g.j.m. maestroni et al- role of the pineal gland in immunity iii: melantonin antagonizes the...

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Immunology 1988 6 3 465-469 Role o f t h e pineal gland i n immunity III: MELATONIN ANTAGONIZES THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS V I A AN OPIATERGIC MECHANISM G . J . M . MAESTRONI,* A . CONTI* & W . PIERPAOLIt *Istituto Cantonale d i Patologia, Locarno a n d tInstitute f o r Integrative Biomedical Research, Ebmatingen, Switzerland Acceptedfor publication 14 October 1987 SUMMARY W e have recently demonstrated that t h e pineal neurohormone melatonin exerts important immunoregulatory functions. We no w report that exogenous melatonin counteracts completely t h e effect o f acute anxiety-restraint stress o n thymus weight a n d antibody response t o sheep r ed blood cells (SRBC). I n addition, administration of melatonin i n t h e evening prevented paralysis a n d death o f mice infected with sublethal doses of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) after acute stress. Th e anti-stress activity o f melatonin was present i n mice injected with T-dependent antigens, a n d t was abolished b y t h e contemporary administration o f the specific opioid-antagonist naltrexone. This suggests that melatonin exerts i t s remarkable anti-stress effect on antigen-activated cells v i a an opiatergic mechanism. These findings have important implications a t both basic a nd clinical levels. They provide a new approach t o a possible physiological 'up-regulation' o f t h e immune response under virus- and/or stress-related immunosuppression. INTRODUCTION Psychological a nd emotional conditions o f t h e most varied nature a n d origin c a n affect neuroendocrine a n d immune functions. I t is n ow widely accepted that these closely inter- woven mechanisms change t h e susceptibility t o various diseases, including cancer (Ader, 1981; Fo x & Newberry, 1984; Guille- min, Cohn & Melnechuck, 1985; Plotnikoff e t al., 1986). Environmental stimuli, such as light a n d temperature, a r e transduced into neuroendocrine signals b y t h e cyclic circadian synthesis a n d release o f melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytrypta- mine) b y t h e pineal gland (Brown & Niles, 1982; Reiter, 1984; Axelrod, Fraschini & Velo, 1982). Psychosocial factors a n d stress also seem t o modify t h e production o f melatonin (Linch, Eng & Wurtman, 1973), a n d alterations o f th e circadian rhythm o f i t s release have been associated with anxiety states, affective disorders a n d cancer (Brown & Niles, 1982; Arendt, Wirz- Justice & Bradtke, 1977; Birau, 1981). Furthermore, t h e pineal gland a n d melatonin i n particular seem t o exert a n oncostatic role i n a variety o f experimental a n d clinical models (Blask, 1984). W e have reported that functional a n d pharmacological inhibition of melatonin synthesis leadsto a significant depres- sion o f humoral a n d cell-mediated immune responses i n mice (Maestroni & Pierpaoli, 1981; Maestroni, Conti & Pierpaoli, 1986b). W e have demonstrated that when melatonin i s adminis- Correspondence: Dr G . J . M . Maestroni, Istituto Cantonale d i Patologia, 6604 Locarno, Switzerland. tered i n a circadian fashion normal adult mice, t h e neurohor- mone possesses powerful immuno-augmenting properties (Maestroni, Conti & Pierpaoli, 1986b, 1987a, b ) . Evening c a n also antagonize t h e suppression o f antibody production induced b y pharmacological doses o f corticosterone o r cyclophosphamide (Maestroni e t al., 1986b, 1987a, b ) . Melatonin w a s effective only i n vivo o n antigen-primed mice, a n d its immuno-augmenting effects were antagonized com- pletely b y t h e specific opioid-antagonist naltrexone (Maestroni e t al., 1986b, 1987a, b ). Of basic experimental clinical significance is th e evi- dence in this report that exogenous melatonin c a n abrogate completely t h e effects that anxiety stress induced b y physical restraint o n thymus weight, antibody production a n d o n resistance t o sublethal inocula o f EMCV i n mice. I n accordance with previous findings, w e show here that even under acute stress situations melatonin operates o n antigen- activated cells v i a a n opiatergic mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice BALB/cJ inbred female mice from ouranimal quarter, aged 2- 3 months, were used. T h e mice were maintained under a dark- light cycle of 1 2 h r ( 6 a.m., light o n; 6 p.m., light off) a t 2 2 + 1 0 . Great care w a s taken t o avoid environmental stress before a n d during t h e course o f t h e experiments (noise, smells, cage crowding a n d s o on). 4 6 5

