/ jfo'd08ndfsfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf !) nfv xfjfsf s0fdWo] @*) s0f (Parts per million–ppm) /x]sfdf ;g\ @))% ;Dd cfOk'Ubf of] dfqf a9]/ #&( s0f k|lt !) nfv jfo's0f (ppm) k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . lat]sf] ^ nfv %) xhf/ jif{df of] ptf/r9fj !*) b]lv# ;o s0f k|lt !) nfvdf ;Lldt lyof] . xfnsf jif{x¿df sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf]jflif{s j[l4b/ ;f] eGbf klg eofgs 5 / oxL xl/tu[x Uof;sf sf/0f k[YjLsf]tfkqmd klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ljut !)) jif{ cjlwsf] tfkqmdsf] clen]vn] b]vfPcg';f/ k[YjLsf] ;txsf] tfkqmd :ki6 ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 t/ Tof] j[l4b/ ;a} 7fpFdf;dfg eg] 5}g .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx? (Indicators of climate change)

k|fs[lts k|lqmofx¿dWo] tfkqmd, jiff{, ;d'b|L ;txdf j[l4 / k|sf]khGo 36gfsf]j[l4nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx¿ dflgPsf] 5 . ;du|df Tffkqmd / jiff{sf]kl/df0f (Amount), ltj|tf (Intensity), dfqf (Magnitude) / jf/Djf/tf (Frequency)df ePsf] kl/jt{gg} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx? x'g\ . ljZjsf] tfkqmdsf] j[l4, w'|jLoIf]qx?df lxFp :vng, lxdfnfox?df lxpFsf] dfqdf sld, lxdtfnx? kUng', jiff{dfclgoldttf, nfdf] ;do ;Dd ;'Vvf tyf v8]/L kg'{, ljgf;sf/L jf9Lklx/f] cflbhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? x'g .

g]kfndf If]q c'g;f/ cf}ift clwstd tfkqmd a[l4b/ !((& — @))) ;Dd -°C k|lt

jif{_

If]q Ct' jfli{fslxpFb (Dec-Feb)

k'j{ dg;'g(Mar-May)

dg;'g (Jun-Sep)

dg;'gkl5(Oct-Nov)

lxdfnkf/L 0=12 0=01 0=11 0=1 0=09lxdfno 0=09 0=05 0=06 0=08 0=06dWokxf8 0=06 0=05 0=06 0=09 0=08l;jflns 0=02 0=01 0=02 0=08 0=04t/fO{ 0=01 0 0=01 0=07 0=04g]kfn 0=06 0=03 0=051 0=08 0=06

Source: updated from Shrestha et al. 1999

Dfflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP adf]lhd >]i7 / c¿x¿ -!(((_ sf cg';f/ ;g\ !(&&b]lv !(($ ;Ddsf] tYof+s x]bf{ g]kfnsf] tfkqmd ;/b/ )=)^ l8u|L ;]= sf b/n]al9/x]sf] / If]qut lx;fan] lxdfndf ;/b/ )=)* l8u|L ;]= sf] b/n] tyf t/fO{df)=)$ l8u|L ;]= n] dfq a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

;du|df 7G8f lbgx¿ 36\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ / clt udL{sf lbgx¿ a9\b} uPsf 5g\ .udL{ df};ddf n' a9\b} uPsf] 5 eg] hf8f]df lztnx/sf] k|sf]k a9\bf] 5 . o;} qmddfg]kfndf klg lgDgfg';f/ ;+s]tx¿ b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] 5g\ .

-s_ lbg tyf /ft s]xL bzs klxn]eGbf a9L tftf eO/x]sf 5g\ .

-v_ 7G8f lbg tyf /ft sd xF'b} 5g\ .

-u_ !)) ldlnld6/ jf ;f]eGbf a9L kl/df0fdf kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b} 5 .

-3_ kfgL kg]{ ;do / cjlwdf kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 / kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿sf] ;+Vof3l6/x]sf] 5 .

-ª_ dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] lxdgbL / lxdfnL If]qx¿af6 lxpF kUnFb} uPsf] 5 /lxdtfnx¿ a9]/ cs:dft\ km'6\g] vt/f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿df pNn]veP cg';f/ lxdgbLx¿ jflif{s ¿kdf #) b]lv ^) ld6/;Dd 5f]l6Fb} / !@ ld6/ hltkftnf] x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} gofF lxdtfn lgdf{0f x'g] tyf eO/x]sf lxdtfnx¿sf]If]qkmn tyf kfgLsf] cfotg a9\b} uPsf] k|ToIf ¿kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;DaGwdf ljsf; ul/Psf gd'gfs[t (Modelling) k|If]k0fx¿n]b]vfP cg';f/ tfkqmdsf] j[l4b/ tLj|b/ ¿kdf x'g]5 . pQm k|If]k0f cg';f/ g]kfnsf]tfkqmdsf] j[l4b/ ;g\ @!)) ;Dd lxpFbdf $ l8u|L ;]lN;o; / jiff{df # l8u|L;]lN;o; /xg] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L lxdfnL If]qdf tfkqmd clwstd a9\b} hfg]b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ jiff{sf] rqmdf kl/jt{g x'g], nfdf] ;do;Dd v8]/L kg]{, a9L jiff{x'g]nufotsf ;+s]tx¿ b]vf kg]{5g\ .

3_ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] g]kfnLx?sf] hLjgdf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] g]kfndfvf;u/L hn;|f]t, s[lif, jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf tyf dfgjLo :jf:Yodf k|efj kf/]sf]5 .

s= hn;|f]t

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 ;j}eGbf jl9 k|efj hn>f]tdf kf/]sf] 5 . tfkqmdj[l4;Fu} tLj| ultdf lxdtfn klUn lxdtfnx? km'6\g] cj:yf /x]sf 5g h;n] ub{ljkGg tyf ;ªs6f;Gg hgtfsf] cj:yf cem jl9 hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 . a9Lkl/df0fdf kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'gfn] af9L, klx/f] tyf cGo k|fs[lthGoljklQx?sf] k|sf]kdf a[l4 x'ghfg] tyf df6f] lylu|g] / v]tLof]Uo hldg k'l/g] h:tfk|fs[lts k|sf]kdf j[l4 xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm vf]nfdf kfgLsf] axfj /e"ldut hn;|f]t b'j}df sdL cfpg] b]lvG5 .

tfkqmdsf] j[l4;Fu} ;'?sf] s]lx ;do ;Dd lxpF klUnP/ gbLdf kfgLsf] axfjdf j[l4ePtfklg s]xL jif{kl5 kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lxpFsf] kl/df0f sd x'g uO{axfjdf sdL cfpg]5 . To;}n] hnljB't\ / l;FRffO If]q k|lts"n ¿kdf k|efljtx'g]5g\ . # l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd a9\bf lxpF klUnP/ 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu kfgLsf]dfqfdf !! k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf -ljz]if u/]/ lxpFbdf_ kfgLsf] cefjx'Fb} hfg] b]lvG5 . Ps cWoogn] b]vfP cg';f/ jflif{s )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf b/n]x'g] tfkqmd j[l4n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dd hnljB't\sf] ljsf; %& k|ltztn] a9\g] t/To;kl5 o; ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dd @* k|ltztn] 36\g] b]lvG5 .

v= s[lif

g]kfnsf clwsfFz hgtfx? s[lifdf lge{/ 5g\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] s[lifnfO{ gsf/fTds?kdf k|efj kfl/;s]sf] 5 . tfkqmd j[l4n] kxf8L efudf wfg v]tLsf nflu s]xLcg's"n jftfj/0f b]lvP klg dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ l;FrfOdf k|lts"n c;/sfsf/0f pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'g] 5}g . ;fy}, af9Lsf] s6fg tyf 8'afgsf sf/0fpTkfbsTjdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sg] k|an ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . t/fO{df ljz]if u/LlxpFbdf s'lx/f] / afbnn] cfsfz 9flsg] a9\bf] qmdsf sf/0f lxpFb] km;n cfn', tf]/L,u]8fu'8L / Kofhsf] pTkfbgdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

u= jg / h}ljs ljljwtf

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf k|lts'n k|efj kf/]sf] k|z:t k|df0fx?e]l6Psf 5g\ . g]kfndf !% k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . jfo'd08ndf /x]sf]sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfqf bf]Aj/ ePdf # k|sf/sf xfjfkdgL nf]k x'g]5g\ .xfjfkfgLdf ePsf] km]/jbn;Fu cg's'lnt x'gsf] nflu xfnsf] jf;:yfg jblng] ,lhjg rqmdf kl/jt{g cfpg] jf k|hftLx?df ef}lts u'0fdf kl/jt{g x'g]5 . o;n] ubf{hLj tyf jfg:klts k|hfltx¿sf] xfnsf] af;:yfg ablng] jf nf]k x'g] vt/f x'G5 .cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] vf]hLsf nflu s]xL k|hfltx¿n] prfO jf dflylt/ ;g{ sf]l;;ug]{ x'gfn] g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] :j¿k l56f] ablng ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .o;af6 ;lhn} :yfgfGt/0f x'g g;Sg] k|hfltx¿ -h:t}— df6f]leq a:g] hLjx¿,gp8\g] k|hfltsf sL/f / ux«f}F jf 7"nf kmn nfUg] jg:kltx¿_ a9L hf]lvddf kg]{b]lvG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;d;f/ If]q klg lgs} k|efljt x'g] b]lvG5 . tfkqmd j[l4, af9L–klx/f], e"Ifo, kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] sdL cflbsf sf/0f l;d;f/sf] km}nfj6 / u'0f:t/df x|f;cfO{ l;d;f/sf] h}ljs ljljwtf clxn] g} ;+s6df kl/;s]sf] 5 . l;d;f/ cfkm}Fdf PsdxTjk"0f{ kfgLsf] ;|f]t ePsfn] ToxfF kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'gfn] ;Dk"0f{ hnk|jfxk|0ffnLd} kl/jt{g x'g uO{ hn;|f]tsf] pknAwtfdf g} sdL cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

3_ :jf:Yo

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] :jf:Yo If]qdf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf b'j} lsl;dn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .xfnsf jif{x?df k|b'if0f dflg;sf] :jfYosf] nflu d'Vo r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .cf}nf], 6fOkmfO8, hfkflgh OG;]ˆnfOl6; / sfnfhf/ h:tf /f]ux¿ g]kfndf ;fwf/0f/f]usf] ?kdf b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf /f]ux¿af6 u|l;t /f]uLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf klgj[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . cf}nf]sf] k|sf]k pRr If]qx¿df klg km}ng yfn]sf] cg';Gwfgx¿n]b]vfPsf 5g\ ;fy} x}hfsf] k|sf]k eljiodf cem a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

ª zx/L j;f]jf; / ef}lts k'jf{wf/

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] zx/L j;f]jf; / ef}lts k'jf{wf/sf] If]qdf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdfk|efj kf/]sf] 5 . k|ToIf c;/x?df h:t} k|sf]khGo afl9n] tfhf kfgLsf] cfk'lt{dfsld NofpFb5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ck|ToIf c;/ To; j]nf dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5h'gj]nf r/d 36gfx?n] ubf{ vfB kbfy{sf] d'No j[l4 x'G5 / hf]lvddf /x]sf;d'bfox?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf If]qx?df gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] ejgx?, phf{ ;]jfx?, b'/;~rf/, oftfoft ;F/rgf /kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ h:tf ;]jfx?df j9bf] ?kdf gf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjg x'G5 –cfO{=kL=;L=;L=, -@)))&_ . oL ;j} c;/x?n] :yfgLo ;d'bfossf] hLjg:t/ /;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 .] hnjfo' hf]lvdtf / cg's'ngsf] cfjZostfj;f]jf; / To;sf] :j?k, gfk, If]q, e"uf]n / cy{tGqcg';f/ km/s kb{5 .

3gTj / c;'/lIft 9Fun] lgdf{0f ul/Psf 3/x? hnjfo' hf]lvdtfsf k|d'v sf/0fdWo]sf] Ps xf] . xfn zx/L j;f]jf;df eO{/x]sf ef}lts kl/jt{gx?sf :j?k df j9\bf]e"ldsf] k|of]u, gofF lgdf{0f, e"ldsf] sf/f]jf/ / vl08s[t e"ld cflb /x]sf 5g\ . 7'nfk|sf]kx?sf] 36g] ;dodf efUgf] nflu v'nf :yfgsf] cefj x'Fb} hfgfn] klg zx/L;d'bfosf] hf]lvdtf yk x'g uPsf] 5 . ljutdf clwsfFz lgdf{0f sfo{x? plrtof]hgf, cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ljgf g} sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] lyof] gfkf -@)!)_ .

r_ hnjfo' >[lht k|sf]kx?

xfn Hydor metrological Hofbltsf 36gfx? h:t} ;'Vvf, cfFlw, afl9, 8'jfg, e"–:vng, e"–Ifo tyf klx/f]sf 36gfx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] j9\b} uPsf] k|If]k0fPg=l;=eL=P;=l6= -@))(_ sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

ljifout sfo{ ;d'xx?n] ;d'bfox?;Fu u/]sf 5nkmnsf cfwf/df klxrfg u/]sfhnjfo';Fu ;DjlGwt k|sf]kx?sf sf/0f hf]lvd j9fpg] tTjx?dfM ckof{Kt ;F:yfutlgb]{zg / e" —pkof]u ;DjlGw lgod, ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjogdf c;kmntf,hnjfo' l;lh{t k|sf]k / ;d'bfodf kg]{ hf]lvd 36fpg] pkfox?af/] ckof{Kt;fj{hlgs ;r]tgf tyf k"j{ r]tgfjgL ;DjlGw k|0ffnLdf ;Lldt kx'r /xg' /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go'lgs/0fsf nflu ckgfO{Psf pkfox?df afl9 tyf gbLsf]lsgf/f sf6\g] sfo{jf6 l;lh{t gsf/fTds k|efj Go'g ug{ t6jGw, 5]saf/ / kfgL5]Sg lgld{t cGo ;F/rgf :k/ (Spurs) (Moench et al, 2009; DWIDP, 2006/2007);;r]tgf hufpg] sfo{qmdx? / k"j{ r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; (DWIDP, 2006/2007;NDR 2009); ;+s6sflng ;F/If0f, k'gM:yfkgf sfo{, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL (GIS) sf]ljsf;, tflnd ;]ldgf/, ;F:yfut ljsf;, cg';Gwfg / ladfsf] Aoj:yf, jiff{sf]k|j[lQdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gaf6 hf]lug l;FrfO{ k|0ffnL, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afl9 r]tfjgLk|0ffnLsf] gd'gf (Piloting) (NRD, 2009) / afl9af6 x'g] hf]lvdsf] gS;fFsg -gfkf,@)!)_ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw cGt{/fli6«o kxn, gLlt / k|lqmof

k[i7e"ld

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx¿ ljZjAofkL ?kdf :ki6 ¿kdf b]lvFb} cfPsf 5g\ hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf sf/0f t'ngfTds ?kdf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df al9 dfqdf hf]lvdx¿l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gnfO{ s6f}tL ul/Pg eg] eljiodfhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] cem ;+s6 / vt/fx¿ cfpg] s'/fdf j}1flgsx¿n]r]tfjgL lbPsf 5g\ .

j}1flgs tYox?nfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} ljZjAofkL ?kdf /x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf];d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;g\ !(() df cGt{/fli6«o :t/df gLltx?sf] ljsf; ug]{kxnsf] z'? eof] . oxL kxnsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !((@ / o; ;Fu ;Da4 cle;lGw -k|f]6f]sn_ Pj+ ljleGg ;Demf}tfx¿x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Fu ;DjlGw gLlt tyf k|lqmof;f/f+zdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o gLltx¿sf] ljsf;qmd

36gfqmd dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf / pknlAwx¿ cfwf/e"t ;jfnx¿

;g\ !((@ dfa|flhnsf] l/of] bh]g]l/of]df ;DkGgk[YjL lzv/;Dd]ngdf hnjfo'kl/jt{g;DaGwL;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo;+/rgf dxf;lGw-UNFCCC) dfx:tfIf/nfu" ePsf] ldlt M!(($;b:o /fi6« M !(@

dxf;lGwsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;nfO{

k|lta4tf cg';f/sf] dfqfdf lglZrt;do leq l:y/ /fVg] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf b]zx¿sf]Ifdtf cg';f/ ;femf t/ k[yslhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ .

c;dfg'kflts jf c;fdfGo af]emjxgsf nflu ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿nfO{ljsl;t b]zx¿af6 ;xof]u ug]{ .

cg';"rL–! / @ /fi6«x¿n] xl/tu[xUof; pT;h{g 36fpg] k|lta4tf ug]{ .

of] dxf;lGw Pp6f k|f¿kdxf;lGw dfq ePsfn]o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nfluljleGg k|f]6f]sn -cle;lGw_ th'{df ug'{kg]{,;Demf}tfx¿ ug'{kg]{ / kIf/fi6«x¿sf] ;Dd]ngaf6lg0f{ox¿ ub}{ hfg'kg]{x'G5 . oBlk, dxf;lGwsfof{Gjogsf nflucfjZos kg]{ ;Demf}tfx¿ug]{ s'/fdf ljleGgljjfbx¿ x'Fb} cfPsf5g\ . - ljjfbsf d'Voljifox¿nfO{ csf]{ a'FbfdfpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 ._

Sof]6f] cle;lGw(Kyoto Protocol)!((&nfu" ePsf] ldlt M;g\ @))%;dfKt M ;g\@)!@;b:o /fi6« M !*$

cg';"rL–!sf #& j6f ljsl;td'n'sx¿ / o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfon] ;g\!(() sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @))*–@)!@;Dddf cfˆgf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf]pT;h{gdf sDtLdf %Ü s6f}tLug'{kg]{ .

xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g s6f}tLsf #pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] M

s_ cfGtl/s pT;h{g Jofkf/ / sfa{gs/sf dfWodaf6 .

v_ ahf/d'vL cy{ Joj:yfdf hfFb} u/]sfd'n'sx¿df ;+o'Qm nufgLsfdfWodaf6 .

u_ :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq (CDM) sfdfWodaf6 Ifltk"lt{sf ¿kdfljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf lgDg cg';f/sfa{g Jofkf/ u/]/ M

of] cle;lGw d'Vo ¿kdfpT;h{g Go"gLs/0f;Fu;DalGwt 5 . oBlk o;dxf;lGwn] klgljZjJofkL ¿kdf pT;h{gs6f}tL ug]{ ;a}pkfox¿nfO{ ;d]6]g;s]sf] 5}g . vf; u/LSof]6f] ;+/rgfdfj[If/f]k0fafx]s cGojgx¿sf dfWodaf6 x'g;Sg] pT;h{g s6f}tLsfaf/]df s]xL Joj:yful/Psf] 5}g . To;}n]/]8sf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf]xf] . clxn] o;cle;lGwnfO{ ;g\ @)!@kl5 klg ;+zf]wg u/]/

pmhf{sf k/Dk/fut ;|f]tx¿sf]lj:yfkg u/L .j[If/f]k0f / jgsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/L .

oyfjt\ /fVg] jf gofFcle;lGw Nofpg] eGg]af/] ljjfbx¿ eO/x]sf5g\ .

cg's"ng sf]if:yfkgf M ;g\@))&;~rfns M ljZja}+ssf]ifsf] /sd kfpg]d'n's M clt sdljsl;t b]zx¿

cg's"ng sf]ifsf] d'Vo p2]Zo hnjfo'kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu cg'bfg /;xof]u k|bfg ug'{ .

g}/f]aL sfo{of]hgf -;g\ @))^_ M cltsd ljsl;t / ;fgf 6fk' /fi6«dfhf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ /cg's"ngsf nflu ;xof]u pknAwu/fpg] .

/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf (NAPA)

M ;a} ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿n]cg's"ngsf nflu k|fyldstf If]qlgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgfagfpg' kg]{ .

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cg's"ngof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogug]{ .

cg's"ng sf]ifsf];~rfns ljZj a}+s xf] .ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿dfcg's"ngsf nflu cfpg]/sd GlobalEnvironment Facility(GEF ), UNDP cflb x'Fb}cfpg] / o:tf] /sdlngsf nflu lgs} sl7gfOx'g] ePsfn] hnjfo'kl/jt{g;DaGwL jftf{sfqmddf ljsf;f]Gd'vd'n'sx¿n] o:tf] sf]ifkl/rfng ug]{ 5'§} lgsfo/ ;/n k|lqmof x'g'kg]{c8fg /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ .

afnL sfo{of]hgf-@))&–@))(_

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;Fo'Qm /fi6«;F3Lo ;+/rgf dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/Lsfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ykJoj:yfx¿ ug]{ jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8a9fpg agfOPsf] of]hgf g} afnLsfo{of]hgf xf] . o; of]hgf cg';f/jftf{sf d'Vo ljifox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sflyP cle;lGw sfof{Gjogsf nflu

bL3{sfnLg ;fem]bf/L sfo{ ;DaGwL;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ .

hnjfo' kl/j{tg Go"gLs/0fsf nflu:ki6 ¿kdf ;do / ;|f]t ls6fgug]{ .cg's"ngsf cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ls6fgug]{ .

k|ljlw ljsf; Pj+ x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL:ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df Ifdtfclej[l4sf /0fgLltx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

cfly{s kIf -Ifltk"lt{, cg'bfg,;xof]u, ahf/÷Jofkf/_ sf af/]dfgofF ;Demf}tfx¿ tof/ ug]{ .

afnL sfo{of]hgf cg';f/oL ;a} ljifodf ;g\@))( sf] cGTodfsf]k]gx]ugdf cfof]hgfx'g] kIf/fi6«x¿sf] !% cf}F;Dd]ngdf sfg'gL ¿kdfafWofTds ;Demf}tfx'g'kg]{ lyof] . oBlk oLljleGg ljifodf wgLd'n's / ljsf;f]Gd'vd'n'ssf aLrdf ;xdltx'g ;s]g . To;}n] oLljifox¿df xfn klgjftf{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ .

sf]k]gx]ug;dembf/L @))(k|:tfjs /x:tfIf/stf{d'n'sx¿ M wgLd'n'sx¿ /ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'scGtu{tsf a|flhn,rLg, ef/t /blIf0f clk|msfnfu" x'g] ldlt MclglZrt

sf]k]gx]ugdf cfof]hgf ePsf]dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] !% cf}F;Dd]ngdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;a}jftf{x¿ ;DkGg u/L Pp6f sfg'gL¿kdf afWofTds k|s[ltsf] ;Demf}tf x'g]ck]Iff ul/Psf] eP klg To:tf];Demf}tfsf] ;§fdf wgL d'n'sx¿aLrPp6f ;fdfGo ;dembf/L eof] . o;;dembf/Ldf ePsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ljifox¿ lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ wgL d'n'sx¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{g

;DaGwL ljifodf ;xof]u ug{sf nflus]xL xb ;Dd ;xdt -;g\ @)@);Dd k|ltjif{ !)) ca{ lalnog 8n/;xof]u ug{ tof/_

ljZjJofkL tfdqmdnfO{ 36fpg;xdt

sf]k]gx]ug ;dembf/LPp6f ljjfbf:kbb:tfj]hsf ¿kdf cfPsf]5, h;df ;xdlt hgfpga|flhn, rLg, ef/t /blIf0f clk|msfafx]s c¿ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿tof/ 5}gg\ . To;}n] of];dembf/Lsf] ;§fdf gofF/ Gofof]lrt Pj+ sfg'gL¿kdf afWofTdslsl;dsf] ;Demf}tf x'g'kg]{c8fgx¿ sfod} /x]sf5g\ .

Sofgs'g ;Dd]ng@)!)

ljut ;Dd]ngx?s} lg/Gt/tfsf ?kdfd]lS;sf]sf] Sofgs'gdf kIf /fi6«x?sf];f]¥xf}+ ;Dd]ng l8;]Da/ @)!) df;DkGg eof] . ljuts} k|ltj4tfnfO{sfod /fVb} kIf /fi6«x?ljr ;femf t/km/s km/s pQ/bfloTjsf] cfwf/df cfcfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug]{ / j9\bf]tfkqmdnfO{ 36fpg] tyf xl/t u[x UofF;pT;h{gdf sdL Nofpg ljz]if k|of;ug]{, Low Carbon Growth anddevelopment nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf;fy cl3 j9fpg] h:tf ljljw lg0f{ox?ePsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} xl/t hnjfo'sf]if -Green Climate Fund) :yfkgf ug]{;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] 5

r_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf g]kfnsf] kxn (Nepal Responces to Climate Change)

hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)!!

g]kfn ;/sf/n] hgj/L !&, @)!! df hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLltnfO{ l:js[t u/]sf] 5. o; gLltsf] d'Vo nIo eg]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efj Go"gLs/0f ub}{,hnjfo' cg's"lnt x'Fb}, Go"g sfj{g–pGd'v ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf; kynfO{cjnDag ub}{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqdf ePsf]k|ltj4tf cg'?k ;xof]u tyf ;xsfo{sf] k|j4{g u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg'o; gLltsf] k|d'v nIo /x]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g kl/ifb u7g

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdlGqsf] cWoIftfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLltsf]pRr :t/df ;dGjo / lgb]{zg ug{sf] nflu * hgf lj1 ;lxtsf] @% ;bl:ohnjfo' kl/jt{g kl/ifbsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g kl/ifbsf] u7g h'nfO{@))( df ePsf] lyof] .

jx'kIfLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] hnfjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g(Multi-stakeholders Climate Change initiatives Coordination Committee

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{x?nfO{ ;+of]hg ug{ Pj+ ;xof]ufTds sfo{x?sf];~rfngfy{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfox?, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o:t/sf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, k|fl1s ;+:yf, gLlh tyf bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;d]tk|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ax'kIfLo ;/f]sf/fjfnfx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] sfof{Gjog :t/sf];dGjo / k|f]T;fxg ug'{sf] ;fy} ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 . o; ;ldltn] hnjfo'kl/jt{g sfo{x?nfO{ ;Fof]hg Pj+ ;xof]ufTds ?kdf ;Frfng ug{ clek|]l/t ub{5 .o;n] ax';/f]sf/jfn / gfkfsf] ;xeflutfTds k|lqmofnfO{ ;F:yfut ug{ ;3fpk'/ofPsf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfx? ljr;Frf/ :yfkgf ug{, Maintain ug{ / ;'wf/ ug{df d2t ug'{sf] ;fy} bf]xf]/f]kgfx6fpgdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'/ofPsf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Aoj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf] :yfkgf

jftfj/0f dGqfnodf # j6f zfvf ;lxt hnjfo' kl/jt{g Aoj:yfkg dxfzfvfx?:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 h;dfM hnjfo' kl/jt{g, hnjfo' kl/jt{g kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno/ :jR5 ljsf; ;FoGq zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . oL zfvfx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Fu;DjlGwt lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ b'|t ult k|bfg ug{ :yfkgf ePsf x'g .

klxnf] /fli6«o ;Frf/ k|ltj]bg @))$ (INC) sf] tof/L

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))$ df klxnf] /fli6«o ;Frf/ k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L o'PgPkm;L;L;L df k]z u/]sf] lyof] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ g]kfnn] cGt{/fli6«o:t/df gg Pg]S; slG6«Ln] of]ubfg lbg'kg]{ dfGotf cg';f/ klxnf] /fli6«o ;Frf/k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o kl/l:yltsf] emns b]vfpg'sf];fy} g]kfnn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|To'Q/ lbg] IfdtfnfO{ klg b]vfPsf] 5 . o;k|ltj]bgn] xl/tu[x UofF;sf] OGe]lG6 / Go'lgs/0fsf pkfox?nfO{ ;d]t pNn]vu/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] ljsf;nfO{ hf]lvd / cg's'ng sf ;jfn, gLltx? /o;sf pkfox? / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ g]kfnsf] sxfF sxfF sldsdhf]l/ x? /x]sf 5g\ ;f] jf/] cf}+NofPsf] 5 .

bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Frf/ / k|ljlw cfjZostf d'NofFsg kl/of]hgf(Second National Communication (SNC) and Technology Need Assessment(TNA) projects)

o'PgPkm;L;L;L df ePsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ g]kfnn] bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Frf/ / k|ljlwcfjZostf d'NofFsgsf] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo hnjfo'

kl/jt{g ;Fu ;DjlGwt ;jfnx?nfO{ b]zsf] If]qut / /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfk|lqmofsf] d'nwf/df Nofpgsf] nflu g]kfnsf] k|fljlws / ;F:yfut Ifdtfdf;jlns/0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn o'PgPkm;L;L;Lsf] kIf /fi6« ePsf]n] bf]>f] /fli6«o;Frf/ k|ltj]bg o'PgPkm;L;L;L df j'emfpg' kg]{ jfWotf /x]sf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgfn]b]zsf] bf]>f] ;Frf/ k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L o'PgPkm;L;L;L sf kIf /fi6«x?;F3;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{df of]ubfg k'/ofpg] 5 .

/fli6«o Go'g sfj{g ljsf; /0fgLltsf] tof/L (Preparation of National LowCarbon Development Strategy)

hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt cg';f/ /fli6«o Go'g sfj{g ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/Lsf]k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ hnjfo' k'g{:yfkgf Ifdtf, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhsljsf; ;xof]u ub{5 . o; /0fgLltn] ljz]if u/L lbuf] ljsf; / ljleGg cfjZos/0fgLltx? to ug{ / sfo{fGjog, lgb]{zg / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] nfluGo"g sfj{g–pGd'v ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf; kynfO{ cjnDag ub{5 . o;n]j}1flgs jg Aoj:yfkg, e" – pkof]u of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog / jgljgf;nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L sfj{g zf]if0fsf] If]qdf ;d]t a[l4 ug]{ nIo /fVb5 .

/fli6«o sfj{g Aokf/ /0fgLlt, hnjfo' kl/jt{g s]Gb| -National Carbon TradeStrategy, Climate Change Center)

jftfj/0f dGqfno cGt{ut Pp6f :jfoQ ;F:yfsf] ?kdf /fli6«o sfj{g Aokf//0fgLlt / hnjfo' kl/jt{g s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf x'g uO{ /x]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmdsf] tof/L -Preparation of National AdaptationProgram of Action (NAPA)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts'n c;/;Fu cg's'lnt x'gsf] nflu clt sd ljsl;t/fi6«x?x? (LDCs) x?n] clt cfjZos / t'?Gt} ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?sf] k|yfldstflgwf{/0f u/L /fli6«o cg's'ng of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnn] klg ljleGg;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;Fu 5nkmn u/L gfkf tof/ u/sf] 5 h'g @)!) df dlGqkl/ifbjf6 l:js[t eO{ ;f]lx jif{ g} o'PgPkm;L;L;L df k]z u/L ;s]sf] 5 . gfkftof/Lsf] nflu Pn=l8=;L sf]if / o'g Pg l8 kL= af6 hDdf !=@% dLnLog cd]l/sL8n/sf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

gfkfn] ^ j6f ljifout If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5o s[lif / vfB ;'/Iffo hn>f]t / phf{o jg / h}ljs ljljwtfo hg:jf:Yoo zx/L j;f]jf; / k'jf{wf/o hnjfo' >[lht k|sf]k

To:t} u/L gfkfn] /fli6«o cg's'ngsf] ;d'xLs[t lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ( j6fpkv08df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\

s[lif, hn, jg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Plss[t Aoj:yfkg4f/f ;d'bfodfcfwfl/t cg's'ng lqmofsnfnfO{ k|j{wg ug]{

s[lif ljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt ;]jf kxF'r / k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L hf]lvddf k/]sf;d'bfox?sf] cg's'ng Ifdtf lgdf{0f / clej[l4 ug]{

hnjfo' cg's'ng ;xhLs/0fsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg

lxdtfn km'l6 afl9 cfpg] (GLOF) sfo{sf] cg'udg / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f

hnjfo' pTk|]l/t cg's'ng cfljZsf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg jg /kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL Aoj:yfkg

hg:jf:Yodf hnjfo' cg's'ng r'gf}ltx?

hnjfo' cg's'ngsf nflu kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL Aoj:yfkg

hn>f]tsf] lbuf] Aoj:yfkg / :jR5 phf{sf] cfk'lt{4f/f hf]lvddf /x]sf;d'bfox?sf] ;zlQms/0f

hnjfo'd}qL (Smart) zx/L j;f]jf;nfO{ k|j4{g

:yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf -Local Adaptation Plans for Action)

/fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd tof/ u/] kl5 ;/sf/n] hnjfo' cg's'ngnfO{ /fl6«oljsf; of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug{ klxrfg u¥of] / hnjfo' cg's'ngnfO{pWj{ufdL ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug{ :yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfsf]cfjZostfnfO{ dxz'z u¥of] . :yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf :yfgLo :t/df;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cg's'ng of]hgf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . ;g\ @)!) dfnfkfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ jftfj/0f dGqfno / l8PkmcfO{l8 ;dembf/L kqdf x:tfIf/ePsf] lyof] . nfkf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] nflu o;sf] gd'gf -Piloting_ k|lqmof;DkGg eO{;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgf tof/L ug]{qmddf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;F:Yffx?sf] k/fdz{ lnO{Psf] lyof] .

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ (Nepal'sefforts for reducing the impacts due to climate change)

xfn;fn} g]kfnn] gljs/0fLo phf{ nufot cGo y'k|} hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go'gLs/0f /cg's'ngsf sfo{qmdx? ;Frfng u/]sf] 5 . pBf]u snsf/vfgfx¿df pmhf{ ;l~rtug]{ pks/0fx¿ -h:t}— df]6/, kDkaf]On/ / tfkLo oGqx¿_ h8fg ug{] sfo{ a9\bf]5 . pTkfbg / k|zf]wgdf klg pmhf{ vkt 36fpg] pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Fb}5 .OF6fe§fsf] w"jfF w"nf] lgoGq0f, kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng u/L hldgdf uf8g] k|lqmofcjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . sf7df08f}+, kf]v/f / n'lDjgL If]qdf l8h]njf6 rNg] tLgkfª\u|]6]Dkf]nfO{ k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;jf/L dfkb08 @)%& n] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf ;jf/L ;fwgx?nfO{dfq cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{ gLlt g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] 5 sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 .;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] dfunfO{ k/f ug{ ljB'tLo tLgkfª\u|] 6]Dkf] / PnkL Uof:fn]rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{Psf] 5 . g]kfndf h}ljs OGwgsf] ljsf;

pT;fxk|b b]lvPsf] 5 . ;d'bfo :t/df jfo]flj|s]6, ;'wf/LPsf] r'nf]] / uf]j/UofF;sf]lgdf{0f / k|of]u u/]sf] w]/} pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . jgnfO{ ;fd'bflos, sa'lnotL, ;fem]bf/L,;/sf/L, wfld{s cflbdf juL{s/0f u/L Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . PsLs[t afnLJoj:yfkg, s[lifjg h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . jiff{sf] kfgL hDdfug{ kf]v/L, 6Øf+sL cflb lgdf{0f u/L k|of]udf NofOPsf 5g\ . kfgL sd vkt u/Ll;FrfO ug]{ k|ljlw -h:t}— yf]kf l;FrfO cflb_ k|of]udf Nofpg ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . tLj|ultdf lxpF kUn]/ lxdtfnx¿sf] kfgL w]/} eO{ lxdtfn km'6\g] vt/f Go"gLs/0ftkm{klg s]xL k|of; ePsf 5g\ . o;dWo] R5f]/f]Nkf lxdtfnsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ k|d'v ¿kdflng ;lsG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;jfnx? jf/] ljleGg :t/x?df hgr]tgfdf a[l4 ePsf] 5. ljBfno / ljZjljBfno :t/sf kf7Øqmdx¿df hnjfo' kl/j{g ;DjlGw ljifox?;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ eg] hgr]tgf ;DjlGw uf]li7, j}7s / cGt{lqmof sfo{qmdx?sf]dfWodaf6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL hfgsf/L, ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{x¿df j[l4ePsf] 5 . ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] ;j{;fwf/ofdf o; ;DjlGw hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{dxTjk"0f{ e"lds lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj sd ug{ ljleGglgsfox?4f/ ul/Psf kxnx?nfO{ sfg'gL / k|zfzlgs ;F/rgf k|bfg ug{ g]kfnn]/fli6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt (National Climate Change Policy) @)^& tof/ kf/]sf]5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngsf nflu eljiodf ug{ ;lsg] s]xLsfo{x?

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;d:of;Fu h'Wg g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf pknAw cj;/x¿pkof]u ug]{, :yfgLo ¿kdf klg sfa{g pT;h{g 36fpg] / o;af6 x'g] hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f ;DjlGw sfo{ ug{ cTofjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyflghL If]q ;d]tsf] a[xQ/ ;fem]bf/L dfkm{t hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;a} hl6ntfx¿ k|:6x'g] u/L cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug'{sf ;fy} hg;d'bfo :t/df ;d]t ax; rnfP/o;sf c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf pknAw cj;/x¿ u'Dg glbg] /0fgLlt cjnDagug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5

s_ jg Joj:yfkg tyf sfa{g Jofkf/ M

hldgdf x'g] sfa{gsf] sl/a ^)Ü efu ¿vla?jfdf x'g], tfkqmd lgoGq0f ug]{ePsfn] a[Iff/f]k0f / k|efjsf/L jg Aoj:yfkg sfa{g ;l~rtLs/0fsf nfluk|efjsf/L x'g;Sb5 . ;xeflutfd'ns jg Aoj:yfkg jg ljgfzsf] xfnsf] ult sdug{ pkof]lu x'g ;Sb5 h;af6 jg If]qaf6 x'g] sfa{g pT;h{g w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{;lsG5 . jgdf ;l~rt sfa{gsf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ ePsf] tyf g]kfn cGt{/fli6«o:t/df jg If]qjf6 sfa{g Jofkf/sf nflu of]Uo ;d]t e};s]sf]n o;sf] nflu l5§}}kxn ug'{ h?/L 5 .

v_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ljsf; tyf k|jw{g

hnljB't\ tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ -ljz]if u/L uf]a/Uof; / pGgt r'nf]sf] Jofkslj:tf/_ sf] k|jw{g u/L vlgh t]nsf] pkof]u 36fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu

:yfgLo / k/Dk/fut k|ljlwx¿ klxrfg u/L pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] k|jw{g u/L ldtAolols;Ldn] pmhf{sf] k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

u_ cg's"ng x'g ;Sg] Ifdtfdf clej[l4

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd tyf clglZrttf sd ug{ To;sf af/]df k"j{ hfgsf/Lcfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf,cfsl:ds p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf, k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf;ug{'sf ;fy} jg Joj:yfkgdf pko'Qm k|ljlwx¿ / v]tL, pmhf{ pTkfbg ;d]tcjnDag ug'{k5{ . hgr]tgf lj:tf/ tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0faf6 klg cg's"ng x'g;Sg] Ifdtf a9\g] ePsfn] o; ts{ klg 7f]; sfo{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

3_ ;+j}wflgs, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfM

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{df}lns xssf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL pko'Qm gLlt, sfg'g tyf lgodx¿ / ltgnfO{Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf;d]t ljsl;t ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu xfnagfOFb} ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgdf o;;DaGwL Joj:yfsf nflu cfjZos u[xsfo{ ug'{cfjZos 5 . ljleGg ;d'bfo tyf ;+:yfx¿n] ;'? u/]sf l;h{gzLn sfdx¿sf]klxrfg u/L ltgsf] plrt k|jw{g / lj:tf/ u/L d"nwf/df Nofpg] gLlt tyf;+:yfut Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . o;/L ljsl;t ul/Psf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/dful/g] sfa{g Jofkf/df lgodg, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;anLs/0ful/g'k5{ .

ª_ cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg M

hnjfo' kl/j{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngsf] nflu cfjZos /0fgLlt to ug{j}1flgs, gLltlgdf{tf, k]zfut ;F3;:yf PjF AolQmx?n] lj:t[t ?kdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gaf6 ;fdflhsf tyf tyf k|fs[lts k|0ffnLdf kg]{ c;/sf jf/]df cWoogcg';Gwfg ug'{ kb{5 / cWoog u/L;s] kl5 ;f] sf] cfwf/df pBf]ux¿af6 pT;{hgx'g] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfkb08 to ug]{ h/?/L 5 .

r_ cGt/f{li6«o k|lqmofx¿df g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{

cGt{/fli6«o k|lqmof h:t} Sof]6f] k|f]6f]snn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ljleGg k|lqmof/ ahf/sf] cj;/x? l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] klg tL k|lqmofdf ;xefuL eO{cfkm\gf] :yfg ;'/lIft ug{' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn k|lt cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo tyf ljZjahf/sf] bfloTj jf]w u/fO{ ul/a s]lGb|t / lbuf] ljsf;sf y'k|} sfo{qmdx? ug{;lsG5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf] sfa{g Jofkf/ k|lqmofsf nflu ;xh x'g] cGt/f{li6«oJoj:yf jf Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿ agfpgsf nflu If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df;lqmotf b]vfpg' ;d]t cfjZos 5 .

5_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg]{

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu klg ljleGg :t/df /x]sf;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] k|of; ug'{k5{ . ljleGg /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghLIf]q ;F:yfx? ljr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf nflu ;j} lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf:ki6 kfg{' sf ;fy} plgx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 .

Hf_ If]qut d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{

/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngsf sfo{x¿;xhLs/0fug{sf nflu If]qut of]hgfx¿ -h:t}— jg, hn;|f]t, oftfoft, s[lif,pBf]u ;DaGwL of]hgf jf u'? of]hgf_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . ljleGg :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? ljr To:tf If]qut sfo{qmdx?;Frfng ug{ ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ klg plQs} h?/L 5 .

cg's"ngsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Adaptiaion)

cfO{kL;L;L -@))!_ sf cg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f k|fs[lts jf dfgjLok|0ffnLdf l;lh{t jf:tljs jf ;Defljt hf]lvdx?;Fu cg's'ng x'g] u/L kl/jt{g x'gtyf hLjgz}ln / hLljsf]kfh{g nufPtsf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efj;Fu tfnd]n vfg]u/L?kfGt/0f ug'{ jf 9fNg'nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng elgG5 . cfkm\gf]] :jfefjdfkl/jt{g u/]/, z/L/sf] 9f‘rfdf kl/jg{g u/]/ / gofF pkfo k|ljlwx? pkof]u u/]/kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf ;dfof]hg x'g] ub{5g\ . o;/L ;dfof]hg x'Fbf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]ub{5

;do cg';f/ If]qcg';f/ -5f]6f] cjlw k|lt nfdf] cjlw, :yfgLo k|lt vs If]qLo :t/_ /0fgLlt cg';f/ - of]hgf j4 k|lt :jkm"{{ , lgl:qmo k|lt ;lqmo_ stf{ cg';f/ -;fj{hlgs k|lt AolQmut, k|fs[lts k|lt ;fdflhs k|0ffnL_

cg's'ng / ljsf;df km/s

ljsf; eg]sf] jt{dfg / eljiosf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] k|lqmof a'lwmG5 eg]cg's'ng eg]sf] M ljut, jt{dfg / eljiosf] ;d:of xf] -b'j} nfdf] / 5f]6f]cjlwsf] clt cfjZos_ . b]xfodf pNn]lvt rf/ j6f lqmofsnfkx?n] ljsf; /hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngnfO{ km/s b]vfpFb5 -WRI 2007_ . tL lqmofsnfkx? h;n] dfgljo ljsf;nfO{ j9fpFb5 / ;+s6f;Ggtfsf sf/sx? (Drivers) nfO{

;Djf]wg ub{5 h:t} n}+lus z'?cft, hLljsf]kfh{gdf j[l4 ug]{ kxnx? cflb . To:tf lqmofsnfnx? h;n] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub{5, / k|ToIf If]qx?nfO{ k|efj

kfb{5 h:t} k|fs[lts >f]t Aoj:yfkg, df};d cg'udg . h;n] /0fg}lts ?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;'rgfx? k|of]u u/L hnjfo'sf

hf]lvdx?nfO{ Aoj:yfkg ub{5 h:t} k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg of]hgf, ;'Vvfk|lt/f]wfTds jflngfln

k|efjx?nfO{ 7f];?kdf ;Djf]wg u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fdgf ub{5 h:t};d'bfofnfO{ ;d'lGb| ;txj9bf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{ .

cg's'ngsf k|sf/x?

!= k"j{ cg's'ng (Anticipatroy Adaptation)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj b]lvg' eGbf cufl8 g} ;Defljt hf]lvdjf6 jRg] jf ToxLcg'?k g} hLjg ofkgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] jf 9fNg'nfO{ k"j{ cg's'ng elgG5 . o;nfO{;lqmo (Pro-active) cg's'ng klg elgG5 .

@= :jfoTj cg's"ng (Autonomous adaptation)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 cfO{kg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofk|ltsf] :jt ?kdf x'g] ;r]ttfk"0f{k|ltlqmofnfO{ :jfoQ cg's"ng elgG5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] cg's"ngdf s'g} hnfjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ j}wflgs ?k glbO{ g} ;Djf]wg ug]{ ul/G5 . of] k|fs[ltsk|0ffnLdf kof{j/0fLo kl/jt{g x'g' xf] eg] dfgjsf] hLjgofkgdf Aofkfl/s tyf dfgjsNof0fsf ?kdf x'g] lqmofsnfk xf] . ;d'bfon] ghflgbf] ?kdf ul//x]sf] k|ltlqmof /o;df dflg;n] c;/ 6fg{ eGbfklg ;xh hLjgofkgsf nflu ug]{ lqmofsnfkx?kb{5g\ .

#= of]hgfj4 cg's'ng -Planned adaptation_

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cfO{kg{ ;Sg] tyf cfO{k/]sf ;d:of k|lt rgfvf] eO{To;nfO{ gLltut, k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ?kjf6 / hg r]tgf dfkm{t ckgfO{g]cg's"ngnfO{ of]hgfa4 cg's"ng elgG5 . o;n] cfO{kg{ ;Sg] tyf cfO{ k/]sf;d:ofx?;Fu h'w]/ jftfj/0fLo cg's"ng sfod ug{ / ;f]r cg'?ksf] l:yltdfk'¥ofpgdf ;xof]u ub{5 .

:yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgf / o;sf] tof/Lsf r/0fx? Me"ldsf M

g]kfn ;/sf/n] hnjfo' cg's'ng of]hgf / sfof{Gjogsf] z'?cft u/]sf] 5 . ;]K6]Dj/@)!) df /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f cg'df]bg ePsf] lyof] . gfkfdf;/sf/sf] rfxfgf k|fKt jh]6sf] *)% jh]6 l;w} :yfgLo :t/df cg's'ngsf sfo{x?;Frfng ug{ ljgLof]hg ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . gfkf / hnjfo' kl/jt{glglt @)!! sf] p2]Zo /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo ;d'bfo vf; u/L u/Lj /;ªs6f;GgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd cfof]hgfsf] z'ef/De sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx?n] /fli6«ocg's"ng sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf tof/ug{ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf klxrfg u/]sf lyP . Climate Adaptation Design and Piloting-Nepal Project (CADP-N) 4f/f ;g\ @)!) df g]kfnsf] ( j6f lhNnfx? -c5fd,Onfd, pbok'/, wflbª, sf:sL, slknj:t', Ko"7fg, ?s'd, / sfnLsf]6_ u/L (lhNnfx?df nfkf ;F/rgf k/LIf0f u/L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . :yfgLo b]lv /fli6«oof]hgfdf nfkfnfO{ s;/L ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 egL x]g{sf] nflu s[lif, jg,hg:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, hnfwf/ / n3' ljQ d'Vo k|j]z laGb'x¿sf] ?kdfk|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx?

hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf kIfnfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfk|ls|ofdf ;dfof]hg ug{ uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfnfO{ Ps pko'Qm OsfO dflgPsf] 5 .k|zf;lgs tyf ef}uf]lns OsfOsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfn] :yfg jf;d'bfoljz]if cg's"ngsf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . of]txdf x'g] ;dfof]hgn] cwf]ufdL (Top-down) / pmWj{ufdL b'j} th'{df k|ls|of k|of]uu/L pko'Qm cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ug{ d2t ub{5 . :yfgLo sfo{of]hgf agfO{ljifout, ufpF tyf gu/ ljsf; of]hgf k|ls|ofdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;dGjo, cg'udgtyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . ljlgof]lht jh]6 Pslqt ug{ / hnjfo'

cg's"ng sfo{ ;~rfng ug{nfO{ uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf ;Ifd 5 jf ;Ifd jgfpFg'kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ffdf of] ;+/rgf th'{df ePsf] 5 .

cg's"ng lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ug{ o; ;+/rgfn] k|zf;lgs,ljQLo tyf ;+:yfut r':ttf ;'lglZrt ug]{ x'Fbf o;nfO{ nlrnf] elgPsf] 5 . o;nfkf ;+/rgfn] :yfgLo / /fli6«o:t/df b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 M

clt hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Gg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uf=lj=;=_÷gu/kflnsf -g=kf=_j8f tyf ;d'bfo / ltgsf cg's"ng r'gf}tL tyf cj;/ nufot sfo{ klxrfgug{,

:yfgLo ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf cfjZostfaf/] cfkmF}n] lg0f{o ug{ ;xh tl/sf k|of]uug{ ;Sg] u/L cg's"ng sfo{x?sf] klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f ug{,

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g adf]lhd;f] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o:t/sf of]hgfdf ;d]t ;dfof]hg ug{,

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu pko'Qm ;]jf k|bfos lgsfotyf cfjZos ;|f]t klxrfg Pjd\ kl/rfng ug{,

;]jf k|bfosn] ;dod} k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L cg's"ng sfo{s|da4 ¿kdf ckgfpg÷sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg,

sfo{of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ub}{ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyfd"Nofª\sg ug{,

:yfgLo tyf /fli6«o of]hgfnfO{ nfutsf] cfwf/df cg's"ngsf k|efjsf/LljsNk klxrfg ug{ .

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgfnfO{ zf/fFzdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .nfkf DofGo'Pn n] k|To]s r/0f / cf}hf/x?nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq ! M :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfdf hnjfo' cgs"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf]kIf ;dfof]hg

:yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgf (THE LAPA FRAMEWORK)

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sf] p2]Zo hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf] kIfnfO{:yfgLo b]lv /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo cg's'ng

sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgfn] hnjfo' cg's'ng tyf ;dfg's'ngsf] kIfnfO{ :yfgLob]lv /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hg ugg{ ;ft j6f r/0fx? klxrfg u/]sf] 5h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\ .!= hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 (Climate change sensitization)@= hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ng d"Nofª\sg (Climate vulnerability andadaptation assessment)#= cg's"ngsf cj;/sf] vf]hL tyf k|fyldsLs/0f (Prioritization of adaptation options)$= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf th'{df (LAPA Formulation)%= of]hgf k|ls|ofdf :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf ;dfof]hg (LAPA Integration intoplanning processes)^= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog (LAPA Implemention)&= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] k|ult d"Nofª\sg (LAPA progress assessment)pko'{Qm r/0fx?nfO{ lgDg rqmdf -lrq @_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq @ M :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgfsf] rqm -LAPA Cycle)

>f]tM :yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf /fli6«o ;F/rgf @)^*

;+s6f;Ggtf d'NofFsgsf] ljlw / tl/sfx?(Tools and techniques of Vulnerability assessment)

;+s6f;Ggtfsf] kl/efiffMhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf hf]lvd, vt/f, k|lts'n k|efj cflb;Fu h'em\g;Sg] x}l;otdf cToGt sdL cfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Fs6f;Ggtf eGg] ul/G5 .clt;+j]bglzntf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] rfk, ;Fj]bglzntf / cg's'lnt Ifdtfsf] ;du|sfo{ xf] . ;+s6f;Ggtfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Dd'vtf (Exposure) sf]] kl/df0f jf;F]bglzntfnfO{ j9fpFb5 / cg's'lnt IfdtfnfO{ 36fpFb5 . ;+s6f;Ggtf ljz]iftf,kl/df0f / hnjfo' km]/jbnsf] sfo{ xf] h;df k|0ffnLsf] k|b{zg o;sf] ;Fj]bglzntf /o;sf] cg's'lnt Ifdtfdf /x]sf] x'G5 -FAR, IPCC_;Fs6f;Ggtf (V) = ;Dd'vtf (Exposure) x ;+j]bglzntf (Sensitivty) x !/cg's'ngIfdtf (Adaptive capacity)E = hnjfo' kl/jt{g, hnjfo' ljljwtf, / hnjfo' kl/jt{g l;lh{t k|sf]kS = h}ljs tyf ef}lts / ;fdflhs cfly{s If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/A= 1fg, l;k / ;'rgf, k|fs[lts / ef}lts ;DklQ, ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / ;F:yfut;DklQ -;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;DklQx?_

;+s6f;Ggtfsf sfo{x? -Vulnerability Functions)

;Dd'vtf (Exposure)

;Dd'vtf (Exposure) n] hnjfo' k|0ffnLdf c;/ kfg]{ dxTjk'0f{ 36gfx? (Events) sf]k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ;Dd'vtf n]vfhf]vf ubf{ ljut #) aif{ otf ;d'bfon] :yfgLoIf]qdf tfkqmd, jiff{, df};d / c? hnjfo'sf cj:yfx? s;/L kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'eju/]sf 5g\ / kl/jt{gsf] dfqf, tLa|tf, qmd, afx'Notf / la:tf/df s] s:tf cg'eju/]sf 5g\ eGg] ljZn]if0f ul/G5

;+j]bglzntf (Sensitivity)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] s'g} k|0ffnLnfO{ ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds ?kdf kfg]{k|efjsf] kl/df0fnfO{ ;Fj]bglzntf elgG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]] ;sf/fTds jfgsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 .

kfl/l:yltsLo k|f0ffnLdf, ;Fj]bglzntf eGgfn] kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf x'g] ef}lts;xglzntf g} ;Fj]bglzntf xf] . ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf] ;+j]bglzntf cfly{s,/fhg}lts, ;fF:s[lts / ;fFu7flgs tTjx?df e/ kb{5 . oL tTjx?x?nfO{ hnjfo';Dd'vtfn] ljufg{ jf ;'wfg{ ;Sb5 -cfO{o'l;Pg_ .

cg's"ng Ifdtf (Adaptive Capacity)

cg's"ng Ifdtf (Adaptive Capacity) n]vfhf]vf

hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf cGo jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx?;Fu cg's"ng x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{cg's"ng Ifdtf elgG5 . cg's'ng Ifdtf ;d'bfosf] cfly{s >f]tx?, k|ljlwx?df

kxF'r, hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;'rgfx?df kx'Fr, ;'rgfx?sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf, ;F:yf / >f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 . cg's'ng Ifdtfljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5, hlt jl9 /fi6« jf ;d'bfo ljsl;t x'G5 cg's'ng Ifdtfklg plQg} jl9 x'G5 - OECD based on IPCC) .

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf h}ljs ljljwtfn] -cfg'jFlzs, k|hflt cflb_ cg's'ng Ifdtfdfk|efj kfb{5 eg] ;fdflhs k|0ffnLdf AolQmut jf ;d'bfosf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Fuh'4g ;Sg] Ifdtf – l;Sg] Ifdtf, hf]lvd Aoj:yfug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, gofF 1fgsf] ljsf;ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / k|efjsf/L pkfox?sf] vf]lh ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / ;F:yfx?sf]jgfj6df cg's'ng Ifdtf e/kb{5 -cfO{ o' ;L Pg_ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ (cc Impact )

k|fs[lts / dfgjLo k|0ffnLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/]sf] c;/x? (Conseqences)x? g} k|efj xf] . k|efjsf] ljz]iftf / kl/df0f ;Dd'vtf (Exposure) / k|0ffnLsf];Fj]bglzntfdf e/kb{5 . To;}n] eljiodf s] x'G5 eg]/ eljiodf kg]{ ;Defljtk|efjx? / clxn] ckgfPsf Go'lgs/0f / cg's'ngsf k|of;x?n] To:tf 36gfx?nfO{/f]Sg ;Sb5g\ eg]/ clxn] g} k|i6 eGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .

Biophysical impacts: afof]—lkmhLsn k|efj jfof]lkmhLsn k|0ffnL;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5/ o;sf] kl/0ffd k|ToIf ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf tTjx? ;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 h:t}jfl9sf] sf/0fn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/df Ifltk'Ug' jf cflw+sf] sf/0fn] ;d'Gb| 5]pdf df6]fsf]Iflos/0f x'g' (erosion of shoreline due to storm surge) cflb .

;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efj M jfo]lkmhLsn k|efjsf] sf/0fn] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{sljsf;df k|efj kfb{5 h:t} ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Ifltsf sf/0f ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] sld jf;d'Gb|sf] lsgf/df df6f]sf] Iflos/0f (shoreline erosion) sf] sf/0fn] ko{6saf6 k|fKtx'g] /fhZj cfDbfgLdf sld cfpg' clb .

>f]t M ljsf; of]hgfdf Plss[t hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng TOT

hf]lvd d'NofFsg cfkm}+df cj:yfsf] ljz]ifsf] sfo{ xf] / o;n] ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 s'g};d'bfo ljz]ifsf] cj:yf jf/] oyfy{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 . o; k|sf/ s'g} Pp6ftl/sfnfO{ ;jeGbf /fd|f] tl/sf xf] eg]/ bfjf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . ljleGglgsfox?, clen]v (Documents), / cEof;stf{x?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf d'VofFsgsfljlw / k|ljlwx? ckgfPsf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df tn pNn]lvt s]lx lgsfofx? /clen]vx?n] ljleGg ljlw / tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u jf/] ;'emfjx? lbPsf 5g\ .

• /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvd d'NofFsg• Pn=Pkm=kL= ;xeflutfd'ns hf]lvd d'NofFsg• :yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf

! = /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd -gfkf_ M hf]lvd d'NofFsgg]kfndf klxnf] k6s /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmdn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g hf]lvd gS;fFsgklxnf] k6s tof/ u/]sf] 5 . bf]>f] (secondary) ;'rgfx?sf] cfwf/df k|fKt ePsftYofFsx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g hf]lvdtf gS;fx? tof/ kf/]sf] xf] .g]kfndf gfkfsf] klxnf] p2]Zo hnjfo' ;DjlGw ;'rgf / lhNnf :t/df ePsf ljleGghf]lvdx?nfO{ klxrfg ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] ljz]if u/L M

• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo hf]lvdx? klxrfg u/L k|fKt ;'rgfsf] cjnf]sg /8]:s k'g/fjnf]sg d'NofFsg u/L gfkf k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{

• k|fKt ;'rgfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljleGg lhNnfx?sf] hf]lvdtfsf kl/df0fx?klxrfg ug'{

• ;Gb{e{ ;fdfu|Lsf] ;xhtfsf] nflu oL hf]lvdo'Qm lhNnfx?nfO{ gS;fdf b]vfpg'

of] cWoogdf ;Dd'vtf, ;Fj]bglzntf / cg's'ng Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddfk|ToIf / cg'dflgt ;'rsx? ljBdfg /x]sf] /fli6«o / lhNnf :t/df /x]sf ;]s]G8/LtYofFsx? lnO{Psf] lyof] .

o;sf cltl/Qm hf]lvd d'NofFsgsf] qmddf lhNnfsf cGo ljleGg ;"rgfx?sf] ljj/0fklg lnO{Psf] lyof] . k|fKt ;'rgfsf] cfwf/df lhNnfnfO{ jlu{s[t (Ranking) u/LljleGg hf]lvdtfsf gS;fx? tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

ljj/0f k|ToIf ;"rsx?/;""rfÍs cg'dflgt ;"rsx? /;Fj]bglztdfgj hg;FVof

If]qkmnkof{j/0f ;+/lIft If]qsf] se/]h

jg If]qsf] se/]hIf]qkmn

;Dd'vtf / vt/ftfkqmd / jiff{ cf}ift jflif{s tfkqmd

jflif{s jkf{sf] cj:yfe" :vng / jfl9 kxf8 /lxdfnL kofFj/0fLo If]qdf

pkl:ylt (occurrence)d[To'

3fO{t]

;DklQsf] Iflt

;sf/fTds jiff{sf cj:yf

jfl9 -t/fO{ kof{j/0fLoIf]qdf _

pkl:ylt (occurrence)d[To'

3fO{t]

;DklQsf] Iflt

;sf/fTds jiff{sf cj:yf

;'Vvf gsf/fTds jflif{s jiff{sf] cj:yf vfB pTkfbgcf}ift jflif{s tfkqmdsf] cj:yf vfBfGgsf] cfjZostf

vfBfGgsf] cefjn] vt/fdf /x]sf]hg;FVof

GOLF ;Defljt GLOF X?sf] :yfg ;Defljt GOLFF jf6sf] b'/Ljgsf] hUufdf hg;FVofsf] rfkdfgj ul/j ;"rfÍufl8sf] kx'Fr

cg's'ng;fdflhs– cfly{s dfga ljsf; ;'rfFÍ

dfgj ul/jL ;'rfFÍn}+lus ljsf; ;'rfFÍdfgj zzlQms/0f ;'rfFÍ

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ jf6f]sf] nDjfO{If]qkmn

6]lnkmf]gsf] ;FVofhg;FVof

k|ljlw l;FrfO{ If]q se/]h

If]qkmn

>f]t M hnjfo' kl/jt{g hf]lvd gS;fFsg , gfkf jftfj/0f dGqfno

tl/sf, k|lqmof, ;"rs / ljleGg gS;fx?sf] lj:t[tsf nfluhttp://www.napanepal.gov.np

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvd d'NofFsg (Community Based Vulnerability Assessment -CBVA):

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvd d'NofFsg ljlw /fd|f];Fu cEof; ul/Psf], kl/If0f ul/Psf]/ Aofks ?kn] l:jsfo{ ul/Psf] ljlw xf] . tnsf] 6]jnn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvdd'NofFsg tl/sfsf] zf/fFz k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . k|lS6sn PS;g / jftfj/0f dGqfnoADB TA 7173 sf] sG;f]l6«odn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvd d'NofFsgsf] lj:t[tk|lqmof / dfu{bz{gsf] tof/ u/]sf] 5 / ;xefuLx?nfO{ Tof] DofGo'Pn ;Gb{e ;fdfu|Lsf]

?kdf lng cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . o; tl/sfdf d'Vo lgDg r/0fx? l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5.

klxnf] r/0f M ;Dd'vtfsf] d'NofFsg -hnjfo' kl/jt{g_hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] r/x? -tfkqmd, aiff{, lxdkft, s'lx/f], t'iff/f] cflb -k|s[lt, kl/df0f /k|ljlQ_d'Vo k|Zgx? ;d'bfon] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ s;/L lnPsf 5g\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/df0f s] 5g kl/jt{g s;/L ePsf] 5

bf]>f] r/0f M hnjfo' kl/jt{g l;lh{t k|sf]kx?sf] klxrfg - ;Dd'vtfsf] efu_hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DjlGwt k|sf]kx?sf] k|s[lt, kl/df0f / k|j[lQ -l;tnx/, n' , afl9,;'Vvf, e"–:vng cflb _d'Vo k|Zgx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Fu ;DjlGwt d'Vo k|sf]kx? s] s] 5g\ ltgLx?sf] k|s[lt s:tf] 5 – jf/Djf/tf, kl/df0f, Ct'

t]>f] r/0f M ;Fj]bglzntfsf] d'NofFsg –hnfjo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g4f/fl;lh{t k|sf]k_hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DjlGwt k|sf]kx?sf] k|s[lt, kl/df0f / k|j[lQ -s[lif, jg, hn>f]t, ef}ltsk'jf{wf/, :jf:Yo / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? cflb_d'Vo k|Zgx? ljleGg If]qx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] s:tf] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 c;/sf] kl/df0f, jf/Djf/tf / seasonality s:tf] 5 c;/sf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5

rf}yf] r/0f M cg's'nLt Ifdtfsf] d'NofFsg -hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;DklQx?_1fg, l;k, ;"rgf, ef}lts / k|fs[lts ;DklQx?, cfly{s / ;F:yfut ;DklQx? cflb-hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;DklQx? – ;d'bfosf] dfgjLo, ;fdflhs / ;F:yfut, k|fs[lts, ef}lts,cfly{s ;DklQx?_d'Vo k|Zgx? ;d'bfossf] cfly{s ;DklQx? s] s] 5g / To;sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 hnjfo' kl/jt{g / To;sf] k|efjaf/] ;d'bfosf] k|ltlqmof s] s] 5g\ ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? s] s] 5g

kfFrf}+ r/0f M cg's'ngsf] nflu of]hgfx:tIf]k (Intervention) If]q, ;do, nlIft ;d'bfo cflbsf] k|sf/d'Vo k|Zgx? >f]tsf] ;F/If0f, Aoj:yfkg, ljljlws/0fsf] nflu s] s] gofF sfo{x? ug'{ k5{

k|fs[lts / ef}lts >f]tx?sf] k|efjsf/L Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu s] s:tf k|ljlwx? x'g ;Sb5g >f]t / cfjZostfsf] kof{Kttf s] 5 s'g s'g ;/f]sf/x?sf] e"ldsf s] s] x'g ;Sb5

>f]t : CBVA Manual, Practical action consortium

;d'bfo cg's'ng of]hgf -PnPkmkL/ l8PkmcfO{l8_ M ;xefuLtfd'ns hf]lvd d'NofFsghLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu jg sfo{qmdn] hf]lvd d'VofFsg Twin Trac approach ckgfO{ ug]{u/]sf] 5 . Pp6f pWj{ufdL ;s]G8/L ;'rgfx?sf] cfwf/df csf{] ;xefuLtfd'nsk|lqmofsf] dfWofd4f/f uf=lj=;= tyf ;d'bfox?sf] hf]lvd If]qx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ ub{5. hf]lvo'Qm uf=lj=; / ;fd'blos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x jf ;d'bfo klxrfg ug{j[xb?kdf ?kdf lgDg cfwf/x? k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

;d'bfo jf ;fd'bfos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xsf] z' zfzg ;]jfdf kx'Fr / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;d'bfodf /x]sf ul/j tyf ;Fs6f;Gg 3/w'/Lx?sf] k|ltzt lhlj;sf] ul/jL ;'rf+ssf] gS;f

o;} u/L ;d'bfosf] hf]lvdsf] d'NofFsg sfo{ -;Dd'vtf, ;Fj]bglzntf / cg's"nLtIfdtf_ nfO{ ljleGg ;xeflutfd'ns ljlw / k|lqmof ckgfO{ ul/G5 . h'g o; k|sf/sf5g

hnjfo' k|sf]ksf] ;do/]vf k|j[lt / ljZn]if0f hnjfo' k|sf]kx?sf] gS;fÍg hf]lvdtf dfkg tflnsf hnjfo' k|efjsf] k|efj d'NofFsg hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Fj]bglzn ;xefuLtfd'ns ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f -

ul/j / hnjfo' kl/jt{g hf]lvdf /x]sf 3/w'/Lx?sf] klxrfg_ ;F:yfx?sf] gS;fÍg ;fdYo{ / cg's"ngsf] ljZn]if0f

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx?sf] ;dLIff / cg's"ngsfpkfox? ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;xeflutfd'ns ljlw / ;fdfu|Lx? -d] @)!!_

:yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf M hf]vLd d'NofFsgsf] nflu u]6 j] k|0ffnL

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] hf]lvd d"NofFsgn] cg's"lnt Ifdtfsf] nflu k|i6?kdf >f]t / ;]jfx?sf] e"ldsf nfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . of] k2ltdf pWj{ufdfL /cwf]ufdL b'j} k|lqmofx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 h; cGt{ut cwf]ufdL k|lqmofn] j8f:t/dfpknAw >f]t / ;]jfsf] cj:yf Pjd\ u'0f:t/sf] d'NofFsg ub{5 eg] pWj{ufdL pQmk|0ffnL tyf ;|f]tn] k|bfg ug]{ ;dfg's"ng ;DaGwL ;]jfdf ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d'bfo tyfkl/jf/sf] kx'Fr n]vfhf]vf ug{ d2t ub{5 . h;df ;]s]G8/L tYofFsx?sf] k|of]u u/Luflj; / j8f :t/df /x]sf] ePsf] >f]t / ;]jfx?sf] cj:yf tyf u'0f:t/sf] jf/]dfcWoog ul/G5 .

ckof{Kt Pjd\ sdhf]/ k|0ffnL tyf sd;n ;|f]t pknAw ePsf uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf,ufpF / ;d'bfo tyf hnjfo' ;dfg's"ng ;]jfdf kx'Fr / ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf Go"g ePsf;d'bfo tyf kl/jf/ clt hf]lvd ;d"xdf jlu{s/0f ul/G5 . o;/L hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df;d'bfo jf If]qnfO{ juL{s/0f u/]kl5 :yfgLo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL tyfhLljsf]kfh{gsf] jt{dfg tyf efjL ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljljw k|lqmofaf6klxrfg ul/Psf pko'Qm cg's"ng sfo{ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

!= hf]lvd ;d'bfo tyf 3/w'/L klxrfg ug]{-s_ hf]lvd uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfx¿ klxrfg ug]{ M lhNnfnfO{ cwf]ufdL hnjfo' hf]lvd tyfcg's"ng n]vfhf]vfsf nflu k|j]z laGb' dfGg ;lsG5 . hnjfo' hf]lvdf]Gd'vtf, ;+j]bgzLntf / cg's"ng Ifdtfsf cfwf/df k|fyldstfdf k/]sf

hnjfo' hf]lvd uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf klxrfg ug]{ -gfkf k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt gS;fsf]k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 _,

clt hf]lvd lhNnfx¿sf] x/]s uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLtyf ;|f]tsf] ;dfg's"ngtf ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;ª\sng / Jojl:yt ug]{,

clt sd ;dfg's"lnt ;|f]t tyf ;]jf pknAw ePsf uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfnfO{ clthf]lvdsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f ug]{ .

-v_ hf]lvd j8fx¿ klxrfg ug]{ jt{dfg tyf efjL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df x/]s j8fdf k|0ffnL tyf ;|f]tsf]] ;dfg's"ntf

;DaGwL ;"rgf ;ª\sng / Jojl:yt ug]{, Go"g ;dfg's"lnt k|0ffnL tyf ;|f]t pknAw ePsf j8fnfO{ clt ;ª\s6f;Ggsf] ¿kdf

;"rLs[t ug]{ .-u_ hf]lvd kl/jf/÷;d'bfox¿ klxrfg ug]{ k|0ffnL tyf ;|f]tn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jfdf kx'Fr Go"g ePsf ;d'bfo klxrfg ug]{, k|0ffnL tyf ;|f]tdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;fdgf ug{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf klxrfg ug]{, pko'{Qm ;]jfdf Go"g kx'Fr / k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;d]t Ifdtf Go"g ePsf ;d'bfo tyf

kl/jf/nfO{ clt ;ª\s6f;Ggsf] ;"rLdf /fVg] .

>f]t M :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf @)^*

$= cg's"ngsf pkfox?sf] klxrfgcg's"ngsf pkofx? cjnDag u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 hf]lug, sd ug{ jfjfof]lkmhLsn / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k|efj nfO{ Iflt k'/ofpgjf6 /f]Sg sf ;fy}hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 k|fKt cj;/x?nfO{ j9fjf lbg / ;DjlGwt stf{x?df cg's"lntIfdtfdf clea[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . cg's'ng pkfox?sf] k|sf/ M ef}lts k"jf{wf/, gLlt,Ifdtf / /fd|f cEof;x?cg's"ng pkfox?sf pbfx/0fx? M

glbdf jl9 diversion jgf}6sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ vf]nfdf Stream storage 5]sjf/ jgfpg' s[ltd ?kdf hldg d'lgsf] kfgLdf l/rfh{ ug'{ kmf]x/kfgL jf v]/fuPsf] kfgLnfO{ pkfrf/ u/L k'g k|of]udf Nofpg' g'gLnf]kfgLnfO{ g'g/lxt kfgL jgfpg] ljleGg If]qx?df kfgLnfO{ ljt/0f ug'{

w]/} d'No sd kfgL vkt ug]{ jfnLgfnL hfg' yf]kf l;FrfO{ k|ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' hnjfo'sf] cj:yf cg';f/ jfnLgflndf ljljwtf k|bfg ug'{ jiff{sf] kfgL ;Fsng ug]{ 6\ofFsL Ifltu|:t hdLgnfO{ v]ltkftLdf k|of]u e" :vng x'g] If]qdf j[Iff/f]k0f jfv|fsf] vf]/ cUnf] jgfpg' hldgsf] ;txaf6 3/sf] prfO{ j9fpg'

cg's"ngsf tl/sf 5fGg] cfwf/x?k|efjsfl/tf M cg's'ngsf pkfox?n] slt xb ;Dd hf]lvdnfO{ sd ub{5 / o;n]cGo slt kmfO{bf k'¥ofpFb5 . ljleGg cj:yfdf cg's'ngsf pkfox?af6 x'g]k|efjsfl/tf jf/] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .d'No M cg's'ngsf pkfox?sf] ;fk]IfLt d'Nosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . nfut d'Nosf];fy ;fy} cGo d'No h:t} ;do, ;Frfng / ;Fef/ vr{, k'gM lgdf{0f vr{ cflb sf]jf/]df ljrf/ ug]{;DefAotf M k|zfzlgs, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws cflbsf] nflu jh]6sf] pknAwtf s] 5;f] sf] ljrf/ ug]{ . jt{dfg sfo{ut ;F/rgfaf6 ;Frfng ug{ ;lsg] cg's"ngof]hgfx?nfO{ ;Defj eP ;Dd k|fyldtstf lbg]cGo cfwf/x? cj:yfdf e/ kb{5g h:t} /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs l:jsfo{tf, cltcfjZos, h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm, l56f] sfo{fGjog ug{ ;lsg] jf kmfO{bf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],k|lts'n c;/ kfg]{ sfo{x?nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{, lgltut ?kdf k|yldstfdf k/]sfsfo{x?;Fu tfnd]n ldnfpg] cflb .

kmf/d g++ ! cg's"ngsf pkfox? klxrfg / 5gf}6 ug]{ cfwf/x?

k|sf]kcg's'ngsfpkfox?

k|efjsfl/tf-! –#_ -s_

vr{sf]ldtJolotf-! –#_-v_

;+efJotf-! –#_-u_

nlIftju{d'vL-!–#_ -3_

s"n c+s-

s+v+u+3_

k|fyldlss/0f

afl9

a[Iff/f]k0f 2 2 2 2 8

c:yfoL9'Ëfsf] kvf{n

2 2 2 3 9 rf}yf]

lsgf/fdfUofljogkvf{Nf

3 1 1 3 8

l;d]G6sf]kvf{n

3 1 1 2 7

vf]nflsgf/dfrl/r/0f aGb

3 3 3 1 10 t]>f]

9'Ëflul6 /jfn'jf sdlgsfNg]

3 3 3 2 11 bf]>f]

hgr]tgf 3 3 3 3 12 klxnf]

LFP: Community Adaptation Plan, Sukaruli VDCs

%= gfkfsf] ljifout If]qsf] sfo{qmd / hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngtf of]hgf -NAPAthematic Programme and Climate Resilient Plan)

cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] hf]lvdx? klxrfgu/L cg's"ngsf nflu tTsfn} cflt cfjZos sfo{qmdx? klxrfg / k|fyldstflgwf{/0f u/L ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos kxn ug{ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd tof/ ul/Psf]5 . g]kfnn] ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;FnUgtfdf gfkf tof/ u/L ;g @)!) dfdlGqkl/ifbjf6 l:js[t ;d]t eO{;s]sf] 5 / ;f] To;} jif{ o'PgPkm;L;L;L df k]z klgul/;s]sf] 5 . gfkfsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{sf] nflu Pnl8;L sf]if / o'Pgl8kL jf6 u/LhDdf !=@% dLlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .gfkfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngsf] nflu ^ j6f ljifout If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/]sf]5

o s[lif / vfB ;'/Iffo hn>f]t / phf{o jg / h}ljs ljljwtfo hg:jf:Yoo zx/L j;f]jf; / k'jf{wf/o hnjfo' >[lht k|sf]k

To:t} u/L gfkfn] /fli6«o cg's'ngsf] ;d'xLs[t lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ( j6fpkv08df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\

s[lif, hn, jg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Plss[t Aoj:yfkg4f/f ;d'bfodfcfwfl/t cg's'ng lqmofsnfnfO{ k|j{wg ug]{

s[lif ljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt ;]jf kxF'r / k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L hf]lvddfk/]sf ;d'bfox?sf] cg's'ng Ifdtf lgdf{0f / clej[l4 ug]{

hnjfo' cg's'ng ;xhLs/0fsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]kAoj:yfkg

lxdtfn km'l6 afl9 cfpg] (GLOF) sfo{sf] cg'udg / k|sf]k hf]lvdGo'lgs/0f

hnjfo' pTk|]l/t cg's'ng cfljZsf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg jg /kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL Aoj:yfkg

hg:jf:Yodf hnjfo' cg's'ng r'gf}ltx?

hnjfo' cg's'ngsf nflu kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL Aoj:yfkg

hn>f]tsf] lbuf] Aoj:yfkg / :jR5 phf{sf] cfk'lt{4f/f hf]lvddf /x]sf;d'bfox?sf] ;zlQms/0f

hnjfo'd}qL (Smart) zx/L j;f]jf;nfO{ k|j4{g

hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngtf ljsf; of]hgf (Climate Resilient Development Planning)

;dfg's"ngtf ;d'bfon] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg sl7g kl/l:ylt;Fu ;fdgfug{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / hLjg:t/nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;Ifdx'G5g\ . clt ul/jL, vfBGgsf] cefj / ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfnsfclwsfFz hgtfx? cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf] k|efj;Fu ;dfg's'ngx'g / To;sf] tof/Lsf] nflu ;dIf e} ;s]sf 5}gg . Brigit / Cartwright -@))*_ sfcg';f/ the resilience perspective embraces the dynamic character of communities andhuman-ecosystem interactions and sees multiple potential pathways within them.o;n] ;d'bfosf] ;sf/fTds k|ltQ/jf6 ;jlns/0f / ;xof]unfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5eGg] j'emfO{df zlQmzfnL pbfx/0f lbG5 . ljsf;sf of]hgfx? jgfpFbf :jfoQ /cg's"lnt response x'g] s'/fx?nfO{ dWo gh/ lbg cfjZos 5 tfls To;n] plgx?s]fIfdtf j9fpg, ;d'bfosf] ;dfg's"ngnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ / cGTodf of]hgful/Psf sfo{x? sfof{Gjogdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] >f]tdf / cg's"lntIfdtfdf a[l4 u/L eljiodf ul/g] sfof{Gjogn] ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'sng Ifdtfdf a[l4ub{5 .

;dfg's"ngtf ljsf; of]hgf eGgfn] To:tf] of]hgfnfO{ hgfpFb5 h;n] ck]Iff ul/Psf]vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ Go'lgs/0f / cg's"ngaf6 l;glh{ Nofpgf, hnjfo' ;DjlGw1fgdf j[l4 ug{ / ljsf;df z' zfzgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

;dfg's"ng of]hgfn] ljsf;df ;FnUg /xg] stf{x?, lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu goFfgofFcflj:sf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'/ofFb5 / nfut k|efjsf/Ltfsf cj;/x?sf] vf]lhug{ ;3fpk'¥ofFb5 . 5f]6s/Ldf ;dfg's"ng of]hgfn] ljsf;sf d'2fx?nfO{ clglZrt / goFFfhf]lvdx? sd ug{sf] nflu k'gM kl/eflift ub{5 . o;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ef}lts,;fdflhs / cfly{s k|efjx?sf] k/Dk/fut If]qut of]hgfx?;Fu ;DjGw j9fO{ k|To'Q/lbG5 .

hnjfo' ;fdfg'sg of]hgf jgfpgsf] nflu hnjfo'sf] clglZrttf, hnjfo'sf] k|sf]k,hf]lvdtf / ljsf; ljr hgr]tfsf] :t/ / oLlgx? ljr cGt{;DjGwdf j[l4 ug'{ klxnf]zt{ ePsf] 5 . If]qut of]hgfx?nfO{ jgfpFbf Plss[t ?kdf hnjfo' sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6x]bf{ o;n] hnjfo'sf] vt/fnfO{ j'emgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 . hnjfo'sf] cfFvfn]ljsf;sf of]hgfx?nfO{ 5gf}6 ubf{ vt/fx?sf] klxrfg, tLlgx? ljrsf] cGt{;DjGw /;xsfo{ (Synergy) jgfpgsf] nfuL ;Defljt If]q / sfof{Gjogsf] :t/df :yfgLo:t/df hnjfo' 1fgsf] j[l4 x'gdf d2t k'/ofpFb5 . t/ ljifout / If]qut ljz]ifsfvt/fx?nfO{ j'em\gsf] nflu o;sf] ulx/fO{df k'uL ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . ef}uf]lns:yfg / :yfgLo jftfj/0f n] o;sf] ljZn]if0fdf cem hl6ntf k|bfg ub{5 .

hnjfo'sf] b[li6n] ljsf; of]hgf / sfo{qmd 5gf}6 (Climate screening of adevelopment plan/programme)!= If]qut ?ksf] hfgsf/Ldf sld Knowing sector specific limitations@= k|j]z ljGb'sf] klxrfgsf] nflu k|efj– ;DjGwsf] a'emfO{df Understanding the

impact linkages to identify points of entry#= If]q ljz]ifsf] If]qut ;Fj]bglzn tflnsfsf] tof/L Developing area specific

sectoral sensitivity matrix,$= l;:6d sDkf]g]G6sf] cfwf/df of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] tof/L Screening a

plan/programme against system components.

System Approach

Institutions

Support system

Social, Physical, Economic, Knowledge

Organizations, Networks, Legal Provisions

Core SystemLand, Water, Food,

Ecosystem

Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? ;dfg's"ng of]hgf hnfjfo' d}lq / of]hgfsf] d'nk|fafxdf cfpg] x'g'kb{5 . kl/of]hgf :t/df ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ljZn]if0f u/L hnjfo' ce]B (climat

proofing) s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx? ;Frfng ug]{ hnjfo' d'nk|jflxs/0fn] hnjfo' ;DjlGw / cg's"ng k|To'Q/ ;DjlGw gLlt,

sfo{qmd / of]hgfx? /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/df tof/ u/L Plss[t ug{kxn ub{5 .

hnjfo' ;dfg's'ngtf ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf ljleGg :jtGq (interdependent)/ cGt{;DjlGwt (interconeted) r/ / ltgLx?sf] dynamic n] hnjfo' vt/f /lbuf]kgfsf pko'Qm cg's'ng /0fgLltx? tof/ qmddf d'NofFsg ug{ ;xof]uk'/ofpFb5 .

of]hgf/sfo{qmdsf] 5gf}6n] hnjfo' cg's"ngnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .of]hgf/sfo{qmdx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 hf]lvddf 5g jf 5}gg egL d'NofFsgubf{ hnjfo'sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]g]{ ul/G5 .

olb of]hgf/sfo{qmdx? vt/fo'Qm b]lvof] eg] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ vt/fsf]kl/df0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj d'NofFsg / sfo{qmdsf] l8hfO{gnfO{ klxrfgug{ k'g sfo{ ul/G5 .

&= cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug]{;fwf/0ftof g]kfndf ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|lqmof b]xfo cg';f/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof ;/sf/L dGqfnox?n] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof k|fO{e]6 lgsfox?n] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof h:t} gfkmfsf] nflu, gfkmf /lxt

;F:Yffx?n] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof cw{–:jfoQ lgsfox?n] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof

ljZjAofkL ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ljz]if (critical) ;jfnsf] ?kdf p7]sf] 5/ o;nfO{ ;j} If]qx?n] ljleGg txdf k|To'Q/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . hnf jfo'kl/jt{g c;/sf]nflu sd ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ug]{ k|To'Q/ eg]sf] cg's'ng xf] . To;}n] cg's"ng of]hgf;j} If]q / kl/df0fdf Plss[t ?kdf x'g' h?/L 5 . ljsf;nfO{ Plss[t ?kdf ;dfj]zug{ uflj; / lhlj; Pp6f pko'Qm OsfO{ (Unit) xf] . To;sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gcg's"ng of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqnfon]tof/ u/]sf] !$ r/0f sf] of]hgf k|lqmof cjnDjg ug{ cfjZos 5 . of]hgfsf] r/0f/ ;do /]vf tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

ah]6 k"jf{g'dfg / dfu{bz{g

;do tflnsf

sflQ{s d;fGt ;Dd

ah]6 k"jf{g'dfg /dfu{bz{gsf] k"g/fjnf]sg d++l;/ klxnf] xKtf ;Dd

of]hgf th{'df a}7s d++l;/ bf]>|f] xKtf ;Dd

uf=la=;= / g=kf=a}7s

kf}ifsf] klxnf] xKtfleq

6f]n jl:t:t/sf] of]hgf5gf}6


j8f ;ldlt a}7s kf}ifsf] bf]>|f] xKtf leq


kf}ifsf] t]>|f] xKtf leq

uf=la=;= / g=kf= kl/ifba}7s

kf}if d;fGt leq

!

@

#

$

%

^

&

*

j8f gful/s dGr

Plss[t of]hgfth{'df ;ldlt a}7s

uf=la=;= / g=kf= :tl/o :jLs[t of]hgf sfof{Gjoguf=la=;= / g=kf= :tl/o :jLs[t of]hgf sfof{Gjog

Onfsf :tl/oof]hgf th{'df

uf]i7L

(

Dff3sf]t]>|f]xKtfleq

!)

ljifoutof]hgf th{'df;ldlt a}7s

kmfu'gbf]>|f]xKtfleq!!

Plss[tof]hgf th{'df;ldlt a}7s

kmfu'gt]>|f]xKtfleq

!@

lhNnflasf;

;ldlt a}7s

kmfu'g d;fGtleq

!#

lhNnf :tl/o :jLs[tof]hgf sfof{Gjog

k|s[of k|f/De


k|s[of k|f/De

r}q !) ut] leq

!$

kmfu'gklxnf]xKtfleq

lhNnf kl/ifba}7s

:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xeflutfTds ;dfj]zL of]hgf th{'df k|s[of

;|f]tM g]kfn ;/sf/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno÷:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs kl/rfngtflnd ;fdu|L

k|j]z ljGb' ljj/0f

ufflj; :t/ ;d'bfosf] k|fyldstfnfO{ of]hgf k|lqmofsf] k|j]z ljGb'sf] ?kdf lnG5 h;n] M!= ljifout of]hgf tof/L ;ldlt / Plss[t of]hgf tof/L ;ldlt@= gful/s d~r – hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfsf] nflu of]hgf k|lqmof / k|fyldstf

lgwf{/0fdf w]/} gful/sx?sf] ;dfj]z x'g] d~r . o; d~rdf ;d'bfosf]j;f]jf;sf] cfwf/df hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfo, k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{, dlxnf,blnt / cGo ;d'xx?sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] x'G5 .

#= g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs kl/rfng sfo{qmd sfof{Gjo u/]sf] 5 - ;j} uflj;/ ljleGg gu/kflnsfsf $)$ j8fx?df :yfgLo ;]jf k|bfos dfkm{t of]sfo{qmd nfu' u/]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmdn] clt k5fl8 kfl/Psf 3/w'/Lx? nfO{cfkm\gf] sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L k|fyldstfsf ;fy yfgLo lgsfodf k]zug{sf]nflu clek|]l/t ub{5 .

lh=lj=;=:t/df

ufpF ljsf; kl/ifbn] cfkm\gf] jh]6 l;nLª leq gkg]{ / lhlj;sf] sfo{If]q leqkg]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lhlj;df l;kmfl/z ub{5 . o; :t/df :yfgLok|fyldstfx?nfO k|j]z ljGb'sf] ?kdf Plss[t ug{{ M!= ufpF kl/ifbn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf of]hgfx?nfO{ Onfsf :t/Lo;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] j}7sn] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ub{5@= of]hgf th'{df ;ldlt / Plss[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltn] of]hgfnfO{ k'gk|fyldstf u/L Plss[t of]hgf tof/ ub{5 .#= oL k|:tfjgfx? lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] lhNnfsf] of]hgfsf] ?kdf ljsf;u/L lhNnf kl/ifbdf l:js[tsf] nflu k]z ub{5 .

/fli6«o :t/ /fli6«o :t/sf] cg's"ng of]hgf lhNnf ;d'xut sfo{ ;d'xn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf]sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/df x'g' kb{5 . of] :t/sf] of]hgf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5!= lhNnx?n] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/]sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{@= :yfgLo :t/sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efasf/L tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xhLs/0f,cg'udg / ;do ;dodf k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .#= gLlt tof/ u/L j}wfgLs ;F/rgfdf 9fNg]$= b'j} /fli6«o / :yfgLo :t/df Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{

%= cg'udg / d'NofFsg ug]{

Source: LAPA Consultation Workshop, 2010 presented by MoLD

ljifo—! (Theme I)

s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff

!= k[i7e"dLs[lifdf cfwf/Lt cy{tGqsf] cfwf/lznf s[lif g} xf] . s[lifsf] of]ubfg xfjfkfgL, /df};dL cj:yf tyf pTkfbg jftfj/0fdf pknJw x'g] ;xhtfdf lge{/ /xG5 . t;y{,s[lif df};dL ljljwtf / kl/jt{gsf b[i6Ln] ;Af} eGbf hf]lvdk"0f{ If]q dWo] kb{5 .j}1flgs ;d'bfosf] nflu s[lif If]qsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo jg]sf] 5,;fy} of] ;Gbe{ UNFCCC sf] bkmf @ sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ;d]t ag]sf] 5, h;n] o;f]eGb5 M–

æjfo'd08nsf] Pp6f txdf s]lGb|s[t x'g] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] l:y/tfn] df};dLk|0ffnLsf ;fy} ulDe/ dfgj–hGo x:tIf]knfO{ /f]Sg] sfd ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfTo:tf] ;do;Ldf k|fKt x'G5 hj;Dd !=k|fs[lts hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] nflukf/Ll:ytLs k|0ffnL ;Ifd x'G5 , @= vfB pTkfbg r'gf}ltd'lQm ePsf] ;'lglZrtx'G5, #= cfly{s ljsf; lbuf] ?kdf cl3 a9\g ;Ifd aG5 . æ

df};d kl/jt{gsf ;gbe{df s[lif If]q Hofb} ;dj]bgzLn x'G5 . hnjfo', afnLgfnL /k|f0fLsf] pTkfbgsf ljr ulx/f] ;DjGw /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnL s[lif pRr ?kdf df};ddflge{/ 5, hxfF hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ulDe/ k|efj /xG5 . lxdgbLx? pRr tfkqmdsfsf/0f jfZk–?kfGt/0fdf j[l4 x'g], df6f]sf] lr;f]kgfdf sld cfpg] tyf hf8f]ofddfx'g] sd jiff{sf sf/0f g]kfndf gf]e]Dj/b]lv clk|n dlxgfdf cfb«{tfdf bjfj cfpg;Sb5 .df};dL cj:yf;Fu ;du|df ;kmn afnL pTkfbg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 ;fy} afnLgfnLsf]ef}lts sfo{ hnjfo' ;+/rgfn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . afnLsf] pTkfbg xfjfsf] tfk /cfb{«tfdf lge{/ x'G5 . s[lif pTkfbsTjsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f Psdfq jftfj/0fLo tTjsf]pknJwtfn] dfq xf]Og a? jftfj/0fdf x'g] ;Af} hnjfo'hGo / hnjfo'afx]ssftTjx?sf] cGt/lqmofsf] glthfn] ub{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lglxt k|efjnfO{ lgSof}{nug'{k"j{ afnLsf] a[l4 / ljsf;df s;/L hnjfo' / ljleGg k|fs[lts tTjx?n]jftfj/0f k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eGg] ljifonfO{ dxTj lbg' kb{5 . ;f}o{ ljls/0f / tfkqmdh:t}, xl/t u[x Uof; tyf jg:ktLsf] rl/q jg:ktLsf] ;kmn j[l4sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{x'G5 h;nfO{ ;fdfGotof lgwf{/s tTj klg elgG5 . hnkf]if0f / df6f] d'Vo lgwf{/stTjx? x'g\ hj sL emf/kft, ls/f–d';f / k|b"ifsx? lgwf{/s tTjx? x'g\ . ;Af}lg0ff{os, lgwf{/s / ljgf;s tTjx?sf] ;Gt'ngsf] jftfj/0fdf dfq pNn]Vo pTkfbgk|fKTf ug{ ;lsG5 . b'ef{Uoj;, o:tf] gd'gf jftfj/0f To:tf] k|fs[lts xfjfkfgLdf dfqcfzf ug{ ;lsG5 hxfF pNn]Vo k|ltkmn Ifdtfsf] pknJwtf x'g ;S5 . jg:ktLok|hftLx?sf] k|lts[of hnjfo' tyf jftfj/0fsf] ljljwtfn] Ps csf{df km/s kb{5 .w]/} klxrfg ePsf s[lifhGo k|hftLx?sf] hnjfo' cfjZostf tnsf] tflnsfdfb]vfOPsf] 5 . cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] s[lifjfnLx? km/s jftfj/0fdf km/skm/s k|lts[of hgfp5g\ To:t} Jojxf/ ls/f – d';f, emf/kft tyf /f]ux?n] klgb]vfp5g\ . t;y{, afnLsf] pTkfbg / ljsf; xl/tu[x Uof;, tfkqmd, ;f}o{ ljls/0ftyf df6f]df /xg] lr;f]kgfsf] kl/jt{gdf lge{/ ug]{5 . jg:ktLsf] j[l4sf sf/stTjx?sf] pRr txdf x'g] ljrngn] afnLsf] pTkfbg tyf ljsf;df k|ToIf c;/kfb{5 . tnsf] lrqjf6 yk ljj/0f kfpg ;lsG5 .

29 DEC09TWG-AFS

Determination of productivity levelsDetermination of productivity levels

CO2

RadiationTemperaturePlant character-physiology-phenology-artchitecture.

WaterNutrientsSoils

WeedsPestsDiseasesPollutants

Defining factors

Limiting factors

Reducing factors

PRODUCTIO N LEVEL

Actual

Attainable

Potential

PRO

DU

CT

ION

SIT

UA

TIO

N

(Modif ied from Lovenstein et al., 1995)

@= g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff Mk|fs[lts >f]tx?sf] lb3{sflng pkof]udf cflTdo ?kdf lge{/ /xg] x'Fbf s[lifdf c?If]qsf] eGbf jl9 hnjfo' c;/ kg]{ x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf k|efjsf/L of]ubfgs[lifn] klg ub{5 . e'd08nLo pi0fLs/0f -Unf]jn jfld{Ë_ sf] 7"nf] ;~rfns xl/tu[xUof; xf], / cfw'lgs s[lifn] vf;u/L sfj{g–8fOcS:ffO8, ldy]g / gfO6«; cS;fO8h:tf d'Vo xl/tu[x Uof;x? pT;h{g ub{5 .

s[lif tyf kz'kfng k|0ffnLdf hnjfo'sf] k|efjnfO{ k'jf{g'dfg ug'{ hl6n b]lvG5 .hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|s[tLjf6 g} ltgLx?df gsf/fTds tyf ;sf/fTds k|efjsf]cg'ej x'G5 . s[lif pTkfbsTjdf a9f]Q/L sfj{g8fO cS;fO8sf] s]lGb|s/0fdf j[l4,lxpFb / j;Gt Ct'df tfkdf j[l4 / k|:f:t kfgLsf] cfk"tL{jf6 k|fKt x'G5 . t/, s[lifpTkfbsTjdf rflx+ j9\bf] tfkqmd tyf sfj{g8fO cS;fO8 / Go'g jiff{jf6 gsf/fTdsc;/ kb{5 . 3fdsf] tfksf] al9 cfk"lt{n] jfliks/0f a9]/ df6f]sf] lr;f]kgfnfO{ ;'sfO{lbG5 . jfo'd08nLo tfkqmd j9\gfn] ag:ktLsf] k/fu;]rg / bfgf nfUg] h:tf] d'Vocj:yfdf c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . vf;ul/ g]kfn tyf o; h}ljs If]qdf jiff{ / tfks|dkl/jt{gn] ef}lts ?kdf km/s kb{5 .

v]tL o:tf] sfo{ xf] hf] w]/} jfXo tyf cfGtl/s zlQmjf6 k|efjLt x'G5 . v]tLdfpTkfbsx?sf] lgoGq0f eGbf aflx/sf afXo zlQmx?sf] k|efj d'Vo x'G5 . o:tfzlQmdf h}ljs–ef}lts jftfj/0f, ;/sf/L lglt / pTkfbssf] cfly{s cj:yf kb{5g\ .cfGt/Ls zlQmx? eGgfn] To:tf x'g h;df pTkfbssf] k]xL lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb5 .h;df ls;fgsf] cg'ej, cjwf/0ff, v]tL ug]{ If]q tyf k]xL xb;Dd cfly{s klgkb{5g\ . log} zlQmx?sf] ;ld>0fsf] glthfjf6 JolQmsf] v]lt ;DjGwL 7"nf] lg0f{o x'G5,tyf ha k|To]s ls;fgsf lg0f{ox? Pst[t x'G5g\ Tof] g} If]lqo s[lif k|0ffnL aGb5 .

s[lif k|0ffnL Pp6f j[xt s[lif–vfB k4tLsf] c+u klg xf], h;sf dfWodjf6 cfw'lgss[lifsf] pTkfbg k|s[ofdf ls;fg / pkef]QmfnfO{ k|zf]wgstf{, ljt/s / v'b|fljs]|tf;Dd hf]8\g] sfo{ x'G5 . g]kfne/ s[lif–vfB k4tL hl6n / km/s km/s kfOG5hf] s'g} If]qdf cGgdf tyf st} ljljlws[t kz' pTkfbg /÷jf d'No;Fu ;DjlGwtk|s[ofdf lge{/ 5 .

hnjfo'sf w]/} kIfx?sf sf/0fjf6 g]kfNfL s[lif hf]lvddf 5 , h;df vf;u/L kfgL;Fu;DjlGwt hf]lvdx? jl9 ulDe/ k|s[ltsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, v8]/L-;'Vvf_n] Hofb}Jofks ljgf; Nofpg ;Sb5 . v8]/LnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] clgoldt tyf Go"gjiff{sf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/G5, h;n] ljz]if u/]/ pTkfbg / hLjg -jfFRg]_cj:yfdfulDe/ c;/ k'¥ofp5 .

s[lif hlxNf] klg pTkfbg df};d / pTkfbg df};d z'? x'g'eGbf cufl8sf] hldgsf]cj:yfdf hnjfo'sf] ljljwtfdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{g;Fu jfnLnfO{klg ;xh agfpg] d'Vo s;L eg]sf] cJf:yfsf] k"jf{g'dfg g} xf] . o;sf lgldQ hldg,kfgL / tfkqmddf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj ;DjGwL a'emfO{ cfaZos x'G5 . tnsf]tflnsfaf6 t/fO{ k|b]zdf hf8f]ofddf x'g] tfkqmdsf] kl/jt{gjf6 ljleGg k|hftLsfafnLx?sf] lgoldt sfo{df s] s:tf] c;/ x'G5 eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . tfnLsfn] jfnLpTkfbgsf] d'Vo cj:yfdf k|hftL tyf tfkqmdsf] bjfjsf] ;+of]u -tftf] jflr;f]_cfwf/df kg]{ c;/ klg km/s km/s x'G5 eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 .tfnLsf != afnLsf] ;kmn a[l4sf nflu xfjfsf] tfkqmdsf] pRrtdb/ .