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8/3/2019 G.J.M. Maestroni et al- Role of the pineal gland in immunity III: Melantonin Antagonizes the Immunosuppressive Eff…

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1 9 8 8 6 3 4 6 5 - 4 6 9

R o l e o f t h e p i n e a l g l a n d i n immunity

MELATONIN ANTAGONIZES THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS

VIA AN OPIATERGIC MECHANISM

G . J . M. MAESTRONI,* A . CONTI* & W. PIERPAOLIt * I s t i t u t o C a n t o n a l e d i P a t o l o g i a , L o c a r n o a n d

t I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e g r a t i v e B i o m e d i c a l R e s e a r c h , E b m a t i n g e n , S w i t z e r l a n d

A c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n 1 4 O c t o b e r 1 9 8 7

SUMMARY

W e h a v e r e c e n t l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e p i n e a l n e u r o h o r m o n e m e l a t o n i n e x e r t s i m p o r t a n t

i m m u n o r e g u l a t o r y f u n c t i o n s . We now r e p o r t t h a t exogenous m e l a t o n i n c o u n t e r a c t s c o m p l e t e l y t h e

e f f e c t o f a c u t e a n x i e t y - r e s t r a i n t s t r e s s on t h y m u s w e i g h t a n d a n t i b o d y response t o s h e e p r e d b l o o d

c e l l s ( S R B C ) . I n a d d i t i o n , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f m e l a t o n i n i n t h e e v e n i n g p r e v e n t e d p a r a l y s i s a n d d e a t h

o f m i c e i n f e c t e d w i t h s u b l e t h a l d o s e s o f e n c e p h a l o m y o c a r d i t i s v i r u s (EMCV) a f t e r a c u t e s t r e s s . The

a n t i - s t r e s s a c t i v i t y o f m e l a t o n i n was p r e s e n t i n m i c e i n j e c t e d w i t h T - d e p e n d e n t a n t i g e n s , a n d i t was

a b o l i s h e d b y t h e contemporary a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c o p i o i d - a n t a g o n i s t n a l t r e x o n e . T h i s

s u g g e s t s t h a t m e l a t o n i n e x e r t s i t s r e m a r k a b l e a n t i - s t r e s s e f f e c t on a n t i g e n - a c t i v a t e d c e l l s v i a an

o p i a t e r g i c m e c h a n i s m . T h e s e f i n d i n g s h a v e i m p o r t a n t i m p l i c a t i o n s a t b o t h b a s i c a n d c l i n i c a l l e v e l s .

T h e y p r o v i d e a new a p p r o a c h t o a p o s s i b l e p h y s i o l o g i c a l ' u p - r e g u l a t i o n ' o f t h e immune response

u n d e r v i r u s - a n d / o r s t r e s s - r e l a t e d i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i o n .

INTRODUCTION

a n d e m o t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e m o s t v a r i e da n d o r i g i n c a n a f f e c t n e u r o e n d o c r i n e a n d immune

I t i s now w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e s e c l o s e l y i n t e r -

m e c h a n i s m s c h a n g e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o v a r i o u s d i s e a s e s ,

c a n c e r ( A d e r , 1 9 8 1 ; F o x & N e w b e r r y , 1 9 8 4 ; G u i l l e -

Cohn & M e l n e c h u c k , 1 9 8 5 ; P l o t n i k o f f e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) .E n v i r o n m e n t a l s t i m u l i , s u c h a s l i g h t a n d t e m p e r a t u r e , a r e

i n t o n e u r o e n d o c r i n e s i g n a l s b y t h e c y c l i c c i r c a d i a na n d r e l e a s e o f m e l a t o n i n ( N - a c e t y l - 5 - m e t h o x y t r y p t a -

b y t h e p i n e a l g l a n d ( B r o w n & N i l e s , 1 9 8 2 ; R e i t e r , 1 9 8 4 ;F r a s c h i n i & V e l o , 1 9 8 2 ) . P s y c h o s o c i a l f a c t o r s a n d

a l s o s e e m t o m o d i f y t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m e l a t o n i n ( L i n c h ,

g & W u r t m a n , 1 9 7 3 ) , a n d a l t e r a t i o n s o f t h e c i r c a d i a n r h y t h mi t s r e l e a s e h a v e b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n x i e t y s t a t e s , a f f e c t i v e

a n d c a n c e r ( B r o w n & N i l e s , 1 9 8 2 ; A r e n d t , W i r z -

& B r a d t k e , 1 9 7 7 ; B i r a u , 1 9 8 1 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p i n e a la n d m e l a t o n i n i n p a r t i c u l a r s e e m t o e x e r t a n o n c o s t a t i c

i n a v a r i e t y o f e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c l i n i c a l m o d e l s ( B l a s k ,W e h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t f u n c t i o n a l a n d p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l

o f m e l a t o n i n s y n t h e s i s l e a d s t o a s i g n i f i c a n t d e p r e s -o f h u m o r a l a n d c e l l - m e d i a t e d immune r e s p o n s e s i n m i c e

& P i e r p a o l i , 1 9 8 1 ; M a e s t r o n i , C o n t i & P i e r p a o l i ,W e h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t w h e n m e l a t o n i n i s a d m i n i s -

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e : Dr G . J . M. M a e s t r o n i , I s t i t u t o C a n t o n a l e d i

6 6 0 4 L o c a r n o , S w i t z e r l a n d .

t e r e d i n a c i r c a d i a n f a s h i o n t o n o r m a l a d u l t m i c e , t h e n e u r o h o r -

mone p o s s e s s e s p o w e r f u l i m m u n o - a u g m e n t i n g p r o p e r t i e s( M a e s t r o n i , C o n t i & P i e r p a o l i , 1 9 8 6 b , 1 9 8 7 a , b ) . E v e n i n g

m e l a t o n i n c a n a l s o a n t a g o n i z e t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f a n t i b o d y

p r o d u c t i o n i n d u c e d b y p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l d o s e s o f c o r t i c o s t e r o n eo r c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e ( M a e s t r o n i e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 b , 1 9 8 7 a , b ) .

M e l a t o n i n w a s e f f e c t i v e o n l y i n v i v o o n a n t i g e n - p r i m e d m i c e ,a n d i t s i m m u n o - a u g m e n t i n g e f f e c t s w e r e a n t a g o n i z e d c o m -

p l e t e l y b y t h e s p e c i f i c o p i o i d - a n t a g o n i s t n a l t r e x o n e ( M a e s t r o n i

e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 b , 1 9 8 7 a , b ) .Of b a s i c e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c l i n i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i s t h e e v i -

d e n c e i n t h i s r e p o r t t h a t e x o g e n o u s m e l a t o n i n c a n a b r o g a t e

c o m p l e t e l y t h e e f f e c t s t h a t a n x i e t y s t r e s s i n d u c e d b y p h y s i c a lr e s t r a i n t p r o d u c e o n t h y m u s w e i g h t , a n t i b o d y p r o d u c t i o n a n d

o n r e s i s t a n c e t o s u b l e t h a l i n o c u l a o f EMCV i n m i c e . I na c c o r d a n c e w i t h p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s , we s h o w h e r e t h a t e v e n

u n d e r a c u t e s t r e s s s i t u a t i o n s m e l a t o n i n o p e r a t e s o n a n t i g e n -a c t i v a t e d c e l l s v i a a n o p i a t e r g i c m e c h a n i s m .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

M i c e

B A L B / c J i n b r e d f e m a l e m i c e f r o m o u r a n i m a l q u a r t e r , a g e d 2 - 3

m o n t h s , w e r e u s e d . T h e m i c e w e r e m a i n t a i n e d u n d e r a d a r k -

l i g h t c y c l e o f 1 2 h r ( 6 a . m . , l i g h t o n ; 6 p . m . , l i g h t o f f ) a t 2 2 + 1 0 .G r e a t c a r e w a s t a k e n t o a v o i d e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t r e s s b e f o r e a n d

d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s ( n o i s e , s m e l l s , c a g e

c r o w d i n g a n d s o o n ) .