AffnLxfjfsf] pRrtd\tfkqmd (°C)

xfjfsf] tfkqmdGo'gtd\ (°C)

xfjfsf] cf};ttfkqmd (°C) cfb{|tfsf] c;/

wfg $* !@ @@–#) pRr

ds} $% !) @% w]/} pRRfux'F #% % !%–@) dWodcfn' #) !) !@–@) w]/} pRrpv' $% !) @@–#) pRrs]/f #* !^ @& pRrs]/fp @# !) !& w]/} pRr;LdL @& !) !%–@) dWod

;'o{d'vL – – !*–@% Go'gAfGbfsf]jL @$ !) !& dWod6df6/ #% !) !*–@% Go'g;'Gtnf #* !# @#–#) dWodskf; $) !@ @&–#@ Go'gabfd ## !* @@–@* dWode6df; #% !) @%–#) dWod

>f]t M Hunsigi and Krishna 1998; Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappan, 2001.

AffnL pTkfbgafnLsf] kf]if0f ;DjlGw cg';Gwfaf6 w]/} j}1flgs kIfx? pk/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .ag:ktL tyf df6f] lj1fg ;DjlGw cg';Gwfgjf6 g]kfNfL s[lifof]Uo hldgdf pknJwcj:yfdf vfBfGg tyf kmfOj/- /]zfhGo pTkfbg_sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf b]lvPsf] 5 .

jf:tjdf, kl/l:ylthGo ljljwtfsf sf/0f afnLsf] kf]ifs tTjsf] ;lx cfFsng ug{,;fy} hldgdf pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg ug{ klg sl7g x'G5 . o;sf] pbfx/0f sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] j[l4 xf] . k|of]uzfnfsf] k/LIf0fjf6 sfj{g8fO cS;fO8sf] j[l4n] C3 -a9LkfgL rflxg]_ afnLx?- wfg, ux'F, e6df;, cfn' / ;fukft_nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5. o;sf ;fy} tfkqmdsf] j[l4 / df6f]sf] lr;f]kgfdf kl/jt{g gx'g] cj:yf tyf ;f}o{ljls/0fsf sf/0f C3 -a9L kfgL rflxg]_ k|hftLsf afnLx?sf] pTkfbgdf ;'wf/b]lvPsf] 5 . o;f]eP klg, k|of]uzfnfaf6 b]lvOPsf oL ;'wf/x? :ynut ?kdf ;Togx'g ;Sb5g\ . of] klg :ki6 5 ls C4 -kfgL sd rfxLg]_ k|hftLsf afnLx?-ds},hf},h'g]nf] / pv'_ v/fj hnjfo' cj:yf tyf pTkfbgdf klg /fd|f] x'g ;Sb5g\ .o;sf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf ;'Vvf / j9L udL{ x'g] If]qdf Jofks ?kdf eO/x]sf] hf} /h'g]nf] k|hftLsf] v]tL tyf tfk / tftf] cfb|{tf ePsf]If]qdf ePsf] ds}sf] v]tLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .oBkL jfo'd08nLo tfkqmd a9\g] sfo{n] pTkfbsdf};dsf] lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'Ub5 ;fy} h}ljs txn]afnLnfO{ alnof] agfpg] tyf gofF afnLnfO{ a9\g] sfo{df;xof]u ldNb5 . a9\b} u/]sf] tfkqmdn]] h}ljs txsf]lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} afFemf] hldgsf] cjl:yltsf] sf/0fn]o;sf] l;df lglZrt klg x'G5 . hf8f]ofddf tfkqmdkl/jt{gsf] k|s[lt klg lglZrt x'Fb}g . olb df};dsf]kl/jt{g l/–n] bf}8 h:tf] dfq x'g]eP pTkfbsx?n] afnLnufpg] df};ddf s]xL ;dGjo dfq ubf{ x'G5 . t/kl/jt{g clglZrt ePdf pTkfbsx? cNdlnG5g\ .

olb tfkqmdsf] j[l4n] afnLnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 eg] To:tf] ;dodf ylkPsf] tfkn]emf/kftsf] j[l4df km/s kfb{5 . emf/kft, d';f tyf ls/fx?sf] j[l4 vf;u/L pRRftfkqmddf x'g] ub{5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf /fd|f] afnLgfnL gx'g] tyfjfnL kfSg] Ifdtfdf klg sdhf]/L cfpFb5 . emf/kft, ls/f–d';fsf] j[l4 tyf afnLgkfSg] h:tf sfo{n] jfnLsf] kf]if0f Ifdtf klg 36fpFb5 . tfkqmd a9\bf jfZkLo?kfGt/0fdf klg j[l4 x'G5, h;sf] afnLsf] kf]if0f Ifdtfdf gsf/fTds k|efj x'G5 .

lj?jfsf] /fd|f] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu kfgLsf] rfFlxbf] cfk"lt{ h?/L x'g] vf; cj:yfx?x'G5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf kfgLsf] cfk"lt{df x'g] s'g} klg u8j8Ln] afnLsf] pTkfbgdfk|efj kb{5 . cGgjfnLsf s]xL dxTk"0f{ cj:yfdf bfgf j9\g], kL7f] el/g], k/fu;]rgtyf bfgf el/g] ;do kb{5g\ . hldgd'gL km}lng] afnLdf h/f a9\g], 8fF7 j9\g] tyfkft xfNg] cj:yf d'Vo x'g\ . o:tf] ;dodf xfjfkfgLdf cfpg ;Sg] clt–j[l4 jfh:tf];'s} km/skgfn] jfnLsf] j[l4 / ljsf;df k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ tyf pTkfbgdf klgk|efj kg]{ x'G5 . ljleGg k|hftLsf jfnLx?sf] ljsf;df cfjZos tfkqmdsf;DjGwdf ePsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ tfnLsf ! df b]vfOPsf] 5 . :ki6 ?kdf s] b]lvPsf]5 eg] tfkqmdsf] cfjZostf lj?jfsf] k|hftL cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 eg] Pp6}k|hftLdf klg cj:yf cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 . jfo'd08nLo tfkqmddf x'g] x/]skl/jt{gn] ljljw vfnsf] Kf|efj kfb{5 .kz' pTkfbg

jiff{sf] :j?k, ;do tyf qmldstfn] g]kfnsf] dWo tyf klZrd lxdfnL If]qdf dfgj–?kfGt/0f k4ltsf] lqmofTds cj:yfdf ax'cfoflds k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/Lt/fO{, pkTosf tyf s5f8- xf]rf] kxf8_ If]qdf kfgL k/]/ jf gk/]/ x'g] tftf jf lr;flbgx?sf] ;fdfGo kl/jt{gn] klg kz' k|0ffnLdf ljljw k|efj kb{5 . a9\bf] tfkqmd /sd jiff{sf sf/0f hnjfo'df x'g] kl/jt{gsf] kz'x?df kg]{ d'Vo c;/ zf/Ll/ssl7gfO{ xf], t/ kz'df afnLx?sf] h:tf] :jefj ;Ldf gx'g] x'Fbf o;sf] kmfObf JofksIf]qdf kb{5 .

tfkqmdsf] j[l4 x'g] ;dosf] cfwf/df To;sf] ljljw k|efj x'G5 . udL{ofddf kfgLsf]cefjaf6 x'g] tftf] cj:yfsf sf/0f e"ld Joj:yfkg tyf ;'Vvf 3fF;, pld|g] 3fF;tyf cfxf/hGo pTkfbg sf] sdL x'g] x'Fbf 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] cj:yf bogLo x'G5 .csf]{lt/, hf8f] dlxgfdf a9\g] tfkqmdn] kfvfdf /xg] kz'x?df lr;f]sf] c;/ sd x'g],;fy} uf]7df /xg] kz'nfO{ cfjZos Gofgf]kgsf] ;'ljwf ldNg] x'G5 . o;y{, df};dkl/jt{gsf] lsl;d / dfqfsf] c;/ If]qut ?kdf km/s km/s x'G5 .;kmn kz'kfngsf nflu kfgLsf] >f]t dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;Af} kz'sf] nflu k|z:t /u'0f:t/Lo kfgL tyf cfxf/ cfk'tL{ cfaZos x'G5 . afnLgfnLdf h:t} kz' Joj;fodfklg /f]u–Joflw tyf ls/f–d';fsf] j[l4n] gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . ls/f tyf /f]u;Fu;xg afgLgk/]sf kz'x?sf] pTkfbg If]qdf o;sf] k|j]z x'g ;Sb5 . xfjfx'/L /w'nf]n] klg kz'x?sf] cj:yf sdhf]/ kfb{5 . o:tf cf};t 36gfx?sf] c;/ kz'x?sf]:jf:Yo / kf]if0f, k|hgg\ ofd / lgod tyf pTkfbsTjdf b]lvG5 . kz'x?sf] cfxf/fvf]Hg ;Sg] tyf lx+88'n ug]{ sfo{sf sf/0f logLx? Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ jfnLgfnLeGbf jl9 ;xg ;Sb5g\ . kz'kfng k4ltdf ljljwLs/0fn] ls;fgx?nfO{ ljljwhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 . olb e}/x]sf] Joj:yfn]hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ufx|f] k/]df kz'kfnsx?n] To;dfkl/jt{g u/L km/s vfnsf] Joj:yf u/]df c;/ sd ug{ ;S5g\ .

cfly{s k|efjx?cfly{s s[ofsnfksf] k'/fgf] dfWod dWo] s[lif klg Pp6f xf] . s[lif d'Vo vfB k4ltsf]Pp6f cËdfq geP/, of] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] d'Vo ;xefuL / cw{–bIf hgzlQmsf] 7"nf]/f]huf/bftf xf], o;df x'g] h:tf] ;'s} hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] l;Ëf] ;fdflhs cfly{sk|0ffnLdf ljljw k|efj kfb{5 . s[lifdf hnjfo' k|efj :jfefljs x'G5, t;y{, o;sf]pTkfbgsfo{ kfgL, phf{ / hldg h:tf d'Vo k4lt pk/ lge{/ x'G5, ;fy} k|fs[lts>f]tsf] ;+/If0fsf] cfwf/df hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ klg gof xfjfkfgLdf ;xh x'g]vfnsf s[lif s[ofsnfkx? cfjZos x'G5g\ .

ld>Lt v]tLdf x'g] ljljlws/0f 3f6f sd ug]{ Pp6f ljlw x'g ;Sb5 . ld>Lt jfnLsf]kl/jt{g tyf cGo s[ofsnfkx?n] lgof{tsf] gofF ;Defjgf NofpF5 . cy{tGqsf cGokIfx? h:t} M s[lif–cfwf/Lt Joj;fo, oftfoft, yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/, cflb, d'Notyf gofF /f]huf/Lsf] ?kdf a9\g ;Sb5 .

s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iffdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjsf] k|lqmof Mhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] v/fj c;/nfO{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgjf6 36fpg ;lsG5, o:tf]sfo{ klxn] g} jftfg's'nLt Joj:yfkg gul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg k]xL ;:tf] klg x'g

;Sb5 . o;sf ;fy}, xfdL s] eGg ;Sb5f}+ eg] s[lifdf x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fy{sk|efj k|ToIf ?kdf xfd|f] cfˆg} vfB pTkfbgdf, tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf cGo d'n'ssfs[lif k|lt:kwL{ If]qdf ;d]t kb{5 . Pp6f k"jf{g'dfg s] 5 eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;FukmfObf klg ufFl;Psf] x'G5, h;n] s[lif–h}ljs tx-If]q_sf] lj:tf/ u/L pTkfbgIf]qnfO{ a9fp5, hf] g]kfndf b]lvPsf] 5 -x]g'{xf];\======_. o:tf] lj:tf/nfO{ s[lifsf]cEof;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg pQ/If]qsf] df6f]n] u|x0f ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

g]kfndf hg;+Vofsf] *) k|ltzt /f]huf/Lsf] dfWod ag]sf] s[lif d'Vo cfly{ss[ofsnfk ag]sf] 5 . s[lif If]q lhljsf]kfh{gsf] d'Vo dfWod ePtfklg o;sf] s'nu|fx:y pTkfbgdf sl/j ## k|ltzt dfq of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . hDdf @& k|ltzthldgdf dfq v]lt ul/Psf] 5 . d'n's d'Vo ?kdf jiff{sf] kfgLdf lge{/ 5, s'n v]ltul/Psf] hldgdWo] hDdf ## k|ltztdf dfq l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknJw 5 . t;y{,ax';+Vos ls;fgx? cfh klg l;+rfOsf] nflu jiff{sf] klgdf lge{/ 5g\ . bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf s[lifsf] cf};t jflif{s j[l4 b/, v/fj hnjfo' cj:yf nufotsfsf/0fjf6 hDdf @=^& k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] lyof] hj sL] o;sf] nIo $=!! k|ltztlyof] . tLg jif]{ cGt/Ld of]hgf- @))&÷)* –@))(÷!)_n] jflif{s cf};t cfly{sj[l4 b/ %=% k|ltzt nlIft u/]sf] 5 . ;du| j[l4df, s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 #=^ k|ltzt /u}x| s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 ^=% k|ltztsf b/n] nlIft ul/Psf] 5 .

otfsf jif{x?df klg g]kfnn] cgk]lIft hnjfo' 36gfx? a9\g] qmd ef]lu/x]sf] 5,af9L / klx/f] ;lxtsf] jiff{, v8]/L, ltj| tfk, tftf] xfjf, lr;f] x'08/L, cl;gf tyflxdkft h:tf k|fs[lts 36gfx? a9\g] qmddf /x]sf 5g\ . nfdf] ;'Vvf tyf lr;f]x'08/Ljf6 jfnL pTkfbgdf gsf/fTds c;/ ub}{ jfnLnfO{ c;kmn agfO{ /x]sf] x'G5 .k"jL{ t/fO{sf] @))^ sf] v8]/Ljf6 wfgsf] pTkfbgdf #) k|ltztn] lu/fj6 cfof] .@))& df dWo– klZrd g]kfndf cfPsf] leif0f af9Ln] x's]{sf] afnL tyf v]tLof]Uohldgdf bzf}+ nfv ?k}ofF j/fj/sf] Iflt k'¥ofof] . cl;gf kg]{ 36gfx? klg jl9/x]sf5g\ h;n] jfnLsf] km"n km'Ng] / kmn nfUg] ;dodf IftL ub{5 . utjif{ klg klZrdLg]kfndf w]/} klx/f]sf 36gfx? b]lvP h;n] v]tLof]Uo hldg tyf dfgjLo IftL ;d]tu¥of] -x]g'{xf];\======_. o;jf6 jfnL pTkfbgsf] df};ddf km/s kg]{, jfnLsf] pTkfbgrqmdf sdL, v]tLsf] tl/sfdf kl/jt{g tyf v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ljgf; eO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL s[lifsf] k"/s cË kz'kfng xf] . kz'kfng jfo'd08nLo tfkqmdsf]ptf/r9fjjf6 jl9 g} k|efljt x'G5 . tfkqmddf x'g] @ l8u|L ;]N;Lo; ;Ddsf] j[l4n]df;' / b"wsf] u'0f:t/ 36\g], s'v'/fsf] c08f lbg] Ifdtf 36\g] tyf kz'x?df/f]uJofwLsf] ;Defjgf a9fpFb5 . 3fF;kftsf] ;Lldttf, pRr tfkqmdsf sf/0fn] x'g]a9L uld{ tyf jiff{sf] sldsf sf/0f lkpg] kfgLsf] cefjjf6 kz'sf] b"wdf kf]if0fsf]sdL tyf /f]ux?sf s]xL 36gfx? b]vf kb{5g\ . o;f]ePklg , jfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] j[l4n] cfxf/fsf] pTkfbgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . csf{ lt/, sd jiff{tyf cfb{|tfn] 3fF;]e"dL, bfgf tyf cfxf/fsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf lu/fj6 Nofpb5. kz'kfngdf hnjfo'sf] c;/nfO{ ofssf] Jojxf/sf] ljZn]if0fn] :ki6 b]vfPsf] 5 .ofsnfO{ lxdfnosf] vf; ;DklQ tyf lxdfnsf] w]/} ;hu hgfj/sf] ?kdf lnOG5 .logLx? #))) b]lv %))) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df a:5g\ . logLx?sf] j;fO ;/fO{ -

tnjf6 prfO tkm{ / prfOjf6 tn tkm{_ vf;u/L bfgfsf] pknJwtf tyf cg's'ntfkqmdsf cfwf/df x'G5 . ofssf] nflu cg's'n tfkqmd ;'Go b]lv !) l8u|L ;]N;Lo;jLrsf] xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] xfd|f] df5f kfng tyf kfgL cfwfl/t If]qdf klg kb{5. lr;f]df j:g] df5fx? ;txsf] kfgLsf] tfkqmdsf] j[l4n] ljgf; tkm{ ws]lnG5g\ .

jfnLdf kf]if0fsf] sdL tyf kz'sf] pTkfbsTjdf cfpg] lu/fj6jf6 cGttM b]zsf]vfB ;'/Iffdf gsf/fTds cj:yf NofpF5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] xhf/f}+ ls;fgx?nfO{c;/ kfb{5 h;sf] hLjgofkg d'Vo ?kdf afnL / kz' pTkfbgdf cfl>t x'G5 .hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] pgLx?sf] vfB ;'/IffnfO{ dfq r'gf}tL lbg] xf]Og, kz'wgsf] IftLx'g'sf ;fy} slxn] sfxL+ pgLx?s} Hofg hfg klg ;Sb5 . o;sf ;fy}, hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf sf/0f s[lif If]qdf c;/ x'Fbf xfd|f] cy{tGq klg k|efljt x'G5 . t;y{,g]kfn h:tf] d'n'ssf] nflu of] kIf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5, h;sf] xl/t u[x Uof;sf]pT;h{gdf Hofb} sd e"ldsf ePklg o;sf] pRr hf]lvddf /xg] tyf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] c;/jf6 jRg / o;jf6 s[lif If]qnfO{ hf]ufpg w]/} 7"nf] d]xgt ug'{ kg]{jfWotf 5 . s[lifsf] lbuf]kgfsf nlfu hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's'ng x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{;Djf]wg ug{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o txdf ePsf k|of;x? M–

s[lif gLltcGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] kfngf tyf /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ g]kfn;/sf/n] s[lif–h}ljs ljljwtf, s[lif– Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog nufot s[lifIf]qdf w]/} /fli6«o gLltx? th'{df ul/ nfu' u/]sf] 5 . !) j6f gLltx?, !& j6f P]g, (j6f lgodfjnL tyf ^ j6f lgb]{lzsfx? hf/L eO{;s]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} gLlt,P]g,lgodfjnL tyf lgb]{lzsfx? ;'b[9 dfgj :jf:Yosf ;fy} s[lif pTkfbg tyf ;+/If0fsfnflu ;xof]uL jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{tkm{ nlIft 5g\ . s]xL lgodfjnLx? eO /x]sf;+:yfx?sf] k'gM;+/rgfsf] nflu kf; ePsf 5g\ . kf/Ll:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{:jf:Yo tyf s[lif ljsf;sf If]qdf ls6gfzs cf}ifwL, /f;folgs dnvfb tyfvfBfGg ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

/fli6o cg'sng sfo{ of]hgf (NAPA) df s[lif tyf vfB ;'/IffafnL nfpg] df};ddf x'g] jiff{df Ps?ktf 5}g . uld{ofdsf] jfnL jf9Ln] jufPg eg]klg 8'jfgdf kg]{ lglZrtk|foM 5 . hf8f]ofddf / j;Gt Ct'df /f]k]sf] jfnLn] nfdf]v8]/L ;xg' kb{5 . hnjfo' ljljwtf tyf kl/jt{gdf x'g] j[l4n] s[lif pTkfbsTjdfkm/s kfg]{ , Jofks tyf ck|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ x'G5 h;sf sf/0f k"/} s[lif – h}ljsIf]qdf vfB ;'/Iffdf k|efj kb{5 .

dWo kxf8 tyf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf x'g] tfkqmdsf] j[l4n] s[lif–h}ljs txsf] prfO{cem} dfyL k'¥ofpg] ;fy} s]xL k|hftLsf jfnLsf] kfSg] ;donfO{ nDJofpg] ub{5 .csf]{lt/, pRr kxf8L kz'kfnsx?sf cg';f/ 3fF;kft tyf bfgf sf] pTkfbgdf x'g]sldjf6 kz'x?df k/lhjLx?sf] ;+s|d0f b]lvg] ub{5 . dWo kxf8df, df6f]sf]lr;f]kfgfdf x'g] sld-jiff{ / tfkqmddf x'g] kl/jt{gsf sf/0f_ n] afnLx? l56f] kfSg],jfnL c;kmn x'g] tyf s[lif pTkfbsTjdf lu/fj6 cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm,aUg] kfgLsf] cefjdf l;+rfOsf nflu k|fs[lts vf]nf vf]N;L, kf]v/L, tfn tn}ofx?;a} ;'Sg] cj:yfdf 5g\ . t/fO{df klg o:t} ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf 5g\, vf;u/Lhldgd'gLsf] kfgLsf] 36\bf] axfjn] ubf{ afnLgfnLdf l;+rfO{sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] sntyf af]l/Ëx?af6 cfpg] kfgLsf] dfqf 36]sf] 5 .

s]lGb|o TfYof+s ljefusf] tYof+s cg';f/ hnjfo' pTkGg ljgf;sf sf/0f ljt]sf]bzsdf $=& k|ltzt 3/w'/Lsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] sl/j #)*$% x]S6/ hldg v]tLug{ gx'g] ePsf] 5-s]=t=lj=, @))$_ . kxf8 / lxdfnsf] t'ngfdf t/fO{ If]qdf al9c;/ ePsf] jtfOPsf] 5 . dWo tyf ;'b'/ – klZrd If]qdf sd c;/ ePsf] elgPtfklg ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf] cfwf/df of] ljj/0fnfO{ 5fgljg ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

cjl:ytLhGo tyf ef}uf]lns b'j} b[i6Ljf6 x'g] c;dfg jiff{sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;xhagfpg w]/} cTofw'lgs k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o:t}, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]kl/b[Zo tyf o;sf] ljljwtfn] km/s km/s s[ifL– kf/Ll:ylts k|0ffnL tyf hnjfo'cj:yfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{{ ug]{ k|ljlwx?sf] ckof{Kttfsf] r'gf}lt a9fpg]cj:yf 5 . l;+rfO{sf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ u/]/ tfkqmd j[l4 tyf df};dL / clgoldtjiff{sf] c;/nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/ jfnL pTkfbgnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd arfpg ;lsG5 . t/,g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ s[lif of]Uo hldg l;+lrt x'g] cj:yf 5}g . s'n v]tLof]Uo dWo] PsltxfO{ hldgdf dfq l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf lglZrt 5 . o;sf] cy{ v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] w]/}efu jiff{sf] kfgLdf lge{/ 5 . l;+rfO{ kx'Frsf] ;DefJotf s[lif–h}ljs If]qdf km/skm/s 5 . t/fO{ If]qdf dfq hldgsf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf -(* k|ltzt_ l;+rfO{ x'g ;Sb5 .t'ngfTds ?kdf kxf8df yf]/} If]qdf / lxdfndf Hofb} sd If]qdf l;+rfO{ x'g ;Sb5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] xflgsf/s c;/nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ gofF pko'Qm k|sf/sf] jfnLNfufpg], /;folgs dnvfb cflbsf] k|of]unfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ h}ljs v]tL ljlw÷cEof;cjnDjg ug]{, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t v]tL tyf kfgL Joj:yfkg, tyf :yfgLo cg's'ngljlwnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 . NAPA n] s[lif tyf vfB;'/Iffn] ef]uL /x]sf] eofgs cj:yfsf] sf/0f s]xL xb;Dd hnjfo' kl/jt{g g} xf] eGg]a'em]sf] 5 . t;y{, s[lifdf cg's'ngsf] k|fyldstf s[lif of]Uo hldg pkof]u k4lt,s[lif– h}ljsljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} :yfgLo cg's'ng k|of;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{;xof]uL, k|efjsf/L z';f;gsf cfwf/df Jofks / lbuf] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy lgwf{/0ful/Psf] 5 . t;y{, k|:tfljt h?/L tyf tTsfnLg cg's'ngsf ljsNkx?df ljz]ifu/]/ ljpsf] kxF'rdf ;'wf/, k|ljlw / ahf/, s[lif– kf/Ll:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ klxn]s}cj:yfdf Nofpg] k|of; tyf jfnLsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 / k/Dk/fut v]tLsf]cEof;df ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{ kb{5g\ .

cg's"ngsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Adaptiaion)

cfO{kL;L;L -@))!_ sf cg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f k|fs[lts jf dfgjLok|0ffnLdf l;lh{t jf:tljs jf ;Defljt hf]lvdx?;Fu cg's'ng x'g] u/L kl/jt{g x'gtyf hLjgz}ln / hLljsf]kfh{g nufPtsf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efj;Fu tfnd]n vfg]u/L?kfGt/0f ug'{ jf 9fNg'nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng elgG5 . cfkm\gf]] :jfefjdfkl/jt{g u/]/, z/L/sf] 9f‘rfdf kl/jg{g u/]/ / gofF pkfo k|ljlwx? pkof]u u/]/kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf ;dfof]hg x'g] ub{5g\ . o;/L ;dfof]hg x'Fbf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]ub{5

;do cg';f/ If]qcg';f/ -5f]6f] cjlw k|lt nfdf] cjlw, :yfgLo k|lt vs If]qLo :t/_ /0fgLlt cg';f/ - of]hgf j4 k|lt :jkm"{{ , lgl:qmo k|lt ;lqmo_ stf{ cg';f/ -;fj{hlgs k|lt AolQmut, k|fs[lts k|lt ;fdflhs k|0ffnL_

cg's'ng / ljsf;df km/s

ljsf; eg]sf] jt{dfg / eljiosf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] k|lqmof a'lwmG5 eg]cg's'ng eg]sf] M ljut, jt{dfg / eljiosf] ;d:of xf] -b'j} nfdf] / 5f]6f]cjlwsf] clt cfjZos_ . b]xfodf pNn]lvt rf/ j6f lqmofsnfkx?n] ljsf; /hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngnfO{ km/s b]vfpFb5 -WRI 2007_ . tL lqmofsnfkx? h;n] dfgljo ljsf;nfO{ j9fpFb5 / ;+s6f;Ggtfsf sf/sx? (Drivers) nfO{

;Djf]wg ub{5 h:t} n}+lus z'?cft, hLljsf]kfh{gdf j[l4 ug]{ kxnx? cflb . To:tf lqmofsnfnx? h;n] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub{5, / k|ToIf If]qx?nfO{ k|efj

kfb{5 h:t} k|fs[lts >f]t Aoj:yfkg, df};d cg'udg . h;n] /0fg}lts ?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;'rgfx? k|of]u u/L hnjfo'sf

hf]lvdx?nfO{ Aoj:yfkg ub{5 h:t} k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg of]hgf, ;'Vvfk|lt/f]wfTds jflngfln

k|efjx?nfO{ 7f];?kdf ;Djf]wg u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fdgf ub{5 h:t};d'bfofnfO{ ;d'lGb| ;txj9bf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{ .

cg's'ngsf k|sf/x?

!= k"j{ cg's'ng (Anticipatroy Adaptation)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj b]lvg' eGbf cufl8 g} ;Defljt hf]lvdjf6 jRg] jf ToxLcg'?k g} hLjg ofkgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] jf 9fNg'nfO{ k"j{ cg's'ng elgG5 . o;nfO{;lqmo (Pro-active) cg's'ng klg elgG5 .

@= :jfoTj cg's"ng (Autonomous adaptation)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 cfO{kg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofk|ltsf] :jt ?kdf x'g] ;r]ttfk"0f{k|ltlqmofnfO{ :jfoQ cg's"ng elgG5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] cg's"ngdf s'g} hnfjfo'kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ j}wflgs ?k glbO{ g} ;Djf]wg ug]{ ul/G5 . of] k|fs[ltsk|0ffnLdf kof{j/0fLo kl/jt{g x'g' xf] eg] dfgjsf] hLjgofkgdf Aofkfl/s tyf dfgjsNof0fsf ?kdf x'g] lqmofsnfk xf] . ;d'bfon] ghflgbf] ?kdf ul//x]sf] k|ltlqmof /o;df dflg;n] c;/ 6fg{ eGbfklg ;xh hLjgofkgsf nflu ug]{ lqmofsnfkx?kb{5g\ .

#= of]hgfj4 cg's'ng -Planned adaptation_

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cfO{kg{ ;Sg] tyf cfO{k/]sf ;d:of k|lt rgfvf] eO{To;nfO{ gLltut, k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ?kjf6 / hg r]tgf dfkm{t ckgfO{g]cg's"ngnfO{ of]hgfa4 cg's"ng elgG5 . o;n] cfO{kg{ ;Sg] tyf cfO{ k/]sf;d:ofx?;Fu h'w]/ jftfj/0fLo cg's"ng sfod ug{ / ;f]r cg'?ksf] l:yltdfk'¥ofpgdf ;xof]u ub{5 .





hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf kIfnfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfk|ls|ofdf ;dfof]hg ug{ uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfnfO{ Ps pko'Qm OsfO dflgPsf] 5 .k|zf;lgs tyf ef}uf]lns OsfOsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfn] :yfg jf;d'bfoljz]if cg's"ngsf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . of]txdf x'g] ;dfof]hgn] cwf]ufdL (Top-down) / pmWj{ufdL b'j} th'{df k|ls|of k|of]uu/L pko'Qm cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ug{ d2t ub{5 . :yfgLo sfo{of]hgf agfO{ljifout, ufpF tyf gu/ ljsf; of]hgf k|ls|ofdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;dGjo, cg'udg

tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . ljlgof]lht jh]6 Pslqt ug{ / hnjfo'cg's"ng sfo{ ;~rfng ug{nfO{ uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf ;Ifd 5 jf ;Ifd jgfpFg'kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ffdf of] ;+/rgf th'{df ePsf] 5 .











:yfgLo cg's'ngsfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o;F/rgf (THE LAPA

FRAMEWORK):yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sf] p2]Zo hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf] kIfnfO{:yfgLo b]lv /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo cg's'ngsfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgfn] hnjfo' cg's'ng tyf ;dfg's'ngsf] kIfnfO{ :yfgLo

b]lv /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hg ugg{ ;ft j6f r/0fx? klxrfg u/]sf] 5h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\ .!= hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 (Climate change sensitization)@= hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ng d"Nofª\sg (Climate vulnerability andadaptation assessment)#= cg's"ngsf cj;/sf] vf]hL tyf k|fyldsLs/0f (Prioritization of adaptationoptions)$= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf th'{df (LAPA Formulation)%= of]hgf k|ls|ofdf :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf ;dfof]hg (LAPA Integration intoplanning processes)^= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog (LAPA Implemention)&= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] k|ult d"Nofª\sg (LAPA progress assessment)pko'{Qm r/0fx?nfO{ lgDg rqmdf -lrq @_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .






;Dd'vtf (Exposure)






hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf cGo jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx?;Fu cg's"ng x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{cg's"ng Ifdtf elgG5 . cg's'ng Ifdtf ;d'bfosf] cfly{s >f]tx?, k|ljlwx?dfkxF'r, hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;'rgfx?df kx'Fr, ;'rgfx?sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf, ;F:yf / >f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 . cg's'ng Ifdtf

ljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5, hlt jl9 /fi6« jf ;d'bfo ljsl;t x'G5 cg's'ng Ifdtfklg plQg} jl9 x'G5 - OECD based on IPCC) .


;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+s6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf (Community Based VulnerabilityAssessment - CBVA):

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvd d'NofFsg ljlw /fd|f];Fu cEof; ul/Psf], kl/If0f ul/Psf]/ Aofks ?kn] l:jsfo{ ul/Psf] ljlw xf] . tnsf] 6]jnn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvdd'NofFsg tl/sfsf] zf/fFz k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . k|lS6sn PS;g / jftfj/0f dGqfnoADB TA 7173 sf] sG;f]l6«odn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hf]lvd d'NofFsgsf] lj:t[tk|lqmof / dfu{bz{gsf] tof/ u/]sf] 5 / ;xefuLx?nfO{ Tof] DofGo'Pn ;Gb{e ;fdfu|Lsf]?kdf lng cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . o; tl/sfdf d'Vo lgDg r/0fx? l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5.



t]>f] r/0f M ;Fj]bglzntfsf] d'NofFsg –hnfjo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g4f/fl;lh{t k|sf]k_hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DjlGwt k|sf]kx?sf] k|s[lt, kl/df0f / k|j[lQ -s[lif, jg, hn>f]t, ef}ltsk'jf{wf/, :jf:Yo / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? cflb_d'Vo k|Zgx? ljleGg If]qx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] s:tf] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 c;/sf] kl/df0f, jf/Djf/tf / seasonality s:tf] 5

c;/sf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5


kfFrf}+ r/0f M cg's'ngsf] nflu of]hgfx:tIf]k (Intervention) If]q, ;do, nlIft ;d'bfo cflbsf] k|sf/d'Vo k|Zgx? >f]tsf] ;F/If0f, Aoj:yfkg, ljljlws/0fsf] nflu s] s] gofF sfo{x? ug'{ k5{ k|fs[lts / ef}lts >f]tx?sf] k|efjsf/L Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu s] s:tf k|ljlwx? x'g ;Sb5g >f]t / cfjZostfsf] kof{Kttf s] 5 s'g s'g ;/f]sf/x?sf] e"ldsf s] s] x'g ;Sb5


cg's"ngsf pkfox?sf] klxrfgcg's"ngsf pkofx? cjnDag u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 hf]lug, sd ug{ jfjfof]lkmhLsn / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k|efj nfO{ Iflt k'/ofpgjf6 /f]Sg sf ;fy}hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 k|fKt cj;/x?nfO{ j9fjf lbg / ;DjlGwt stf{x?df cg's"lntIfdtfdf clea[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . cg's'ng pkfox?sf] k|sf/ M ef}lts k"jf{wf/, gLlt,Ifdtf / /fd|f cEof;x?cg's"ng pkfox?sf pbfx/0fx? Mcg's"ngsf tl/sf 5fGg] cfwf/x?k|efjsfl/tf M cg's'ngsf pkfox?n] slt xb ;Dd hf]lvdnfO{ sd ub{5 / o;n]cGo slt kmfO{bf k'¥ofpFb5 . ljleGg cj:yfdf cg's'ngsf pkfox?af6 x'g]k|efjsfl/tf jf/] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .d'No M cg's'ngsf pkfox?sf] ;fk]IfLt d'Nosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . nfut d'Nosf];fy ;fy} cGo d'No h:t} ;do, ;Frfng / ;Fef/ vr{, k'gM lgdf{0f vr{ cflb sf]jf/]df ljrf/ ug]{;DefAotf M k|zfzlgs, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws cflbsf] nflu jh]6sf] pknAwtf s] 5;f] sf] ljrf/ ug]{ . jt{dfg sfo{ut ;F/rgfaf6 ;Frfng ug{ ;lsg] cg's"ngof]hgfx?nfO{ ;Defj eP ;Dd k|fyldtstf lbg]cGo cfwf/x? cj:yfdf e/ kb{5g h:t} /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs l:jsfo{tf, cltcfjZos, h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm, l56f] sfo{fGjog ug{ ;lsg] jf kmfO{bf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],

k|lts'n c;/ kfg]{ sfo{x?nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{, lgltut ?kdf k|yldstfdf k/]sfsfo{x?;Fu tfnd]n ldnfpg] cflb


k|sf]k

cg's'ngsfpkfox?

k|efjsfl/tf -! –#_ -s_

vr{sf]ldtJolotf -!–#_-v_

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s"n c+s-

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hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngtf ljsf; of]hgf(Climate Resilient Development Planning)

;dfg's"ngtf ;d'bfon] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg sl7g kl/l:ylt;Fu ;fdgfug{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / hLjg:t/nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;Ifdx'G5g\ . clt ul/jL, vfBGgsf] cefj / ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfnsfclwsfFz hgtfx? cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf] k|efj;Fu ;dfg's'ngx'g / To;sf] tof/Lsf] nflu ;dIf e} ;s]sf 5}gg . Brigit / Cartwright -@))*_ sfcg';f/ the resilience perspective embraces the dynamic character of communities andhuman-ecosystem interactions and sees multiple potential pathways within them.o;n] ;d'bfosf] ;sf/fTds k|ltQ/jf6 ;jlns/0f / ;xof]unfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5eGg] j'emfO{df zlQmzfnL pbfx/0f lbG5 . ljsf;sf of]hgfx? jgfpFbf :jfoQ /cg's"lnt response x'g] s'/fx?nfO{ dWo gh/ lbg cfjZos 5 tfls To;n] plgx?s]fIfdtf j9fpg, ;d'bfosf] ;dfg's"ngnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ / cGTodf of]hgful/Psf sfo{x? sfof{Gjogdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] >f]tdf / cg's"lnt

Ifdtfdf a[l4 u/L eljiodf ul/g] sfof{Gjogn] ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'sng Ifdtfdf a[l4ub{5 .














cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug]{ s]xL pkfox?;fwf/0ftof g]kfndf ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|lqmof b]xfo cg';f/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof ;/sf/L dGqfnox?n] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof k|fO{e]6 lgsfox?n] ckgfPsf] of]hgf k|lqmof h:t} gfkmfsf] nflu, gfkmf /lxt




;do tflnsf

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kmfu'gt]>|f]xKtfleq

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kmfu'g d;fGtleq

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kmfu'gklxnf]xKtfleq

lhNnf kl/ifba}7s


;|f]tM g]kfn ;/sf/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno÷:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs kl/rfng tflnd ;fdu|L

ljifo—@ (Theme II)

jg, h}ljs ljljwtf / hnjfo' kl/jt{g

!= kl/ro

k[lYjdf hnjfo' b'|tb/ ultdf kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] 5 . ljZj AofkL?kdf /fi6«x?n]hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{g / k|fs[lts >f]tdf k/]sf] dx;';ul//x]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{sf] nflu xl/t u[x UoFf;sf]pT;{hgdf Aofks ?kdf s6f}lt ug'{ h?/L ePtf klg Go"lgs/0fn] dfq hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ kof{Kt 5}g . xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pT;{hgdf Go'lgs/0fu/]tfklg tfkqmd cem} sfod} /xg] 5 . :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o :t/df ;Frfng x'g]cg's'ng of]hgfsf sfo{qmdx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 x'g] IfltnfO{ s]lx xb ;Dd ePklg sd ug{ ;Sb5 / eljiodf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DjlGwt c;/x?nfO{ sdnfufgLdf k|To'Q/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu jg If]q Pp6f dxTkk"0f{ O{sfO{ jf I]fqx'g ;Sb5 h;n] hnjfo' cg's"ng / Go'lgs/0f b'j}df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

jg dfgjLo hLjgsf] nflu clt cfjZos 5 . To;n] hldgdf /x]sf] b"O{ ltxfO{hgfj/ / lj?jfx?nfO{ :yfg (Harbor) lbPsf] 5 . lj?jfn] xfdLnfO{ vfgf, clS;hg,jf;:yfg, dgf]/~hg / wfld{s efjgf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 eg] %,))) eGbf jl9Aofkf/ ug]{ j:t' h:t} cf}liflwhGo, sf7 pTkfbg / sk8fhGo j:t'x?sf] pknAwhFunjf6 g} pknAw x'g] ub{5 .jgsf] h}ljs ljljwtfn] ljleGg lsl;dsf] cfg'j+lzs(Gene), k|hflt / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf ;fy} cGo ;]jf / ;'ljwfx? klg pknAwu/fO{ lb3{sflng ?kdf :jf:Yo / :yfoLTj k|bfg ub{5 .

h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ k[lYjdf hLjgsf] ljljwtf klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;fwf/0f efiffdfh}ljsf ljljwtfnfO{ hLljt j:t'x?sf] ljljwtf, j;f]jf; ug]{ :yfg / tLlgx? ljrsf]cGt{lqmofnfO{ j'lemG5 . h}ljs ljljwtfdf /x]sf] ljleGg efux?sf] cGt{lqmofsf]sf/0fn] dfgj ;lxt ljleGg k|hfltx?sf] j;f]jf;sf] nflu k[lYj of]Uo ePsf] xf] .ljZjsf] nueu $) % cfly{s ultljlw vf; u/L s[lif, jg / cGo kf/l:yltsLo ;]jfh:t} :jR5 kfgL (fresh water) / df6f]sf] pTkfbglzntf h}ljs ljljwtf;Fu ;DjlGwt5g\ . ljZjsf] u|fld0f If]qsf ul/j hgtfx? cfkm\gf] hLjgofkgsf] nflu k|ToIf ?kdfh}ljs ljljwtfdf lge{/ x'G5g\ .

ljZjsf] jg If]qn] sfj{g rqmsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . cfO{kLkL;L -(2007a _ sf cg';f/ !((# b]lv @)))# ;Ddsf] Ps bzsdf hldgn]] k|To]s jif{##)) d]l6«s6g sfj{g e08f/0f u/]sf 5 (Denman et al., 2007, Table 7.1) h;df e"pkof]u kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] pT;{hgnfO{ ul/Psf] 5}g . !(() df %*)) d]l6«s6gsfj{g pT;{hg ePsf] cg'dflgt ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] s]lx efu hldgn] klg zf]if0fu/]sf] 5 (IPCC, 2007a) .

ljZjdf ;of}+ xhf/f}+ 3/w'/Lx? jgjf6 k|fKt j:t' / ;]jfdf lge{/ /x]sf 5g\ . o;n]lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ Aofks ?kdf x]bf{ jg If]qsf] dxTj hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] Go'lgs/0fdf

/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/df k'¥ofpg] k|efjjf/] hgfpFb5 . jgsf Go'lgs/0fsfsfo{qmdx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cg's'ngsf sfo{qmd, h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ sfod /fVg/ lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ j9fjf lbg ;lsG5 . sfj{g Aofkf/sf] kmfO{bfnfO{ jftfj/0f /;fdflhs kmfO{bfsf] d'No;Fu t'ngf ubf{ o;sf] Aokf/, ;xsfo{n] lbuf] lasf;nfO{j9jf lbG5 . xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf, :yfgLo hgtfx? jg Aoj:yfkg sfo{df klxn] b]lvsf]cEo:t ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] Go'lgs/0f / cg's'ng b'j}df kmfO{bf lbg'sf] ;fy}ljsf; / hLljsf]kfh{gdf a9jf lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf jflif{s jg ljgf;sf] b/ !=*% / IfoLs/0fsf] b/ jg ljgf;sf] b/ eGbf jl9*% cg'dflgt ul/Psf] 5 . jgsf] IfoLs/0fsf] b/ jl9 x'g'df t/fO{sf] j'9f ?vx?sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf dflgG5 . g]kfndf jgsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL vf; u/Ljg / hgtfsf] cGt{;DjGwdf /x]sf] 5 To;}n} g]kfndf jg Aoj:yfkgsf] sfo{dxz'lzs/0fsf] cfwf/df to ePsf] kfO{G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg dfqgeO{ sj'lnolt jg / ;+/lIft If]qdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf klg o;}sf] pbfx/0fsf]?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

sfj{g e08f/0f / zf]if0f jgn] lbg] dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfsf] /x]sf] 5 tfklg jf]/n / Mid

latitude If]qx?df j[Iff/f]k0f (Afforestration) sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf z+sf /x]sf] 5 lsgls3fF;] d}bfg (grassland) df eGbf jgsf] tNnf] ;tdf df kg]{ ;f}o{tfkn] tfkqmd j[l4ug{df lgoGq0f (curb) ub{5 .

@ hnjfo' kl/jt{g, jg / h}ljs ljljwtf

ljZjAofkL ?kdf $ ljnLog x]S6/ hldg jgn] 9fs]sf] 5 . k[lYjsf] ;txsf] #)% If]qjgIf]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))% df $#$ So'=dL= pTkfbg l;+lrltsf] #=% 3gld6/sf7 jg If]qjf6 x6fO{Psf] lyof] . o;dWo] hDdf kl/df0fsf] ^)% sf7 cf}Bf]lusIf]qdf k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . jgsf] clwsfFz efu k|fs[lts jgn] (Primary forest) #^%

/ jfFls %#% kl/jt{g ul/Psf] k|fs[lts jgn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() b]lv jflif{s?kdf ^ ldnLog x]S6/ sf] b/n] k|fs[lts jg ljgf; x'b} uPsf] 5 . jg ljgf;sf] b/j|flhn / O{G8f]g]lzofdf ljz]if u/L jl9 /x]sf] 5 . oL b'O{ b]z dfq jflif{s ?kdf $=(dLlnog x]S6/ jg If]q ljgf; ug{ lhDd]jf/ /x]sf tYofFsn] b]vfpFb5 . sd cfDbfgLePsf b]zx?df jg ljgf;sf] b/ jl9 5 ljz]if u/L pi0f If]qdf 5 eg] wlg /fi6x?n]klxn] Iflt k'/ofPsf jg If]qnfO{ k'g{:yfkgf u/L jg If]qnfO{ cem j9jf lbPsf 5g .

:yn k|0ffnLx? dWo] h}ljstfsf] lx;fjn] jg ;jeGbf jl9 wlg If]q xf] . pkf]i0f(Tropical), lztf]i0f (Temperate) / boreal jg, ?v lj?jf, hgfj/ / ;'Id k|f0Lx?sf]nflu ljljwtf ePsf] dfgLG5 . ljutdf sf7 pTkfbgnfO{ jgsf] d'Vo sfo{ dflgGYof]t/ xfnsf jif{x?df of] wf/0fdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtfn]dflg;sf] lhjgsf] nflu cfjZos j:t' / ;]jfsf] pknAw u/fpgdf 7'nf] d2tk'/ofPsf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo ;FGt'ng sfod u/]sf] jgn] vfg]kfgLnfO{ e08f/0f / :jR5jgfpg] sfo{ ug'{sf] ;fy} k|fs[lts k|sf]kx? h:t} ;'Vvf, klx/f] nfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{df;xof]u k'/ofpFb5 / To:n] sfj{gnfO{ eG08f/0f ug'{sf] ;fy} hnjfo'nfO{ lgoldttflbg klg ;xof]u ub{5 . To:t} jgn] vfgfsf] pknAwtf ug{, jiff{ u/fpg / ljleGgls;Ldsf cf}iflwsf], ;fF:s[lt / wfld{s p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu j:t'x? pknAwtf

u/fpFb5 . jgsf] :jf:Yo / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLjf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf / j:t'x?k|hfltsf] ljljwtf, k|hfltleqsf] cfg'a+lzs ljljwtf / jgsf] k|sf/x?sf] ljljwtfdfe/ kb{5 .

ljZj:t/df kfO{g] k|hfltsf] cfwf/df g]kfn @% cf}+ wgLsf] :yfgdf kb{5 hjlspkdxfl4kdf g]kfn !! cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 (MoPE (a), 2000) . Pl;ofdf kfO{g] h}ljsljljwtfsf] lx;fjn] g]kfn d'Vo !) j6f b]zx? dWo] r/fsf] nflu % cf}+, :tgwf/Lsf]nflu ( cf}+ / cGhLcf]:kld{s km'n k|hfltsf] nflu !) cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 (MoPE (b), 2000) .

ljZjsf] e" lk08 (landmass) sf] cfwf/df g]kfnn] sl/j )=)# k|ltzt / Plzofsf]lx;fjn] )=# k|ltzt If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] hDdf e" If]q sf] cfwf/df g]kfnn]hDdf )=! If]qkmn cf]u6\5 . t/ ljZjdf kfO{g] km'nkm'Ng] k|hfltx? dWo] sl/j @k|ltzt k|hflt, # k|ltzt 6]l/8f]kmfO{6;\ / ^ k|ltzt j|fof]kmfO{6;\ k|hfltx? g]kfndfkfO{G5g\ (MoPE (a), 2000) .

g]kfnL jg:kltx?df !))) eGbf jl9 Angisosperms /x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .To:t} sl/j (# g]kfn]lG; gfdsf jg:klt k|hfltx? / To; dWo] #@ k|hfltx?g]kfndf /}yfg]sf] ?kdf kfO{G5g . To:t} ^) c/}yfg] / $& /}yfg] k|hfltsf lj?jfx?nf]kf]Gd'v cj:Yffdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 (MoPE (a), 2000) .

;fnfvfnfdf %$))) k|hfltsf sGbd'n (vascular Plans) x? clen]v ul/Psf] 5 h;dWo] &)) eGbf jl9 cf}iflwhGo k|ofusf] nflu pkof]uL 5g\ . g]kfndf %!&%km'nkm'Ng] k|hfltx?sf] clen]lvsf/0f ul/Psf] 5 . !((# sf] g]kfndf dxfdf/L /nf]kf]Gd'v lj?jf (endemic and endangered plant of Nepal} sf] cWoogn] nueu@$^ km'nkm'Ng] k|hftLx? g]kfndf /}yfg] k|hftLsf] ?kdf /x]sf b]vfPsf] 5 (MoPE(b), 2000) h;dWo] * j6f k|hftLx? nf]kx'g] cj:Yffdf /x]sf] 5 (Shreshta, 1999), !k|hflt nf]kf]Gd'v, & k|hfltx? hf]lvddf / #! k|hfltx? IUCN sf] lj/n} (rare)k|hfltdf ljefhg /x]sf 5g\ . c/}yfg] k|hftLx? dWo] @@ j6f k|hfltx?nfO{ lj/n}, !@k|hfltx?nfO{ nf]kf]Gd'v category / !! k|hfltx?nfO{ hf]lvdo'Qm k|hfltsf] ?kdfpNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] jg lgodfjnLdf !# k|hfltx?nfO{ ;+/lIft k|hfltsf]?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 !((% Annex III)(MoPE (a), 2000) . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qx?/}yfg] k|hfltx?sf] nflu x6:k6sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ cGgk'0f{ ;F/lIft If]qdf %%k|sf/sf k|hfltx?, 9f]/kf6g jGohGt' cf/If df #^, ;f] kmf]S;'G8f] /fli6«o lgs'~hdf#), nfË6fË /fli6«o lgs'~hdf !% / dsfn' j?0f /fli6«o lgs'~hdf & k|sf/sfk|hfltx?sf] nflu x6:k6sf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 (MoPE (b), 2000) .

jgIf]qn] ljZjAofkL ?kdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf sfj{gnfO{ e08f/0f u/L /fv]sf] 5 .ljZjsf] jgjg:ktLn] @*# u]uf6g sfj{g o;sf] jfof]df;df, #* u]uf6g d[t sf7 /#!& u]uf6g df6f] -dflyNnf] #) ;]=dL=_ / kltË/df e08/0f u/]/ /fv]sf] 5 . @))%df jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hDdf ^*# u]uf6g sfj{g /x]sf] cg'dflgt ul/Psf]5 h'grflx jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] sfj{g eGbf jl9 x'g cfpF5 . of] sfj{g e' :ynn] lng]sfj{g ;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] 5 h'g jg If]qn] jflif{s ?kdf @=$ u]uf6g zf]if0f ug]{cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . jg If]qn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng of]hgfnfO{ kfl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLsf] ;]jf / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? k|bfg u/L dxTak'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf]5 .

/fli6«o hnjfo' cg's'ng / Go'lgs/0f /0fgLltdf jg If]qn] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf]s'/fnfO{ g]kfnn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg jg gLlt / lqjlif{o of]hgfn] jgIf]qdf ;xeflutfTds sfo{af6 / ul/j ju{x?nfO{ >f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/LpgLx/sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ / cfocfh{gdf a[l4 u/L hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpgj}wflgs / ;F:yfut ;'wf/sf] nflu jsfnt u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

#= jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj k|lqmof

k|fljlws / /fhg}lts b'j} lx;fjn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjAofkL d} Pp6f hl6n /ljjfbf:kb ljifo xf]] . xfn;fn} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;F3 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL cGt/;/sf/L;d"x -cfO{kL;L;L_n] of] lgZsif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 ls "the balance of evidence suggests adiscernible human influence on global climate," and that "further accumulation ofgreenhouse gases will commit the earth irreversibly to global climate change with itsconsequent ecological, economic, and social disruption" (Houghton et al., 1996;Brown et al., 1997; Kerr, 1997) . lrGtfsf] ljifo of] klg 5 ls hnjfo' kl/jt{n]eljiodf jgsf] jgfj6, pTkfbglzntf, lbuf]kgf / jftfj/0fLo tyf cfg'jfFlzsljljwtfdf k|efj kfb{5 (Houghton et al., 1996) .

ldn]gLod kfl/l:yltsLo d'NofFsgsf cfwf/df ;'Vvfhldg (Dry land) n] k[lYjsf] $!%

e' efu cf]u6]sf] 5 / Tof] e"–If]qdf @ v/j -ljnLog_ eGbf jl9 dflg;sf] j;f]jf;/x]sf] 5 . dfgL;sf] ;3g x:tIf]k h:t} cfunflu, rl/r/0f, s[lif, bfp/f ;+sngcflbn] ;'Vvf jgx? If]qnfO{ cem jl9 k|lts'n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . k'/f ?kdf ljgf;gePsf ;'Vvf jg k|0ffnL x?sf] cj:yf cem sdhf]/ / v08Ls[t cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\. jg IfoLs/0f k|lqmof z'? eP/ z'?sf] jg:kltsf k|sf/x? ;'Vvf x'Fb}, sdpTkfbglzn / sd k|lt/f]wfTds ePsf 5g h;sf] sf/0fn] w]/} If]q d?e'lds/0f x'g]cj:yfdf 5g h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf ;d]t k|lts'n c;/kf/]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw cGt/;/sf/L ;d'xsf cg';f/ jgsf] ;F/If0f / k'gM:yfkgfsfo{jf6 sd nfutdf cg's'ng / lbuf] ljsf; b'j}nfO{ kmfO{bf k'/ofO{ pT;{hgnfO{pNn]Vo dfqfdf s6f}lt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L jg ;F/If0f / k'gM:yfkgfn] hldgsf]Iflt / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;F/If0f ug{df d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .

#=! j[l4sf kIfx? -Growth factor_

jftfj/0fnfO{ l:y/ kfg{ / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfx?nfO{ k'/f ug{ ;Sg] jgnfO{ :jf:yjg elgG5 . jg Aofa:yfksx?sf nflu jgsf] lbuf]kgf sfod ub}{ j:t' tyf;]jfx?sf] pknAwtfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg' r'gf}lt /x]sf] x'G5 .

jftfj/0fLo M :jf:Yo jgn] cgf}7f] k|hftL (unique species) / k|lqmofx?nfO{ l:y/sfod /fVb} o;sf] jgfj6, ;Fof]hg / sfo{nfO{ l:y/ /fVb5 .

;fdflhs M :jf:Yo jgdf hgnfsf] jt{dfg / eljiosf] dfunfO{ ldnfpg] Ifdtf/x]sf] x'G5 .

oL tTjx? (Components) Ps csf{df cGt{lglxt x'G5g\ . jgsf] lbuf] j[l4,kf]if0fx?nfO{ k'gMpkof]u / cGo jftfj/0fLo sfo{x? gu/L jgn] ;fdflhscfjZostfx? k'/f ug{ ;Sb}g .

;j} kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . kl/jt{g t'?Gt} jf 5f]6f]cjlwdf x'g ;Sb}5 nfdf] cjwLdfdf x'g] ub{5 . jg:ktLdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{jgsf] cg'qmd0f (Succession) elgG5 . cfuf], ls/fx?, /f]ux?, hnjfo'' / dfgjLolqmofsnfkh:tf jfwfAojwfgx?n] jg:kltdf l56f] l56f] leGgtf x'g] ub{5 . s'g}jfwf Aojwfg ljgf klg jgdf kl/jt{g x'g] ub{5 t/ of] leGg k|sf/ / ls;Ldsf]x'G5 .

Aojl:yt lsl;dsf] jf;]jf; x'g' k'j{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo jf hldGbf/x?n] jg hFundfcfuf] nfufpg] k|rng lyof] . cfunflu eO{ cfpg] jg:kltdf kl/jt{gsf] nflud'Vo sf/s /x]sf] lyof] . j;f]jf; j;fO{n] jg:klt kl/jt{gsf] nflu gofF sf/sx?cfpg yfNof] . cfunflu lgoGq0f / sf7 s6fgL cfDbfgLsf] >f]t / hgtfsf];DkQL hf]ufpg] dfWod x'g yfNof] . o:t} cGo kl/jt{gx? ghflgbf] h:t}xfgLs/sf /f]u, ls/f / jg:kltx?sf] k|j]z x'gyfNof] .

efUoj;, g]kfndf cem} klg w]/} jg If]qdf :yfgLo k|hfltsf ?vx? /x]sf 5g\ .g]kfndf :yfgLo k|hfltx? /x]tfklg s]lx If]qdf :yfgLo k|hfltx?sf] dfqfdfpNn]Vo kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . cem} klg :yfgLo k|hftLsf jgx?n] /}yfg] r/fx? /cGo hgfj/x?nfO{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf jf;:yfg k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . dgf]/~gfsfcj;/x? k|bfg ug{, hFunLkgf / o;jf6 pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgx? d'Nojfgls;Ldsf 5g\ .

#=@ zfl/l/s k|lqmof (Physiological Processes)

e" kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf jg ;jeGbf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . jgnfO{ k/Dk/fut?kdf ljleGg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 hnjfo'sf] cfwf/df -pi0f, lztf]i0f /cNkfO{g_, jg:kltsf] k|sf/sf] cfwf/df -ktem8, rf}8fkft], ;bfjxf/, rf}8fkft]ktem8, / l;of]?ksf kft ePsf sf]lgkm/_ . jgIf]qsf] jgfj6df w]/} ljljwtf/x]sf] 5 h'g ljleGg txdf /x]sf] pi0f jg b]lv ktem/ hFun h;sf] w/} h;f]kft x? ;d/ Ct'df emb{5 b]lv ;bfjxf/ sf]lgkm/ ?vx? h;sf] ljz]iftfSofgf]kLx? u'R5f k/]/ /x]sf] x'G5 o:tf] jg kxfl8 / lxdfnL If]qdf kfO{G5 .k|fs[lts jgx?df ljleGg lsl;dsf k|fhfltx? ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 . afwfAojwfg gk'/ofPsf] pi0f jgx?df k[lYjsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL jl9 /x]sf] x'G5 .s6fg, cfunflun] k|hfltsf] ljljwtfnfO{ 36fpFb5 h;n] Pp6} k|sf/sf] ;dfgpd]/sf] jg / j[Iff/f]k0f u/] h:tf] Pp6} k|hflt / Psgf;sf] jg b]vfpFb5 .

zfl/l/s kof{j/0fzf:q zfl/l/s k|lqmof;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 h'g jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdfk|efljt / cGt{lqmof eO{ jftfj/0fLo cj:yfn] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ?k /:jefjdf e/ kb{5 . zfl/l/s k|lqmof hldgdf /x]sf lj?jfx?sf] w]/} efu jf ;fwf/0fefux? ;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 . jfof]s]ldsn k|lqmof :j?k k|sfz ;F:n]if0f k|lqmofcWof/f]df x'Fbf s]lx leGgtf x'G5 h;nfO{ C3 and C4 lj?jf elgG5 t/ tLlgx? o; ;FuoxfF ;DjlGwt x'Fb}gg\ gt ltgLx? k/Dk/fut kfof{j/0fzf:q;Fu g} ;DjlGwt x'G5g\ .

s]lx AolQmx? bfp/f pTkfbg ug]{ jg Aoj:ykfg;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5g / plgx?sf]?vsf] zfl/l/s lj1fg;Fu ;DjGw x'Fb}g . jgsf] Aoj:yfkg eg]sf]] bfp/f pTkfbgsf]

nflu Aoj:yfkg ug'{ xf] / tLgLx?n] o;sf] jf/]df lg0f{o ug'{ eg]sf] s6fg ug'{ /j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ xf] . emfl8sf] lgoGq0f ug'{ ;DejtM ls/fx?sf] lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] . jgdfk|fs[lts 36gfx? x'g ;Sb5g h:t} ;'Vvf, clt g} uld{ / hf8f], lj?jfdf OGkm]S;gjf ls/fsf] cfqmdd0f jf Aoj:yfkg sfo{ h:t} dn jf ktNofpg] / oLgLx? s'gjgdf k'gM /f]k0f ug]{ / s;/L ug]{, jgsf] df}Hbft (Stock) slt /fVg], slt sf7 bfp/fToxfFjf6 lgsfNg] / slt l56f] ?v lj?jfx?df a[l4 ePsf] 5 / j[l4 eO{/x]sf 5g eGg]lg0f{o u/L 7'nf] jg If]qsf] Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .Aoj:yfkssf] nflu u'0ffTds df]8]nx? dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ x'G5g / /fd|f] u'0ffTdsdf]8]nx? ?vlj?jfsf] zfl/l/s lqmofsf] 1fgdf e/kb{5 . To;sf/0f xfdLx?n] zfl/l/sk|lqmof PSn}nfO{ dfq ;DjGw /fVb}gf}+ t/ ?v / :6ofG8sf] a[l4sf] pko'Qm df]8]nx?;Fuklg ;DjGw /flvPsf] x'G5 .

$= j[l4 tTj / zfl/l/s k|lqmofdf tgfj (Stressors on growth factor &physiological processes)

jgsf] pTkfbglzntfdf kfgLsf] sld tyf tfkqmdsf] clws j[l4n] cfwf/e't ?kdfk|efj kfb{5 . tgfj/ bjfj (Stress) tfkqmdsf] 36Lj9L jf clwstdtf jf kfgLsf]lglZrt kof{Kttfsf] sf/0fn] x'g] ub{5 h'g ljleGg Ct'x? / jif{fx?df e/kb{5 .jgsf] pTkfbglzntfdf sld sf] jf/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ jgdf tgfjx?n] kfg]{e"ldsfx?nfO{ klg ljrf/ k'/ofpg] ul/G5 .

jgsf] j[l4 jf sfj{gsf] k|fKtLnfO{ ltgaf6 tTjx? (components) x? t'ngf ug{;lsG5 M kftsf] If]q (leaf area), k|sfz ;F:n]if0f lqmofsf] b/ (Rate of net

Photosynthesis) , / :jf;—k|Zjf;sf] b/ (Rate of respiration) . ?vsf] cfg'j+lzs;Defjgf (Potential) / o;sf] jftfj/0fn] ?vsf] j[l4 tyf pTkfbg lgwf{0f ub{5 .cfg'j+lzs / jftfj/0fLo tTjsf] sf/0fn] zfl/l/s k|lqmof4f/f (Physioligical) j[l4dflgoGq0f ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Pp6} jftfj/0fdf cfg'j+lzs leGgtfsf] sf/0f sfj{glng] / 5'§fpg] Ifdtfdf km/s x'g] ePsf]n] ?vsf] j[l4 b/df km/s x'G5 hjls leGgjftfj/0fdf s'g} Pssf] l;+un lhgf]6fO{kn] ubf{ j[l4 b/df km/s kfb{5 . o; k|sf/hj ?vsf] j[l4sf] kl/If0f ul/G5 To; j]nf o;nfO{ jftfj/0fLo bjfjsf] sf/0f x]f jfcfg'jFlzssf] sf/0fn] lzl/l/s k|lqmofdf km/s kf/]sf] 5 eg]/ x]g'{ cfjZos 5 .

;fwf/0ftof jgsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] ?v lj?jfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf j[l4 u/fpg' xf]t/ o;sf] nflu jg sld{x?df ?v s;/L j[l4 x'G5 eGg] 1fg x'g' cfjZos 5 /o;sf] nflu ?vsf] lkmhLof]nf]lh j'em\g' klg h?/L 5 . kmLlhof]nf]hLn] jgsf] dWoefudf (central part) /x]sf] x'G5 lsgls lkmhLof]nf]lh Ps :jrflnt (machinery)

k|lqmof xf] h;n] cfg'jFlzstf / jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Frfng ub{5 . cfg'jFlzstf ;Defjgfjf hLgf]6fO{kn] k|s[lt / lkmhLof]nf]lhsn oGqsf] jfWotfnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 t/ o;sf]jf:tljs pTkfbg o;n] sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0fdf e/kb{5 .

$=! jgsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / o;nfO{ bjfj kfg]{ tTjx? (Forest ecosystemand its stressors)

zfl/l/slqmofsf] l;df (Physiological limitation) sf] 5nkmndf ?vx? pko'Qmjftfj/0fdf j[l4 eO{/x]sf x'G5g t/ of] slxn]sflx dfq ;To x'g] xG5 . jf:tjdf?vsf] ;DefAo lkmhLof]nf]lhsn k|lqmofsf] sldn] eGbf klg jftfj/0fLo >[lhtbjfjsf] sf/0fn] ?vsf] pTkfbgdf sld cfpg] ub{5 . ;fwf/0ftof jftj/0fLo bjfjdftTjx? h:t} kfgL, vlgh / gfO{6f]hgsf] cefj / tfkqmddf a[l4 / cg'ko'Qm ;dosf]t'iff/f] kl/lrt ?kdf /x]sf] jftfj/0fLo bjfjx? x'g . jftfj/0fdf /x]sf] b'lift xfjf /;wg ?kdf a[l4 ePsf]] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] sf/0fn] klg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . oL gofF bjfjx?n] jgsf] pTkfbglzntfdf s] s:tf] c;/ kf/]sf 5egL d'NofFsg ug{ cem hl6n 5 . cg'ko'Qm jftfj/0fLo cj:yfsf] sf/0fn]pTkfbgdf cfPsf] xf; jl9 l;/Lo; ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ jftfj/0fLo sG:6]G6 /lkmhLof]nf]lhsn k|lqmof s;sf] sf/0fn] pTkfbgdf sld cfPsf] egL klxrfg ug{cem jl9 k|of; ug'{ h?/L 5 .

$=@ kfgLsf] sld (Water stress)

c? tTjsf] t'ngfdf kfgLsf] tgfj ?vlj?jfx?sf] zfl/l/s k|lqmofdf kfgLsf] sldn]jl9 c;/ kb{5 . lj?jfsf] a[l4 ;]nsf] nDjfO{ ;Fu k|ToIf ;DjGw /fVb5 ;]nsf] nDjfO{36bf lj?jfsf] klg j[l4 36\b5 To:t] lj?jfsf] kftsf] If]qkmn 36bf :6f]d]6f vl'Drg]eO{ k|sf; ;+:n]if0f lqmof 36\g] ePsf]n] lj?jfsf] a[l4 klg 36\b5 . oL ;j} k|lqmofn]k|sfz ;F:n]if0fnfO{ k|efj kf/L / sfj]f{xfO{8«]6sf] dfqf 36\g] ePsf]n] lj?jfsf] j[l4dfc;/ kb{5 . kfgLn] OGhfO{d jgfpg] k|lqmofdf tgfj >hgf ub{5, k|f]6f]knflHdsl8xfO{8«]zgdf ;xg x'g;Sg] sf/0fdf km/skgf x'g', c:df]l6s kl/jt{gsf] dxTj /kfgLsf] slddf klg tTsfn :6f]d]6fx? jGb x'Fbf x'g] kmfO{bf / j]kmfO{bf sf] jf/]df k|i6x'g ;"rgfx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kfgLsf] sldsf sf/0f ?vlj?jfx?df nfUg] /f]uls/fx?sf] ;+qmd0f ljrsf] ;DjGw yfxfkfpg ljleGg cWoogx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .cfly{s ?kdf ljz]if u/L j[Iff/]fk0f u/]sf] :yfgdf l;FrfO{ ug{ pko'Qm ePdf ;'Vvf:yfgdf /f]k]sf lj?jfdf l;FrfO{ ubf{ df6f]df pTkfbglzntfdf j[l4 eO{ ;'Vvf :yfgdfklg lj?jfsf] j[l4 /fd|f] x'G5 .

kfgLsf] sldn] ?vx?sf] j[l4sf] nflu ;d:of cfpg' ;fwf/0f ePtfklg af9Lsf] sf/0fdf6f] y'k|g uO{ jg]sf] To; df6f]df ePsf ?v lj?jfx?sf] nflu eg] slxn]sflx jl9;d:of jf Iflt x'g k'Ub5 . jl9 kfgLsf] sf/0f h/fdf xfjfsf] cefj x'g] x'Fbflj?jfsf] h/fdf Iflt k'Ub5 cd]l/sf hxfF k|foM jfl9 cfpg] ub{5 To:tf] :yfgdflj?jfsf] k|hflt 5gf}6 ubf{ kfgL hDdf x'Fbf kfgLnfO{ ;xg ;Sg] k|hfltx?sf] 5gf}6ug{ h?/L 5 . ;hfj6sf] p2]Zon] nufO{g] ?v / ;'Vvf :yfgdf x'g] /}yfg]k|hfltx?nfO{ df6f]df jl9 lr:ofg ePdf ;fwf/0ftofM gf]S;fgL k'Ub5 . To:t} w]/}

l;FrfO{ ubf{ klg df6f]df lr:ofgsf] dfqf jl9 x'g uO{ h/fdf 9';L nflu lj?Jffx?sf]gf]S;fgL x'G5 .

$=# tfkqmd

j;Gt Ct'sf] cGTo / z/b Ct'sf] z'?df t'iff/f] jl9 dfqdf kg]{ ePsf] sf/0flj?jfx?df jl9 dfqdf gf]S;fgL k'Ub5 . o:tf] Ct'df lj?jfnfO{ gf]S;fg x'gaf6hf]ufpg t'iff/f] ;xg ug{ ;Sg] k|hftLsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . cIffF; / b]zfGt/sf]sf/0f jf :yfgLo :t/sf] ;'Id hnjfo'df (Micro climate) b]lvg] tfkqmdsf] km/sn]ubf{ tkqmdnfO{ s]lx xb;Dd slxn]sflx+ ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sd tfkqmddf ePsf;Nnfsf] kl/jf/df klg h/fsf] j[l4 b/df w]/} km/s ePsf] tYo klxn] g} :yfkgf eO{;s]sf] 5 (Carlson 1986) . To:tf] xf] eg] ljleGg tfkqmd cfjZos kg]{ kl/jf/sfk|hfltx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] tfkqmdsf] cfwf/df lj?jfx?sf] /f]k0f ug{;lsG5 .

$=$ df6f]sf] cj:yf

jgsf] df6f]df k|foM u/L gfO{6«f]hg / slxn]sflx+ kmf]:km/; / cGo tTjx?sf] cefj/x]sf] x'G5 . t/klg jgsf] pj{l/s/0f w]/} 7'nf] / hl6n ;d:of /x]sf] 5 h'g oxfFldg/nsf] sldn] zfl/l/s k|lqmofdf (Physioligical process) ug]{ sfo{ afx]s 5nkmnul/G5 . o;n] kftsf] If]qkmn 36fpg], sf]nf]/f]lkmndf sld x'g] / :6f]d]6fsf] /f;folgsk|ltlqmofdf c;/ kg]{, d]Dj|]g;df Iflt k'/ofpg] / cGo d]6fjf]lns jfwfAojwfgk'/ofpg ;Sb5 . ljiffn' tTj h:t] cn'ldlod, sk/ / DoflUgh jl9 ePdf o;n]lj?Jfsf j[l4 36fpg] / xfjfsf] k|b'if0fn] df6f]df cDnLokgf j[l4 x'g] tyf df6f]dfk|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf sd x'g] ub{5 .

df6f]sf] ef}lts u'0fx?n] df6f]df kfgL /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf, xfjf, / h/fsf] ulx/fO{ h:tfdxTjk'0f{ s'/fx?nfO{ c;/ kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Coile (1948) sf cg';f/ pQ/Lsf/]lngfsf] tNnf] kL8df]G6df ;Nnfsf] nflu :yfgsf] u'0f (Site quality) P xf]/fO{hgsf]ulx/fO{;Fu / lj xf]/fO{hgsf] ef}lts ljz]iftf -h;n] h/fsf] j[l4df c;/ kfb{5_ ;Fu;x—;DjGw /fv]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

$=% sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8

?vsf] j[l4df jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] ;3gtfn] kfg]{ k|efjsf] jf/]dfw]/} g} rf;f] /x]sf] 5 . lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] kl/If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 lsjfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] ;3gtf ;Fu} :6f]d]6fsf] sfo{n] lj?jfsf] kftjf6lg:sg] jfkmnfO{ -Transpiratin_ 36fpFb5 eg] k|sfz ;F:n]if0f, kftsf] If]qkmn /lj?jfsf] j[l4nfO{ j9fpFb5 (Sionit et al. 1985, Kramer and Sionit 1986) .sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfqf jl9 ;Fu} cfFlzs ?kdf tfkqmd / kfgLsf] sldnfO{ ;Gt'ngug{df ;3fp k'/ofpFb5 / kfgLsf] pkof]usf] IfdtfnfO{ j9fpFb5 (Lemon 1983,

Tolley and Strain 1984) . To;sf/0f sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] ;3gtf / cGo sldx?ljrdxTjk'0f{ cGt/;DjGw /x]sf] 5 h;sf] cWoog ug{ h?/L 5 . g]kfndf cg'dfgLtul/P cg';f/ tfkqmdsf] j[l4 / 36\bf] jiff{n] of] b]vfpFb5 ls sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf]j9bf] ;3gtfn] ?v lj?jfx?df dxTjk"0f{ ck|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .

$=^ k|b'lift xfjf

clDno jiff{sf] ?kdf gofF jtfj/0fLo tgfj k|b'lift xfjf Aofks ?kdf cfO{/x]sf] 5 .clDnokgfn] ck|ToIf ?kdf tfn / df6f]df k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf sld NofO{ w]/}k|ToIf / ck|ToIf Ifltx? k'/ofpg ;Sb5 . o;n] cn'ldlgod h:tf ljiffn' tTjx?sf];3gtfdf j[l4 ub{5 . df6f]df clDnokgf Nofpg] ck|ToIf c;/sf cltl/Qm cf]hg /gfO{6«f]hg cS;fO{8, / ;Nkm/n] clDnokgfdf j[l4 u/fpg ;Sb5 . o;k|sf/ xfjfsf]k|b'if0fx?sf] c;/x? w]/} hl6n /x]sf] 5 / o;sf] cem cWoog cg';Gwfg ug'{cfjZos 5 lsgls o;n] jgsf] pTkfbg lznftfdf d'Vo ?kd cj/f]w k'/ofpFb5 .of] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 ls jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 / k|b'if0f ljrdfcGt{;DjGw /x]sf] x'G5 h;sf] sf/0fn] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] dfqfdf j[l4 x'Fbf:6f]d]6fsf] sfo{df sld cfpFb5 / k|b'lif xfjfn] Ifltsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ub{5(Carlson and Bazzaz 1982, Shanklin and Kozlowski 1985).

$=& /f]u / ls/fx?jf6 Iflt

?v lj?jfx? hlxn] klg ls/fx? / 9'l;+ nufotsf /f]ux?jf6 ;Fqmldt x'G5g\ . o;ztflAbdf z'?df 9'l;x? x6fpg] k|of;, s]lx If]qdf 8rOnd /f]usf] lgd'{n / s]lxcWoogstf{n] s]lx ztflAb cl3 ;Nnf]sf] kftdf /f]u nflu em/]sf] ;Demg ;Sb5g\ .;Nnf]sf] lj?jfdf km'l;kmd /i6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf hf]lvdsf] cfj:yfdf 5 . Ps k]k/sf];j} en'ddf blIf0fL ;Nnf]df j]6nn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 Lorio andSommers 1986) eg] o;sf] cem jl9 cg';Gwfg ug'{ h?/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflujfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] ;3gtfdf j[l4 x'Fbf kft vfg] ls/fx?sf] jfgLnfO{c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 (Lincoln et al. 1985) . s]lx ;do cl3 dfq g]kfndf l;;f}dflb3{:yfoL /f]u b]lvg' klg gofF /f]un] cfqmd0f u/]sf] :ki6 ;'rs dfGg ;lsG5 .

$=* tgfjx? ljrsf] cGt/ ;DjGw

ljleGg tgfjx? ljrdf cGt{;DjGw lg/Gt/ /xg] ePsf]n] logLx? ljrsf] tgfjsf]d'NofFsg ug{ lgs} hl6n 5 . c;fwf/0f tfkqmddf x'g] j[l4, df6f]sf] ;'Vvfkgn]kfgLsf] tgfj Nofpgdf d2t k'/ofFb5 / o; jfx]s o;n] kfgL / ldg/n lngdf sldub{5 . dfly g} pNn]v ul/P em}+ jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] ;3gtfdfj[l4 x'Fbf kftsf] If]qkmndf j[l4 / k|sfz ;Fn]if0f lqmofdf j[l4 x'G5 t/ kftsf] k|lto'lg6 If]qaf6 jfliks/0f (Traspiration) df sld x'Gt / slxn] sflx+ k|b'lif xfjfn] sdIftL k'/ofpFb5 . ljleGg tTjx?n] kfg]{ c;/ / To;sf] dxTjsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L k|fKtug{ lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

% hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf k|efj

jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hnfjfo' kl/jg{gsf] c;/x? M Ps emns

hnjfo'sftTjx?

;]n :t/df(Cell level )

cFusf] :t/df(Organismlevel )

k|hfltsf]:t/df(Species level)

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf]:t/df (Ecosystemlevel)

CO2 a[l4

k|sfz;F:n]if0fsf] b/dfj[l4

j[l4b/dfj9f]Q/L

lj?jfsf]d[To'b/df sld

afof]df;sf]pTkfbgdf j[l4

:6f]d]6fsf]sfo{df sld

kfgLsf]pkof]udf j[l4

gfoF k|hflhdfj[l4

k|hfltx?sf]k|lt:kwf{df km/s

ljp pTkfbgdfj[l4

kl/kSs xg'cjlwdfkl/jt{ghg;FVofsf]3gTjdf km/s

k|hfltsf] ;F/rgfdfkl/jt{g

tfkqmddfj[l4

k|sfz;f:n]if0fsf] b/jbg] jf 36\g]

pTkfbg 36g]jf j9g]

k'g{pTkfbgsf]b/df kl/jt{g

k|hfltsf] k|lt:kwf{TdIfdtfdf kl/jt{g

k|sfz ;F:N]if0fsf]cjlw j9\g ;Sg]

ljpsf]pTkfbgdfkl/jt{g

?vsf] d[To'dfj9f]Q/L x'g;Sg]

k|hfltsf] ;F/rgfdfkl/jt{g

Transpirationdf j[l4

tfkqmdkl/jt{gn]k|hfltx?dfgsf/fTdsc;/

df6f]df ldg/ndf j[l4

jiff{dfkl/jt{gRainfallregimechanges

sd jiff{n]j[l4b/df sld

sd jiff{sf]sf/0f pd|g];dodf ljpsf]d[To'b/df j[l4

?vs] ao:scj:yfdf d[To'b/df j[l4

k|hfltsf] k|lt:kwf{TdsIfdtfdf kl/jt{g

tfkqmd, jiff{ / sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] kl/jt{gsf] c;/ (Effects ofTemperature, Precipitation, and CO2 Concentration Change)

tfkqmd / jiff{df x'g] kl/jt{gn] k|fs[lts / cGo jgnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf c;/ kf/]sf]x'G5 . ljleGg Biological df]8]nn] jg:kltx? w'|jlt/ ;b]{ uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

cfunflu, ls/fx?, /f]ux? / cGo r/d 36gfx? M

jgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g4f/f l;lh{t hFunL cfunflusf] jf/Djf/tf / ltj|tf, ls/f tyf/f]ux?sf] k|sf]k / cGo r/d 36gf h:t} pRr xfjf cGo k|ToIf k|efj h:t}tfkqmddf j[l4 eGbf jl9 dxTj'0f{ x'G5 . Tolx ;dodf o;sf] k|efj;Fusf] Psbd} sdjg pTkfbgsf df]8]nx? h;n] df]8nsf] jf:tljstf;Fu ljZj;lgotf /x]sf x'G5g\ .jgdf x'g] cfunflu o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . uPsf] b'O{ jif{df g]kfn nufotSofgf8f, klZrd cd]l/sf / /l;of nufotsf b]zx?df cfunflu sf] qmddf a[l4ePsf] 5 o;f] x'g'df hnjfo'sf] cj:yf / cGo tTj h:t} OGwgsf] >f]t, cfunflusf]>f]t, e" pkof]udf kl/jg{g / cGo cfunflu ;F/If0fsf] nflu ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . o;ztflAbdf ePsf uld{ lbgx?, nfdf] ;do ;Ddsf] lxpF gePsf] cjlw, / ;'Vvfsf]jf/Djf/tf / ltj|tf jgdf cfunflu j9jf lbg] tTjsf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 .

cfunflu / ls/fx?n] Iflt gk'¥ofP klg r/d 36gfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g h:t} xfjf x'/L,hf8f]sf] cfFlw, ;'Vvf cflbn] 7'nf] kl/df0fdf Aoj;flos ?kdf ckgfO{{Psf] jgnfO{ Ifltk'/ofPpg ;Sb5 . jg If]qdf o:tf hnjfo'sf r/d 36gfx?n] If]qut ?kdf c;/kf/]sf] 5 / jg If]qsf] kx'Frdf sld, jf6f]sf] / cGo ;'ljwfx? sfod /fVg d'Nodfj[l4, xfjfsf] sf/0fn] ?v lj?jfx?df k|ToIf ?kdf Iflt, lxpF, t'iff/f] jf j/kmn] c;/kf/]sf] 5 . rsf]{ ?kdf cfpg] xfjsf 36gfx?n] ?vsf xfFufx? efFlr Iflt k'/ofpg

;Sb5 To:t} 5qnfO{ gf]S;fg, ?v efFlrg], jf jgsf] k'/} If]qdf ;d]t Iflt k'Ug ;Sb5.

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/jf6 cg's"lnt x'gsf] nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] e'ldsf lbg;Sb5 . k|To]s jfwf¥Aojwfgx?sf] c;/x?nfO{ cg's'ng4f/f s]lxxb ;Dd sd ug{;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu jgdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf b]lvg] k|hfltx?n] ljut To;If]qdf ePsf 36gfx?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ljz]if u/]/ ;'Vvf If]qn] ljz]if u/L kfgLkg{ lglZrt gePsf] / ;'Vvf If]qdf jfFRg ;Sg] k|hfltsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5. jf/Djf/ ?kdf cfunflu x'g] If]qx?df lhDgf]:kd{ k|hfltx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] x'G5 .o; k|sf/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] lljleGg Aojwfgx?sf] sf/0f x'g] kl/jt{g, dfqf,jf/Djf/tf / ltj|tf / o;sf] 7'nf] k|efj -h:t} k|hfltx?sf] k'g{pTkfbgdf sld_ sf]jf/]df s]lx hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 .

ls/f / /f]ux?sf] k|sf]k/km}nfj6 (Insect and pathogen outbreaks).

hnjfo'n] k|ToIf ?kdf ls/f tyf /f]usf] afFRg] / km}ng ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdfk|efj kfg{'sf] ;fy} jgsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] hf]lvdnfO{ ;d]t c;/ k|efj kfb{5. tfkqmd / jiff{df x'g] kl/jt{gn] zfsfxf/L / Kofyf]lhgsf] jrfj6, k'g{pTkfbg(Reproduction), km}nfj6 / ljt/0fdf k|efj kfb{5 . zfsfxf/L / Kofyf]lhgsf] ck|ToIfkl/df0fx?df r/fx?sf] u'0fx?df sld x'g] / dfO{qmf]/fO{hn lsl;dsf] 9'F;Ldf k|efjkfb{5 . cGo ck|ToIf c;/x?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k|lt:kwf{ Ifdtfdf c;/ / k|fs[ltzq'x? lgoldt / k|z:t dfqdf kfO{g] ;Defljt k]i6/ Kofyf]lhg kb{5g .

k|hfltx?sf] k|j]z (Introduced species/invaders).

k|j]z u/fO{Psf k|hfltx?n] jgdf herbivory, predation, jf;:yfg kl/jt{g, k|lt:kwf{ /cfg'jFlzs k'n (Gene pool) sf] kl/jt{g (via hybridization with natives,) / ls/fx? –Kofyf]lhg jf e]S6«f]g_ df c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . k|j]z u/fO{Psf k|hfltx?n] ljljwtf,kf]if0f rqm, jgsf] ;S;];g, cfunflusf] jf/Djf/tf tyf ltj|tff / s]lx xb ;Ddkfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . k|j]z u/fO{Psf] k|hfltsf] c;/nfO{;dfgfGt/ ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] /}yfg] k|hfltx?sf] ljefhg /pknAwtf;Fu x]g{ ;lsG5 . k|j]z u/fO{Psf k|hfltx?n] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdfhnjfo'sf tTjx? h:t} tfkqmd, ;'Vvfkg, / jfbnn] h:t} k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 .Invasive biologhy x? cem} Invas k|hfltx?n] kfg]{ vt/fsf] c;/sf] jf/]df eljiojf0fLul/Psf] 5}g . k|j]z u/fO{Psf k|hfltx?, /}yfg] ;d'bfo, Aoj:yfkg / ltj|b/df s6fgul/Psf] jg / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sDkpG8x? ljrsf] hl6n cGt{;DjGw / o;sf];d:ofsf] jf/]df olsg ul/Psf] 5}g . cGTodf hnjfo' / dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx?af6k|j]z u/fO{Psf k|hfltx?nfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|j]z u/fO{Psfk|hfltx?sf] pknAwtf (distrivution_ df km/s kfb{5 . / o:tf k|hfltx?sf] ljsf;sf]b/ tfkqmddf x'g] kl/jt{gn] km/s kfb{5 . lj?jfsf] ljsf;sf] b/nfO{ tfkqmdn]modified ub{5 .

cfFlw j]x/L (Hurrican)

cfFlwj]x/Ln] cd]l/sfsf] k'j{ / blIf0f sf]i6nfO{g, Sof/]ljog cfONofG8 / dWo–cd]l/sfsf] P6nflG6s sf]i6sf] jgx?nfO{ vnjn kfb{5 . cf]l;og 6ofDk]/]6 / If]qLohnjfo'sf 36gfx?n] cfFlwsf] ?6, ;fO{h, jf/Djf/tf / ltj|tfnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 .cd]l/sfdf cf}ift @ j6f cfFlwx?n] k|To]s # jif{df hldg jgfpFb5 . ljZjplZjs/0fn] kfgLnfO{ jfliks/0f, jfliks/0f dfly uO{ ltj| / hf]8 ?kdf cfFlwcfO{xfO{8f]nf]lhsn k|0ffnLdf c;/ kfb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cGo sf/0fx?n] klg cfFlwsf]c;/ kfb{5 .

kfgLsf] rqm (Hydrological cycle) / tfkqmddf x'g] kl/jt{gn] klg cfFlwdf km/skfb{5 t/ xfdLn] To;sf] lbzf / kl/df0fnfO{ k|If]k0f ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . ;d'Gb|sf] ;txsf]tfkqmd j9]sf] cg'dfgLt ul/Psf] 5 , tftf] tfkqmd ;Fu} dflyNnf] prfOdf km}nfj6j9bf] 5 . w]/}h;f] cWoogn] cflw+sf] jf/Djf/tfdf j[l4 ePsf] cf}+NofPsf] 5 .

cfFlwj]lx/Lsf] sf/0fn] 7'nf] kl/df0fdf ?vx? 9Ng' / jgsf] k'g{Tkfbgdf km/s ePsf]] 5. o;n] jg:kltsf] ;S;];gn lbzfdf klg kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5 . k|hfltx? l56f]l56f] kl/jt{g (Turover) x'g'n] e"kl/lwdf (landscape) df ljljwtf (hetrogenety)jfof]df;df l56f pTkfbg / kf]if0f k|flKt / jo:s jg:klt ePsf] :yfgdf hdLgdflysd jfof]df; x'g ;Sb5 . cfFlwa]x/Ln] jg:kltsf] km}nfa6 (cover) / sfj{ge08f/0fdf ;d]t c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 .

xfjfx'/L (Windstorms) M

;fgf kl/df0fsf] (Scale) xfjfsf 36gfx? 7'nf] kl/df0fsf (Scale) hnjfo'sf sf/sx?x'g / logn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . oBkL xfjfx'/Lsf] km/skg /ljz]iftfx?nfO{ k|If]k0f ug{ lgs} sl7g kb{5 . w]/}h;f] ktem8 hFunnfO{ Iflt k'/ofpg]sf/s (Agent) sf] ?kdf cem} klg ;fO{Snf]g, 8fpgj|:6 / derechos lnO{Psf] 5 .xfjfx'/Lsf] sf/0f w]/} ?vlj?jfx? dg]{, 5q lju|g], ?vsf] 3gTj / ;fO{hsf] jgf]636g] tyf :yfgLo jftfj/0fsf] cj:yfdf c;/ kb{5 . kl/0ffd:j?k k'g{Tkfbg, ljppd|g] Ifdtf / lj?jfsf] j[l4 df ;3fp k'/ofpFb5 . o; c;/n] ;S;];gn Pattern,gap dynamics / cGo kfl/l:yltsLo :t/sf] k|lqmofdf c;/ kfb{5 . xfjfsf] emf]s(strength) / jfwf¥Aoj/f]wsf] dfqf ljleGg lsl;dsf jgx? / k|hfltdf Ps} lsl;dsf]x'Fb}g . hldgsf] ;txdf h/f km}ng] k|hflt / kftnf] jg xfjfjf6 jl9 dfqdf hf]lvdf/x]sf] x'G5 .

e":vng (Landslide)

lj:tf/} / b'|t ?kdf rnfodfg (movement) df6f], r§fg / o;;Fu ;DjlGwt jg:kltk|ToIf ?kdf hnjfosf' tTj / ck|ToIf ?kdf hnjfo' k|efljt k|lqmof (h:t} vf]nflsgf/sf] (e"–IfoLs/0f) / hnjfo' /lxt tTj (Non climatic Factor) h:t} e'sDkHjfnfd'lv cflb sf/0fx?n] x'g] ub{5 . hnjfo' 36gfx? a[l4x'g'df lxpF kUng', / ltj|jiff{ x'g' / cfFlwj]x/L cfpg' k|d'v sf/s x'g . jiff{sf] dfqf tyf ltj|tf, lxpFsf] dfqftyf kUng] b/ / o;n] k'/ofpg] c;/, jf6f] tyf cGo e"–pkof]usf] sf/0f e":vngsf]jf/Djf/tf / dfqfdf c;/ kb{5 . hldgsf] le/fnf]kg, df6f] / r§fgsf] u'0f, tyf hn

(Hydrological) tTjn] ;Defljt e"–:vngnfO{ c;/ kfb{5 . jg:kltn] df6f]nfO{h/fsf] dfWodjf6 l:y/tf k|bfg ug{df ;xof]uu/L ;Defljt e'–:vngdf sldNofpFb5 / jg:ktLsf] ;F/rgf / xfO{8f]nf]lhdf k|efj ;d]t c;/ u/L e' :vngdfx'gdf sld xG5 . e'—:vngn] le/fnf] hldgsf] df6f] / jg:klt jufO{ jgnfO{ Ifltk'/ofpg'sf] ;fy} e' :vng eO{ hDdf ePsf] df6f]df ;d]t Iflt k'/ofpFb5 . jgdfePsf] e' :vngn] kfgLsf] >f]tnfO{ c;/ u/L hgtfsf] ;'/Iffdf hf]lvddf k'/ofpFb5 .o;n] ubf{ cem} klg hldg / kfgLsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] sDkf]g]G6sf] ?kdf e":vngnfO{ klxrfg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

e"–:vngdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ jiff{ / lxpFdf x'g] kl/jt{g;Fu} kfgLsf]pknAwtf / df6f]df ;d]t b]lvG5 . lsgsL hnjfo' kl/jt{g ef}uf]lns prfO{;Fu}km/s x'G5 / e" –:vng k|To'Qm / p:t} k|sf/sf] hl6ntfdf km/s x'G5 . e"–:vngnfO{ To:tf] 7fpFdf sd x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 hxfF GCM n] ;du|df uld{sf]k|s[lt (trend) / lxpF y'lk|g] sfo{df sldsf] sf/0f ;du|df jiff{df sld / lxpF kUng]sfo{df sld cfpFb5 . Pacific Northwest df lxpFsf] ?kdf jiff{ x'g] / hDdf ePsf]lxpF kUng] qmd;Fu} ;fgf / l56f] l56f] e"–:vng x'g] ub{5 . jflif{s jiff{df km/skgfgNofO{sg x'g] ;fwf/0f tfkn] lxpFsf] dfqfnfO{ sd u/L kfgLsf] ?kdf jiff{ eO{ e'–:vng 36fpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ltj|b/df cfpg] jiff{n] ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo?kdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf c;/ kfg]{ u/L e'–:vng x'g] ub{5 . o;k|sf/ hnjfo'kl/jt{g h;n] stromies df j[l4 u/L df6f]nfO{ leGg -saturation) kfb{5 To;n] e':vngdf j[l4 ub{5 .

ljleGg Aojwfgx? ljrsf] cGt{;DjGw (Interactions among disturbances):

w]/} Aojwfgx? Ps csf{df ;DjlGwt 5g\ . ;'Vvfn] k|fo ?vsf] zlQmnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{, ls/fx?n] cfqmd0f ug]{ jf /f]u jf cfunflusf] ;Defjgfdf a[l4 u/fpFb5 .cfunflusf] j[l4n] e'–:vngsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ j[l4 ub{5 To:t} e" pkof]udf kl/jt{g,jg Aoj:yfkg / jfo'd08nLo /;fogx? k|fs[lts ?kdf x'g] ljleGgjfwfAojwfgx?;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu e" –:vngsf] ;Defljt If]qdf?vsf] s6fgL jf jf6f] lgdf{0fn] ;Defljt e"–:vngnfO{ bf]Aj/ j9fpFb5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg If]qdf x'g ;Sg] k|efjx? sf] cg'dfg(Foreseeable impacts of climate change in forestry)

b]xfosf kl/0ffdx?sf sf/0f sf7 pTkfbgdf sld cfpg] cfunflu, cfFlwa]x/L, afl9 / ;'Vvf h:tf r/d 36gfx?df j[l4 kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g / ljgf;sf/L ls/fkm6\ofªu|df j[l4 sf7sf] u'0f:t/df kl/jt{g u'0f:t/ / kl/0ffddf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] sf7sf] rqm (Chain) df kl/jt{g If]qLo :t/df sf7 tyf u}Xsfi7 k|hfltx? h:t} vfgf, cf}iflw, /]zf cflbsf]

ljt/0fdf km/s s'g} k|hfltx?df j[l4b/ / sf7sf] u'0f:t/df sfod /fVg] Ifdtfdf k|efj h}ljs ljljwtfdf km/s kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ df k|efj s[lif v]ltsf] nflu gofF hUufsf] dfudf a[l4 eO{ e" pkof]udf kl/jt{g

o; jfx]s, hj kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf Ps eGbf jl9 Aojwfgx? b]lvG5g To;sf];Fo'Qm c;/n] gofF k|efj b]vfpF5 . hj klxnf] Aojwfgjf6 k|0ffnLdf k'g{:yfkgf x'Fb}gTo;kl5 bf]>f] k|efjn] :yfg kfpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu hnfjfo' lgb]{lzt hFunLcfunfuL, s[lifsf] nflu v08Ls[t ;]6nd]G6, / cj}wfgLs sf7 s6fgn] jgsf]jgfj6df k|If]k0f ug{ g;lsg] u/L pNn]vgLo ?kdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . rfF8} km}ng] -Invassive_ /}yfg] k|hfltx? slxn]sflx+ eO{/x]sf Aojwfgx?;Fu km]/jbn ePsf 5g\ .hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf o:tf ld>Lt -compounded_ cGt{;DjGwx? c;fwf/0f x'g'sf] ;fy}k|If]k0f ug{ ;ls+b}g . ?vx?sf] lhjg nfdf] x'g] / ltglx? lj:tf/} b]lvg] ePsf]n] o:tf]km/snfO{ klxrfg ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] ub{5 .

^= jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] k|To'Q/ (Response to theClimate Change Impacts on Forest and Biodiversity)

^=! jgdf vnjfn jf jfwf Aojwfg ug]{x?;Fu Aojxf/ ug{ ckgfO{g] /0fgLltx?(Strategies for dealing with forest disturbances)

hj kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf Pp6f eGbf jl9 jfwfAojwfgx?sf] cg'ejg x'G5 tyfld>Lt k|efjn] gofF If]qdf c;/ kfb{5 . hj klxnf] cj/f]wjf6 k|0ffnLsf] k'g{:yfkgf(recovered) x'Fb}g tj bf]>f] Perturbation x'g' eGbf klxn] gofF c;/ b]vfkb{5 h'gk|0ffnL nfdf] cjlw ;Dd /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu hnjfo'sf] sf/0f ePsf] cfunflu,s[lifsf] sf/0f vl08s[t jl:t / cj}wflgs s6fgn] k|If]k0f ug{ g;lsg] u/L jgsf]cj:Yffdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . rf+8} km}ng] jflx/jf6 (non-native) cfPsf k|hfltx?slxn]sflx+ ToxfFsf] ljBdfg cj/f]wx?;Fu} kl/jt{g eO{ k'/} ?kdf gofF ?kdf kl/jt{gx'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf o:tf] ;lDd>0fx?sf] cGt{;DjGwnfO{ k|If]k0f ug{ ;ls+b}g .?vlj?jfx? w]/} ;do ;Dd jfFRg] ePsf]n] tLlgx?df cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ yfxfkfpgsl7gfO{ x'G5 .

^=@ g]kfndf jgsf] cj:yf (Forest Status In Nepal)

/fli6««o jg >f]t ;j]{If0f -NFI, !((!_ n] g]kfndf sl/j @(% jg If]q /x]sf] b]vfPsf]5 . h; cg';f/ hDdf If]qkmnsf] !)=^% emfl8 j'§ofg vfnL If]q /x]sf] 5 . sfg'gL?kdf oL b'j} If]qnfO{ jgsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 h;n] %=* ldlnog x]S6/cf]u6]sf] 5 . oL jg If]qx? b]zsf] rf/ j6f ef}uf]lns (Physiographic) If]qx?dfljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] hDdf jg If]qsf] ()% jg If]q lxdfn / kxfl8 If]qdf/x]sf] 5 .

^=# jgsf d'Vo k|sf/x? (Major Forest Types)

ljljw jg:kltx? ;Fu} g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf jgx? 5g . :6]G6g -!(&@_ sfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] jgnfO{ d'Vo #% k|sf/df ljehfg ul/Psf] 5 / o;nfO{ vf; u/L!) j6f d'Vo ;d'xx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M

pi0f - ;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv !))) dL eGbf sd)

pkf]i0f rf}8fkft] -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv !))) dL b]lv @))) dL= ;Dd_

pkf]i0f ;Nnf k|hftL -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv !))) dL b]lv @))) dL= ;Dd_

lgDg lztf]i0f rf}8fkft] -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv !&)) dL b]lv @&)) dL= ;Dd_

lgDg lztf]i0f ld>Lt rf}8fkft] -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv !&)) dL b]lv @@)) dL=;Dd_

dflyNnf] lztf]i0f rf}8fkft] -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv @@)) dL b]lv #))) dL= ;Dd_

dflyNnf] lztf]i0f ld>Lt rf}8fkft] -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv @%)) dL b]lv #%)) dL=;Dd_

lztf]i0f sf]lgkm - ;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv @))) dL b]lv #))) dL= ;Dd_

;j cNkfO{g -;d'lGb| ;tx b]lv #))) dL b]lv $))) dL= ;Dd_ /

cNkfO{g emfl8 / j'§ofg - Shrub - $!)) dL eGbf dfly_

^=$ jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] tTjx? (Drivers of forest andiodiversity loss)

g]kfndf jgsf] Iflos/0fsf] b/ :yfoL ?kdf jg If]q cGo e" pkof]udf kl/jt{g x'g]eGbf jl9 5 . g]kfndf jg ljgf;sf] b/ !=^% cg'dflgt ul/Psf] 5 eg]IfoLs/0fsf] b/ ;g !(&( b]lv !(($ sf] cjlwdf jflif{s ^% /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lnsIf]q cg';f/ jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf Iflt x'g'sf] sf/0f km/s km/s ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ km/s km/s cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf, h}ljs tyf ef}lts cj:yf,;dfg's'ngtf Ifdtf / :yfgLo gLltlgod jf k|rng (Instituion) cflb /x]sf 5g\ .h] h:tf] eP klg :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] cy{k'0f{ ;xeflutjf6 jg tyf h}ljsljljwtfdf ePsf] Ifltsf] dfqfnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf sld Nofpg] tTjx?nfO{ d'Vo ?kdf lgs6:y / tflgPsf](Proximate and underline) u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ul/jL, hg;FVofj[l4, 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] nflu jl9 pkof]u, jgdf clqmd0f, of]hgfa4 j;f]jf;,ef}lts k'jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, jgdf cfunflu, rfF8} km}ng] k|hfltx?sf] k|sf]k, cj}wflgs?v s6fg, / cGo h:tf ;femf tTjx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Fu ;DjlGwt 5g\ . oL;j} pbfx/0fx?n] k|i6 kfb{5 ls w]/}h;f] lqmofsnfkx? k|s[lthGo tyf sdhf]/z'zfzg, c;kmn gLlt, k|fs[lts >f]t Aoj:yfkgdf sdhf]/ Ifdtf / cg'udg tyfsfg'gsf] sdhf]/ sfo{Gjog /x]sf 5g\ . cGo tTjx? ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s;'rsx?;Fu klg ;DjlGwt 5g h; cGt{ut u|fld0f ul/jL, hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'wf/sf]nflu cj;/x?df sld, s[lif ;fdfu|Lx?sf] d'Nodf j[l4, b]z jflx/ klg jg k}bfjf/sf]dfudf j[l4 clb /x]sf 5g\ . o; jfx]s, Psftkm{ nuftf/ ?kdf jgsf] Iflos/0f /

Iflt eO{/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] nflu cGo ulDe/ kIfx? klgljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

&= jg, h}ljs ljljwtf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf /lfi6«o :t/df ePsf kxnx?

g]kfnsf] bzf}+ k~rjlif{o of]hgf / To;kl5sf] lq alif{o of]hgfx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gdfjg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxTj'0f{ e'ldsf ePsf] dx;'z u/L ;f] If]qdf hnjfo'kl/jt{g ;Fu ;DjlGwt sfo{x? ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . t/ cem} klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]Go'lgs/0f / cg's'ngsf] nflu k|of{Ktdfqdf b]lvg] u/L Wofg lbPsf] kfO{b}g . s]lx;F:yfut ;F/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f eO{ cf}krfl/tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5g / s]lx lhDd]jf/Lx? klglnPsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . jftfj/0f dGqfno hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;jfnx?sf] nflu s]lGbt(Focal) dGqfno /x]sf] 5 eg] jg tyf e" ;F/If0f dGqfnon] b]zsf] jg ;DjlGwhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;jfnx?df /fli6«o g]t[Tj lnPsf] 5 . jg ljefu, /fli6«o lgs'~htyf jGohGt' ;F/If0f ljefu / cg';Gwfg / ;j]{ ljefux?n] gLltlgodx?sf] th'{df /sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u u/sf 5g\ . FCPF sf] nflu ljZj a}+sdf R-PINk]z ug]{ g]kfn klxnf] /fi6« xf] . g]kfn ev{/{dfq UN- REDD sfo{qmdsf] ;fem]bf/ /fi6«klg ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] FCPF sf] nflu REadiness Preparation Plan (RPP) clk|n@)!) df k]z u/]sf] 5 . RPP sfof{Gjogsf] nflu nueu &=% dLlnog cd]l/sL 8n/cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 (MFSC 2010) . o;sf] nflu jg tyf e" ;F/If0f dGqfnon]jx';/f]sf/jfnf REDD sfo{ ;d'x, / cGo gful/s ;dfhsf ;F:yf / ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;d'xx?sf] k|ltlglwTjdf cu'jfO{ u/]sf] 5 . jg>f]t d'NofFsg tYofFsnfO{;dfj]z (update) ug{ lkmgNofG8 ;Fu ;Demf}tf klg ul/;s]sf] e};s]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] o;sf ;DjlGwt lgsfo / ;oGqx?4f/f h}ljs ljljwtf sfod /lgodg ug{ cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf / /0fgLltx? tof/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn h}ljsljljwtf ;F/If0f /0fgLlt @))@, /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt @))#, hl8j'l6 tyf u}xsfi7jg k}bfjf/ gLlt @))$, jg If]qsf] cGtl/d of]hgf @))&-@)!), hnjfo' kl/jt{ggLlt @)^&, / r'l/of If]q sfo{qmd /0fgLlt @))* o;sf s]lx pbfx/0fx? x'g .

&=! g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt @))@

kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] ;GwLsf zt{x¿ kfngf ug]{ k|lta¢tf cg'?k g]kfn ;/sf/n]g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt ;g\ @))@ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] pGgtLsf]nflu h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / plrt ;b'kof]unfO{ dxTjsf ;fy x]l/Psf] 5 . o;/0fgLltn] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, / u|fld0f ;d'bfo ljrsf] ;DjGwnfO{ dxTjsf ;fylnPsf] 5 . of] b:tfj]h b]zsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;F/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{Gjog;Dd]ngn] to u/]sf] /fli6«o ;F/rgfsf] nflu klg lb3{sflng /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfsf]?kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLltdf $$ j6f /0fgLltx? /x]sf 5gh;dWo] lhjhGt'sf] e'–kl/lwo of]hgf sf] OGe]lG6«, jg / h}ljs ljljwtf;dfg's'ngaf/]sf] j'emfO{, / l;d;f/ If]qx?sf] Aoj:yfkg /0fgLltx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gcg's"ng;Fu al9 ;DjlGwt 5g\ .

&=@ /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt @))# (National Wetland Policy)

jg tyf e" ;F/If0f dGqfnon] ;g\ @))# df /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt l:js[t u/]sf] 5 .of] gLltn] ;+/lIft, jg / AolQmut If]qx?df /x]sf] l;d;f/nfO{ ;F/If0f u/L h}ljsljljwtf / :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdfdf 6]jf k'/ofpgsf] nflu hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .of] gLltn] lgDg kIfx?nfO{ ljz]if pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

Aoj:yfkg of]hgf jf sfo{of]hgf tof/ / sfof{Gjo u/L u/L l;d;f/ If]qx?sf]lbuf] Aoj:yfkg ug]{

:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] :yfgLo 1fg, l;k, cEof; / gljgtd sfo{x?nfO{ klxrfg/ k|f]T;fxg lb+b} l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ .

l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;F/If0f / ;lx pkof]usf] nflu rfF8} km}ng] k|hftLx?sf]lj:tf/nfO{ /f]Sg] / lgoGq0f ug]{

l;d;f/ If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ glbg cfjZos gLltx? to ug]{ /

;xeflutfd'ns l;d;f/ Aoj:yfkg / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x?nfO{ j9jf lbg]

&=# hl8j'l6 / u}Xsfi7 jg k}bfjf/ gLlt @))$ (Herbs and Non Timber ForestProduct Ploicy )

hl8j'l6 / u}Xsfi7 jg k}bfjf/ gLltdf d'Vo @@ j6f /0fgLltx? 5g h;nfO{ % j6fju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M

lbuf] k|of]usf] cfw/df ;F/If0f / ljsf; ug]{ M cfkm\g] :yfg (In-situ) / jflx/L:yfg (Ex-situ)

hg;xeflutfnfO{ k||f]T;fxg

s/ k|0fflnnfO{ k|dfl0ft / ;lhnf] jgfpg]

hgtf ;Dd nfefFz k'/ofpg] /

l;k / pBd ljsf;sf] nflu ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]

&=$ jg If]qsf] cGtl/d of]hgf @))& b]lv @)!) ;Dd (Forestry SectorInterim Plan)

cGtl/d of]hgfsf] /0fgLltdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;Fu ;DjlGwt ;jfnx?dflgDg s'/fx? pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5

r'l/of If]qdf ;xeflud'ns Plsspt e" hnfwf/ Aoj:yfkg of]hgfsf]sfof{Gjog ug]{

h}ljs ljljwtf ;F/If0f, kfgLsf] ;Fsng / e' pTkfbg sfod ug{ r'/Lof If]qdfPlss[t sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{

jg tyf e" ;F/If0f dGqfnodf If]qut ljkb sf]ifsf] (sector disaster fund):yfkgf ug]{

pRr lxdfnL If]qdf hl8j'l6, r/0f / cGo pTkfbgsf] ljsf;sf] nflulb3{sflng of]hgf tof/ ug]{

&=% r'l/of If]q sfo{qmd /0fgLlt @))* (Churia Area Programme Strategy)

jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnon] r'l/of If]qsf] Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu d;f}bf (Draft)/0fgLlt tof/ u/]sf] 5 . pQm b:tfj]hdf @@ j6f /0fgLltx? k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5To;dWo] dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLltx?df hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu ;F/If0f ubf{ k|f]T;fxg k2ltIncentive mechanism for conservation of livelihoods) / kfl/l:yltsLo ;dfg's"ngnfO{k|f]T;fxg lbg' (promoting ecosystem resilience) /x]sf 5g\ . kfl/l:yltsLo;dfg's"ngn] :yfgLo :t/df hFundf nfUg] cfuf] /f]Sg / lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZosk2ltsf] :yfkgf ug'{nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ub{5 / o;n] ;xeflud'ns jg Aoj:YfkgnfO{k|f]T;fxg / ;jlns/0fdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} ;fd'blos jg, sj'lnolt jg,;xeflutfd'ns jg, dWofjlt{ If]q / ;F/lIft jg dfkm{t pTkfbgdf j[l4 u/Lcfwf/e"t cfjZostf / kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf] pknAwtfdf j[l4 ub{5 .

&=^ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd @)!) (National Adaptation Programme ofAction)

/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmdn] jg / h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] c;/ kfg]{ljifout If]qx? dWo] Pp6f d'Vo ljifout If]qsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . /fli6«o cg's"ngof]hgfn] jg If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfg]{ k|efjx?sf] jf/]df ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 /h}ljs ljljwtf / jg–hgtfsf] ;DjGwdf ;Defljt cg's"ngsf sfo{qmdx? klg k|:tfju/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] sl/j Ps ltxfO{ jg If]q ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Aoj:yfkg k|0ffnL cGt{ut5 h;df ;fd'bflos jg, ;xeflutfd'ns jg, sj'lnotL jg, dWofjlt{ ;fd'bflosjg / ;F/If0f If]qx? kb{5g\ . oL k|0ffnLx? :yfgLo 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;'?jftjf6ljsl;t ePsf x'g . hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu jg sfo{qmdn] jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xdfkm{t:yfgLo hnjfo' cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ !% lhNnfsfsl/j #)) uflj;sf @%)) jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xx? ;Fu ldn]/ sfof{Gjog ul/+b} 5 .;fd'bflos cg's"ng sf]ifx? klg :yfkgf x'Fb}5g\ . o;sf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? jgpkef]Qmf ;d'xx?;Fu} ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / :yfgLo u}X ;/sf/L ;F:yfx? x'g . s]lx;d'bfox?df cg's'ng sfo{qmdx?sf] klxrfg sfo{ klg z'? eO{;s]sf] 5 . pgLx?n]hnfwf/ ;F/If0f, v]ltof]Uo hldgsf] ;+/If0f, jg Aoj:yfkg, ;r]tgf j[l4, / cfocfh{g lqmofsnfksf] dfWodaf6 Ifdtf clej[l4 klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ .

hnjfo'df x'g] ljljwtfsf sf/0f r/d 36gfx? 3l6 :yfgLo ;d'bfox?n] ;'Vvf, afl9,/ >f]tx?df Iflt k'u]sf] dxz'z ul//x]sf 5g . To:tf] ;d:ofx?nfO{ k|To'Q/ ug{ s]lx;d'bfox?n] t'ngfTds ?kdf 7'nf] dfqfdf 5]sjfFw, jg Aoj:yfkg, j[Iff/f]k0f h:tfsfo{x?df nufgL u/L klx/f] hfg] h:tf] ;d:of ;Fu ;fdgf u/]sf 5g\ . t/fO{sfw]/}h;f] ;d'bfox?n] h}ljs ljljwtf sf] cg's"ng Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu of]hgfx? s;/Lz'? ug{ ;lsG5 tfls To:tf of]hgfx?n] jftfj/0fLo ;]jf jfkt e'QmfgL lbg ;Sb5gegL 5nkmn z'? u/]sf 5g\ .

jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{ut ;d'x4f/f k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf hnjfo'cg's"ngsf sfo{x?

k|fyldstf lgwf{/0ful/Psf sfo{x?

(Prioritized responsemeasure)

cf}lrTo (Rationale)

dWo klZrd / ;'b'/klZrd If]qsf] pRr—kxfl8 If]qdf cf}iflw hGolj?jf / u}Xsfi7 jgk}bfjf/sf] ;F/If0f ug]{(Conservation ofMedicinal Plants andNTFP in High Altitude ofMid and Farwest)

oL If]qx?df hnjfo'df cl:y/tf h:t} sd jiff{,tfkqmddf a[l4 ePsf] dxz'z ul/Psf] 5 . lr;f]kg /kfgLsf] pknAwtfdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] o; If]qsf ;Fj]bglznlj?jfx?df c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf ;d'bfox?n]hnjfo'df ePsf] clgZlrttfn] s]lx hl8j'l6x?sf]pknAwtfdf sld cfPsf] dxz'z u/]sf 5g\ h:t}h6fd;L, s'6\sL, clt; . hl8j'l6 / u}Xsfi7 jg k}bfjf/dfq o; If]qsf pTkfbgx? x'g h;n] o; If]qsf;d'bfox?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu cfwf/e't j:t'x? x'g.

r'l/of If]qdf Plss[thnfwf/ Aoj:yfkg ug]{Integrated WatershedManagement in Churia

jiff{df al9 ltj|tf t/ 5f]6f] cjlw / jgsf] 5fbg (cover)df Iflos/0f ePsf]n] r'l/of jg ef}uf]lns sdhf]/Lsfcltl/Qm j9L dfqdf ;Fj]bglzn ePsf] 5 . r'/Lof If]qdfw]/} e" :vng klg ePsf] 5 . r'l/ofsf] e'—efu;Fs6f;FGgtf ;Fu} ljz]if u/]/ r'l/ofjf6 pTklt ePsf;fgf vf]nf / glbx?jf6 l;FrfO{ ul/g] s[lif If]qx?df klg;Fstf;Ggtfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . !) jif{ cufl8sf]vf]nfx?sf] cfsf/;Fu t'ngf ubf{ hFunjf6 jxg]vf]nfx?sf] cfsf/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]o;sf] clglZrttf;Fu} r'l/of hFunsf] kl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLdf klg hf]lvdtf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

t/fO{df Plss[t l;d;f/Aoj:yfkg ug]{Integrated WetlandManagement in Terai

hnjfo'sf] clglZrttfsf] sf/0f clglZrt ?kdf ltj|jiff{ x'g], lxpFbsf] ;dodf jiff{df sld x'g] / kfgLsf]cfjZostf kg]{ ;dodf ;'Vvf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . jiff{dfePsf] sldsf s/0f kfgLsf] ;tx 3l6 l;d;f/ If]q3l6/x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ufpFdf kfgLsf] cefjsf]sf/0f l;d;f/ If]qsf] kfgLsf] pkof]u x'g z'?cft ePsf]5 h;sf] sf/of l;d;f/ If]qdf yk rfk kg{ uPsf] 5 .oL ;j} sf/0fx?n] ljz]if u/L t/fO{sf] l;d;f/sf]u'0f:t/df sld x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . / oL ;j}sf/0fx?n] lj?Jf,hgfjf/ / cGo l;d;f/ Ifqsf] h}ljs ljljwtf -h:t}lsf/, r/fx? / jGo hGt' x?_ / l;;f/ If]qsf] >f]tdflge{/ x'g] ;d'bfox? yk hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0fg]kfnsf] w]/} efudf l;d;f/ If]qsf] Aoj:yfkgsf] nflucg's'ngsf sfo{qmdx? cTofjZos / t'?Gt ug'{ h?/L

5 .dWo kxf8df ;d'bfodfcfwfl/t jgdf x'g]cfunflusf] Aoj:yfkgug]{ Community BasedForest Fire Managementin Mid Hills

lxpFb / ;'Vvf ofddf jiff{df sld ePsf]] h+unsf] ;tx;'Vvf eO{ jgIf]qx? cfunflusf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] x'G5 .cfunflujf6 hFundf /x]sf] sf7kft dfq hNng] geO{o;n] h}ljs ljljwtf h:t} ls/f, r/fx? / jGohGt';d]tsf] gf]S;fgL ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cfuf]nflujf6hLljsf]kfh{gsf >f]tx? h:t} bfp/f, jg k}bfjf/ /u}Xsfi7 jg k}bfjf/ h'g cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?sf]hLljsf]kfh{gsf] b}lgs hLjgsf] nflu cfjZos 5 ;f];d]tdf Iflt k'/ofpFb5 . o;}n] b]zsf] w]/} efudfcfunflu lgoGq0f sfo{ cg's'ng sfo{sf] nflucTofjZs / t'?Gt ug'{ h?/L 5 .

&=& hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)!! (Climate Change Policy)

jftfj/0f dGqfnon] hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt tof/ u/L l:js[t u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6fd'Vo p2]Zo ;kmf / :jf:Yo jftfj/0f sfod ug{sf] nflu k|fs[lts >f]tx?sf] lbuf]Aoj:yfkg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLltdf jg, h}ljs ljljwtf / jgdf cfl>t hgtfx?sf] nfluk|:tfj ul/Psf s]lx /0fgLltx?df M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ sdug{ ul/j, k5fl8kfl/Psf, cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?sf] nflu cg's"ng sfo{qmdx?, e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf]sfof{Gjog, hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? ;lxt lbuf] jg Aoj:yfkg, ;fd'bflos /AolQmut hUufx?df a[Iff/f]k0f cflb sfo{qmdx? /x]sf 5g\ . o; gLltn] jgdf x'g]cfunflusf] Aoj:yfkg / sfj{g Aofk/sf] pkfox?nfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;} u/L o;gLtLn] Plss[t kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] Aoj:yfkg / ax'p2]ZoLo k|hfltx?sf]j[Iff/f]k0fnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o; gLltdf sfj{g Aokf/sf] nflu jgsf]Aoj:yfkg / cfuf]nflu lgoGq0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hf]8 lbg'sf] ;fy} cfunfluaf6k|efljt If]qdf pko'Qm tl/sf / cEof;4f/f k'g{Tkfbgsfo{nfO{ klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

&=* :yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgf (Local Adaptation Plan of Action)

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] kl/0ffd jf lgisz{ xf] .:yfgLo cg's'ng of]hgf sfo{qmd ;Frfng of]hgf xf] h;n] cg's"ngsf k|fyldstfx?

dfq lgwf{/0f gu/L ;f] sfo{qmdx? hnjfo' ;Fs6f;Gg 3/w'/L / ;d'bfodf ;Frfng ug]{lgsfox? - ;]jf / k|fljlws ;xof]u_ sf] ;d]t klxrfg ub{5 . :yfgLo cg's'ngof]hgf /fli6«o :t/sf] of]hgf h:t} /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] kl/k'/ssf] ?kdfsfo{ ub{5 . :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgfsf] tof/L / gd'gf k|lqmofdfx?df lgDg s'/fx?;dfj]z ePsf] 5

Plss[t c'gs"ng of]hgf (Integrated adaptation planning) M :yfgLo ?kdfpko'Qm, ;Fstf;Ggtf / cg's"ng d'NofFsg k2lt

j}slNks / k|To'Q/ of]hgf (AIternative and Responsive Planning) M cg'udg /d'NofFsg k2lt

d'n k|jflxs/0f / :yfgLo :t/ d} klxrfg ul/Psf cg's"ng of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog Mljs]GbLs/0f lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] nflu w]/} ;F:yfx? / k2ltx?

cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfx? ;d'bfo :t/af6 z'? x'G5 . ;d'bfo :t/df tof/ ePsf]cg's"ng of]hgfx?nfO{ Plss[t u/L uflj; :t/df :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ug{;lsG5 . oL of]hgfx?nfO{ lhNnf / ;DjlGwt If]qut of]hgfx?df ;dfj]z ug{;lsG5 . :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ hnfwf/, kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL cflbcg';f/sf] sni6/df klg tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo :t/sf] cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf]nflu uflj; ;jeGbf pko'Qm OsfO{ dflgPsf] 5 lsgsL o; O{sfO{n] of]hgfx?nfO{pWj{ufdL k|lqmof4f/f of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb5 eg] cwf]ufdL tl/sf4f/f /fli6«ocg's"ng sfo{qmddf klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb5 .

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf pWj{ufdL of]hgf k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd xf] h;n] hnjfo';Fs6f;Gg ul/j, :yfgLo lgsfo, /fh}lgs g]tf / cGo h;n] xl/of] / v}/f] If]qsf]k|ltlglwTj ub{5g tL ;j} nfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 . ljleGg :t/df ;xeflutfd'ns k2ltckgfO{Psf] of]hgf k|lqmofn] cg's'ng of]hgfx? nfO{ :yfgLo of]hgfk|lqmofdf ;dfj]zug]{ dfq geO To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;d]t >f]tsf] pknAwtf ug{sf] nfluk|ltj4tf ;d]t u/fpFb5 . o:tf] k|lqmofn] hnjfo' ;Fs6f;Gg ul/j hgtfx?sf]df>f]t k'/ofpg ;d]t yk ;xof]u k'/ofpFb5 .

&=( ;d'bfo cg's"ng of]hgf k|lqmof (Community adaptation plan process)

g]kfnsf] ljleGg efudf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] b}lgs lhjgdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf]dxz'z ul/Psf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g lglZrt ?kdf x'g] ePsf]n], ;d'bfon] hnjfo'kl/jt{g;Fu h'4g jfx]s sf] csf]{ ljsNk 5}g . k|To'Q/sf ljleGg ?kx? dWo]hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ cg's"ng Pp6f /fd|f] pkfo x'g ;Sb5 .hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/sf] sf/0f ;d'bfosf] ;Fs6f;GgtfnfO{ sd ug{ :yfgLol/ltl:ylt, kof{j/0f / ;fdflhs cfly{ssf] ;dfg's"ngdf j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

o;sf] k|fKtLsf] nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf j[l4 / :yfgLo :t/df cg's"ngsf of]hgfx?sfof{Gjog klxnf] zt{ /x]sf] 5 .

;F:yfut ljsf; / ;+s6f;GgtfnfO{ ;Djf]wg (address) ub}{ ljt]sf jif{xdf jgsf w]/}kl/of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\ . kl/of]hgfx?sf] cg'ej / k|fs[lts >f]tdfcwfl/t ;jnLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?n] ;Fs6f;Gg ;d'bfosf] cg's"ng Ifdtf clej[l4ug{df ;xhtf ePsf] 5 .

;d'bfo cg's'ng of]hgfx?n] AolQmut / 3/w'/Lx?sf] ;Fs6f;GgtfnfO{ 36fPsf] 5 .;d'bfo :t/sf] eGgfn] hnjfo'sf] clglZrttf / kl/jt{gn] x'g] vt/fx?nfO{ k'0f{?kdfcfkm}n] cg's'ngsf nflu h'4g ;Sb5g eGg] xf]O{g . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|To'Q/sf];kmntf km/flsnf] kfg]{ sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0f / jlx/L ;F:yf / gLltx?sf] ;xhLsf/0fdfklg e/kb{5 .

;d'bfosf ;j} ;b:ox? hnjfo'sf] clglZrttf jf kl/jt{gaf6 plQs} hf]lvddfkb}{gg\ . s]lx 3/w'/Lx? cGo 3/w'/Lx?sf] t'ngfdf ltgLx?sf] jf;]fjf; ug]{ :yfgsf]hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df jl9 hf]lvddf x'G5g . cg's"ng of]hgf 7fpF ljz]if cg';f/sf]sfo{of]hgf x'g] ePsf]n] To; of]hgfnfO{ cGo :yfgdf d'lZsnn] nUg ;lsG5 .sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;d'bfosf] efiffdf jf:tljs of]hgf jgfpgsf] nflu To;nfO{ uxg?kdf ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 tfls ;j} stf{x?n] ;d'bfo cg's"ng of]hgfnfO{ cfkm\gf]of]hgfsf] ?kdf lng ;s'g .

l8=Pkm=cfO{=l8=sf] ;xof]udf ;Frflnt hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu jg sfo{qmdn] ut tLgbzs b]lv k|fs[lts >f]t Aoj:yfkgsf sfo{x? g]kfnsf] rf/j6f ;fdflhs—kof{j/0fLo(Socio- ecological) If]qx?df ;Frfng ul//x]sf] 5 . jg If]qsf] gofF (pioneering);xof]u / ef}uf]lns If]q lj:tf/n] :yfgLo :t/df k|fs[lts >f]t Aoj:YfkgdfpNn]vgLo ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdx? NofPsf] 5 / kl/of]hgfsf] If]qdfhLljsf]kfh{gsf ;DklQx?df ;d]t j[l4 u/s]f 5 .

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jg{gsf] of]hgfj4 k|To'Q/ ljz]if u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gcg's"ngsf] z'?cft /fli6«o cg's"ng of]hgf k|lqmof;Fu} ePsf] xf] . PnPkmkLn] gfkfk|lqmofsf] ljleGg r/0fx?df of]ubfg k'/ofPsf] 5 / Sumbiotic kmfO{bfsf] cj:yf klglbPsf] 5 . gfkfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;jfnnfO{ 36fpg], :yfgLo ;Fs6f;Gg;d'bfox?sf] cg's"lnt IfdtfnfO{ j[l4 ug]{ cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm gfkfn]:yfgLo ;d'bfodf klxn] g} :yfkgf ePsf :yfgLo ;F:yf h:t} ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;d'xnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngsf sfo{x? ;Frfng ug{ k|j]z ljGb' lng;lsg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

*= hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] nflu jg / h}ljs ljljwtf

k|fs[lts ?kdf g} jg ljljwtf /x]sf] k|0ffnL xf] t/ jgljgf;, vl08s/0f, hnjfo'kl/jt{g / cGo ljleGg rfkx? h'g dflg;sf lqmofsnkfx?;Fu ;DjlGwt 5g ;f]sf]sf/0f jgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf hf]lvdx?df j[l4 eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . hnjfo'kl/jt{gn] ljz]if u/L jg / h}ljs ljljwtf / jgn] df6f], kfgLsf] ;F/If0f, ljleGgk|hfltx?sf] jf:f:yfg, sfj{gsf] e08f/0f / cGo kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? pknAw

u/fpg] Ifdtfdf klg k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jgsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gn] ljz]if u/]/ kf/]sf] hf]lvddf ;'Vvf jg, Mangorves, jf]/n jg, tropicalforest / cloud forests x'g .

hnjfo' kl/jt{tn] jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf k|lts'n c;/ kfb{5 eg] jg / tLgLx?df/x]sf] h}ljs ljljwtf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;fdfwfgsf] ;xof]lu klg x'g ;Sb5g\. :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt x'gsf] nflu jgn] lgs} g} ;xof]uk'/fopg ;Sb5 .

jgsf] Iflos/0f jf;:yfg / jftfj/0fLo ;]jfdf sld NofO{ h}ljsljljwtfnfO{hf]lvddf kfb{5 . h}ljs ljljwtf, lbuf] e" Aooj:yfkg / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljrsf];DjGwsf] nflu jg /fd|f] pbfx/0f x'g ;Sb5 . Pstkm{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/jf6jgx? hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ jg hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|efjsf] Go'lgs/0fsf]nflu sfo[g zf]if0f / ;Frlts/0fsfy ;DefAo dfWod x'g ;Sb5 .

jgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ / hnjfo' lgoldttfsf] nflu jgsf] e"ldsfsf]emns

(Glimpse of CC impacts on Forests and Forests' Role on Climate regulation)

jg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] c;/jftfj/0fLo Iflt• ;'Vvf / jfl9• ef}lts k"jf{wf/df Iflt• kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g• s]lx k|hfltx?sf] jf;:yfgdf sld• cfg'a+lzstfdf IfoLs/0f• dxfdf/L• df6f]sf] Iflos/0f (Errosion)

jgsf] e"ldsf / c;/(jftfj/0fLo ;]jf_• hnrqmdf lgoldttf• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;F/If0f• ;'Id hnjfo' lgoldttf• df6fsf]] ;F/If0f

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go'lgs/0f / cg's"ngsf] ;DjlGw lj1fg / lgltx? to ug{ jgIf]qdf cem} jfFls 5 . jg / cg's'ngsf] ljrsf] ;DjGw bf]xf]/f] 5 klxnf] a[xb cy{dfjgn] cg's'ngsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 bf]>f] cg's'ng jgsf] nflu cfjZos kb{5 .klxnf] s];df jgn] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ePsf]n] dfgjsf] cfly{scj:Yfdf of]ubfg k'/ofpg'sf] ;fy} ;dfhsf] ;Fs6f;Ggtf (Social vulnerability) nfO{klg 36fpFb5 . jgnfO{ jg If]qdfq l;dlt gu/L cg's'ng of]hgfsf] gLlt /cWof;sf ;fy} cfly{s ljsf;sf] If]qdf klg lng ;lsG5 . bf]>f] s]; cg';f/ hnjfo'kl/jt{g jgsf] kl/jt{gsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ sf/s ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ xfdLn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lqmofsnkfx?nfO{ k'gM kl/efliftklg ug{ ;lsG5 .

*=! kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf (A vital role in Ecosystem)

/fd|f];Fu Aoj:yfkg u/]sf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] j[xb ?kdf (wide range)kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? k|bfg u/L ;dfhnfO{ hnjfo' k|sf]k x'g jf6 /f]Sg / eljiodfhnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 cg's"lnt x'g ;xof]u k'/ofpg] tYo klxrfg e} ;s]sf] 5(Turner et al., 2009) . ;'/lIft ?kdf ;Frflnt kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfn] ;dfhdf x'g]hf]lvdtfnfO{ pNn]Vo ?kdf 36fpg ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Dofªu|f]e;n] sf]i6nIf]qnfO{ cfFlw / t/Ëx?jf6 ;+/If0f ug]{, jg k}bfjf/ (Forest products) n] :yfgLo;d'bfox?nfO{ s[lif v]lt c;kmn / kfgLsf] pkof]ustf{x?nfO{ hn kfl/l:yltsLo;]jfn] (h:t} j]z kmnf] ;F/If0f, cfFlwsf] lgoldttf / IfoLs/0f lgoGq0f) hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] c;/jf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ;+/If0f / lbuf] ?kdfAoj:yfkg ePsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL / tLlgx?sf] ;]jfn] jx'cfolds cfly{s /kfof{j/0fLo kmfO{bfx? pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb5g / nfdf] cjlwsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]cg's"ng k|LqmofnfO{ j9jf lbg klg ;Sb5 (CBD, 2009).

k|s[ltnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/jf6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{{ sfod /fVg ;Sg'/fVg' s'g} 7'nf] ef}lts k'jf{wf/ jf k|ljlw ckgfP/ Iflt ePsf] kfl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLnfO{ k'g{:yfkgf ug'{ eGbf sof}+ u'0f ;:tf] kb{5 . kfl/l:yltsLo / h}ljsljljwtfsf cy{zfl:q ;d'x (Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity grou) sfcg';f/, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cg's"ngtfnfO{ of]ubfg k'/ofpg nfut nfefFzljZn]if0fn] of] b]vfPsf] 5 ls ;fj{hlgs nufgLn] kof{j/0fLo k'jf{wf/ (jg, Dofgu|f]e;/ l;d;f/ cflb) nfO{ ;xof]u k'/ofpg' kb{5 (TEEB,2009) . w]/} cj:yfx?dfkfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] nufgLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfx?x?sf] cfwf/df k|df0fLt(Justify) ug{ ;lsG5 t/ of] slxn] sflx+ hj ;j} :t/sf] ;]jfx?nfO{ ljrf/(Consider) ul/G5 tj of] cem jl9 cfsif{s klg x'g] ub{5 (TEEB, 2009) . o;sfcltl/Qm kof{j/0fLo ef}lts k'jf{wf/x? OlGhlgo/Lª ef}lts k'jf{wf/x? eGbf jl9cg's'lnt x'G5g lsgls kfl/l:yltsLo Aoj:yfkgnfO{ cgk]lIft ?kdf cfpg]kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fdgf (face) ug{ ;Sg]u/L kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . kfl/l:yltsLoAoj:yfkgn] kof{j/0fLo ;dfgs'ngnfO{ j9jf lbg / k|fs[lts cg's"ng k|lqmofnfO{;xlhs/0f ub{5 tfls kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] cgk]lIft jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g;Fucg's'ng eO{ ;]jfx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 .

*=@ r'gf}ltx?

w]/} h;f] pkf]i0f b]zx?df jg ljgf; / jgsf] Iflos/0f b]lvPsf] 5 . jgsf] lbuf]Aoj:yfkg / ;F/If0f cem} d'Vo sl7gfO{x?sf] ;fdfgf ul/Psf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]clxn] w]/} clglZrttf;Fu ;DjlGwt / ;Defljt k|efj / k|If]k0f ult / kl/jt{gsfk|sf/ h;n] kfl/l:yltsLo ;dfg's'ngsf] hf]lvd;Fu ;DjlGwt gofF gofF ;d:ofx?ylkPsf 5g\ (IPCC 2007) . oBlk, jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg ;d:ofx? k|foclglZrttfsf] km/s :t/, lglZrt (limited) ;"rgf / vt/fx?;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5g /hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf];Fu ;dfgf ug{ xfdLn] Aoj:yfkg / ;F/If0fsf] ;'wf/ k|lqmofaf/]k'gM ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5 . s;/L kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] kl/jlt{t hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{u|x0f ug{ ;Sb5 / s;/L ;Flrlt kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL hf]lvdf k/]sf] 5 eGg] jf/]sf]

jt{dfg cj:yfdf ePsf] 1fgaf6 eljiojfl0f ug{ sl7gfO{ 5 . ljleGg df]8]nx?n]b]vfPsf] 5 ls hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf ePsf] lj:tf/(Distribution) / k|hfltdf s]lx xb;Dd k|efj kfb{5 . k|fs[lts >f]tnfO{ dfgL dfgLul/g] lg0f{o k|lqmof kof{j/0fLo ?kdf cg'ko'Qm, ;fdflhs ?kdf grflxPsf](Undisirable) / vlr{nf] sfo{ (intervention) x'G5 .

uPsf b'O{ bzsdf g]kfndf pNn]Vo dfqfdf jg If]qdf sld cfPsf] 5 h;cg';f/g]kfnsf] jgIf]q !(() df $=*@ dLlnog x]S6/ af6 ;g\ @))% df #=^$ dLlnogx]S6/ df em/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm rl/r/g / sf7 tyf bfp/fsf] s6fgLaf6 jgsf]Iflos/0f rf/} tkm{ km}lnPsf] 5 . jgsf] IfoLs/0fsf] ltj|tfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfon]Aoj:yfkg u/]sf] jgdf eGbf ;/sf/n] k|ToIf ?kdf Aoj:yfkg u/]sf] jgdf jl9/x]sf] 5 (Gautam et al. 2004) . jgsf] Iflt t/fO{ If]qdf ;jeGbf jl9 /x]sf] 5 hxfFnueu *)))) x]S6/ jg If]q s[lif / jf;f]jf;sf] nflu cltqmd0f eO;s]sf] 5(MFSC 2008) . g]kfnsf] R-PIN df Readiness sf] nflu d'Vo sfo{x?sf] klxrfglbuf] jg Aoj:Yffkgsf] ljsf;, Adoption of green accounting in national budgeting,Gofof]lrt nfefFz ljt/0f, jg Aoj:yfkgnfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ;Fu hf]8g], sfg'gsf]sfof{Gjog, k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d'NofFsg, Aoj:yfkgsf] u'0f / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]Ifdtfdf ;Demf}tf gu/L :yfgLo ;/sf/df zlQm / >f]tsf] ljsf; ug]{.

g]kfndf w]]/} ;Ifd ;F:yfx? ePtfklg REDD sf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 cem} klgsfo{;Frfng (Operationalizing) cg'udg, k|ltj]bg / k|dfl0ftug{ (Verificaiton) cem}klg r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5 . To:t} jgsf] clwsf/ (Tenure) df ;'wf/ ug{ / wlg AolQm4f/fjg >f]tsf] kmfO{bfnfO{ xTofpg' (Capture) h:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug'{ csf]{r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5 . kfl/l:yltsLo j:g'x? / ;]jfx?n] ;d'bfonfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fucg's'ng jgfpgf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 t/ tLlgx? klg cg'ko'Qm lsl;dsf]cg's'ng sfo{n] ubf{ IfoLs/0f (Degraded) eO{/x]sf 5g\ .

ckfg's'ng (Maldaptation) / 5f]6f] cjlwsf] sf]kLª /0fgLltn] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdfyk hl6ntf k}bf ug{ ;Sb5 pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb clbuf]kgf (Unsustainably)tl/sfn] Aoj:yfkg ul/Psf] jgjf6 ;'/Iffsf] nflu jgk}bfjf/sf] k|of]u ul/of] eg]To:tf] jg k}bfjf/n] cGtTjf]uTjf ;d:of l;h{gf ub{5 . o;n] of] ;'emfj lbG5 ls hjcg's'g of]hgfsf sfo{ / of]hgfx? to ul/Gt kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'lglZrtk|bfg ug{ gofF k|lqmof cfjZos 5 . ljz]ifu/L cg's'ng of]hgfsf] nflu cross-scale /cross-sectoral ;DjGwsf] cfjZostf 5 . ;fwf/0ftof ljleGg :yfg / ;dfhsf]ljleGg If]qdf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] kmfO{bf / Aoj:yfkg nfut x'g] ub{5 .

*=# kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng M gjf]lbt (Emerging) wf/0ff

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng hnjfo' kl/jt{g / h}ljs ljljwtfsf]5nkmndf gjf]lbt cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf cfO{/x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x?sfr'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;dfwfg u/L kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cf>Lt;d'bfox?nfO{ cj;/ k|fbfgsf] k|:tfj (Offer) u/]sf 5g\ (IUCN, 2009) .kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng cg's"ng gLlt / sfo{x?sf] 9fFrf (Set) xf]

h;n] Multi-sectoral / Multi-scale k|lqmof4f/f hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ;dfhdf kf/]sf]hf]lvdnfo{ sld ub{5 (Vignola et al. 2009) . To:tf] gLlt / sfo{x?n] kfl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLsf] hf]lvd / tLlgx?sf] ;]jfdf x'g ;Sg] ljleGg hf]lvd, hnjfo' kl/jg{g / e"pkof]u kl/jt{g h:tf 36fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 .

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng /0fgLltx?n] ljz]if kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf];F/If0f jf k'g{:yfkgfnfO{ nlIft u/L s'g} lglZrt :yfg/If]q ljz]ifdf ;d'bfodf x'g]dxTjk"0f{ cg's'ng sfo{nfO{ nlIft ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu w]/} jgx? ;d'bfodf ;kmfkfgLsf] pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy Aoj:yfkg ePsf 5g\ t/ sfo{of]hgf /k|fyldstfx?df eljiodf x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lx;fjn] kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5. ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] s'g} lglZrt j:t'x? / ;]jfnfO{ 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sb5g h;n];d'bfosf] ;dfg's'ngtsf] nflu jl9 of]ubfg lbg ;Sb5g\ . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ /kl/df0f hf]lvdf k/]sf ;d'bfox?df kfgLsf] ;F/If0f x'g] lsl;dn] jgsf] Aoj:yfkgug{ ;lsG5 . o; jfx]s To:tf /0fgLltx? nfut–nfefFz / ljleGg lsl;dsf]jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts h:tf ;Fo'Qm kmfO{bf (Co-benefit) k'/ofpg]x'g ;Sb5g\ . o;k|sf/ tLlgx?df p2]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf]x'G5 cGoyf ljjfb x'g ;Sb5 h:t} ul/jL lgjf/0f, ljsf;, h}ljs ljljwtf ;F/If0f /hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng / Go'lgs/0f (CBD 2009) .

(= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] bjfjsf] klxrfg / hf]lvd jg / h}ljs ljljwtf If]q(Identification of CC stressed/vulnerable forest and biodiversity area)

jgn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? / hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj;/x?df dxTjk"0f{e'ldsf v]Nb5 . tLlgx?n] hnjfo'sf] lgoldttf (regulation), k|sf]ksf] ;F/If0f, kfgLsf];F/If0f, / cGo j:t'x? h:t} bfp/f, vfBfGg, kf]if0f, / cf}iflwhGo pTkfbg h:tfdxTjk"0f{ kfl/l:yltsLo j:t' / ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpFb5g\ . tLlgx? g]kfndf hnjfo'kl/jt{g Go'lgs/0f ;Dd'vtfnfO{ 36fpg b]lv lnP/ tfk, w'n]cfFwL / jfl9 cflb sdug{ cu|:yfgdf /x]sf x'G5g . jgn] /fli6«o ljsf; /0fgLltsf] nflu d'Vo e'ldsfv]Ng ;Sb5 / g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngsf] nflu k|j]z ljGb' x'g ;Sb5 .

!)= hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go'lgs/0f (Climate change mitigation)

j}1flgs k|df0fx?af6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g eO{;s]sf] jf/]df z+sf 5}g / w]/} hgtfx?n]o;sf] c;/ tLlgx?sf] b}lgs lhjgdf cg'ej ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?ksd kfgLdf sld, :jf:Yodf hf]lvd / k|fs[lts >f]tdf cfwfl/t hLljsf]kfh{gsf>f]tx?sf] pTkfbgdf sld tyf k|fs[lts >f]tx?dfly ljz]if u/L kfgL / l;FrfO{dfjl9 dfqfdf ljjfb x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

o; ;tflAbdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;jeGbf 7'nf] r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . jgdfk[lYjdf ePsf] sfj{gsf] 7'nf] kl/df0f k[lYjdf /x]sf] 5 . jgsf] Ifltsf] sf/0f jgn]hDdf sfj{g pT;{hgsf] @)% sfj{g pT;{hgsf] nflu of]ubfg k'/ofPsf] 5 .

/]8 (REDD)

/]8sf] cjwf/0ff b'|tb/ ?kdf ljsf; eO{/x]sf] 5 . klxnf] ltg j6f RPP k]z b]lvsf]cg'efjaf6, FCPF n] tof/L k2tLdf b'O{j6f kl/jt{g k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . klxnf], /]8sfnflu tof/L k|:tfjgf zAb nfO{ tof/L of]hgfn] k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] 5 / Tof] ;Fu;DjlGwt k|:tfjgfsf] 9fFrf (Templete) df z+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . gofF 9fFrf jl9 ;/n /nrs /x]sf] 5 / cem} ;j} sDkf]g]G6x?sf] lj:t[t dfu{bz{g lbg jfFls /x]sf] 5 . oLs]lx ufO{8nfO{gx?n] jgsf] ;'zfzg n ;DjlGw ;jfnx?sf] ;Djf]wg nfO{ ;'/lIft x'gvf]h]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /]8sf] gofF 9fFrfn] /fli6o :t/sf ;xefuLx?;Fuz'zfzgsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ k|:tfljt /]8 /0flgltsf pkofx?;Fu hf]8g] pkofx?sf] vf]lhu/]sf] 5 . o;n] RPP sf] tof/L df ax';f/f]sf/jfnfsf] e'ldsfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5. FCEP n] klg /]8 tof/L k|lqmofdf /0fg}lts jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs d'NofFsg(Strategic Environmental and Scial Assessment- SESA) nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ k|:tfju/]sf] 5 . ljZj j}+sn] s;/L gLltx?nfO{ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] FCPF sfo{qmddf nfu' ug{;Sb5 eGg] jf/]sf] a'emfO{jf6 SESA cfPsf] xf] .

g]kfndf REDD k|lqmofsf] ;xeflutf ;sf/fTds lbzf tkm{ uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/4f/fcu'jfO{ ul/Psf] /fli6«o /]8 sfo{ ;d'x lj:tf/sf] qmddf 5 / o;n] gful/s ;dfh /dlxnf tyf k5fl8kfl/Psf ju{x?df sfo{ ug]{ ;F:yfx?nfO{ ;d'xdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .;fy} /fli6«o jx';f/f]sf/jfnf sG;fl6«odn] g]kfnsf] jg sfj{g ;fem]bf/L ;'ljwf(Forest carbon Partnesip Facility_ sfo{qmd nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iffsf ;fy k5fl8kl/Psf ;d'xx?df (Marginalized group) sfo{ug]{ ;d'xnfO{ o; cufl8 g} ;dfj]zu/]sf] 5 . oBlk ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x eGbf jflx/sf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ /]8sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/fpg ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ k4ltaf/] clglZrttf g} sfod/x]sf] 5 .