4 6 5

8/3/2019 G.J.M. Maestroni et al- Role of the pineal gland in immunity III: Melantonin Antagonizes the Immunosuppressive Eff…

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G . J . M . M a e s t r o n i , A . C o n t i & W . P i e r p a o l i

D r u g s

M e l a t o n i n ( N - a c e t y l - 5 - m e t h o x y t r y p t a m i n e ) was p u r c h a s e d

f r o m B i o s y n t h I n c . , S t a a d. S o l u t i o n s were o b t a i n e d b y d i s s o l v -i n g m e l a t o n i n i n a m i n i m a l v o l u m e o f e t h a n o l a n d d i l u t i n g w i t h

s t e r i l e p h o s p h a t e s a l i n e ( P B S ) t o a f i n a l 0 - 2 % e t h a n o l - P B S

d i l u t i o n . T h e same e t h a n o l - P B S d i l u t i o n was u s e d as v e h i c l ew h e n o t h e r d r u g s were i n j e c t e d ( n a l t r e x o n e ) a n d i n c o n t r o l m i c e .

C o r t i c o s t e r o n e - a c e t a t e a n d n a l t r e x o n e were p u r c h a s e d f r o m

S i g m a C o . , S t L o u i s , MO, a n d I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6 4 f r o m CRB L t d . ,C a m b r i d g e , U . K .

H a e m o l y t i c p l a q u e - f o r m i n g c e l l s ( P F C ) assay

T h e n u m b e r o f s p l e e n p l a s m a c e l l s p r o d u c i n g d i r e c t ( I g M )

p l a q u e s a f t e r i m m u n i z a t i o n o f m i c e w i t h SRBC was e v a l u a t e d

b y t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l a g a r h a e m o l y t i c PFC i n p e t r i - d i s h e s .B r i e f l y , 2 m l o f 1 - 2 % agarose ( Di fc o L a bs , D e t r o i t , M I ) i nD u l b e c c o PBS were p i p e t t e d i n 6 - c m p e t r i - d i s h e s t o c o n s t i t u t et h e b o t t o m l a y e r . A g a r o s e , 0 - 8 m l o f 0 - 7 5 % , i n E a g l e ' s MEM( G i b c o , B B L , M A ) , was m i x e d w i t h 4 5 p1 o f 20% SRBC a n d

4 5 p l o f a 1:10 d i l u t i o n o f t h e s p l e e n c e l l s u s p e n s i o n s t o b e

a s s a y e d f o r P F C . D i r e c t I g M - m e d i a t e d p l a q u e s were r e v e a l e d

b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f 0 4 m l o f a b s o r b e d g u i n e a - p i g c o m p l e m e n t( G i b c o ) .

V i r u s e s

A p r e p a r a t i o n o f e n c e p h a l o m y o c a r d i t i s v i r u s (EMCV, 1 6 ) was a

g i f t o f P r o f e s s o r R . W y l e r , V e t e r i n a r y M e d i c i n e , U n i v e r s i t y o f

Z u r i c h . T w e n t y m i c r o l i t r e s were i n j e c t e d i n t r a c r a n i a l l y i n t o t h eb r a i n o f 2 0 e t h e r - a n e s t h e t i z e d B A L B / c J a d u l t m a l e m i c e . T h e

b r a i n s were r e m o v e d d u r i n g t h e a c u t e p a r a l y s i s - m y o c a r d i t i ss t a g e , a n d a h o m o g e n a t e was p r e p a r e d w i t h a n a l l - g l a s s P o t t e r a t

1 : 1 0 w e i g h t / v o l u m e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i s o t o n i c s a l i n e a n d s t o r e di n 0 5 - m l a l i q u o t s a t - 3 0 ° . T h e same EMCV p r e p a r a t i o n was

u s e d i n a l l t h e e x pe r i m e n t s d o n e. V a c c i n i a v i r u s was p u r c h a s e d

f r o m t h e S e r u m I n s t i t u t e , B e r n .

R e s t r a i n t s t r e s s

T h e m i c e were s t r e s s e d b y r e s t r a i n i n g t h e m i n 5 0 - m l p l a s t i ct u b e s , w i t h 1 0 - 5 mm-wide v e n t i l a t i o n h o l e s a n d a screw c a p . The

o p e r a t i o n was r e p e a t e d every d a y f o r 4 d a y s f r o m 1 0 a . m . The

r e s t r a i n t p r o d u c e d a n x i e t y b u t n o t c o m p l e t e i m m o b i l i z a t i o n .

L i g h t m i c r o s c o p y

T h y m u s e s were r e m o v e d a n d f i x e d i n B o u i n s o l u t i o n . S e r i a ls e c t i o n s i n p a r a f f i n were s t a i n e d w i t h h a e m a t o x y l i n e o s i n a n d

e x a m i n e d .

S t a t i s t i c sT h e r e s u l t s were e v a l u a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y b y t h e a n a l y s i s o f

v a r i a n c e .

RESULTS

I n e a r l i e r w o r k we h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d

s y s t e m may m e d i a t e t h e i m m u n o l o g i c a l e f f e c t o f m e l a t o n i n : i n

f a c t t h e o p i o i d - a n t a g o n i s t n a l t r e x o n e c o m p l e t e l y a b o l i s h e d i t s

i m m u n o - s t i m u l a t i n g a c t i v i t y ( M a e s t r o n i e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 a , b ) . I n t h i ss t u d y , we i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t o f a n o t h e r o p i o i d

a n t a g o n i s t , n a m e l y I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6 4 , on t h e p r i m a r y a n t i b o d y

response t o SRBC i n m e l a t o n i n - t r e a t e d m i c e . A t l o w c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n s ( < 2 m g / k g b o d y w e i g h t , b . w . ) n a l t r e x o n e b i n d s p r e f e r e n -

0

x

c

a )

()

CLa-

2 8 0

240

20 0

1 6 0

1 2 0

8 0

0 C o n t r o l ( P B S )

oe l a t o n i n , 2 0 l n g / k g b . w .

*e l a t o n i n , 20 j i g / k g b . w .+ICI 1 7 4 8 6 4

A e l a t o n i n , 2 0 f i g / k g b . w .c + n a l t r e x o n eV N a l t r e x o n e o n l y

40 _ -

0L L

0 0 - 5 2

O p i o i d a n t a g o n i s t sm g / k g b . w .

F i g u r e 1 . N a l t r e x o n e b u t n o t I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6 4 a n t ag o n iz e s t h e e f f e c t o

m e l a t o n i n o n t h e p r i m a r y r e s p o n s e t o SRBC. T h e m i c e w e r e r a n d o

m i z e d i n g r o u p s a n d i n o c u l a t e d i . p . w i t h 4 x 1 0 1 SRBC a t 1 1 a . m . Tw o

g r o u p s ( n = 1 2 ) w e r e t r e a t e d s . c . e i t h e r w i t h m e l a t o n i n ( 2 0 p g / k g b o d

w e i g h t , b . w . ) o r w i t h PBS a t 4 p . m . ( 2 h r b e f o r e o n s e t o f d a r k n e s s ) f o rc o n s e c u t i v e d a y s . T h e d o s e o f m e l a t o n i n w a s c h o s e n a c c o r d i n g tp r e v i o u s d o s e - r e s p o n s e s t u d i e s ( M a e s t r o n i e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 a ) . F u r t h e

g r o u p s ( n = 6 ) w e r e a l s o t r e a t e d w i t h m e l a t o n i n ( A - F) . T o g e t he r w i t

m e l a t o n i n , g r o u p s A , B , C w e r e i n j e c t e d s . c . w i t h t h e d e l t a - r e c e p t oo p i o i d a n t a g o n i s t I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6 4 w h i l e g r o u p s D , E , F w e r e i n j e c t e d s . c

w i t h t h e p - r e c e p t o r a n t a g o n i s t n a l t r e x o n e a t t h e r e p o r t e d d o s e s . G r o u

G w a s i n j e c t e d w i t h n a l t r e x o n e o n l y . F o u r d a y s a f t e r a n t i g e n i n j e c t i ot h e m i c e w e r e k i l l e d a n d t h e p r i m a r y a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e t o SRBC w a

e v a l u a t e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e n u m b e r o f d i r e c t ( I g M ) PFC i n t h e s p l e e nV a r i a ti o n b a rs r e p r e s e n t t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r . P v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n ed b

t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e o f m e l a t o n i n v e r s u s PBS a n d o f I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6

v e r s u s n a l t r e x o n e c o m p a r e d a t e q u a l d o s e s .