!!= sfo{qmd (Intervention) sf] d'nk|jflxs/0f / Plss/0f (Intergration)

w]/} h;f] b]zx/df hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg''s"ngnfO{ /lfi6«o ljsf; of]hgfsf] d'nk|jfxdfNofpg] kxnx? t'ngfTds ?kdf z'?cftsf] cj:yfdf 5g\ . cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 ls/fd|f] jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkgn] :jf:Yo, jftfj/0fsf] vt/fnfO{ ;dfg's"ng, cfly{sljsf; / ljz]if u/L ul/jx?sf] nflu hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg;Sb5 . ul/jL;Fusf] n8fO{ / kfl/l:yltsLo ;F/If0fsf] cfwf/lznfsf] (Fundation)?kdf lng ul/j hgftfx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{g, ul/j s]Gb|Lt cfly{s ljsf; /jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfnfO{ xfd|f gLltx?, k4lt / ;F:yfx?df k|i6?kdf pNn]v x'g'kb{5(UNPEI 2009a) .hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f dfgjLo / k|fs[lts k|0ffnLdfl;lh{t jf:tljs jf ;Defljt hf]lvdx?;Fu cg's"ng x'g]u/L kl/jt{g x'g' jf tfnd]nvfg]u/L 9fNg'nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng elgG5 h'gdf If]q ljsf;lzn /fi6«x?sf];FnUgtfsf] nflu ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo p7]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf w]/} (myriad) /

clglZrt k|efjx?n] ljsf; / zx>flAb nIf xfl;n ug{ pNn]vgLo vt/f pTkGgu/]sf] 5 .hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] nflu Plss[t, Cross-cotting gLlts jf csf]{ cy{df/fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfsf] d'nk|jfxdf ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg] jf/]df a9\bf] ?kdfb]zx?n]] dxz'z u/]sf 5g\ . w]/} h;f] ljsfG;f]d'v b]zx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{cg's'ngnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ PEI tof/Lsf] qmddf 5g\ . PEI n]hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf k|of;x?nfO{ ;xsfo{df d'nk|jflxs/0f ug{sf] nfludxTjk'0f{ cg'ej k|bfg ub{5 .

ljifo —# (Theme III)

hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hg:jf:Yog]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] ;ldIffg]kfn ax';fF:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm Ps e'kl/j]li7t /fi6« xf] .ef}uf]lnstfsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ tLgj6f e'–efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 MlxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ e'–efu . oL tLg e'–efux? k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd;dfgfGt/ ?kdf km}lnP/ /x]sf 5g\ / Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf klg 5g\ .h;nfO{ tLg d'Vo glbx? sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nLn] nlDao -Longitudinally_ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . s/La @)) ls=ld= ;Ddsf] pQ/ blIf0f rf}8fOdfkm}lnPsf] g]kfnsf] w/ftlno :j?k blIf0fdf ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^) ld6/sf]prfO b]lv lnP/ pQ/df **$* ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO kfpg ;lsG5 .w/ftlno prfOdf /x]sf] olx km/skgn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] hnjfo' pi0f(Subtropical) b]lv lztf]i0f (Alpine) /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] hnjfo' dg;'gIf]qdf kb{5 . o; If]qdf h]i7 b]lv efb| ;Dd $ dlxgf hlt dg;'gL xfjfsf]k|efjn] ubf{ jiff{ x'G5 / c? dlxgf k|fo ;'Vvf g} /xG5, / klg lxpFb ofddfeg] d]l86]/]lgog cfFlwsf] k|efjn] ubf{ xNsf jiff{ x'g] ub{5 . g]kfndf cf}ift!*%* ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] ub{5, h;df k"j{ b]vL klZrd e]udf s]lx leGgtfkfpg ;lsG5 . klZrdL If]qsf] t'ngfdf k"lj{ If]qdf s]lx clws jiff{ x'g]ub{5 . g]kfnsf] blIf0fb]lv pQ/tkm{ cf}ift tfkqmd qmdzM sd x'G5 . oBlk,of] tYo ;a} e'–efusf] nfuL ;dfg ?kn] nfu' x'Fb}g . oxfF ^ k|sf/sf Ct'x?kfOG5 . lt Ct'x? j;Gt -r}q, j}zfv_, u[id -h]i7, cfiff9_, jiff{ ->fj0f,efb|_, z/b -cflZjg, sflt{s_, x]dGt -d+l;/, kf}if_ / lzlz/ -df3, kmfNu'0f_x'g\;g !(&! b]lv !(($ ;Dd g]kfne/sf $( :6]zgaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf]tfkqmd tYof+sn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] g]kfnsf] tfkqmd ljz]if ul/ !(&& kZrftkxfl8 tyf lxdfnL If]qdf k|To]s jif{ )=)^ l8=;]= b]vL )=!@ l8=;]= sf] b/dfa9\bf] 5 . hals of] k|lqmof t/fOdf )=)# l8=;]= k|ltjif{ eGbf sd 5 .(Shrestha et. al 1999)

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf kl/b[iox? General Circulation Model (GCM) /Regional Circulation Model (RCM) df k|fKt tYof+sdf cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ . -NCVST, 2009_. GCMs cg';f/ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? lgDg/x]sf 5g\ .s_ tfkqmdcfwf/ jif{ @))( sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jflif{s tfkqmd j[l4b/ @)#) df!=$ l8=;]= cf};t eO )=%–@=) l8=;]=, @)^) df @=* l8=;]= cf};t eO!=&–$=! l8=;]= / @)() df $=& l8=;]= cf};t eO{ #=)–^=# l8=;]= ;Dd/xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

@)() ;Dddf dg;'g tyf pQ/dg;'g l;hgdf x'g] tfkqmd j[l4b/ lxpFbtyf k'j{dg;'g l;hgdf x'g] tfkqmd j[l4b/sf] t'ngfdf !=^ l8=;]= n]36\g]5 . h'g, dg;'gL jiff{df x'g] j[l4 tyf abnL x'gfn] ;f}o{tfknfO{36fOlbg] / jfliks/0fn] cfb|{tf a9fpg] cflz+s sf/0fn] ePsf] x'g]5 .cg'dflgt tfkqmd j[l4b/ g]kfnsf] klZrdL tyf dWoefu eGbf k"lj{ efudfsd x'g]5 . / of] km/s @)() ;Dddf )=& l8=;]= sf] x'g]5 .g]kfndf dg;'g cufl8sf uld{ lbgx? @)^) ;Dddf !%–%%Ü sf] b/n] tyf@)() ;Dddf @^–^(Ü sf] b/n] a9\g] ;Defjgf 5 .v_ jiff{tfkqmd j[l4sf] cg'dfg h:t} cg'dfgLt cf}ift jflif{s jiff{sf] s'g} k|i6k/Dk/f (trend) kfO{+b}g . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL cg'dfgLt jflif{s jiff{sf] /]Gh@)#) ;Dddf )Ü cf};t eO #$Ü b]lv @@Ü ;Dd, @)^) ;Dddf $Ücf};t eO{ #^–^&Ü ;Dd / ;g\ @)() ;Dd * Ü cf};t eO{ $#–*) Ü;Dddf /xg]5 .dg;'g jiff{sf] cg'dfg b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFx?cg';f/ j[xt cGt/ kb{5,tyflk gd'gfn] ztflAbsf] cGTo;Dddf of] 36\g] eGbf klg a9\g]tkm{ ;+s]tub{5 . of] klZrdL efudf eGbf klg k"lj{ tyf dWo efudf cem} w]/} a9\g]b]lvG5 . t/ lxpFb] jiff{sf] cg'dfgaf6 of] sd x'g] b]lvG5 .oL hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 lgDg d'Vo c;/x? b]lvg ;S5 M

ljz]if ul/ pRr efudf :ki6?kdf tfk a9\g]5 . h;sf] sf/0f lxpFtyf a/kmn] cf]u6]sf] If]q 36\g]5, h'g b]zsf] nfuL kfgLsf] k|fs[ltse08f/ xf] .

jiff{ofddf If]lqo jiff{df htf;'s} j[l4 x'g]5, t/ dWo kxfl8 e]udfeg] 36\g]5 .

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;':t ljsf; cj:yfn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] oxfFsf] hg;+Vofhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f jt{dfg tyf eljiodf kg]{ c;/x?af6 lgs}hf]lvddf 5g\ . To;sf/0f lo c;/x?;Fu cg's'ntf ldnfpgsf] nfuL /fli6«o/0fgLlt lgdf{0f ug'{g} tTsfnsf] k|fyldstf xf] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / g]kfndf :jf:Yo l:ylthnjfo' kl/jt{g Ps lglZrt tYo xf] . -IPCC 2007_ hnjfo'df kl/jt{gcfpgfn] h+un, kfgL, df6f], xfjf, dfgj :jf:Yo nufot ;Dk'0f{ jftfj/0fLo36sx? k|efljt x'g hfG5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ k|efjdfgL;x?sf] hf]lvdtfsf] tx cg';f/ km/s km/s kb{5 . dfgj lhjg hlta9L hf]lvddf x'G5, Toltg} sd cg's'ntf Ifdtf /xG5, h;n] ubf{ hnjfo';+j]bgzLn /f]ux?sf] vt/f a9\b5 . -ICIMOD 2008_

lxdfnL d'n's ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ oxfFsf] hnjfo'df w]/}g} ljljwtf kfOG5 .ljleGg cWoogx?af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] tfkqmdsf] ljljwtfn] dflg;sf]:jf:Yodf k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5, / of] tYo ;d'bfo;Fusf] 5nkmntyf plgx?sf] b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t 5 . To;sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]lgDTofpg] ;+efJo c;/x?sf] k|ltkmn dfgj :jf:Yo / b]zdf /x]sf] ljljwjftfj/0fsf] Osf]l;i6d -kfl/l:ytLs k|0ffnL_ df kg]{ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .dg;'gL jiff{sf] k4tLdf klg ljljwtf cfPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5, h:t} jiff{ x'g]cf};tdf j[l4 ePsf] 5, t/ jiff{af6 hDdf ePsf] kfgLsf] cfoftg eg] 36\bf]5 . of] pNn]Vo 5 ls o;n] Osf]l;i6ddf k|efj kf/]sf] 5, h:t} h}ljsljljwtfdf sld cfpg', lxpFb tyf j;Gt Ct'df x'g] afnLdf gsf/fTdsc;/ kg{ uO{ vfB ;'/Iffdf sl7gfO cfpg', hnrqm ;g{', kfgLsf] >f]tx?;'Sb} hfg', af9Lsf] cNksfnLg k|sf]k a9\g', v8]/Lsf] ;DefJotf, lxdtfnsf]ljikmf]6 tyf jftfj/0fLo kl/jlt{t cj:yf h;n] cGTodf ljleGg k|sf/sfgofF pTkGg ePsf /f]ux?sf] dfWodaf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds k|efjkfb{5 . -MOPE 2004_hg:jf:Yosf] cfwf/e't rl/q eg]sf] /f]usf] /f]syfd ug'{ / ;d'bfosf]:jf:Yo l:ylt k|jw{g ug'{ xf] . /f]syfddf klg k|yd r/0fsf] /f]syfd eGgfn]/f]usf] sf/s tTjdfly g} lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] . lålto r/0fsf] /f]syfd eGgfn]k|f/lDes 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 /f]unfO{ ;'?s} cj:yfdf lgbfg u/L k'0f{lg/fs/0f u/fpg' xf] eg] t[tLo r/0fsf] /f]syfd /f]usf] nIf0fcg'?k ul/g]pkrf/df s]lGb|t /xG5 . (WHO 2007)

cg's'ngIfdtf

Go'lgs/0fIfdtf

Go'lgs/0fsfpkfox?

xl/tu[xaf6pT;lh{tUofF;x?

k|]/0ffTdszlQmhg;+VofultlzntfcNksflngcfly{s ljsf;

k|fs[ltssf/0fx?

hnjfo'kl/jt{g

If]lqo hnjfo'kl/jt{gx?tftf] xfjfsf]k|jfx

r/d df};d

tfkqmd

jiff{

:jf:Yoc;/x?jftfj/0f;DalGwt /f]u/ d[To'r/d df};d;DalGw:jf:Yo c;/b'lift xfjf;DalGw:jf:Yo c;/kfgL tyfvfgfhGo/f]ux?ls6hGo tyfd';fhGo/f]ux?vfB / kfgLcefjn] kg]{c;/x?dfgl;s,kf}li6s,;+qmfds tyfcGo :jf:Yoc;/x?

:jf:YohGocg's'ntfsf

;'Idlhjåf/fb'lift xg]dfWod;g]{ ultlzntf

s[lifhGokfl/l:yltsk|0ffnL,hnlj1fg

;fdflhscfly{s,hg;+Vof

cfjZostfcg'?ksf]36a9sf] k|efj

lrq !M hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf :jf:Yo c;/af/]sf] dfu{lrq

>f]tM Mc Michael a.J et. al 2003

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dfgj :jf:Yodf k|efj kfb{5 eGg] ;femf a'emfO /x]sf] 5. IPCC sf] rf}+yf] d'Nof+sg k|ltj]bgsf] lgisz{ cg';f/ clxn] /f]usf]ljZjJofkL ef/ j[l4 x'g' / dflg;x?sf] c;fdlos d[To' x'g'df jt{dfgcj:yfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . of] z'?sf] cj:yfdfc;/x? Go'g x'G5g\, t/ kl5 uP/ ;Dk'0f{ If]q / ljZjdf qmdzM lj:tf/ x'Fb}hfg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . -IPCC @))&_ g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf hnjfo'kl/jt{gn] :jf:Yodf kfg]{ k|efj b]lvg] vfnsf 5g\ . tfklg g]kfndf o;sf]cWoog eg] l;ldt /x]sf] 5 . lrq @ n] If]qLo df};d kl/jt{g x'Fbf x'g]hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ :jf:Yo c;/nfO O+lst u/]sf] 5 .ltlgx? x'g\ M

s_ k|ToIfM h:t} tfkqmd;Fu ;DalGwt /f]u tyf d[To', r/d df};d;Fu;DalGwt :jf:Yo c;/x? .

v_ k/f]IfM h:t} jfo' k|b'if0f;Fu ;DalGwt :jf:Yo c;/x?, kfgL tyfvfgfhGo /f]ux?, ls6hGo /f]ux?, tyf dfgl;s, kf}li6s, ;+qmfds /cGo :jf:Yo c;/x?

hxfF;Dd :jf:Yodf kg]{ k|efjx?sf] dx;'zLs/0f ul/Psf] 5, of] cg's'ntfsfpkfox?sf] k|efjsfl/tf / cfjZostf cg'?ksf] 36a9sf] k|efj -:jf:Yokl/0ffdsf cGo sf/sx? h:t} af9Lsf] hf]lvd ePsf] If]qdf hg3gTj_ dflge{/ ub{5 . lrq # sf] dfu{lrqn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf cGo sf/stTjx?n] dfgj :jf:Yodf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] c;/x?nfO b]vfpF5 -Michael et. al

2003_ .hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] :jf:Yodf kg]{ k|efjx? cfjZos ;'rgfx?sf] cefj tyfsf/s tTjx? ;DalGwt ulx/f] cWoogsf] sldn] ubf{ :ki6?kdf kl/eflift5}gg\ . hnjfo' tYox?sf] c;dfg ljt/0f /x]sf] 5, h:t} s'g} b]zsf] s'g}jif{df ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?df tyf ljleGg Ct'x?sf] ;dodf x'g]tfkqmd / jiff{, h;n] dflg;x?sf] :jf:Yo;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVb5.g]kfndf hnjfo' ;+j]bglzn /f]ux? tyf lolgx?n] dfgj :jf:Yodf kfg]{k|efjg]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ tyf o;k|lt ;+j]bglzn /f]ux? lgDg 5g\.

r/d df};d ;DalGwt :jf:Yo c;/M t/fOdf lztnx/ tyf pi0f jfo'

jxfj -n'_ h;n] /f]u tyf d[To'df j[l4 x'G5 .

hnjfo'n] ubf{ x'g] k|sf]kM nfdf] ;do kg]{ v8]/L tyf 5f]6f] ;do /lta| ultsf] af9Lsf] k|sf]k, r/d vfB ;+s6 tyf /f]ux?sf] km}nfj6

jfo' k|b'if0f ;DalGwt :jf:Yo c;/x?M Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DalGw /f]ux?h:t} Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DalGwt PSo'6 ;+qmd0f, a|f]+sfOl6; / bd a9\bf]cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

kfgLhGo /f]ux?M o;df kvfnf, cfpF, 6fOkmfO8, lhof{l8ofl;;,Pdf]laofl;;, cDn /f]u, hl08; tyf ;+qmfds x]kf6fOl6; kb{5g\ .g]kfndf o:tf /f]ux? Ct' tyf 7fpF cg';f/ a9\bf] dfqfdf b]lvG5 .

ls6hGo /f]ux?M hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6;, cf}nf], 8]+u' / sfnfhf/ .

kf]if0fhGo, dfgl;s tyf cGoM o;df s'kf]if0f, dfgl;s /f]ux? tyfrf]6k6s / b'3{6gf nufotsf g;g]{ /f]ux? kb{5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] lgDTofpg] hf]lvdtf tyf To;cg'?ksf] cg's'ntfIPCC 2007 sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ hf]lvdtf eg]sf] Pp6f o:tf] ljGb' xf] h;dfs'g}klg JolQm ljz]if / ;+/rgf pRr hf]lvddf /xG5g\ cyjf logLx? To;hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] lgDTofpg] gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{sf] lglDtc;dy{ x'G5g\, ;fy} o; cGtu{t hnjfo'sf] ljljwtf / r/dtf klg kb{5g\ .hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dfgj :jf:Yodf lgDTofpg] hf]lvdtf tn pNn]lvtsf/sx?sf] pkh xf] .

;+j]bglzntfM ;fIffTds k|ltlqmofTds ;DaGwnfO{ b]vfpF5 .

df};d tyf hnjfo' ;DalGw vt/f M o;df hnjfo' ljljwtfsf]rl/q, ulx/fO / b/ kb{5g\ .

cg's'ntfsf pkfo tyf lqmofM o;n] ;DalGwt :jf:Yodf kg{hfg] gsf/fTds c;/sf] ef/nfO{ sd ub{5 .

;d'bfo h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{g cyjf ug{ ;Sb}g, To:tf;d'bfo cem a9L o;sf] c;/sf] pRr hf]lvddf /xG5g\ . s'g} klg hg;+Vof:jf:Yosf] hf]lvddf /xg] jf g/xg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ljleGg sf/stTjx?df lglxt /xG5 . h:t}M :yflgo jftfj/0f, :yflgo >f]t ;fwgsf]pknAwtf, zf;g k|0ffnL tyf lghfdtL lgsfosf] k|efjsf/Ltf, ;fd'bflos:jf:Yo ;+/rgfsf] u'0f:t/ / pRr df};dLo vt/fsf] cj:yfdf e/kbf]{:yflgo ;"rgfdf kx"Fr . lo tTjx?df b]zJofkL ?kdf Ps?ktf /x]sf] kfO{+b}g. lo km/s ef}uf]lnstf, dfgj tYof+s / ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfsf]cfwf/df lglxt /xG5g\ . pkof]uL /f]syfd tyf cg's'ntf ;DalGw /0fgLltlgdf{0fsf] lglDt s'grflxF hg;+Vof cyjf ef}uf]lns pkhg;+Vof pRrhf]lvddf x'g ;S5g\, cyjf Tof] hf]lvdtf slxn] pRr cj:yfdf k'U5 eGg]s'/fsf] 1fg x'g lgtfGt h?/L 5 . t;y{ JolQmljz]if ;d'bfo tyf ef}uf]lnstTjn] hf]lvdtfnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . To;}n] ;+/rgf tyf :jf:Yo >f]t;fwgsf] pkof]uLtfsf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df xfd|f] h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«g]kfnsf] kxf8L tyf lxdfnL e]udf a:g] JolQmx? pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\.g]kfnsf ;+efJo hf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vofhg;+Vofsf] rl/q, ef}uf]lns l:ylt, a;fOsf] cj:yf, k]zf, ;fdflhs,/fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts cj:yfn] ubf{ ;DefJo hf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vofdfkm/s e]l6G5 . g]kfndf klxrfg ePsf hf]lvdo'Qm ;d'x o; k|sf/ /x]sf5g\ .

afnaflnsf tyf dlxnf -ljz]iftM ue{jtL_

;'s'Daf;L M 7"nf zx/df

emf]kl8df a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'xM 7'nf zx/df

glb lsgf/f, kxfl8 le/ tyf af9Laf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] hldgdf a;f]af;ug]{

k|fs[lts, /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs cfly{s sf/0fn] ubf{ ePsfcfGtl/s lj:yflkt JolQmx?

sjfl8 p7fpg] JolQm, ;8s afnaflnsf tyf afn>lds

of}gk]zfsdL{

alGb

z/0ffly{;g\ @))( sf] tYof+s cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @&$ nfv/x]sf] 5, h;df @=*Ü lx:;f Ps jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf, !#=^Ülx:;f % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf, #=&Ü lx:;f cg'dflgt ue{jlt /@!=&Ü lx:;f !)–!( jif{ pd]/ ;d'xsf lszf]/ lszf]/Ln] cf]u6]sf 5g\. lo dfly pNn]lvt ;d'x dfgj tYof+s juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/dfhf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vofdf kb{5g\ .

hnjfo' ;+j]bglzn /f]usf] xsdf ;+efJo hf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vofhf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vofsf] dfkg vt/fdfkg k|lqmofåf/f ul/G5 . vt/fdfkgk|lqmof o:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;n] dfgj lhjgdf kg{ hfg] vt/fsf] ;+efJotf /ulx/fOnfO dfkg ub{5, h;sf] d'Vo sf/ssf ?kdf /f;folgs, ef}ltscyjf h}ljs k|b'zsnfO dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ePsf hnjfo' ;+j]bgzLn/f]ux? / ;+efljt hf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vof tyf lhNnfsf] cfsng tflnsf g+=!( df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s /f]un] lgDTofpg] /f]uLsf] ;+Vof tyf /f]usf]km}nfj6 If]q lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] qmddf 5 . h'g lhNnfdf /f]usf] hf]lvdb]lvPsf] lyPg, clxn] cfP/ ltgdf klg o;sf] k|efj b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . -lrq–*_ . hnjfo' ;+j]bgzLn /f]ux?df hf]lvdo'Qm hg;+Vofsf] ;+Vof !))Üb]lv slDtdf #)Ü ;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 . -tflnsf – !(_tflnsf !M g]kfndf hnjfo' ;+j]bgzLn /f]usf] xsdf ;+efljt hf]lvo'Qmhg;+Vof/f]u /f]un] cf]u6]sf]

lhNnfx?;+efljt hf]lvdk'0f{hg;+Vof -Ü_

cf}nf] ^% (!=^xflQkfOn] /f]u ^) *&=)hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6; @$ %#=(

sfnfhf/ !@ @(=&kfgL tyf vfgfhGo/f]ux?

&% -;a}_ !))

g;g]{ /f]ux? ;a} lhNnfx? !))>f]tM :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, @)!)

cg's'ntfsf] cjwf/0ff

cg's'ntf eg]sf] jf:tljs cyjf cfzftLt jftfj/0fLo ;+s]t jf To;sf] c;/cg';f/ dfgjLo tyf k|fs[lts ;+/rgfdf 3'nldn x'g' xf], h;n] vt/fnfO{ ;dGjogjf sNof0fsf/L cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ub{5 - IPCC @))!_ . o;df ljleGg k|sf/sfJojxfl/s, ;+/rgfTds tyf k|fljlws cg's'ntf kb{5g\ . lgDg cj:yfg';f/lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtf e]l6G5 .

;dofg';f/ -ex-ante vs. ex-post_

If]qfg';f/ -5f]6f] cjlw lj?4 nfdf] cjlw, :yfgLo lj?4 If]lqo_

/0fgLltcg';f/ -:jfoQ lj?4 of]hgfTds, lgliqmo lj?4 ;lqmo_

sf/sfg';f/ -JolQmut lj?4 ;fj{hlgs, ;dfh lj?4 k|fs[lt :j?k_

cg's'ntf / ljsf;sf] cGt{åGå ljsf;M jt{dfg tyf eljiodf cfpg] ;d:ofx?

cg's'ntfM e't, jt{dfg tyf eljiosf ;d:ofx? -5f]6f] tyf nfdf] cjlwsftfTsflng cfjZostfx?_

cg's'ntf ljsf;sf] kl/k|]Iodf Pp6f yk d'4f xf] .

jt{dfg ;+/rgf tyf of]hgfsf] hnjfo'dflysf] c;/ k|df0fLs/0fdf Pp6f ;f]rxf] .

t/ d'Vo s'/f cg's'ntf ;+alGw sfo{gLlt /]vf+sg ug'{ xf] . -hnjfo' kl/b[io,hf]lvdtf tyf cg's'ntf ;+alGw cfjZostf_

ælgoldt ljsf; lqmofsnfkÆ / æcg's'ntfÆ lar km/s b]vfpgsf] lglDt ljsf; b]lvhnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ntf ;Ddsf rf/ km/s txsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] lg/Gt/tfsf]af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . (WRI @))&_ h;dfM

lqmofsnfk h;n] dfgjljsf;sf] j[l4 u5{, / hf]lvdtfnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] tTjnfO{;+af]wg u5{ . h:t}M n}lËs ;xsfo{sf] ;'?jft, lhjg:t/ psf:g] k|oTgx?

lqmofsnfk h;n] k|ltlqmofTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . k|fo u/]/ k|ToIf c;/x'g] If]qdf h:t} k|fs[lts ;Dkbf Joj:yfkg, df};d cg'udg .

lqmofsnfk h'g hnjfo' hf]lvdsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ nlIft x'G5 / of] ljz]iftMhnjfo' ;'rgfsf] /0fgLlts k|of]uåf/f x'G5 . h:t}M k|sf]k k|ltlqmofTdsof]hgf, v8]/Ldf x'g] afnL .

lqmofsnfk h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] 7f]; c;/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/ To;lj?4sf] of]hgf agfpF5 . h:t}M ;d'b|L ;tx a9]sf] cj:yfdf ToxfFsf];d'bfosf] k'g{:yfkgf .





hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf kIfnfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfk|ls|ofdf ;dfof]hg ug{ uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfnfO{ Ps pko'Qm OsfO dflgPsf] 5 .k|zf;lgs tyf ef}uf]lns OsfOsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfn] :yfg jf;d'bfoljz]if cg's"ngsf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . of]txdf x'g] ;dfof]hgn] cwf]ufdL (Top-down) / pmWj{ufdL b'j} th'{df k|ls|of k|of]uu/L pko'Qm cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ug{ d2t ub{5 . :yfgLo sfo{of]hgf agfO{ljifout, ufpF tyf gu/ ljsf; of]hgf k|ls|ofdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;dGjo, cg'udgtyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . ljlgof]lht jh]6 Pslqt ug{ / hnjfo'cg's"ng sfo{ ;~rfng ug{nfO{ uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf ;Ifd 5 jf ;Ifd jgfpFg'kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ffdf of] ;+/rgf th'{df ePsf] 5 .












FRAMEWORK):yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sf] p2]Zo hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf] kIfnfO{:yfgLo b]lv /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo cg's'ngsfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgfn] hnjfo' cg's'ng tyf ;dfg's'ngsf] kIfnfO{ :yfgLob]lv /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hg ugg{ ;ft j6f r/0fx? klxrfg u/]sf] 5h'g o; k|sf/sf 5g\ .!= hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 (Climate change sensitization)@= hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ng d"Nofª\sg (Climate vulnerability andadaptation assessment)#= cg's"ngsf cj;/sf] vf]hL tyf k|fyldsLs/0f (Prioritization of adaptationoptions)$= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf th'{df (LAPA Formulation)%= of]hgf k|ls|ofdf :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf ;dfof]hg (LAPA Integration intoplanning processes)^= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog (LAPA Implemention)&= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] k|ult d"Nofª\sg (LAPA progress assessment)pko'{Qm r/0fx?nfO{ lgDg rqmdf -lrq @_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .





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hn>f]t tyf phf{hnjfo' kl/jt{g / g]kfnhldg glhs}sf] xfjf tyf dxf;fu/sf] tfkdfgsf] cf};t j[l4df cfwfl/t hnjfo'kl/jt{g ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4sf] 36gfqmd;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . hj jfo'd08nsf]tnsf] - k[YjLsf] ;tx glhssf] _ xfjf tfT5, o;sf] tfqmd / cfb|tfsf] tx km/sx'G5 h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k hnjfo' k|0ffnL kl/jt{g x'G5 . o; k|lqmofn] s'g} If]qsf]lglZrt xfjfkfgL tyf df};dL cjZyfnfO{ @)–#) jif{sf] cjlwdf yfxf kfOg] u/Lkm/s kfb{5 . ljZj pi0fLs/0fdf s]xL k|fs[lts sf/0fx? xf]nfg\ t/ hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf nflu cGt/;/sf/L ;ldlt - IPCC _ sf] xfn}sf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ;qf}=;tfAbLsf] dWob]lv cg'ej ul/Psf] ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4df w]/}h;f] - () k|ltzt;+efjgf _ dfgjLo sfo{x? lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . ljsfl;t b]zx?af6 pTkflbt d'Votsfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8 ;lxtsf xl/t u[x Uof;x?sf] pT;{hg hnjfo' kl/jt{g /ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4sf] d'Vo of]ubfgstf{sf] ?kdf kfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Me" agf}6 tyf wf/ftNfLo ljljwtfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k g]kfndf ljljwtfo'Qm hnjfo'If]qx? 5g\ . ;fgf] If]qkmndf klg t/fO{sf] pi0f If]qb]lv pRr lxdfnL cNkfO{gIf]q;Ddsf] km/s km/s hnjfo' kfOG5 . kmn:j?k, hnfjfo'df x'g] kl/jt{gn] x/]sIf]qnfO{ p:t} jf km/s 9Ën] c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . t/ tL If]qx? aLr Ps csf{;Fusf]cGt/;DaGwsf sf/0f o;sf k|efjx? ltg} If]qx?df dfq ;Lldt 5}gg\ / c;/x?n]cGo If]qdf;d]t k|efj kfb{5g\ .

tfkqmd Mlaut #) jif{otf g]kfnsf] cf}ift jflif{s tfkdfgdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ljz]iftM wgs'6f -dWo kxf8, k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q _ / ndh'Ë - dWo kxf8, klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf_ ljZjJofkL cf};if eGbf b|'t b/df - )=)^ l8u|L k|lt jif{ _ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 -Kf|flS6sn PSzg, @))( _ . tfkdfgsf] j[l4df g]kfnel/ Ps?ktf 5}g, Ps} lsl;dsf]kfl/l:ylts If]qdf klg km/s km/s lsl;dn] tfkdfg kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 / w]/}If]qx?df cGoq gldNg] ;"Id hnjfo' kfOG5 . tfkdfg kl/jt{gsf] ;fdGo qmd x]bf{cf}ift tfkdfg j[l4 sd prfOsf If]qx? - t/fO{df )=)$@ l8u|L k|ltzt _ eGbf a9LprfO{ ePsf If]qx?df t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L - lxdfnL If]qdf )=)( l8u|L k|ltaif{ _/x]sf] kfO{G5 . o;sf] dtnj lxdfn / kxf8x?df t/fO{ eGbf tLa| b/df tfkdfg j[l4x'Fb}5 . lxdfnL If]qsf] tfkdfg j[l4n] lxpF / lxdgbL kUng] b/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 h;n]tNnf] If]qdf tTsflng?kdf kfgLsf] k|jfx a9fpF5 / eljiodf kfgLsf] cefj x'ghfG5 .

aiff{Mjiff{sf] ljt/0f klg pRRf ?kdf km/s 5, klZrddf eGbf k"j{df a9L aiff{ ePsf]kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&^ b]lv @))% ;Ddsf] k|efj x]bf{ o; cl3 g} a9L kfgL kg]{ If]qdfcem a9L kfgL kg]{ / hxfF sd kfgL kYof]{ ToxfF sd x'Fb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5,-lrq &=! _

ljut s]xL bzsx?b]lv em/Lx? a9L d';nwf/] aGb} uPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 h;af65f]6f] aiff{ cjlwdf w]/} kfgL v:g] / o; aLrdf nfdf] ;do ;Dd kfgL gkg]{ ePsf]dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ljut tL; jif{sf] dflifs jiff{ ljZn]if0faf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg]dg;'g ;'?jft - c;f/ _ df sd jiff{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] o;sf] cGTo c;f]hlt/ jiff{a9]sf] kfOG5 . k|flS6sn PS;g, @))( _ .

:yfgLo cjnf]sg Mhnjfo'df ePsf] kl/jt{gaf/] jf:tljs / :jtGq d"NofÍgsf] nflu j}1flgs cWoogx?dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ t/ ;d'bfo;Fu klg k|fs[lts jftfj/0f;Fu glhssf] ;+nUgtfsf]cfwf/df ;fGble{s cjnf]sgx? x'G5g\ . Ct'x?sf] cjlw, jiff{sf] k|s[lt / ljt/0f,v]tLkfltsf] u'0f:t/, ?vlj?jfsf kft knfpg] / emg]{ ;do / tf}/tl/sfsf] kl/jt{g,lj?jfsf] km"Ng] ;do, tyf hgjf/sf] cfgLafgL - r/fn] u'F9 nufpg] jf a;fO{F ;fg]{ _h:tf ;"rsx? s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ h;nfO{ s[ifsx?n] df};d kl/jt{gsf ?kdf WofglbPsf kfOG5g\ . j}1flgs ljZn]if0f :yfgLo txsf] 1fgnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ / o;n]kf/]sf] c;/x?sf] k"0f{ lrq tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . oL b'O{sf] cGt/;DaGwsf] cfwf/df;d'bfosf cjnf]sgx?nfO{ k'g{k'li6 ul/ eljiodf cem ljZj;gLo ;fGble{s ljlzi6k"jf{g'dfgx? pknJw x'g ;S5g\ .

g]kfnsf] hnjfo' kl/b[io MljZJfJofkL ?kdf x]bf{ g]kfn pkf]i0f hnjfo' If]qdf kb{5 . tyflk o;sf] ljlzi6 e"jgf}6sf sf/0f pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Ddsf] sl/j !$) lsnf]ld6/ km}nfj6 leq 7"nf]leGgtfsf] hnjfo' tyf h}ljs ljljwtf kfOG5 . blIf0f t/fO{sf] pkf]i0fb]lv pQ/sf]lxdfnL If]qdf cNkfOg hnjfo'sf] ljljwtf kfOG5 .

jiff{ M g]kfnsf] hnjfo' d'ntM blIf0f k"j{af6 cfpg] dg;'gn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 h;n] udL{dlxgfdf dWo c;f/b]lv dWo c;f]h ;Dd clwsf+Zf jiff{ u/fpF5 . dg;'gL jiff{ b]zsf]s[lifsf ;fy;fy} kfgLsf] >f]tsf nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ hnjfo' tTj xf] . b]zsf] jflif{scf}ift jiff{ !&^* ldlnln6/ /x]sf] 5 ->]i7 / cGo, @))) _ / :yfg ljz]ifsfcfwf/df, jflif{s jiff{sf] &) b]lv *% k|ltzt kfgL dg;'gsf] ;dodf kg]{ ub{5 . -l;+x, !(*% _

dfly pNNf]v ul/P em}+ jiff{tsf] b/ j[li6 ;Dd'v If]qdf - dg;'gL xfjf cfPsf] lbzf _prfO{ cg';f/ a9\b} hfG5 eg] j[li6 5fFof If]q - d'Vo lxdfn eGbf pQ/L If]qtkm{ _Psbd} sd x'G5 . pRRf If]qdf udL{ofdsf] dg;'gL jiff{n] lxpFsf]?kdf hd]/ 7f]; ?klnG5 h;n] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf lxdgbL aGg ;xof]u k'U5 .

udL{ofdsf] dg;'g afx]ssf] cjlwdf, lxpFbsf] ;dodf rNg] klZrdL xfjf g} jiff{sf]lglDt xfjL x'G5 . cfj4 k|0ffnLx? ;fdGotof klZrdL jfo' eg]/ lrlgG5g\ / e"dWo;fu/af6 pTkGg x'G5g\ / hldg glhs} - jfo'd08n lgDgrfk _ pTkGGf ePaf6k"j{tkm{ axG5g\ . oL leGgtfn] d'Votof b]vsf] pQ/ klZrdL If]qdf lxpFb / a;GtCt'df jiff{ / lxdkft kfb{5g\, hxfF lxdIf]q / lxdgbL el/g tyf df3b]lv

j}zfv;DDfsf] ;'Vvf df};df s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf] nflu 7"nf] of]ubfglbG5g\ . - ;]sf] / tfsfxf;L, !((! _

tfkdfg M g]kfnsf] tfkdfg Ct' tyf :yfgsf] prfO{;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt 5 . c;f/sf]dWoaf6 z'? x'g] dg;'gL jiff{n] b}lgs tfkdfgsf] j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . t;y{,;fdGotof jif{el/sf] clwstd tfkdfg h]7 / c;f/sf] ;'?;Dd x'g] ub{5 .sflt{sb]lv tfkdfg b|'t b/df sd x'Fb} hfG5 / k'if of df3df jif{ el/sf] ;a}eGbf sdx'g cfpF5 .

tfkdfgsf] lgwf{/0fdf ;d'Gb| ;txb]lvsf] prfO{ d'Vo tTj xf] , o;kl5 w/ftlnoleGgtf cg';f/ tfkdfg km/s x'G5 . b]zsf] ;a}eGbf udL{ efu eg]sf] t/fO{ If]q xf]hxfF clwstd tfkqmd $% l8u+|L ;]lN;o;;Dd k'Ug] ub{5 / lj:tf/} prfOsf]a9f]Q/L;Fu} pQ/tkm{ sd x'Fb} hfG5 . r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfsf] clwstd tfkdfg @@l8u|Lb]lv @^ l8u|L tyf pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf] tfkdfg @@ l8u|L eGbf sd x'g]ub{5 .

hn>f]t tyf phf{df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? M

hn>f]t tyf phf{df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ;lbof}+ cyjf nfdf] ;dob]lv d};ddf qmlds?kn] eO/x]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ O+lut ug]{ ub{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] af/]df /fd|/L a'em\g'eGbf cufj} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx? kQf nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 . j}1flgsx? o;sf]nflu @ j6f sf/0fx? 5g\ eGg] ub{5g\ . klxnf] M k|fs[lts / bf]>f] M

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d"n sf/0f dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] pT;lh{t xl/t u|xsf] jfo'sf]sf/0fn] ljZj pi0fLs/0f eP/ ;+;f/el/ tfk a9\b} hfg' xf] . ljZjpi0fLs/0faf6 x'g]tfkqmdsf] j[l4 k[YjLel/ x'g] ub{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljZj pi0fLs/0f eGGffn] km/s?kdf a'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 . / oL b'j} zJb Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/s x'g ;Sb}g . 5f]6s/Ldf oLb'O{sf] lje]b o;k|sf/ a'em\g ;lsG5 ÆljZj pi0fLs/0f sf/0f xf] eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gkl/0ffd . Æ

g]kfn kxf8L d'n's ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ g]kfnn] clt g} a9L Jof]xf]/g'kg]{ x'G5 . s[lif, hn>f]t, hUUff hldg Pj+ df6f], h}ljs ljlewtf, Osf] l;:6d,dfgjLo :jf:Yo Pj+ dfgjLo hLjgofkg sfo{x? hnjfo' kl/jt{Gfn] ubf{ Psbd}k|efljt x'g hfG5 . g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g dfqjftfj/0f lqmofsnfk geO{ of] cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts d'2f aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

hn>f]t Pj+ phf{df hnfjfo' kl/jt{gn] Psbd} ulx/f] c;/ kfb{5 . hn>f]t df};dtyf hnjfo'sf] k[ystfdf e/ kb{5 . hnjfo' tyf jftfj/0f ljZn]ifsx?sf] ljrf/dfkfgLsf] k|efj pRr tyf dWod, Ct' cg';f/sf] aiff{ x'g] If]q e" tyf ;txL hn;+;fwg / hnsf cGo ljz]iftfx? cfpFbf] bzsx?df cem a9L hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]ubf{ k|efljt x'g]5g\ .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf g]kfn;Fu cjl:yt /x]sf hn;+;fwgsf] 5 eGg'df cTo''lQ gxf]nf . g]kfnL gbLsf If]qx? ljlewtfk"j{s ef}uf]lnscfwf/df 5l/Psf] 5 / hnaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;Sg] ;+efjgf hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf]5 . / hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ hn Joj:yfkg ljifo yk gofF ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 .xfn g]kfndf pknAw hn - @@% lsnf]d6/ So"j _ PsfO;f}+ ztflAbsf] clGtd;do;Ddsf] nflu k'Ubf] dfqfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg ;'Vvf ofddf pknJw x'g] dfq @^lsnf]ld6/ So'j _ kfgLsf] l:ylt cf+sng ubf{ kfgL Joj:yfkg /fd|/L gug]{ xf] eg]g]kfnn] klg kfgL ;+s6sf] ;fdgf clgjfo{ ?kdf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;afx]sf tfkqmdsf]qmlds j[l4n] ubf{ lxdtfnx? klUng] / o;sf] jfxfjdf j[l4 x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . lxdgbL jfxfddf j[l4 x'g' eg]sf] csZdft lxdtfn km'6]/ af9L klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9\g' xf] .

cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] OlSjlnlal/od nfOg ckm clN6Ro'8- OPnP _ @% –&(ld6/ !(%(–!((@ df kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5 . ax';+Vos lxdgbLx?sf] axfj- #)–^)ld_ ;Dd !(&)– !(*( df k'u]sf] 5 eg] !@ ld=df - !(&* !(*( _ sf] b/n] lxdgbLsf] If]qkmn ;fF3'l/Psf] 5 . clxn]sf aiff{x?df lxd gbLsf] axfjx? cToGt b|'tultdf a9]sf 5g\ . a9\bf] lxdgbLsf] axfjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ eO/x]sf] lxdtfnsf]If]qkmnx? a9L/x]sf 5g\ h;sf] sf/0f lxdtfn km'6\g ;Sg] hf]lvd Psbd} a9L /x]sf]5 .

ax'\;+Vos lxd gbLx?sf] jxfj - #) –^) ld _ sf] - !(&)– !(*( _ / !@ ld6/sf]b/n] lxd gbLsf] axfj If]qkmn 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . lxdgbLsf] axfj If]qkmn s]lxaif{b]lv a9L/x]sf] 5 . sd kfgL axfj x'g] df};ddf 36\bf] kfgLsf] rfk b]Vff kb{5 . -!($&– !(($_ lxpF cyjf lxdgbL cfl>t gbLx?n] tfkqmd j[l4n] ubf{ lxpF klUnG5/ a9L kfgLsf] axfj gbLdf x'g] ub{5 . lxpF cyjf lxdgbLdf lxpF sd x'Fbf kfgLsf]axfj klg :jtx sd x'G5 / o;n] ;'Vvf ofddf l:f+rfOdf ;d]t c;/ k'/\ofpF5 . #l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmdsf] clej[l4n] aflif{s ?kdf l;+rfO{ k|of]hgsf] nflu !!k|ltztn] /fli6«o ?kdf kfgLsf] cfjZostf a9fpg] ub{5 . g]kfnn] $% dlxgf ;'Vvfofddf kfgLsf] cefj ef]lu/fv]sf] g} 5 .

l;4fGtt g]kfnn] *#,))) d]3fj6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf /fv]tfklg xfn;Dd&)) d]efj6 ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd g]kfndf /x]sf] ax';+Vos ljB'tpTkfbg sfo{af6 k|efljt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . cToflws cf};t tfkqmd )=)^ l8u|L;]lN;o; k|lt aif{ j[l4 ePsf] v08df ;}4flGts ?kdf ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf %=&k|ltztsf b/n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf j[l4 x'g]5 / o;} ;dosf] clGtd ;tflAbsf] clGtd;dodf @* k|ltztn] 36\g] 5 . - rf}nfufO{F @))& _ lxdgbL klUn/x]sf] x'gfn] gofFgofF lxdtfnx?sf] lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 eg] ePsf] lxdtfnx?sf] If]qkmn al9/x]sf][ x'Fbflxdtfn km'6]/ af9L cfpg ;Sg] 7"nf] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 .

ufpF3/df ;d]t vfg]kfgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ 6f9f 6f9f;Dd ufpFn]x? cfkm}+ hfg'kg]{ cyjfel/ofx?nfO{ kfgL af]Sg k7fpg' kg]{ cyjf k|b'lift kfgL k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfb]lvPsf] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ ufpFn]x?n] cfkm\gf] w]/} ;do vfg]kfgL efF8f]dfxfNg / Nofpgdf Joltt ul//x]sf 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] cefjn] k|foM cgfjZos

jfbljjfb lgDTofpg] ub{5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] cefjdf ;/kmfO{sf] :t/ klg vl:sg] ub{5 .JolQmut ;/;kmfO{ kfgL cefj ePsf] 7fpFdf sld ePsf] b]lvG5 . - ICIMOD _

xfn;Dd ljBdfg /x]sf] kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;+u7lgs ;+/rgfx?sf] af/]df tn k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .

/fi6« ljsf; kl/ifb (Nation development council) /fi6« ljsf; kl/ifb k|wfgdGqLsf]cWoIftfdf ul7t Pp6f pRr txsf] of]hgf tyf gLltx? agfpg] cË xf] . o;dfcg'alGwt ;b:ox? /fhgLlt, ;dfh;]jf, k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs ;]jfdf cg'ejk|fKt u/]sf] JolQmx? /x]sf 5g\ . of] Pp6f 7"nf] cË xf] / ljleGg lhNnf ljsf;;ldtLsf cWoIfx?af6 kfn}kfnf] o;sf] cWoIftf u|x0f ug]{ ul/G5 . /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]unfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmof agfpgdf ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu o;sf] kl/sNkgful/Psf] xf] . o; ljsf; kl/ifbn] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfx?nfO{lgb]{lzt ug]{ ub{5 .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u MM /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u b]z ljsf;sf] nflu gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{;a}eGbf pkNNff] lgsfo xf] . of] /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifbsf] dftxtdf /xg] ub{5 . /fli6«oof]hgf cfof]usf] cWoIftf k|wfgdGqLn] ug]{ ub{5g\ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]If]qflwsf/ leq ljleGg dGqfno tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?n] ljsf; lgdf0f{sf] nfluagfOPsf] of]hgf tyf aflif{s sfo{tflnsfx? :fNNffxfsf/sf] ?kdf x]g{ tyf lg/LIf0fug{ ;Sb5 . ljsf; ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ o;n] cfly{s ljsf; tyf sfo{x?sf] nflu Pss]lGb|o ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /xL ljsf; of]hgf

/fli6«o hn>f]t ljsf; kl/ifb M /fli6«o hn>f]t ljsf; kl/ifb k|wfgdGqLsf]cWoIftfdf :yfkLt ;+:yf xf] h;n] hn ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos of]hgf tyfgLlt lgdf0f{sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ ub{5 . o; kl/ifbsf] ;b:ox?df ljleGg kfl6{sfk|ltlglwx?, u}/;/sf/L JolQTJf Pj+ ljkfbL /fhgLlt1x?sf] /xg] ub{5g\ . rfln;k|ltzt ;b:otf k"0f{ ?k]0f /fhgLlt1x?sf] /xg] ub{5 . of] Ps lsl;dsf] /fhgLltsKn]6kmd{ xf] hxfF /fli6«o hn gLltsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L ;jf{lws ax; ug]{ ul/G5 .hn tyf phf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfnon] g} o;sf] ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{ sfdsfjf{xL cufl8 a9fpF5 .

hn tyf phf{ cfof]u M ;g\ !(&% df g]kfn ;/sf/n] PsLs[t Pj{ lta| ?kdf hntyf phf{ ljsf;sf] nflu hn tyf phf{ cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . hn tyfphf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*! df :yfoL ?kdf hn tyf phf{cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdf ePsf] lyof] . hn tyf phf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf]k+|d'v lhDd]jf/L phf{ d+qfno, l;+rfO{ dGqfno, nufPt cGo ;jf{lws ;+3;:yfx?nfO{ of]hgf Pj+ gLlt lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf ;xof]u k'/\ofO{ hn tyf phf{sf] ljsf;ug'{ xf] .

hn tyf phf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf k|fljlws Pj+ k|zf;lgs ?kdf hn tyfphf{ cfof]unfO{ lbO{ lg0f{o k|s[of lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . o;}n] /fli6«o hn;|f]t

lj;sf; kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnosf] e"ldsf klg axg ub{5 . ;/sf/n] hn tyf phf{cfof]usf] ;lrjfnonfO{ hn lgdf{0fsf] lglDt /fli6«o ?kdf of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ c+usf]?kdf dfGotf k|wfg u/]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifb M jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifb k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;g\!((@ df lgdf{0f u/]sf] Ps pkNnf] :t/sf] lgsfo xf] . o; kl/ifbn] jftfj/0fdGqfnosf d}lqx?, ljleGg /fhgLltsf kfl6{sf k|ltlglwx? k"j{ k|zf;sx? Pj+ ;fthgf hlt ljz]if1x? ;lDdlnt kl/ifbsf ;b:ox? rog ug]{ ub{5 . o; kl/ifbn]of]hgf th'{df Pj+ lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpF5 . To:t} jftfj/0f;+/If0f tyf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+of]hg ;/sf/ / cGo ;DalGwt ;3+;+:yfx?l;t ug]{ ub{5f} .

jftfj/0f dGqfnon] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ ub{5 .jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifbn] lgb]{zg u/] cg'?k jftfj/0f dGqfnon] cfkm\gfsfo{of]hgfx? cufl8 a9fpg] ub{5 . jftfj/0f d}lq, /fHo÷;xfos d}lq, ;lrjx?qmdz o; kl/ifbsf pkfWoIf, ;b:o Pj+ ;lrjsf] ?kdf kb]g lgo'lQm x'g] ub{5g\ .

hn;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnox? M pRRf txsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+of]hg sfo{sf] nflukl/ifb afx]s cGo dGqfnox? klg hn;|f]tsf] ljsf; Pj+ of]hgf lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . hn;|f]t ljsf;df k|ToIf ;xefuL ePsf dGqfnox? phf{ dGqfno.l;+rfO{ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsfz dGqfno, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, ef}lts lgdf{0ftyf Joj:yf dGqfno / jftfj/0f dGqfno OToflbx? 5g\ . tTsflng hn;|f]tdGqfno b'O{j6f dGqfnodf ljeflht ePsf 5g\ . klxnf] phf{ dGqfno / bf];|f] l;+rfO{dGqfno oL b'j} dGqfnox? oL ljB't tyf l:f+rfO{ ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos gLltlgdf{0f tyf of]hgf sfo{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . phf{ dGqfnon] ljB't pTkfbg,ljt/0f tyf ;j]{If0f sfo{sf] nflu nfO;]G; lbg] ub{5 . vfg] kfgL ljt/0f tyf;/;kmfO{;Fu ;DalGwt s[ofsnfksf] gLlt ultljwL Pj{ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L nfu'u/fpg] cleef/f ef}lts lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] /x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf]u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg o;} dGqfnosf] /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] nfluvfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf ;/kmfO{ gfd u/sf] 5'§} l8lehgsf] :yfkgf o; dGqfnon]jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf JoJf:yfkgsf] nflu jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%# - 1996 AD _dftxt /xL sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L axg u/]sf] 5 . of] dGqfno kfgL tyf cf}Bf]luslgsfzg hGo kbfy{x?sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 . kfgL:fFu;jf{lwt of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ o; dGqfnon] jftfj/0fLo x|f;af6 arfpg kfgLkl/of]hgfnfO{ ;Ifd?kn] cGj]if0f tyf jftfj/0fLo x|f;;Fu ;DalGwt k/LIf0f u/fpg]sfd ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ pQm kl/of]hgfn] jftfj/0f x|f; ug]{ sfd ug{ ;Sb}g .cfjZos hgphf{ tyf cGo k"jf{wf/x?sf] cefjdf sfg"gn] lgb]{z u/] adf]lhdsf];Dk"0f{ sfo{x?ug{ o; dGqfno ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . hn tyf df};d ljefu, h'g jftfj/0fdGqfnosf] dftxtdf 5, n] hn;|f]t tyf s[lif sfo{sf] nflu hn Pj+ df};d;Fu;DalGwt tYofÍx? ;+sng cGj]if0f tyf k|sfzg ug]{ ub{5 . :yfgLo ljsf;dGqfnon] ljs]lGb|s/0f;Fu ;DalGwt of]hgfx? lgdf{0f u/L ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog :yfgLo?kdf ug'{sf] ;fy} ;f] d'NofÍg Pj+ ;+of]hg u/L dfgjLo ;+;fwgnfO{ tflnd lbO{;xefuL u/fO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf 5f} ;f] sf

nflu :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] :yfgLo cfwf/e"t ljsf; tyf uf|dL0f ;8s ljefuu7g u/]sf] 5 , h;n] :yfgLo ?kdf lgdf0f{ / ljsf; afo{sf] nflu k|fljlws ;xof]uk|bfgsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5f}.

ag tyf e"Ifo lgoGq0f dGqfno watersheds - t6aGw _ sf] lgdf0f{ tyfJoj:yfkg sfo{sf] nflu ;DalFwt 5 . e'–Ifo lgoGq0f tyf watershedJoj:yfkg ljefu af9L lgoGq0f tyf k}/f]af6 hldg hf]ufpg lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 . o;ljefun] cgflws[t ?kdf gbL jf vf]nfdf s;}n] kfgL hDdf u/]df cGoq kfgL nfgrfx]df jf 5]s]df ;f]nfO{ dgfxL ug{ o; ljefunfO{ cfjZos clwsf/ k|Tof]lhtul/Psf] 5 .

sfof{Gjog txsf ;+:yfx?

l;+rfO{ dGqfno cGtu{tsf] l;+rfO{ ljefu ;txL tyf hldg d'lgsf] kfgLsf]Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf;sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ /xg] ub{5 . o; ljefun] l;+rfO{;Fu;DalGwt gLlt lgod lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} lgDg lnlvt sfo{x? ub}5 M

s= of]hgf lgdf0f{, kl/sNkgf tyf 7"nf ;fgf l;+rfO{ sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog

v= lgld{t cfof]hgfx? lbuf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ Joj:yfkg

hn tyf df};d ljefu xfn jftfj/0f dGqfno cGt{ut /flvPsf] 5 . o; ljefun]cfkm\gf] pknJw ;+;fwgsf] cfwf/df b]zdf pknJw hn;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/Lx?lbg] ub{5 .

ljB't ljsf; ljefun] phf{ dGqfnonfO{ ljB't phf{sf] lgoldtfsf] nflu nfO;]G;lbg gLlh If]qnfO{ k|df];g ug}, lg/LIf0f tyf u'0f;t/ sfod ug'{. gbL If]qsf] cfwf/cWoog ug{ / phf{ pTkfbgsf] nflu lghL If]qsf] ;xelutf a9fpg Pj+ ljsf; ug{sf]nflu ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

vfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf ;/;kmfO{ ljefu vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf lhDd]jf/ /xG5. of] ljefu @# j6f zx/L vfg]kfgL ;+:yfx?;Fu lhDD]jf/ 5 h'g g]kfn vfg]kfgL;+:yfgsf] clwsf/ If]q leq kb}{g . :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / u|fld0f ;8s lgdf{0fljefn] k|fljlws ;Nnfx Pj+ lgb]{zg lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ lbg] ub{5 . lhNnfk|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ lbg] ub{5 . lhNnf k|fljlws sfo{nonfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtLdftxt ;+rflnt x'G5 .

sfo{ ;+rfng txsf ;+:yfx?

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ljB't pTkfbg ;+/If0f tyf ljt/0f ug]{ Ps ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxf] . o;n] g]kfnleq ljB't ljt/0f tyf l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t;Fu phf{sf] ;f6f;f6 ug]{ub{5 . lglh If]qsf sDkgLx?;Fu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{ a]nfeO;s]sf] 5 . phf{ dGqfnosf] dlGqn] g]kfn ljB't skf]f]{/]zgsf] af]8{sf] cWoIftf ug]{ub{5 .

g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg g]kfn vfg]kfgL ljt/0f :f+:yfg P]g @)$^ dftxt ul7t;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg xf] . ef}lts lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] ;lrjn] o; vfg]kfgLaf]8{sf] cWoIftf ub{5 . g]kfn vfg]kfgL ljt/0f P]g @)$^ n] g]kfn vfg]kfgL;+:yfgnfO{ kfgL ljt/0f;Fu ;jf{lws sfo{x? ug{, of]hgf agfpg tyf nfu' ug{ ;Dk"0f{clwsf/x? k|fof]lht u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTsfleq vfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf 9n lgdf{0fJoj:yfkg sfo{ xfn cfP/ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t sf7df8f}+pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8n] lnPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox?M :yfgLo ;+:yfx? eGgfn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtL - lh=lj=;=_,ufpF ljsf; ;ldtL -uf= lj=;= _ / gu/kfnLsfx? kb{5 . xfn &% j6f lhNnfdfljsf; ;ldtL, %$ j6f gu/kflnsf / $))) hlt uf= lj= ;= /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLolgsfox?n] :ygLo :t/df [;+rflnt ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ /]vb]v ug]{ ub}5g\ .:yfgLo :jzf;g P]g !((( cg';f/ dGqfno txsf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? :yfgLolhNnf lhsf; ;ldtLn] qmlds ?kdf ;+rfng ub]{ hfg] Ifdtf /fVfg'kb{5 eGg] ck]Ifful/Psf] 5 .

vfg]kfgL pkef]Qf ;3+÷;+u7gx? M

nlIft ju{nfO{ qmlds ?kjn] ljsf;sf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg / sfo{;+rfngdf ;xefuLtf u/fpFb} n}hfg] ;/sf/L gLltsf]sf/0fn] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qf;+3÷;+:yfx?df o;n] k|l;4L kfPsf] 5 . nlIft ju{nfO{ vfg]kfgL JoJf:yfkg / sfo{;'rf? ?kn] ug{ u/fpgsf] nflu y'k|} lsl;dsf] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/;s]sf] 5. h;n] ubf{ nlIft au{n] ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ qmlds ?kdf cfkm}+ ;+rfng u/L ;Ifdtfb]vfcf];\ .

lgodg tyf ;+:yfx? M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx? a9\b} hfg' k5{ eGg] ;/sf/L gLltcg';f/ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / lghL If]qx? qmlds ?kdf a:t'sf] pTkfbg / ;]jfljt/0fdf cufl8 a9]/ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx?nfO{ sfd ug{;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ ;/sf/n] pko'Qm lgodg ;+oGq agfOlbg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .;/sf/n] ljsf;sf] sfo{qmdx? ;d'bfosf] nflu u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf÷lghL If]q dfkm{tsfof{Gjog jug{ nufPFbf ;/sfn] a9L eGbf a9L lg/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 tfls nlIftau{ pkef]Qmfsf] lxtdf ;]jf k'Ug ;sf];\ lgodg ug'{sf] p2]Zo lgoGq0f ug'{ eGg] rflxxf]Og :j:y k|lt:kwf{ a[l4 u/L plrt / e/kbf]{ l6sfp ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflulgodgnfO{ pT;flxt t'Nofpg' kb{5 .

hn;|f]t P]g !((@ cg';f/ / ;jf{lws lgodg k|s[of cg';f/ ! ;]6 Hofjn hn;|f]tlgodgsf] nflu pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . hn;|f]tsf] :jfldTj ;/sf/df lglxt x'g]x'gfn] hn;|f]tsf] lgodg cf1fkqsf] Joj:yf dfkm{t x'g] ub{5 . To;sf] nflu ;+rfngcg'dlt kqsf] JoJf:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . hn;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]usf] nflu &% j6}lhNnfsf lhNnf hn;|f]t ;ldtLNffO{ pQm ;+rfng cg'dtL kq k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/lbOPsf] x'G5 . 3/]n' k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]udf NofOg] hn;|f]tsf] nflu eg] cg'dlt kqlnO /fVg' gkg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf hn;|f]t ;ldtLsf] cWoIftf k|d'v lhNnfclwsf/Ln] ug]{ ub{5g\ eg] o;sf ;b:ox? lhNnfsf cGo dftxt sfof{nosfclws[tx? x'g] ub{5g\ . o;df lhNnf, s[lif, jg,vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO{, ljB't k|flws/0f

OToflb sfof{nox? x'g] ub{5g\ . o;sf] ;b:odf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtLsf] k|ltlgwLn]klg k|ltlglwTj ub{5 / :ygLo ljs; clwsf/L o; ;ldtLsf] ;b:o ;lrj x'g] ub{5. :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] sfof{nonfO{ hn;|f]t ;ldtLsf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdfd'Qm/}/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . hn;|f]t lgodgsf] k|of]u ubf{ s'g} Ps lhNNfsf] lhNnf;ldtLsf] clwsf/ If]qeGbf aflx/ kg{ uPsf] v08df b'O{j6f ;ldtLsf] cfk;L a}7ssf]lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lgdg k|s[of nfu' ug]{ ul/G5 . To:t} hn;|f]t dGqfnosf] ;lrjn]hn;|f]t s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lg/LIf0f tyf ljt/0fsf] nflu cg'dlt lbg] ub{5 . To;sf]nflu ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] lhNnf k|d'v clwsf/Ln] ;+rfng cg'dlt kqsf] nflu lnlvtlgj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

















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!= g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Me" agf}6 tyf wf/ftNfLo ljljwtfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k g]kfndf ljljwtfo'Qm hnjfo'If]qx? 5g\ . ;fgf] If]qkmndf klg t/fO{sf] pi0f If]qb]lv pRr lxdfnL cNkfO{gIf]q;Ddsf] km/s km/s hnjfo' kfOG5 . kmn:j?k, hnfjfo'df x'g] kl/jt{gn] x/]sIf]qnfO{ p:t} jf km/s 9Ën] c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . t/ tL If]qx? aLr Ps csf{;Fusf]cGt/;DaGwsf sf/0f o;sf k|efjx? ltg} If]qx?df dfq ;Lldt 5}gg\ / c;/x?n]cGo If]qdf;d]t k|efj kfb{5g\ .

tfkqmd M laut #) jif{otf g]kfnsf] cf}ift jflif{s tfkdfgdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .ljz]iftM wgs'6f - dWo kxf8, k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q _ / ndh'Ë - dWo kxf8,klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf _ ljZjJofkL cf};if eGbf b|'t b/df - )=)^ l8u|L k|lt jif{_ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 -Kf|flS6sn PSzg, @))( _ . tfkdfgsf] j[l4df g]kfnel/ Ps?ktf5}g, Ps} lsl;dsf] kfl/l:ylts If]qdf klg km/s km/s lsl;dn] tfkdfg kl/jt{gePsf] kfOG5 / w]/} If]qx?df cGoq gldNg] ;"Id hnjfo' kfOG5 . tfkdfgkl/jt{gsf] ;fdGo qmd x]bf{ cf}ift tfkdfg j[l4 sd prfOsf If]qx? - t/fO{df)=)$@ l8u|L k|ltzt _ eGbf a9L prfO{ ePsf If]qx?df t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L -lxdfnL If]qdf )=)( l8u|L k|ltaif{ _ /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o;sf] dtnj lxdfn / kxf8x?dft/fO{ eGbf tLa| b/df tfkdfg j[l4 x'Fb}5 . lxdfnL If]qsf] tfkdfg j[l4n] lxpF /lxdgbL kUng] b/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 h;n] tNnf] If]qdf tTsflng?kdf kfgLsf] k|jfxa9fpF5 / eljiodf kfgLsf] cefj x'g hfG5 .

aiff{M jiff{sf] ljt/0f klg pRRf ?kdf km/s 5, klZrddf eGbf k"j{df a9L aiff{ ePsf]kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&^ b]lv @))% ;Ddsf] k|efj x]bf{ o; cl3 g} a9L kfgL kg]{ If]qdfcem a9L kfgL kg]{ / hxfF sd kfgL kYof]{ ToxfF sd x'Fb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5,-lrq &=! _ljut s]xL bzsx?b]lv em/Lx? a9L d';nwf/] aGb} uPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 h;af65f]6f] aiff{ cjlwdf w]/} kfgL v:g] / o; aLrdf nfdf] ;do ;Dd kfgL gkg]{ ePsf]dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ljut tL; jif{sf] dflifs jiff{ ljZn]if0faf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg]dg;'g ;'?jft - c;f/ _ df sd jiff{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] o;sf] cGTo c;f]hlt/ jiff{a9]sf] kfOG5 . k|flS6sn PS;g, @))( _ .

:yfgLo cjnf]sg M hnjfo'df ePsf] kl/jt{gaf/] jf:tljs / :jtGq d"NofÍgsf]nflu j}1flgs cWoogx? dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ t/ ;d'bfo;Fu klg k|fs[lts jftfj/0f;Fuglhssf] ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df ;fGble{s cjnf]sgx? x'G5g\ . Ct'x?sf] cjlw, jiff{sf]k|s[lt / ljt/0f, v]tLkfltsf] u'0f:t/, ?vlj?jfsf kft knfpg] / emg]{ ;do /tf}/tl/sfsf] kl/jt{g, lj?jfsf] km"Ng] ;do, tyf hgjf/sf] cfgLafgL - r/fn] u'F9

nufpg] jf a;fO{F ;fg]{ _ h:tf ;"rsx? s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ h;nfO{ s[ifsx?n] df};dkl/jt{gsf ?kdf Wofg lbPsf kfOG5g\ . j}1flgs ljZn]if0f :yfgLo txsf] 1fgnfO{;dfj]z u/]/ / o;n] kf/]sf] c;/x?sf] k"0f{ lrq tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . oL b'O{sf]cGt/;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ;d'bfosf cjnf]sgx?nfO{ k'g{k'li6 ul/ eljiodf cemljZj;gLo ;fGble{s ljlzi6 k"jf{g'dfgx? pknJw x'g ;S5g\ .

g]kfnsf] hnjfo' kl/b[io M ljZJfJofkL ?kdf x]bf{ g]kfn pkf]i0f hnjfo' If]qdf kb{5 .tyflk o;sf] ljlzi6 e" jgf}6sf sf/0f pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Ddsf] sl/j !$) lsnf]ld6/km}nfj6 leq 7"nf] leGgtfsf] hnjfo' tyf h}ljs ljljwtf kfOG5 . blIf0f t/fO{sf]pkf]i0fb]lv pQ/sf] lxdfnL If]qdf cNkfOg hnjfo'sf] ljljwtf kfOG5 .

jiff{ M g]kfnsf] hnjfo' d'ntM blIf0f k"j{af6 cfpg] dg;'gn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 h;n] udL{dlxgfdf dWo c;f/b]lv dWo c;f]h ;Dd clwsf+Zf jiff{ u/fpF5 . dg;'gL jiff{ b]zsf]s[lifsf ;fy;fy} kfgLsf] >f]tsf nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ hnjfo' tTj xf] . b]zsf] jflif{scf}ift jiff{ !&^* ldlnln6/ /x]sf] 5 ->]i7 / cGo, @))) _ / :yfg ljz]ifsfcfwf/df, jflif{s jiff{sf] &) b]lv *% k|ltzt kfgL dg;'gsf] ;dodf kg]{ ub{5 . -l;+x, !(*% _

dfly pNNf]v ul/P em}+ jiff{tsf] b/ j[li6 ;Dd'v If]qdf - dg;'gL xfjf cfPsf] lbzf _prfO{ cg';f/ a9\b} hfG5 eg] j[li6 5fFof If]q - d'Vo lxdfn eGbf pQ/L If]qtkm{ _Psbd} sd x'G5 . pRRf If]qdf udL{ofdsf] dg;'gL jiff{n] lxpFsf]?kdf hd]/ 7f]; ?klnG5 h;n] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf lxdgbL aGg ;xof]u k'U5 .

udL{ofdsf] dg;'g afx]ssf] cjlwdf, lxpFbsf] ;dodf rNg] klZrdL xfjf g} jiff{sf]lglDt xfjL x'G5 . cfj4 k|0ffnLx? ;fdGotof klZrdL jfo' eg]/ lrlgG5g\ / e"dWo;fu/af6 pTkGg x'G5g\ / hldg glhs} - jfo'd08n lgDgrfk _ pTkGGf ePaf6k"j{tkm{ axG5g\ . oL leGgtfn] d'Votof b]vsf] pQ/ klZrdL If]qdf lxpFb / a;GtCt'df jiff{ / lxdkft kfb{5g\, hxfF lxdIf]q / lxdgbL el/g tyf df3b]lvj}zfv;DDfsf] ;'Vvf df};df s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf] nflu 7"nf] of]ubfglbG5g\ . - ;]sf] / tfsfxf;L, !((! _

tfkdfg M g]kfnsf] tfkdfg Ct' tyf :yfgsf] prfO{;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt 5 . c;f/sf]dWoaf6 z'? x'g] dg;'gL jiff{n] b}lgs tfkdfgsf] j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . t;y{,;fdGotof jif{el/sf] clwstd tfkdfg h]7 / c;f/sf] ;'?;Dd x'g] ub{5 .sflt{sb]lv tfkdfg b|'t b/df sd x'Fb} hfG5 / k'if of df3df jif{ el/sf] ;a}eGbf sdx'g cfpF5 .

tfkdfgsf] lgwf{/0fdf ;d'Gb| ;txb]lvsf] prfO{ d'Vo tTj xf] , o;kl5 w/ftlnoleGgtf cg';f/ tfkdfg km/s x'G5 . b]zsf] ;a}eGbf udL{ efu eg]sf] t/fO{ If]q xf]hxfF clwstd tfkqmd $% l8u+|L ;]lN;o;;Dd k'Ug] ub{5 / lj:tf/} prfOsf]a9f]Q/L;Fu} pQ/tkm{ sd x'Fb} hfG5 . r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfsf] clwstd tfkdfg @@l8u|Lb]lv @^ l8u|L tyf pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf] tfkdfg @@ l8u|L eGbf sd x'g]

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@= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\x? Mg]kfnsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf cj:yfx? cnUu} k|lqmof xf]Ogg\, hghLljsf tyf cGohLjgofkgdf k|0ffnLx?df ltgLx?sf] dxQjk"0f{ k|efj 5 h'g b'efUojz ljkb\hf]lvdsf ?kdf j[l4 e} /x]sf 5g\ . ljZjdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ljkb\x? df};d / hnjfo';Fu;DalGwt x'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k|sf]khGo tTjsf ef}lts kIfnfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn]k|efj kf5{ . klxnf], o;n] ljBdfg ;ª\+s6 / bafax?df an yK5 / bf];|f] v/fa /ljifd df};dL 36gfx?sf] ;[hgf ub{5 h'g cfkm}+df k|sf]khGo x'G5g\ h:t} cfFwLzLtnx/ / tftf] xfjfsf] c;/x? .

lju|bf] jt{dfg ;d:ofx? Mhnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljkb\sf c;/x?nfO{ emg\ v/fa t'NofpF5 h;n] e}/x]sf] ;d:ofnfO{emg\ v/fa agfpF5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f g]kfnsf w]/} k|sf]khGo tTjx? -kl/R5]b b'O{df JofVof ul/Psf] _ emg\ v/fa cjZyfdf k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .lxdgbL kUng] qmdn] lxdfnaf6 pRr kxf8x? eP/ t/fO{tkm{ aUg] gbLx?dftTsflng?kdf kfgLsf] dfqfnfO{ a9fpF5 . o;f] x'Fbf blIf0fL If]qdf af9L / bjfj e"Ifosf] 36gfdf j[l4 u5{ . xfn;Dd klxrfg ul/Psf @#@# dWo]sf sDtLdf @)lxdtfnx? pRr tfkdfgsf sf/0f lj:kmf]6sf] hf]lvddf 5g\ / pn{bf] af9Lsf] uDeL/qf; k}bf ul//x]sf 5g\ . - Ol;df]8, @))! _

v8]/L, cToflws aiff{sf] sf/0f cfpg] cfFwLx?n] unt ;fdflhs tyf cfly{scEof;df ldl;P/ yk v/fj cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5g\ . a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] nfluyk kfgL t cfjZos k5{, t/ jiff{df cfPsf] ljrngn] hnfwf/ hnfzfox?df kfgLsf]k'g{;]rg 36\b} uPsf] 5 . xft] kDk tyf Ogf/x? qmdz ;'Sb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5, h;n]v8]/Lsf] cjZyf emg\ v/fj agfpF5 . nfdf] v8]/Lsf] cjZyfn] jg tyf a:tL If]qdfcfunfuL h:tf k|sf]kx? a9fPsf 5g\ . csf{tkm{ cltj[li6n] e" Ifo, klx/f] tyf af9LlgDTofpF5 h'g xfn}sf jif{x?df a9\bf] qmddf 5 . hals Ps k6s ePsf] jiff{ kl5csf]{ k6ssf] jiff{ x'g w]/} ;do nfUgfn] kfgLsf] cefj em} jfnLx? g/fd|/L k|efljtePsf 5g\ . cfFwL, x'/Lx? cGo df};dhGo ;ª\s6x? x'g h;n] hghLljsfsf tTjx?h:t} 3/uf]7, afnLgfnL tyf ?vx? Iflt ug]{ qf; a9\g yfn]sf] 5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd yk uDeL/ aGb}5 lsgeg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dfgjLo cEof;x?sf] Iflta9fO{/x]sf] 5 . hxfF lbuf]kgsf] k/jfx gu/L ul/Psf cEof;x?n] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fo; cl3 Ifo e} ;s]sf] 5, ToxfF kl/l:ylts k|0ffnLn] klg a9\bf] tfkdfg / kfgLsf]txsf] 36a9 y]Ug ;Ifd x'g] 5}g . To;kl5 Ifltu|:y kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx? ef}ltsqf;sf] k|lt/f]w ug{ sd ;Ifd x'G5g\, 36gfdf a9f]Q/L x'g] ;+efjgf a9\5 . of] r'/]If]qdf o:t} ePsf] 5, hxfF j:tL tyf s[lifsf nflu hldgsf] hyfefjL k|of]un] e" IfoePsf] 5 / k|fs[lts k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . hldgsf] y]Ug] Ifdtf /;+efljt ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] Vofn gu/L a:tL / s[lifsf nflu jg km8fgL ugf{n] v's'nf]

hldg ;tx v'g'nf] x'G5, Pj+ e" Ifo , 9'Ëf, jfn'jf, vfgL, hyfefjL ;8s, 3/lgdf{0fsf sf/0f kfgLsf] k|fs[lts jxfj ;Gt'ng lju|g uO{ k|fs[lts k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLsdhf]/ x'G5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k o; If]qdf clt j[li6n] e" Ifo a9L/x]sf] 5 eg]af9L / klx/f]sf] cjZyf ;[hgf e}/x]sf] 5 . o:tf 36gfx?n] tNnf] t6Lo If]q t/fO{sfs[lifof]Uo hldg tyf cGo ;DklQx?nfO{ Iflt u5{ .

gofF qf;x? Mhnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ;fdfGo df};dL k|lqmofnfO{ pu| df};dL 36gfdf a9fpF5 . s'g}If]qdf cf};t jflif{s jiff{ p:t} x'g ;S5g\ tfklg kfgL kg]{ ;dodf 36a9 x'gfn] st}nfdf] ;dodf v8]/L / st} clt j[li6sf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g ;S5 . xfn} g]kfndf t/fO{/ dWo kxf8L If]qx? a9\bf] b/sf] clgoldt jiff{sf] cg'ej ul//x]sf 5g\ h;n]v]tLkftL, wgdfn / hldgsf] Iflt ug]{ / af9LnfO{ a9fjf lb/x]sf] 5 . pRr lxdfnLIf]qdf tNnf] efudf, h:t} d':tfË / h'Dnfsf s]xL efu hxfF lxpF kg'{ kg]{ xf] ToxfFjiff{sf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 h;n] e" –Ifo / af9L a9fpF5 .

a9\bf] tfkqmd klg ablnbf] jftfj/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt 5g\ h;n] pRr If]qdf /f]usfe]S6/x? km}ng cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ub{5g\ . pRr If]qdf o; cl3 slxNo} cg'ejgul/Psf dn]l/of, OG;]kmnfOl6; / e]S6/ - h:t} M nfdv'§] _ sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g]cGo /f]ux? b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ h;sf] nflu pRr If]qdf a9\bf] tfkdfg cg's"n ePsf]5 . htftt} s[ifsx?n] gofF /f]ux? tyf ls/fx?n] pgLx?sf] jfnLnfO{ c;/k'/\ofO/x]sf 5g\ . cfn'df nfUg] efO/; tyf gnL ls/f, tf]/Ldf nfUg] nfxL, :ofpdfnfUg] /f]u s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ hf] tfkdfg / jiff{ kl/jt{g;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt 5g\oBlk, o; logsf] k'li6 ug{sf] nflu yk j}1flgs cg';Gwfg cfjZos 5 . pRrIf]qdf;d]t nfdv'§]sf] k|sf]k kfOg yfn]sf] 5 . oBkL tfkdfg j[l4 dfq o;sf] sf/0fgx'g ;S5 .

df};d tyf Ct'x?df x'g] s'g} klg kl/jt{gn] hLljsfsf] nflu k|fs[lts cj:yfdf e/kg]{x?sf nflu gofF ljkb\ Nofpg ;S5 . Ct'x?df x'g] - rf8} jf l9nf] z'? jf cGTox'g] _ kl/jt{g cyjf df};dL jiff{df x'g] km/s kgn] s[lif sfo{sf] of]hgf jf afnL rqmlgwf{/0f ug{ ;d:of x'g] ub{5 . kl/0ffd:j?k s]xL sfo{x? t c;Dej h:t} x'G5g\ .olb s'g} ;d'bfo;Fu hLjgofkgsf] ljsNk jf vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] j}slNks Joj:yf 5}geg] ef]sd/Lsf] hflvd pRr x'G5 .

pTyfgzLntf 36\g' Mha qf; gofF / 7"nf x'G5g\, hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] klg ;d'bfo / k|fs[lts k|0ffnLsf]k|lt/f]w jf ;fdgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . k|fs[lts >f]tx? h:t} kfgL, jgtyf hldgdfly bjfa kfgf{n] pTkfbsTj, kmnbflotf, / s]xL ljif]zt lgjf{xd'lv,hghLljsfsf] cl:tTj g} r'gf}ltk"0f{ x'G5 . Go"g ljQLo k'FhLsf sf/0fn] dflg;;Fuljkb\sf] tof/Lsf nflu pgLx?sf] ;DklQ tyf cGo ;/;dfg ;+/If0f ug{ / ljkb\kZrft k'g{nfe ug{ yf]/} ;l~rt /sd afFls x'G5 . ha 36\bf] / sdhf]/ hghLljsfePsfx?sf] ul/jLsf] cjZyf a9\5 pgLx?sf] k|sf]khGo tTj;Fusf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf klg

a9\5 . ha ljkb\ cfOnfU5 o;sf] k|lt/f]w ug{ g;Sgfn] hghLljsf / wgdfnx?dfly c;/ k'U5, h;n] ul/jL emg\ a9\5 / ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] rqm emg\ ljs/fn x'G5 .

;du|df hf] klxnf b]lv g} ul/jL / ljkb\sf] hf]lvddf 5g\ , tL ;a}df hnjfo'kl/jt{gn] ;ªs6f ;GGftfsf] o;/L j[l4 ub{5 .

clt ljkGg dflg;x? a;f]af; ul//x]sf] If]qdf ljkb\ h]lvd a9fP/ k|fs[lts ;'/IffnfO{ vnn u/L k|lts"n kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf x|f; u/]/ ljkb\ lj?4 pTyfgzLntf k|bfg ug]{ hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ sdhf]/ agfP/

#= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljsf; ljlwx?

hnfjfo' kl/jt{gsf] pbo hf]lvd / ul/jL b'j} 36fpg ul/g] k|of;df 7"nf] ult/f]wk}bf u5{ . ljsf;df ;+nUg ;+:yfx?n] hgtfnfO{ pgLx?sf] j/k/sf] kl/j]z / hnjfo'kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{sf nflu plrt sfo{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{sf]nflu plrt sfo{ ug{{ ;Ifd agfpg] sfo{qmd z'? ug{ kxn u/]sf 5g\ . ljkb\sf];fdgf ug{ / ;ª\s6 6fg{ ;Ifd x'g] Ifdtf hnjfo' cg's"ng /0fgLltsf] d'Vo kf6f] xf]. hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] Kf|sf]khGo tTjnfO{ s;/L km/s agfpFb}5 eGg] yfxf kfpg' ljkb\Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . o;/L g} oL b'O{ ljkb\ / hnjfo'kl/jt{gaLr ;femf ;jfnx? 5g\ . ;fy} ul/aL tyf ltgLx?jLrsf] ;DaGwsf] plrt;dfwfg eg]sf] ;ªs6f ;Ggtfsf jf:tjLs sf/0fx?sf] ;Djf]wg ug'{ xf] .

;ª\s6f;Ggtf Go"g ug'{ M o; cl3 JoVof ul/Pem} , ul/aL;Fu hf]l8Psf cjZyfx?sfsf/0f dflg;x? 7"nf] ;ª\Vof / dfqfdf ljkbklt ;ª\s6f;Ggtf a9fpg] csf]{ yksf/0f xf] . t;y{ ;ª\s6f ;Ggtfsf cGt/lglxt sf/0fx?sf] ;Djf]wg clt h?/L 5 .Ps xb ;Dd ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf a9fpg] /0fgLlt h:tf]ls ;d'bfo;Fu ghLs /x]/sfd u/L hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ljsNkx? a9fpg' / ;jn agfpg', ;d'bfo / jflx/L;/f]sf/jfnf tyf ;~hfnx?;Fu cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ug'{, :yfgLo k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf;,;'wf/ k|jw{g ug'{, k/Dk/fut :ygLo 1fgsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{ tyf ;a}eGbf a9L;ª\s6f;Gg ;d"xx?sf] klxrfg u'g{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f a9\bf] qf; ;fdgf ug{dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

tyflk hnfjfo' kl/jt{gn] lgDTofPsf] yk af]emn] ljBdfg ;ª\s6 ;Gbe{ / ;fdflhscfly{s kIfx? eGbf a9L ;jfn ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0f /0fgLltdf hf]8 lbg h?/L 5. k|fs[lts cjZyfsf] b"/ufdL kl/jt{g, ljz]ift df};d / Ct'x/sf] k|lqmof tyf o;n]eljiodf k|sf]khGo tTj / ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfdf Nofpg] kl/jt{gsf] ljif]z Vofn ul/g'kb{5 . olb kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf af/] klxn] g} oy]i6 hfgsf/L eof] eg] ;d'bfonfO{tof/lsf nflu cfjZos sfo{x? ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . h:t} pRr b/sf] lxdgbL kUnfOn]tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf ;+/If0fsf pkfo ckgfpg cfjZos x'g ;S5 . cj:yf vl:sPsfhfnzfox?nfO{ To;sf] kfgLsf] k|of]u / e08f/sf] nflu ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'g;S5 tyfljifd df};dL 36gfaf6 arfpg ;DklQ / wgdfnx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;S5 .

hnjfo' lj1fgsf] Ifdtfdf ljsf;sf] cfjZostf M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ug{pTkGg d'Vo hl6ntfx?dWo] o;sf] eljiosf] jf:tljs cjZyf ;DalGw clglZrttfxf] . s'g} :yfg ljz]ifdf c;/x/sf ;DaGwdf @) #) jif{sf] cjlwdf dfq clnskl/kSj hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5, h;n] s'g} :Yffg ljz]if jf If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{sfc;/x?sf] k"jf{g'dfg sl7g 5 . hnjfo' lj1fg clxn] 7\ofSs} ldNg] u/L eljiosf]hnjfo'sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Ifd 5}g h;sf cfwf/df :yfgLo txdf bL3{sflngof]hgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg ;lsof];\ . hgtfnfO{ eljiodf cg'ko'Qm k|dfl0ft x'g]pkfox? jf s'g} lglZrt ljsf; kydf uP/ c8\lsg] jf lbUe|ldt x'g] pkfox?g;'emfOof];\ eg]/ ljBdfg cz'4tfdf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg cfjZos 5 . of] ;dfwfgug{ s7Lg ;jfn xf], w]/} If]qx?df k|efjx? klxn] g} cg'ej ul/Psf 5g\ t/ ykg/fd|f] x'g] s'/fdf lglZrttf 5}g .

k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkgn] jfo'd08nLo cjZyfsf] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] cg'dfgnfO{ k|of]uu5{ . h:tf]ls df};d k"jf{g'dfgn] k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf pknJwx'G5 / Ct'x?sf] tYofÍn] s[lif sfo{sf of]hgf ug{ ;xof]u u5{ / hLljsf]kfh{gsf]pTyfgzLntf a9fpg ;xof]u ldN5 . oBkL w]/} 36gfx?df o:tf] hfgsf/L /fd|}:yfkLt x'G5, of] k|fo ;d'bfox?sf] kx'Fr aflx/ 5 lsgeg] cem}klg j}1flgsx?ul/ax?sf cfjZostfdf k"0f{ hfgsf/ x'g afFls 5 jf pgLx? :yfgLo a:t'l:ylt;FucEo:y 5}gg\ . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgfx?n] ;"rgfsf] ;~rf/sf] aLrsf] b'/L sdu/]/ ;ª\s6f;Ggtf sd ug{ ;S5g\ t/ bL3{sfnLg pTyfgzLntf clej[l4 ug{kl/of]hgfx?n] hnjfo' lj1fgdf eljiodf x'g] ;'wf/ x]l/g' kb{5 / ;d'bfo / To;jLr;DjGw hf]8\g] pkfo vf]Hg' k5{ . h;} cem ljZj;gLo / ;fGble{s hnjfo' ;"rgfpknJw x'G5, gofF / yk s7Lg hf]lvdaf6 hf]lugsf nflu a9L cfTdljZjf;sf ;fylglZrt ;ª\s6;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if k|ljlw ;'wf/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

k|fs[lts k|0ffnLsf] ;+/Ifs M k|sf]khGo tTjsf] /f]syfdsf nflu k|fs[lts jftfj/0fn]dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] / hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;[hgf ug]{ ePsfn] / ;fy;fy} hnjfo'kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt klg x'g] ePsfn] / ;fy;fy} hnfjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt klgx'g] ePsfn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 a9\b} uPsf] qf;sf]lj?4 Ps dxTjk"0f{ / cfjZos pTYffgzLn pkfo xf] . Ps :jf:yo kl/l:yltsk|0ffnL klxNo} g} Ifltu|:y / dfl;b} uPsf] k|0fnL eGbf kl/jlt{t hnjfo' cj:yfx?sf];fdgf ug{ a9L ;an x'G5 . To;sf/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] k|jw{g, Ifl0fsnfe t/ bL3{sfnLg jftfj/0fLo Iflt x'g] cEof;x?sf] /f]syfd , jg pkjgx?sf]k'g{:yfkgf k|fs[lts ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g ug]{ d'Vo /0fgLltx? x'g\ .

nlIft pkfox?n] klg lglZrt ;d:of ;Daf]wg ub{5g\ . kl/jlt{t hn:t/df klgafFRg ;Sg] afnL tyf ?vx?nfO{ k|of]udf gcfPsf hldgdf, ;fdGotof x's{g] ;dosf]cnfjf klg nufpg ;lsof];\ h'g ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntf a9fpg] ljsNk x'g ;S5 .sd nufgLsf] lbuf] s[lif cEof;, h:t} wfg j[l4 k|0ff0fL - SRI _ dfkm{t kfgL /kf]if0fsf] pQd / clwstd k|of]un] v/fj jftfj/0fdf klg afnL /fd|f] x'g] sd kfgL ,dn tyf cf}ilwsf] dfu x'g] afnL tyf ljlw k|of]uaf6 cg's"ngsf pkfo ckgfpg

;lsG5 . k|fËl/s s[lifdf k|fs[lts tyf :yfgLo txdf pknJw jftfj/0f d}qL >f]tsf]k|of]u ul/G5 h;sf Go"gLs/0f / cg's"ngdf bL3{sflng jftfj/0fLo kmfObf x'G5g\ .

g]kfn leq s'g} If]qdf tLa| b/df klUn/x]df lxdgbL / st} kfgLsf] 36\bf] pknJwtfsf];fdgf ug{ hn;|f]tsf] pQd Joj:yfkg lgZro g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ x'g]5 . ;d'bfodfcfwfl/t cg's"ng sfo{qmdsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"ng x'gPsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg Psxb ;Dd ;Dej pkfo b]lvPsf] 5 . hnfwf/Joj:yfkgdf e" ;+/If0f, hldgsf] plrt k|of]u kz' JoJyfkg tyf :yfgLo kfl/l:yltsk|0ffnL;Fu ldNg] plrt hLljsf]kfh{gsf /0fgLltx? ;+nUg x'G5g\ . hnwf/x? cfsf/dfkm/s x'G5g\, Ps ju{llsnf]ld6/ eGbf ;fgfb]lv lnP/ w]/} b]z 9fSg] u/L xhf/f}+ ju{lsdL ;Ddsf . ;d'bfox? ;fgf hnfwf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\ h'gcflv/df 7"nf hnfwf/s} efu x'g\ . /fli6«o / cGt{/fli6«o txdf 7"nf hnfwf/Joj:yfkgsf] kxn ;/sf/n] ug'{ k5{ .

k|fs[lts kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f {k5'tf] gx'gÚ ljsNksf] ?kdf dflgPsf] 5h;sf] plrt k|of]un] hLljsf]kfh{gsf cEof;x?df kmfObf k'U5 ;fy} ;fy} hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] clgZrotfsf ;Gbe{df hnjfo' kl/jt{sf sf/0f pTkGg qf;nfO{ ;Daf]wgu5{ . -x]g'{xf];\ aS; &=@ _

$= hnjfo' / ljkb gLltx?hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ljZjJofkL sfo{ / ;dGjorflxG5 . ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4 /f]Sg jfo'd08ndf pT;h{g ul/Psf xl/t u[xUof;x?sf] dfqf sd ug{ cf}Bf]lus / b|'tb/ cfly{s ljsf; e}/x]sf b]zx?sf] lglDtcToGt dxTjk"0f{ / h?/L ePsf] 5 . g]kfn / cGo ljsl;t b]zdf clt ;ª\s6f;Gghg;+Vofsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cg's"ng dxTjk"0f{ 5 hjls a[xt k|efjx? kl5 ;Daf]wgug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5 . oL kl/jt{gaf6 o;a]nf hf]lvddf /x]sfx?sf cfjZostf /cg'ejx?sf af/]df ;r]t /xg cGt/fli6«o / /fli6«o txaf6 ultzLntf / pQ/bfloTjcfpg' k5{ .

/fli6«o txdf hnjfo' / ljkb gLltx?

ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljsf; of]hgf / k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{dxTjk"0f{ rf;f] lbOg' k5{ . ;d'bfo txdf tyf clt ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d"xdf ljz]if Wofglbg' cfjZos 5 , ljz]iftMu|dL0f / zx/L If]qsf hgtfn] al9/x]sf] tfkdfg, ljrlntjiff{sf][ cj:yf ,kl/jlt{t kl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, gbLsf] jxfjdf j[l4 tyf ;fdfGotof,;Da4 ljkb\x?sf] pRr ;Defjgfdf s;/L cg's"ng ug]{5g\ eg]/ Wofg lbg' cfjZos5 . cg's"ng pkfox? pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;ª\s6f;Gg;d'bfox? cg's"ng of]hgf th'{df tyf sfo{Gjogsf] s]Gb|df x'g' k5{ /fli6«o:t/sfof]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g' k5{ . clt ;ª\s6f;Ggsf cfjZostfx? ;Daf]wg ug}cg's"ngsf nflu cGt/fli6o txaf6 k|fKt ;xof]ux? clt cfjZos k/]sf] :yfg tn;d'bfodf k'Ug ;'lglZrt x'g] dfu{ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

hnfjfo' kl/jt++{gsf ;+efljt jf:tljs cj:yfaf/] yfxf kfpg ;a} txsf ;/sf/x?hnjfo' lj1fg k|lt pbf/ / o;sf] k|jw{g ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o sfo{sf ;a} If]qx?dfhnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . - s[lif of]hgfb]lv phf{ cfk"lt{;Dd lsgeg]kfgLsf afFwx? gbLsf] jxfj kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt x'G5g\ _ / ;a} txsfgLltx?,/0fgLltx? of]hgf tyf sfo{df cg'jfb x'g'k5{ . k|fs[lts ;DklQ gfz x'Fb}uPsfn] t/fO{ / zx/L If]qdf a;fO{;/fO{ al9/x]sf] 5 . t;y{ a;fO{;/fO{ of]hgf tyfsfo{df cg'jfb x'g'k5{ . k|fs[lts ;DklQ gf; x'Fb} UfPsfn] t/fO{ / zx/L If]qsfa;fO{F;/fO{ al9/x]sf] 5 . t;y{ a;fO{F;/fO{ of]hgf, ;|f]t af8kmf8 tyf zx/L / u|fdL0fljsf;n] gofF cj:ysf] ;Djf]wg ug''{ cfjZos 5 . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL Ifltu|:yePsf] sf/0f klg hnjfo' kl/jgt{g;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} ;d:ofx?sf] pTklQ e}/x]sf]cj:yfdf jg ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf tyf e" pkof]u ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltx? g]lfnsf]s[lifdf cfwfl/t hg;+Vof nfeflGjt x'g] / ;dfhsf ;a} ju{nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] u/L:ygLo:t/sf] kxn ug{ / kl5 k5'tf] ug{ gkg]{ pkfox? pknJw u/fpg' k5{ .

cGt/fli6«o txdf hnjfo' / ljkb gLltx?

/fli6«o txsf sfo{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfo ljz]ift P]ltxfl;s ?kdf 7"nf pT;h{sb]zx?af6 ;xof]u cfpg' k5{ . ;g\ @))( df, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+/rgf dxf;lGw-UNFCCC_ n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fi6«x?aLr Ps;xdtL Nofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] .h;df cNkljsl;t b]zx?sf] tof/Lsf nflu;xof]usf dfWodx? ;dfj]z lyP . o;df hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu sf]ifJoj:yf ug]{ , cfly{s ;xof]usf] ;+oGq lgdf0f{ ug]{, pQd cg's"ng cEof;sf l;sfO{/ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf] k|0fnL agfpg] tyf hnjfo'hGo ljkb\ ;Daf]wgsf nflub]zx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ pko'Qm ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v lyP . b'ef{Uoa;,hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;ª\s6f;Ggf hgtfnfO{ To;} 5f]8\b} sf]kgx]ugdf ePsf];Dd]ng ;xdltdf k'Ug c;kmn /x\of] . cGt/fli6«o ;lGwsf nflu jftlrt hf/L 5 /cfzf u/f}+ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} a'Fbf ;dflji6 Ps lg0fo{df ;xdlt x'g]5 .

Xof]uf] sfo{ ;+/rgfM Xof]uf] sfo{;+/rgf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]lGb|t 5 ,xfn}sf]Xof]uf] sfo} ;+/rgf;Fu ;DalGwt k'g/fjnf]sn tyf lj:t[t JofVofx?n] k/Dk/futljkb\ 36gfx?sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df ;/f]sf/df hf]8 lbG5 . ljkb\ hf]lvdGo"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?af6 k|;:t hfgsf/Lx? pknJw 5g\ tyf cg'ejx? 5g\h;nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf] ;ª\s6f;Ggf Go"g ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .;d'bfox?n] w/ftndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf cGo sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] Ps jf w]/};ª\s6x?sf c;/x?sf] 5'§f5'§} ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t;y} b'j} wf/ (DRR and CCA)nfO{ Jojxf/Ls w/ftn / ;d'bfodf PsLs[t ?kdf n}hfg cfjZos 5 . w/ftNfLocEof;x?df k|of;x? ul/Psf 5g\ . h:tf]ls hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljkb\nfO{ a9fjf lbg]Ps sf/0fsf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . Xof]uf sfo{;+/rgfn] ljkb\ hf]lvdGo"gLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o txdf gLlt tyf ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf If]qLo;dGjosf] hf]8bf/ l;kmfl/; ub{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{sf] ;Gb{edf ljkb\

;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf]PsLs/0f tyf ltgLx? b'j]sf] ljsf; of]hgfdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f clt cfjZos 5 .

%= ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf ljsf;nfO{ gLlt / Jojxf/df PsLs/0f

%=! g]kfnleq :yfgLo txdf ljsf; tyf ljkb\ ;+:yfx?

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf of]hgfj4 ;+:yfut kxnx? uflj; tx;Dd klg k'u]sf 5g\ .pbfx/0fsf nlfu lrtjg / gjnk/f;L lhNnfn] pRr ;ªs6f;Gg uflj;x?df ljkb\hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu of]hgf th'{df ul/ sfof{Gjogsf] lglDt ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;ldltx? :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL uflj;x?n] ;fg} kl/0ffddf ePklg ah]6ljlgof]hg u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|of;x?n] lj:tf/} ult lnP klg gLlt / /0fgLltx?nfO{cEof;df Nofpg] z'?jftsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . gofF P]g tyf lgodx?sf] cfudgn]/0fgLltx?sf] b]zJofkL sfof{Gjogdf clwsf/Lx?sf nflu sfg'gL tj/n] clgjfo{ x'g]cfzf ug{ ;lsG5

gLltx?df ul/g] Joj:yf / o;sf] :jLsfo{tfn] :yfgLo txnfO{ /fli6o:t/sf] ljkb\of]hgfdf ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/x? d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ cj;/ pknJw u/fpF5 h;n]pgLx?sf] cj:yf;Fu plrt x'g] u/L ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f / ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;xof]uk'/\ofpF5 .

%=@= :yfgLo ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|of]u M ;d'bfo:t/df ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf]ljsf; ug'{ :yfgLo txsf ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ /fli6o txdf cGt/;DalGwt ug]{ pQdcf}hf/ xf] . ;ª\s6f;Ggtf / Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfsf] ;xefuLtfd"ns k|s[[ltsf] cy{ xf]of]hgfdf ;d'bfosf] cj:yf / ;/f]sf/ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ / dlyNnf] txdf d"nk|jfxLs/0fx'Fbf o:tf of]hgfn] ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . logLx? ljBdfg x'Fbf++dflyaf6 tn k2tLnfO{ +/f]Sg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o:tf of]hgfx?sf] uflj; tyfgu/kflnsfx?sf] cfjlws of]hgfdf ul/g] PsLs/0f ;d'bfosf ;jfnx?sf] klxrfg /sfg"gL x}l;ot k|bfg ug}{ klxnf] r/0f xf] .

bf];|f] r/0f eg]sf] :yfgLotxsf of]hgfx?nfO{ lhNnf / /fli6otxsf ljsf; of]hgfdf;dfj]z ug'{ xf] h;n] of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf tnaf6 dfly - bottom up _k|lqmofnO{ cGt/;DaGw k|bfg u5{ . :yfgLo txaf6 agfOPsf ePtfkg of]hgfagfPklg lglZrt lqmofsnfkx? h:t} 7"nf gbLx? g/fo0fL, /fKtL, s0ff{nL, dxfsfnLlsgf/df afFw afFWg,b]zJofkL ?kdf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkg u/L ;ª\s6f;Ggf;d'bfonfO{ nfeflGjt ug{, Ps eGbf a9L uflj; jf lhNnf cf]u6]sf 7"nf hnwf/x/sf];+/If0f, kx'Frsf nflu ;8s k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f cflb lhNnf÷/fli6«o txsf] ;xof]ujf ljQLo ;xof]u ljgf ug{ ;lsb}gg\ . cGt/;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{ /fli6«o of]hgfsfnflu klg kmnbfoL g} x'G5 . ;xof]u cfjZos k/]sf :yfgLo txsf k|fyfldsIf]qx?sf] klxn] g} ul/Psf] klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0fn] pRRftxsf lgsfonfO{ of]hgf5gf}6 / nufgL ;xof]u k|bfg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf ljsf; klxn]b]lv g} ljsf; of]hgfsf] nflu Ætnaf6 dflyÆ ljlw / k|s[of 5h'g uflj;af6 ;'? eO{ /fli6o txdf k'U5 . :yfgLob]lv s]lGb|o;Dd !$ j6fcf}krfl/s r/0f 5g\ h;df jflif{s?kdf kl/of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf of]hgf;Fu PsLs[t ug{ of] k|s[of k|of]uug{ ;lsG5 . lrtjg / gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg sfo{ pgLx?sf]ljsf; of]hgfx?df ;dfj]z ug{ jf gug{ clwsf/ k|ft 5g\ . uflj; tyf o;dftxtsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?n] k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx? uflj;sf] jflif{s of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{;S5g\ . 5f]6s/Ldf, ljsf; / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgfsf] ;'?jftL r/0faf6}PsLs[t x'Fb} hfg' k5{ . /fli6o tyf :yfgLo txsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg /f0fgLlt tyfof]hgfx?sf] sfo{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o:t/sf ;/sf]sf/jfnf ;IfdagfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg lbgsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df u[x dGqfno,:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno tyf hn;|f]y ljefux? d'Vo kfq x'g\ . cGo dGqfnox? tyfltgsf lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox?n] cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ .of]hgfnfO{ PsLs[t 9+un] ;xhLs/0f ul/ ljleGg lgsfodfkm{t n}hfg uflj; tyflhlj;x?n] Ifdtf / k|ltj4tf JoQm ug'{ k5{ .

:yfgLo ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf th'{df k|lqmof / of]hgfnfO{ /fli6o k|lqmofdf;dfof]hg ul/g'sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;ª\s6f;Ggf Go"g x'G5 tyf ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntfa9\5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] ;d]t cfjZostf x'G5 .gLltut Joj:yf, /fhg}lts l:y/tf tyf :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt g]t[Tjsf] pkl:yltdfo; cEof;nfO{ j[xt agfpg ;an jftfj/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .yk, of]hgfsf/x? ljz]if u/L ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?sf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg af/]sf] a'emfOsf]:t/ a9fpg h?/L 5 . a:gsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ jf:tljstfdfNofpg ;d'bfo, /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o:t/af6 kxn h?/L 5 .

^= ljkb Joj:yfkg rqm

;ª\s6 cfpg' klxNo} tof/L ug'{ o;sf] c;/ / k|efj w]/} Go"g ug{sf nflu PsdxTjk"0f{ cj;/ xf] . ljkb\sf nflu tof/L ugf{n] ;d'bfox? qf;sf] ;Daf]wg ug{lqmofzLn x'G5g\ / ljkb\df sfd ug}{ lgsfox? s'g} Ps 36gf ljz]ifsf] k|ltlqmofug{df dfq ;Lldt x'Fb}gg\ . b'j} kIf Hofg arfpg, hLljsf]kfh{g / ;DklQsf] /Iff ug{sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ / ha k|sf]khGo tTj cfpF5 tj ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L r/0fdf ykKf|efjsf/l agfpg ;xof]u u5{g\ . ljkb\ k"j{ u./g] sfo{x?nfO{ b'O{ /0fgLltx?dfljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 ,ljkb\hGo tTjsf] Go"gLs/0f / ljkb\sf] k"j{tof/L .

ljkb Joj:yfkg rqm

k"j{tof/L

;Daf]wg

k"g:{yfkgf Go"lgs/0f

ljkbsf] cj:yfsf] r/0f

ljkb kl5sf] r/0f

ljkb

ljkb k"j{sf] r/0f

k|sf]khGo tTjsf] Go"gLs/0fM k|sf]khGo tTjsf k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ckgfOPsf sfo{x?;d'bfo of]hgfsf cjlR5Gg cª\u x'g\ . logLx? k|sf]khGo tTjsf] ef}lts Ifltaf6;d'bfonfO{ ;'/Iff ug{ 5]sfj6sf] lgdf{0f h:t} af9Laf6 arfpg] afFw jf ;'/lIft3/x?sf] lgdf{0f, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf pTyfgzLn hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLltx?sflsjNkx?sf] tflnd, tyf o;df ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] ;~hfnx?;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf h:tfljleGg tx / If]qsf sfdx? x'g ;S5g\ . hxfF ;Dej 5 . ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] d"n sf/0f;Daf]wg ug{ k|of;x? ul/g' k5{ . ;ª\s6 Go"gLs/0fdf lg/Gt/?kdf ljleGg If]qdf5f]6f] cjlwsf tyf bL3{sflng sfdx? ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, r]tgfclej[l4 tyf ;ª\s6x? / ltgsf h8 sf/0fx? af/]sf] a'emfO{ nfdf] ;do;Ddrln/xg] lg/Gt/ lqmofsnfkx? x'g\ . ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f , gLlt /;'zf;gsf ;+oGqx?n] ljkb\ Go"gLs/0fdf b"/ufdL k|efj kfl//xG5g\ . 5]safFw lgdf{0ftTsflng ljkb\ Go"gLs/0fsf] pkfosf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] ;du| hnfwf/sf] ;+/If0fjiff{sf sf/0f cfpg] enaf9L /f]Sg bL3{sflng pkfo xf] .

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf Go"gLs/0fsf] ;du| p2]Zo eg]sf] ;ª\s6 jf h8sf/0fx?sf] dfqf,ltgLx?;Fusf] ;d'bfosf] ;Dd'vtf / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ sd ug'{, / ;d'bfo tyfpgLx?sf] ;DklQsf] ;ª\s6 ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{ xf] . t/ oL p2]Zox? k"0f{?kdflj/n} k|fKt x'g ;S5g\ lsgsL k|sf]khGo tTjx? ax'cfoflds k|fs[lts / ;fdlhs–cfly{s k|lqmoffsf cleGg c+ux? x'g\ . To;}n], Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?sf] ;kmnsfof{Gjog ePklg ;ªs6f;Ggtf / hf]lvdsf] lglZrt dfqf afFsL /lx /xG5 . t;y{hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ / ljklQk"0f{ 36gfx?df Iflt sd ug{ k"j{tof/Lsf sfdx?h?/L 5g\ .

k"j{ tof/L Mk"j{tof/L eg]sf] ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgf ug{ tof/ /xg' / o:tf 36gf e} xfn]dfTo;sf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd /xg' xf] . k"j{tof/L of]hgf th'{dfsf] r/0faf6}

;'? x'G5 ha ufpF:t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?nfO{ ;d'bfosf] kl/l:yltdfcfwfl/t /x]/ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ul/G5 . k|sf]khGo tTjsf] k+s[lt /;d'bfosf] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf pkfox? cfjZos k5{g\ . k"j{tof/Ldfk"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, p4f/ tyf hf]lvd If]qaf6 dflg;x?nfP{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf;fg]{ of]hgf tyf cEof;, ljkb\sf] cj:yf;Fu ;fdgf ug{ tfflnd - vf]hL,p4f/ /k|fyflds pkrf/ _ tyf cfsl:ds ;]jfsf lglDt ;fdfu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ / e08f/0f h:tf;+oGq ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGo pkfox? h:t} M dxTjk"0f{ ;fdfg / sfuhkqx?-hUufwgL k"hf{, gful/stf, /f;g sf8{, /fxbfgL, aLplahg, u/uxgf, dfs{l;6 cflb _;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg' ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf dxTjk"0f{ cEof;x? x'g\ .

/fd|/L :yfkgf ul/Psf] / k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ dfWodn] k"j{;"rgf k|0fnLdf dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf v]N5 . ;a}lt/ lj:tf/ ePsf ;~rf/ dfWodx? 6]lnkmf]g - df]afOn jfNofG8nfO{g, _ /]l8of]x?, ;fO/g, 6]lnehg k|;f/0f, tyf xft] dfOsx? k|sf]khGotTjaf/] ;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut ;fwgx? h:t} dlGb/sf306x?, 9f]n cflb ahfpg] cEof;x?nfO{ klg :yfgLo?kdf pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5. w]/} lsl;dsf ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf] k|of]un] 7"nf] ;d'bfo;Dd ;"rgfsf] ;+s]t k'/\ofpg;xof]u k'U5 / ;]jfx? ckqmldt eP/ ;"rgf k|;f/0fdf x'g] hf]lvd sd x'G5 . olbk|fKt ;"rgf eGbf k|sf]khGo tTjsf] cj:yf km/s kfOof] eg] k|ltlqmof ug{ Psbd}l9nf] e} ;s]sf] x'g]5 / eljIodf o:tf ;Gb]zx?sf] ljZj;gLotf sd x'g] ePsfn]k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . To;}sf/0f, lgodLt / jf:tljstf cBfjlws;'lglZrt ug]{ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf cfjZos 5 .

lrq g+ %=@ sf] gd"gf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL / o; kl/R5]bsf] cGtdf /x]sf] lrq g+ %=# n]lrtjg / gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf gbLlsgf/df 6]lnkmf]g / /]l8of] ;~rf/df cfwfl/tJoj:yf ul/Psf] k"j{ ;"rgf ;+oGqnfO{ bzf{pF5 . ;ª\s6f;Ggf ;d'bfodf 6]lnkmf]gx?,xft] dfOsx?, ;fO/g tyf cGo 5'§} ;"rgf lbg] k/Dk/fut dfWodx? k|of]u ug{;lsG5 .

lglZrt k|sf]k ljz]ifsfsf] k|ltsfo{sf nflu tflnd pknJw u/fpg' , h:t} p4f/,k|fyflds pkrf/, cfsl:ds ;fdfgsf] e08f/0f, cf}iflw, cfsl:ds af;:yfgsf] lgdf{0ftyf dd{t k"j{tof/Lsf s]lx pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . k"j{tof/Lsf s]xL pbfx/0fx? x'g\ .k"j{tof/L r/0fsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;du| p2]Zo eg]sf] k|sf]khGo tTjn] ug]{cg'dflgt Ifltsf] ;kmntfk"j{s k|lt/Iff jf k|ltsfo{ ug]{ tof/L ug'{ xf] .

ljkb Joj:yfsf] r/0f M b|'t ultsf] ljkb\sf] cjZyfdf l:ylt eofjx x'G5 . oxfFdflg;x? :tAw ePsf / c;fd~h:odf kl//x]sf x'G5g\ . o; r/0fdf ug'{kg]{ klxnf]sfd eg]sf] dfG5]sf] Hofgsf] /Iff ug'{ xf] . To;kl5 x/fPsf dflg;x?sf] vf]hL,3fOt]x?sf] pkrf/, vfgf, sk8f, / c:yfoL af;:yfgsf] Joj:yf h:tf p4f/ //fxtfsf pkfox? kg{ cfpF5g\ . of]hgf th"[{dfsf] r/0fdf Joj:yf ul/Psf k|ltsfo{sfpkfox? ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt?kdf o; r/0fdf sfof{{Gjog ul/g'k5{ .

k|ltsfo{sf nflu /fd|/L agfOPsf of]hgfn] dflg;x?nfO{ pgLx?sf] lglZrt e"ldsflgjf{x ug{ d2t u5{ h:t}, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;~rf/ 6f]nLn] ;ªs6f;Gg;d'bfonfO{ hlt;Sbf] l56f] va/ ug{ ;S5 . p4f/ 6f]nL, :jod\;]js, ;xof]uLlgsfox? cf–cfkm\gf lhDd]jf/Lsf sfdx? ug{ ;S5g\ . ;d'bfo leq klg ;+s]t;"rsx?n] ;fO/g, 9f]n ahfpg, / xft] dfOs jf pknJw pko'Qm dfWodåf/fcjZyfsf] hfgsf/L / ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlwx?sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;S5g\ . Hofgarfpg] 8'Ëf rfnsx?n] p4f/ k|lqmof cjnDjg ug{, af;:yg Joj:yfksx?n]c:yfoL af;:yfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ tyf k|fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLn] 3fOt]sf] pkrf/;xof]u ;'? ug]{5g\ . p4f/ /fxtsf] ;du| Joj:yfkgsf] g]t[Tj cfjZostfcg';f/ljleGg pk;ldlt / sfo{bnx?sf] ;dGjodf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ug'{ kb{5 .o:tf pk;ldlt÷sfo{bnx? k"j{tof/L r/0fd} k"0f{?kdf cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L /fd|/L a'em]/pko'Qm e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k|of{Kt ;Lkx? xfFl;n u/]sf x'g'kb{5 .

ljkb\ kZrftsf] r/0f M ;d'bfosf tTsflng cfjZostfx? Psk6s ;Daf]wgul/P;s]kl5 ljkb\ kZrftsf r/0fsf] Wofg ;fdfGo cjZyfdf kms{g' ÷kmsf{pg' /xG5. gi6 ePsf ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glgdf{0f, x/fPsf jf dfl;Psf wgdfnx?sf] k|lt:yfkg,3/x?sf] dd{t tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'?jft cflb k'g{nfesf sfo{x? x'g\ . tyflkljkb\sf] cjZyfaf6 hghLjg ;fdGotftkm{ kms{b} ubf{, s]lx lsl;dsf ljkb\ cjZyfjf kl5sf] ;+efljt ljkb\ cjZyfsf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g' h?/L x'G5. ljBdfg sf/0fx? km]/L ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf ljBdfg sf/0fx? km]l/ gbf]xf]l/g jf cemg/fd|f] x'g glbg rgfvf] /xg' k5{ . h]xf];\ ljkb\ kZrftsf] r/0f k|sf]khGo tTjaf6pTyfgzLntf a9fpg] Ps cj;/ klg xf] .

&= ljkb Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u ePsf zAbfjnLx? M

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgn] Pp6f ljwfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 h;n] ljkb\sf sf/sx?,kl/0fltx?sf] juL{s/0f tyf ;dfwfgx?sf] JofVof ul/ ljkb\sf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx? a'em\g;xof]u ub{5 . o; k':tsnfO{ a'em\g] tyf k|of]u ug]{ qmddf cfpg] s]xL pkof]uLzAbfjnLx?sf] ;+lIfKt JofVof tn lbOPsf] 5 .

;ª\s6 -k|sf]khGo tTj _M k|sf]khGo tTj jf ;ª\s6 b]lvg] jf gb]lvg] Ps vt/fo'Qm36gf jf o;sf] ;Defjotf xf], h;n] lglZrt If]qdf lglZrt ;dodfIflt tyf vnnug]{ qf;bL k}bf ub{5 . o:tf] qf;df hLpwg, hghLljsf, ;DklQ,k"jf{wf/, k|fs[ltsjftfj/0fsf ;fy} ;fdGo ;fdlhs cfly{s cjZyfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . dgg ug'{kg]{dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf s] 5 eg] ;ªs6 jf k|sf]khGo tTjn] ljkb\ lgDTofpg] dfWod jfpTk|]/ssf ?kdf sfd ub{5 , of] h?/L 5}g ls Psn] csf{nfO{ lgDTofO{xfN5 .;ª\s6sf] cjZyf ;ª\s6f;Ggf ;d'bfosf] To; ;ª\s6;Fu h'em\g;Sg] Ifdtf eGbf a9LePdf dfq ljkb\ cfOk5{ .;ª\s6x?nfO{ pgLx?sf] pTklQn] lgwf{/0f u/] cg'?ksf ljleGg :j?ksf cfwf/dfd'VotM b'O{ ;d"xdf afF8\g] ul/G5 . ltgLx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g] ultsf cfwf/df;ª\s6x? lj:tf/} pbfpg] jf l56f] x'g;Sg] ul/ dfkg ul/G5g\ . oBlk,b'j} ;d"xx?aLrsf] leGgtf cem} k|i6 5}g . ;ª\s6x? Pp6f ;|f]taf6 jf ljleGg ;|f]tx?sf] Pp6f

ld>f0faf6 k}bf x'g ;S5g\ / qmdzM l56f] jf l9nf] qmddf ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g;S5g\ . h:t} e" IfoLs/0f, lxdtfn lgdf{0f h:tf k|lqmofx? Pp6f ljGb';Dd lj:tf/}a9\b} hfG5g\ / tTkZrft PSsf;L ljklQk"0f{ glthf lgsfN5g\ . h:tf] ls nfdf];do;Dd wLdf ultdf x'g] e" IfoLs/0fsf sf/0f kxf8df klx/f] h:tf PSsf;L cfpg]36gfx?n] ljklQk"0f{ glthf lgDTofpF5g\ eg] lxdtfn aGg] k|lqmof klg l9n} x'G5 t/Pp6f glZrt ;dfokl5 afFwsf] Ifdtfn] wfGg ;Sb}g / lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 x'G5 .csf]{tkm{ Ps ;ª\s6n] csf]{ ;ª\s6 jf ljkb\ lgDTofpg] ub{5 h:t} vfB ;ª\s6n] åGbjf 8s}tL lgDTofp ;S5 klx/f]sf sf/0f gbLsf axfj /f]lsgfn] ag]sf] tfnn] af9Lsf]?k lng;S5 eg] nfdf] v8]/Ln] hª\undf cfunfuL lgDTofpF5 . tnsf] pbfx/0fn] s'g}lglZlrt k|sf]k lgDTofpgdf k|fs[lts / dfgjLo sf/0fx?sf] e"ldsf a'em\g ;xof]uub{5 .

k|fs[lts ;ªs6x? h}ljs tyf ef}lts k|s[of x'g\ / ;fdGotof lgDg ;d"xdf juL{s/0fu/]sf] kfO{G5 .

ef}ule{s M e"sDk, klx/f],;'gdL tyf Hjfnfd'lv h:tf lqmofsnfk cltj[li6, afl9hnpTkGg M cltj[li6, af9Lhnjfo'hGo M ljifd v8]/L tyf jgdf x'g] cfunfuLdf};dL M rqmkftx?, cfFwLh}ljs M /f]usf] dxfdf/L, ls/f k/hLlj km}ng', hgjf/df nfUg] /f]u tyf

jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0f

dfgj l;lh{t k|sf]kxk? ljz]iftM åGb, cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, k|b'if0f / oGq tyfoftfoftsf] vt/fgfs k|of]usf sf/0f kb{5\ . k|sf[lts ?kdf cfpg] dflgPsfk|sf]kx? ;d]t xfn dfgjLo sf/0fx?af6 ePsf jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffdsf?kdf klxrg ePsf 5g\ . H:t} , af9Lsf] a9\bf] qf;bL gbLx?sf hnfwf/df ePsfa9\bf] jg ljgf;;Fu hf]8]/ x]g ;lsG5 . o;}u?L ef]sd?Lsf] hf]lvdnfOP klg k|foMdfgh l;lh{t / k|sfs[lts k|sf]kx? cgk]lR5t x'G5g\ tfklg logsf ;|f]tx? dgjhLjgsf nflu cTofjZos kfgL pknJw u/fpF5 t/ 7"nf] / Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsg]af9Ln] oL k]zfsf ;fy;fy} ;DklQ / Hofg} lng] ;Ddsf] r'gf}lt lbG5 .

;d'bfosf nflu ;Defljt vt/fsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ Jojxf/dfNofpg oL k|sf]ksf cfofdx?nfO{ a'em\g cfjZos 5 . lj:tf/} ;'? x'g] jf a9\g]vfnsf k|sf]kx? nfdf] cjlw;Dd /xg] ;ª\s6x? x'g\ h:tf] ls v8]/L, d?e"lds/0ftyf k|b'if0fsf s]xL ?kx? la:tf/} ltgLx?sf] k"0f{ ljgfzsf/L Ifdtfdf ?kfGt/0f x'G5g\. PSsf;L cfpg] jf l56} a9\g] k|sf]kx? h:t} , ;8s b'3{6gf, cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gff ,e]naf9L, e"sDk,klx/f], cfFwL tyf Hjfnfd'vLx? l56} pTkGg x'G5g\ , l56} g} ljgfzsf/Ltx;Dd k'U5g\ / ef}lts?kdf l56} km}lnG5g\ / k|efljt If]qx?nfO{ gi6 ub{5g\ .

;Dd'vtf M;Dd'vtf ;Defljt qf;sf] dfkg xf] / ef]lts lgs6tfsf ;fy;fy};ªs6;Fusf] cGt/lqmofsf] txsf ?kdf kl/eflift 5 . olb JolQmx? jf ltgsf;DklQx? gbL lsgf/ glhs 5g\ eg] ltgLx?sf] af9Lk|ltsf] ;Dd'vtf gbL lgsf/af6

6f9f /x]sf jf pRr :yfgdf /x]sf JolQmx? jf a:t' eGbf pRr x'G5 . lj:tf/} ljsf;/ lj:tf/ x'g] ;ªs6x?sf ;Gbe{df ;Dd'vtfsf] cjlwn] klg hf]lvdsf] tx lgwf{/0fub{5 . h:t}, s'g} ;d'bfon] hlt nfdf] ;do;Dd v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ub{5, bjfj /Ifltsf] ;DefJotf Tolt g} a9L x'G5 . o:t} s]xL ;ªs6x?, h:t} /f]ux?df ;Dd'vtfdfzf/Ll/s b'/L tyf cGt/lqmof b'j}df lge{/ ub{5 . sltko k|sf]ksf] ;Gbe{df hxfF;Dd'vtf clglZrt x'G5 cyjf o;sf] ;DefJotf lglZrt If]q tyf ;DklQ dfly/xG5, ToxfF ;Dd'vtfnfO{ To;sf] k|r'/tf -Intensity_ jf lgoldttf (Frequency_sf ?kdf dfkg ul/G5 h:t} Ms]xL df};dhGo 36gfx? r6\ofË, cl;gf, v8]/L h:tfxfjfkfgL kl/jt{gsf k|efjx? hf];Fu ;a} plQs} ;Dd'v x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

;+j]bgzLntf ;+j]bgzLntfn] k|sf]kaf6 k|efljtx?sf] hLljsfsf] dfkg ub{5 / of]k|sf]kaf6 slt /fd|/L ;+/lIft eP jf slt Ifdtfsf] j[l4 ul/of] eGg] ;"rs xf] .af3sf] cfqmd0f k|lt xl/0f eGbf xfQL sd ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 . lsgsL xfQLsf]k|lt/IffTds Ifdtf ;fdfGotf xl/0fsf] eGbf a9L x'G5 . gbL lsgf/df /s]sf;d'bgosf] af9L;Fusf] ;Dd'vtf a9fL x'G5 t/ olb gbLdf alnof] afFw 5 eg] pgLx?sd ;+j]bgzLn x'g ;S5g\ . r6\ofË k/]sf] a]nf o:tf] oGq gnufPsf] 3/eGbf sd;+j]bgzLn x'G5 . olb ;Dd'vtf sfod /lx/xG5 jf sd ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 . olb;Dd'vtf sfod /lx/xG5 jf sd ug{ l;sg] cj:yf 5}g eg] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ 36fP/;Dd'vtf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . d'vdf nufOg] dfS;n] dlg;dfxfjfsf] dfWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux? h:t} M ?3f, Ifo/f]u cflbk|ltsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ sdub{5 oBlk hLjf0f' af]s]sf] JolQm;Fu glhssf] ;Dks{ x'Fbf ToxfF ;Dd'vtf eg]/lx/xG5 . gbL lsgf/faf6 6f9f /x]sf] Ps 3/ Tof] gbLsf] af9L;Fu clt Go"g ;Dd'v -z'Go ;Dd'vtf klg ;lsG5 _ x'G5 / klg Tof] 3/df] af9Lk|ltsf] ;+j]bgzLntf a9L g}/xG5 t/ af9L;Fusf] sd ;Dd'vtfsf] sf/0f af9Laf6 sd ;ª\s6f;Gg x'G5 . t/ klgs'g} ;jfnx?d ;Dd'vtf / ;+j]bgzLntf;Fu} cfpFbf p:t} nfUg] x'G5g\ . ;+jbgzLntf/ k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfn] ;+j]bgzLntf 36fpF5 . ;Dd'vtf / ;+j]vgzLntfn] eg] p:t}lsl;daf6 ;ªs6f;GgnfO{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpF5g\ . s'g} j:t' ;ª\s6;Fu hlt a9L;Dd'v ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 plt g} a9L k|sf]k ;ª\s6f;Gg x'G5 .

;ª\s6f;GgtfM ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f sfoP b'j}df ;ª\s6f;Ggtfs]lGb|o cjwf/0ff xf] . d'Votof o;nfO{, k|lts"n jf gs/fTds cj:yfsf] ;dgf ug]{;Gb{edf ;d"xsf] sdhf]/ kIf jf c;OfdtfnfO{ a'em\g k|of]u ul/G5 h;n] k|sf]ksf];kmntfk"j{s ;fdgf ug{ g:fSbf pgLx?nfO{ cem ulx/f] ul/aL jf ljs/fn cj:yflt/ws]Ng5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"GfLs/0fn] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] km/flsnf] kIfnfO{ ;d]6\5 tfklgljkb\ hf]lvddf ;DaGwdf ljlzi6 dfkgnfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 . ljkb\ ;ª\s6f;Ggtf x'g'eg]sf] s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] k|fs[lts jf dfgj l;lh+t ;ª\s6x?sf] ;fdgfug]{,ltgsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ jf ltgsf k|efjz?af6 k'g:yflkt x'g] ;Sg] Ifdtf sd x'g' xf]- cfOPkmcf/;L, laldtLo _ .

k|sf]ksf ef}lts cj:yf / s;g} ;d"xsf] ltgL;Fusf] ;DaGwn] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] dfqfto ub{5 . s'g} JolQm jf ltgLx?sf] ;DklQ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf gu/];Dd ljkb\sf]hf]lvddf x'Fb}gg\ / ;ª\s6f;GgtfnfO{ ;+j]bgzLntf 36fP/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps}

lsl;sdf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf u/]sf JolQm jf kl/jf/x?dWo] klg ;+j]bgzLntfsf]km/ssf] cfwf/df ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] tx klg km/s kb{5 .

;ª\s6f;GgtfnfO{ k|sf]k, ;Dd'vtf / Ifdtf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df klg a'em\g;lsG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;ª\s6f;GgtfnfO{ ;DefJo k|sf]k 36fP/, ;Dd'vtf jf Ifdtfsd u/]/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5

;ª\s6f;Ggtf Mk|sf]khGo tTj x ;Dd'vtf / k|lt/f]w ug{;Sg] Ifdtf

ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{ Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vfn] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] cjwf/0fnfO{ ef}lts;ª\s6x?df s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffaf6 cem km/flsnf] agfpF5 . k|sf]ksf] ;kmntfk"j{s;fdgf ug}{ Ifdtf ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s cjZyfsf] sf/0f k|efljt jfl;ldt x'g k'Ugfn] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf pRr x'G5 jf k|sf]k;Fu ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf sd x'G5. oL afx]ssf cGo tTjx?df ;jn gLljsf, cfly{s ;|f]tx? dflysf] kx"Fr / ljkb\of]hgfdf pgLx?sf] k|efj jf e"ldsf kb{5g\ . t/ klg k|fozM ;ª\s6f;Ggfx?sf;Gbe{df oL ljifox?n] slxn]sflx k|j]z kfpFb}gg\ . o; k':tssf JofVof u/] adf]lhd,ul/aL ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] k|d'v sf/s xf] / o;n] ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{l;ldt ub{5 / cfly{s ;|f]tx? jf gful/s clwsf/sf] kx'Frsf] cefjdf pRRf hf]lvdIf]qx?df a;f]af; ug{ afWo dflg;x?sf] ljkb\ k|ltsf] ;Dd'vtf a9fpF5 .

oL tTjx?sf] kl/jt{gzLntfsf sf/0f ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Pp6f kl/jf/ , ;d'bfo jf;DklQsf] ;DefJo Iflt jf k|lts"n k|efjsf] cj:yf a'em\g k|o'Qm x'g] ;fk]lIftcjwf/0ff xf] / of] ljsf;,36gfqmd,zf;g Joj:yf jf jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cflbk|lqmofx? ;Fu;Fu} kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd M ljkb\ hf]lvd eGgfn] k|sf]khGo tTjsf] cj:yfaf6 x'g] ;DefJoxflgsf/s 36gfx? / ltgsf] kl/0ffd:j?k x'g;Sg] cg'dflgt IfltnfOP a'emfpF5 .o;nfO{ ;DefJo ljkb\sf ?kdf klg JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . hf]lvd dfkg k|sf]khGotTj jf ;ª\ssf ljz]iftfx? h:tf] ls o;sf] cfpg] ;DefJotf / To:tf ;Defljt36gfsf] kl/0ffd -u'?Tj _ / ;Defljt k|efljtx?sf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] :t/sf cfwf/dful/G5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Mk|sf]khGo tTj -;ª\s6_ x ;ª\s6f;Ggtfof] ;dLs/0f hf]lvd To; cj:yfdf dfq x'G5 hxfF k|sf]khGi tTj jf 36fgf;Fu;ª\s6f;Ggtf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, olb s'g} kl/jf/ gbL lsgf/df ePtfklgalnof] afFw glhs jf gbL eGbf w]/} 6f9f /x]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx?sf] sd ;+j]bgzLntf- afFwsf sf/0f _ tyf sd ;Dd'vtf b'/Lsf sf/0fn] pgLx?nfO{ ef}lts ?kdf af9Laf6sd ;ª\s6f;Gg kfb{5, To;}n] ToxfF hf]lvd x'Fb}g . o:t}, s'g} kl/jf/ af9L ;DefJoIf]qdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf] 5 eg] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf sd x'G5 / ;ª\s6sf clGtd k|lts"nkl/0ffdsf ?kdf x'g] ljkb\sf] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 .

dflysf] ;'qn] hf]lvdsf] 7\ofSs} dfg slt xf] eg]/ tf]Sg ;Sb}g . o;n] ljjbo'St36gfsf] ;Defjotf hgfpF5 . olb ;ª\s6f;Ggtf pRRf ePdf jf k|sf[khGo tTj jf36gf clgolGqt jf ;Vt ePdf jf b'j} ePdf ljkb\sf] pRr hf]lvd /xG5 . ljz]iftMhf]lvdsf] dfkg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . lsgsL of] cflz+s ?kdf dfgjLo wf/0ffx?dfcfwfl/t eP/ s]xL xb;Dd JolQmut 1fg jf hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t x'G5 . tyflk, ljkb\hf]lvdsf] cjwf/0ff tyf o;sf] ;dLs/0fn] ljkb\ clgjfo{ xf]Og eGg] b]vfpg ;xof]uub{5g\ ;fy} ljleGg ;DefJotfsf sf/0f ;ª\s6n] ;d'bfonfO{ ljkb\sf] ?k lng] ub{5/ ;ª\s6 ;ª\s6f;Ggtf ;Daf]wg ug{ pko'Qm sbd rfn]/ ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug{;lsG5 eGg] bzf{pg ;xof]u ub{5 .

c;/ M ha ljkb\ cfpF5 t'?Gt} b]lvg] kl/0ffdx? c;/ x'g\ . h;nfO{ k|foh;f] ljkb\k|efljt x'g] ljlQs} cg'dfg ug{ jf s'g} lsl;dsf] u0fgfsf cfwf/df tTsflng Iflttyf ljkb\ k|efljt If]qsf] lx;fa ug{ l;sG5 . d[To', 3fOt], ;DklQsf] Iflt cflbsf]hfgsf/L / ;+Vofn] c;/sf] dfkg x'g] ub{5 . ljkb\sf ;Gb{edf c;/ / k|efjzJbfjnLx? Ps} cy{ nfUg] h:tf] u/L k|of]u EfPsf kfOG5g\ . / klg c;/ zAbn]k|i6?kdf k|sf]khGo 36gfkl5 ef]Ug' k/]sf] z'?jftL cjZyf / kl/0ffdsf] af/]df lrq0fub{5 . pbfx/0f !=# df pNn]v ul/Psf] ;GbEf{n] leGgtf k|i6ofpg ;xof]u ug]{5, hxfFklxnf] cg'R5]bn] c;/ bf;|f] cg'R5]bn] k|efjsf af/]df rrf{ ub{5g\ .

k|efj M ljkb\sf sf/0f l;lh+t cNksflng tyf bL3{sflng ;Dk"0f{ c;/x?sf] of]u g}k|efj xf] h;df tTsfn} / kl5 ;Dd cfpg] k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf kl/0fltx?sf];dli6ut kl/df0f kb{5 . k|efjsf ;"rsx?n] dflg;;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] - h:t}d[To' ;+Vof, gLljsf]kfh{gsf] Iflt tyf dgf]j}1flgs k|efj _ b]lv ;fdflhs cfly{s;f+s[lts ef}lts - k"jf{wf/ / e" agf}6 _ / jftfj/0fLo kl/0flt;Dd 7"nf] If]q ;d]6\5g\.

s'g} Pp6f ljkb\sf] k|efj hg;ª\ofsf] ljleGg efunfO{ / slxn]sfFxL ;d'bfo leq klglglZrt ;d"xnfO{ km/s x'g] ub{5 . k|foh;f] clt ul/a / clt ;ª\s6f;Gg hgtfn]ljkb\sf] k|efj ;a}eGbf a9L dx;'; ub{5g\ . lsgeg] ljkb\ hf]lvd k|ltsf] pRrpGd'vtfsf ;fy;fy} hLljsfsfnflu klxn] b]lv ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf dfly ljkb\sf] k|efja9L xflgs/s x'g] ub{5g\ . To:tf ;d"xx? hf] lgjf{xd'vL hLljsfdf lge{/ 5g\,ltgLx?nfO{ cfly{s gf]S;fgL, ;DklQsf] Iflt / sfdsf] qmdeËtf w]/} g} xfgLsf/sx'G5g\ . k|efj d"NofÍgsf qmddf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf ePsf Ifltx? k|foh;f] /fd|/L;dfj]; u/]sf] kfOb}g . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf lge{/ /xg] ;fgf ls;fgx?sf nflu oLIfltx?n] c;/sf;] :t/ / cjlw yk ug]{ ub{5g\ .

;]jf ;'ljwfx?df ul/ax?sf] ;Lldt kxF'rsf sf/0f /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf sd}b]lvG5 . ;dfh ;w}+ w]/yf]/ ultzLn g} x'G5 / k|efjx? klg u'0ffTds / ;ª\VofTdsb'j} k|s[ltsf x'g] ub{5g\ . To;}n] ;Dk"0f{ k|efjx? oyf{y dfkg ug{ ;d:ofx? 5g\ .

Go'lgs/0f jf cNkLs/0fM ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf cNkLs/0f eg]sf] ljkb\ c;/ tyf k|efjGo"gLs/0f ug'{ xf] . o'PgcfOP;l8cf/ - @))( _ n] cNkLs/0f zAbfjNfLnfO{ …k|fs[lts

;ª\s6x?, jftfj/0fLo x|f; tyf k|f}Bf]lus k|sf]kx?sf k|efjx?nfO{ ;Lldt ug{cjnDag ul/g] ;+/rgfut / u}/;+/rgfut pkfox?Ú egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\Joj:yfkg rqmsf] ;Gbe{df cNkLs/0f Ps dxTjk"0f{ v08 xf] - s[kof kl/R5]b %x]g'{xf]nf _ . ljkb\ cfpg' k"J{ ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ Go"gLs/0fsf lqmofsnfkx?df ;DefJo k|sf]ktyf ltgsf k|lts"n k|efjx?sf] cNkLs/0fdf ljrf/ k'/\ofOG5g\ . ljkb\sf] ;dodful/g] cNKfLs/0fn] Iflt sd ug]{ jf yk Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] ub{5 / ljkb\ kZrftul/g] cNkLs/0f eljiodf x'g ;Sg] k|sf]kx?sf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ Ps dxTjk"0f{cj;/ xf] .

ljifo ^ (Theme VI)

zx/L j;f]jf; / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;

zx/L j;f]jf;sf] kl/efiffslDtdf kf+r xhf/ hg;+Vof , hg3GTj slDtdf !) JolQm k|lt x]S6/ , !) jif{eGbfdflysf s'n hG;+Vof dWo slDtdf %) 5 hG;+Vof cf}wf]lus , Jofkfl/s tyf cGo/]jf ;'ljwf h:tf u}/ s'lifIf]qsf cfly{s ls|ofsnfkdf cfjb /x]sf] / s|djb ?kdfef}lts ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ePsf] zx/sf] If]q -/fli6«o zx/L gLlt , @)^$ _

zx/Ls/0f ;DaGwL s]xL ;jfnx? 7f]; kmf]xf]/ tyf hf]lvdk'0f{ kmf]xf]/ Jffo' k|b'if0f / phf{ vkt Vffg]kfgL cfk"lt{ / u'0f:t/ tyf hnk|b'if0f xl/ofnL, v'Nnf If]q / s[lif hdLg Zfx/Ls/0f, Joj:yfkg , ejg l8hfOg Pj+ phf{ k|ljlw ;+:yfut Aoj:yf

o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nfuL lgDg jdf]lhdsf gLltut Joj:yf 5 . zx/Ls/0f ljsf; /0fgLlt, @)^$ Zfx/Ls/0f jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^& ljlN8Ë sf]8 jiff{tdf ejgsf] kfgL ;+sng ;DjGwL lgb]{lzsf @)^&

Zfx/Ls/0fsf ;jfnx? s;/L JojL:yt ug]{

s= 7f]; kmf]xf]/ tyf hf]lvdk'0f{ kmf]xf]/ (Hazardious Waste) Joj:yfkg

kmf]xf]/d}nf pTkfbg , ;+sng, k'gM k|of]u / lgisfzgsf] ljwdfg cj:yfdf;'3f/ NofO{ kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;fjhlgs / gLlh ;dembf/Ldfk|efjsf/L agfpg] .

v_ kmf]xf]/d}nf Go'lgs/0f ug]{ / k'g k|of]u ug]{ JolQm ;+w ;+:yf tyf cGolgsfox?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .

u_ kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg w/b}nf]af6} kmf]xf]/ 5'6fP/h}ljs / cGo ;+sng Joj:yf ug]{ / kmf]xf]/ ;+sng s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n k|efj kg{ glbg] hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] sfo{ lgoGq0f kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgfdf hgr]tgf clej[lb u/L hg;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng Plss[t kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{ ;a} gu/kfnLsfn]

/0flglt tyf sfo{of]hgf

v= Jffo' k|b'if0f jfo' k|b'if0f , hnjfo' kl/j{tg , hg:jf:yo / zx/L jftfj/0f aLrsf]

cGt/;DaG3 af/] hgr]tgf clea|lb ug{] / of] ljifonfO{ gLlt Pj+ sfofGjogtxdf ;+:yfut txdf ;{:yfut ug{ sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{u/fpg] .

zx/L If]qsf] jfo' k|b'if0f lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfon] jfo'k|b'o\if0f lgoGq0fsf nfuLcg';'rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] :jLs[t /fli6|o dfkb08 NAAQS cg'?k AirQuality Maintain ug]{

tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 eGbf sd jfo' k|b'if0f ug]{ ;jf/L ;f3g / OG3gsf]k|of]unfO{ kf]|T;fxg ug]{

u= pmhf{ vkt k|b'if0fsf/Ln] g} jftfj/0fLo Ifltk'lt Joxf]g]{ l;BfGt , polluter pays principle

sf] lglt cjnDag u/L tbcg'?k k|b'if0f lgoGq0f / Go'lgs/0f tyf Ifltk'lt{sf]Joj:y fug]{

zx/L ;8s ;+hfnsf] plrt Joj:yf u/L ;jf/L cfjudgnfO{ ;xh agfpg], ;fy} k}bn Pj+ ;fOsn d}qL k|0ffnLnfO{ k|T;fxg lbg]

3/ p3f]u , Jofkf/Ls k|lti7fg tyf cfjflzo If]qdf lhjfjz]if (FossilFuel ) k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg .

Energy Efficient 3/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg :j?k /lhi6|]zg z'Ns , s/cfbLdf 5'6sf] Joj:yf .

pwf]u sfof{no , ;jf/L ;fwg , Jofkf/Ls ;+:yf cflbdf phf{ vkt sd ug]{k|ljlw tyf Appliance x?sf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg

j}slNks tyf gljs/0fLo phf{df cfwf/Lt k|ljl3 tyf j:t'nfO{ kf]|T;fxg ug]{ kmf]xf]/d}nfaf6 lgsfNg] phf{sf] k|of]unfO{ a9fpb} n}hfgsf] nfuL o;sf]

k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ pk{o'Qm Joj:yf ug]{

















:yfgLo cg's'ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;F/rgf / o;sf] tof/Lsf r/0fx? M

e"ldsf M













;Dd'vtf (Exposure)






hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf cGo jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx?;Fu cg's"ng x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{cg's"ng Ifdtf elgG5 . cg's'ng Ifdtf ;d'bfosf] cfly{s >f]tx?, k|ljlwx?dfkxF'r, hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjlGw ;'rgfx?df kx'Fr, ;'rgfx?sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf, ;F:yf / >f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 . cg's'ng Ifdtfljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5, hlt jl9 /fi6« jf ;d'bfo ljsl;t x'G5 cg's'ng Ifdtfklg plQg} jl9 x'G5 - OECD based on IPCC) .






t]>f] r/0f M ;Fj]bglzntfsf] d'NofFsg –hnfjo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g4f/fl;lh{t k|sf]k_hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DjlGwt k|sf]kx?sf] k|s[lt, kl/df0f / k|j[lQ -s[lif, jg, hn>f]t, ef}ltsk'jf{wf/, :jf:Yo / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? cflb_d'Vo k|Zgx? ljleGg If]qx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] s:tf] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 c;/sf] kl/df0f, jf/Djf/tf / seasonality s:tf] 5 c;/sf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5




cg's"ngsf pkfox?sf] klxrfgcg's"ngsf pkofx? cjnDag u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 hf]lug, sd ug{ jfjfof]lkmhLsn / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k|efj nfO{ Iflt k'/ofpgjf6 /f]Sg sf ;fy}hnjfo' kl/jt{gjf6 k|fKt cj;/x?nfO{ j9fjf lbg / ;DjlGwt stf{x?df cg's"lnt

Ifdtfdf clea[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . cg's'ng pkfox?sf] k|sf/ M ef}lts k"jf{wf/, gLlt,Ifdtf / /fd|f cEof;x?cg's"ng pkfox?sf pbfx/0fx? Mcg's"ngsf tl/sf 5fGg] cfwf/x?k|efjsfl/tf M cg's'ngsf pkfox?n] slt xb ;Dd hf]lvdnfO{ sd ub{5 / o;n]cGo slt kmfO{bf k'¥ofpFb5 . ljleGg cj:yfdf cg's'ngsf pkfox?af6 x'g]k|efjsfl/tf jf/] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .d'No M cg's'ngsf pkfox?sf] ;fk]IfLt d'Nosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . nfut d'Nosf];fy ;fy} cGo d'No h:t} ;do, ;Frfng / ;Fef/ vr{, k'gM lgdf{0f vr{ cflb sf]jf/]df ljrf/ ug]{;DefAotf M k|zfzlgs, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws cflbsf] nflu jh]6sf] pknAwtf s] 5;f] sf] ljrf/ ug]{ . jt{dfg sfo{ut ;F/rgfaf6 ;Frfng ug{ ;lsg] cg's"ngof]hgfx?nfO{ ;Defj eP ;Dd k|fyldtstf lbg]cGo cfwf/x? cj:yfdf e/ kb{5g h:t} /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs l:jsfo{tf, cltcfjZos, h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm, l56f] sfo{fGjog ug{ ;lsg] jf kmfO{bf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],k|lts'n c;/ kfg]{ sfo{x?nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{, lgltut ?kdf k|yldstfdf k/]sfsfo{x?;Fu tfnd]n ldnfpg] cflb


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hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngtf ljsf; of]hgf

(Climate Resilient Development Planning)

;dfg's"ngtf ;d'bfon] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg sl7g kl/l:ylt;Fu ;fdgfug{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / hLjg:t/nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;Ifdx'G5g\ . clt ul/jL, vfBGgsf] cefj / ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfnsfclwsfFz hgtfx? cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf] k|efj;Fu ;dfg's'ngx'g / To;sf] tof/Lsf] nflu ;dIf e} ;s]sf 5}gg . Brigit / Cartwright -@))*_ sfcg';f/ the resilience perspective embraces the dynamic character of communities andhuman-ecosystem interactions and sees multiple potential pathways within them.o;n] ;d'bfosf] ;sf/fTds k|ltQ/jf6 ;jlns/0f / ;xof]unfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5eGg] j'emfO{df zlQmzfnL pbfx/0f lbG5 . ljsf;sf of]hgfx? jgfpFbf :jfoQ /cg's"lnt response x'g] s'/fx?nfO{ dWo gh/ lbg cfjZos 5 tfls To;n] plgx?s]fIfdtf j9fpg, ;d'bfosf] ;dfg's"ngnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ / cGTodf of]hgful/Psf sfo{x? sfof{Gjogdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] >f]tdf / cg's"lntIfdtfdf a[l4 u/L eljiodf ul/g] sfof{Gjogn] ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'sng Ifdtfdf a[l4ub{5 .






sectoral sensitivity matrix,

$= l;:6d sDkf]g]G6sf] cfwf/df of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] tof/L Screening aplan/programme against system components.











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