T a b l e 1 . M e l a t o n i n c o u n t e r a c t s t h e e f f e c t o f i m m o b i l i z a t i o n s t r e s s o

p r i m a r y a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e a n d o n t h y m u s w e i g h t i n m i c e . T h i

m e l a t o n i n e f f e c t i s a n t a g o n i z e d b y t h e o p i o i d a n t a g o n i s t n a l t r e x o n e

T h y m u s

w e i g h t ( m g

B o d y

G r o u p ( n ) S t r e s s T r e a t m e n t P F C / s p l e e n w e i g h t ( g )

A ( 1 5 ) + PBS 9 9 9 0 3 + 3 4 4 2 0 * 167+0 5 7

B ( 1 5 ) + M e l a t o n i n 1 9 9 1 5 7 + 6 2 8 8 8 * 2 3 5 + 0 * 7 5

C ( 9 ) + M e l a t o n i n

+N a l t r e x o n e 9 3 3 9 1 + 3 9 5 0 9 1 6 1 +0 5 3

D ( 5 ) + N a l t r e x o n e 8 4 1 4 9 + 2 6 7 9 5 1 - 6 0 + 0 4 8

E ( 1 4 ) - 1 8 2 0 3 5 + 6 5 8 8 1 2 - 3 9 + 0 - 6 3

T h e m i c e w e r e r e s t r a i n e d , a s d e s c r i b e d , f o r 2 h r / d a y f o r 4 d a y s . On

g r o u p ( E ) w a s n o t s t r e s s e d , a s c o n t r o l . A l l m i c e w e r e i n j e c t e d o n t h e f i r

d a y a t 1 p . m . w i t h 4 x 1 0 8 SRBC i . p . I n j e c t i o n s o f P B S , m e l a t o n i n ( 2 0 p gk g b . w . ) a n d o f n a l t r e x o n e ( 1 m g / k g b . w . ) w e r e p e r f o r m e d s . c . a t 4 p . m

f o r 4 d a y s . G r o u p E w a s l e f t u n t r e a t e d . On t h e 4 t h d a y , t h e n u m b e r o

d i r e c t PFC a n d t h y m u s a n d b o d y w e i g h t w e r e m e a s u r e d .

V a r i a t i o n s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n .* P < 0 0 1 A v e r s u s B a n d v e r s u s E , B v e r s u s C a n d v e r s u s D

t P < 0 - 0 5 A v e r s u s B a n d v e r s u s E , B v e r s u s C a n d v e r s u s D ( a n a l y s io f v a r i a n c e ) .

4 6 6

2

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R o l e o f t h e p i n e a l g l a n d i n i m m u n i t y . I I I .

1 0 0

80

0 60 -

S 40

20

jn 25 P B S S t r e s s I

0 3 6 1 0 30

A Days

EMCV

2 . E v e n i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f m e l a t o n i n reverses t h e i m p a i r e d

r e s i s t a n c e o f s t r e s s e d m i c e i n o c u l a t e d w i t h a s u b l e t h a l d o s e o f

T h e m i c e were i n o c u l a t e d s . c . w i t h 0 . 2 m l o f a 2 x 1 0 - 8 d i l u t i o n

EMCV on Da y 0 . T h e m i c e were d i v i d e d i n groups a n d t w o o f t h e m

r e s t r a i n e d as d e s c r i b e d i n t h e M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s . On e o f t h e s e

was t r e a t e d d a i l y f o r 1 0 d a y s w i t h 4 0 p g / k g b . w . o f m e l a t o n i n i . p .

4 p . m . T h e r e m a i n i n g s t r e s s e d group was t r e a t e d w i t h PBS o n l y as

The t h i r d group was n e i t h e r s t r e s s e d nor t r e a t e d . S u r v i v a l o f

e x p e r i m e n t s i s r e c o r d e d as p e r c e n t a g e a n d r e p o r t e d + S D .

p - t y p e r e c e p t o r s ( P a t e r s o n , R o b s o n & K o s t e r l i t z , 1 9 8 4 ) ,

I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6 4 h a s h i g h a f f i n i t y f o r 6 - t y p e r e c e p t o r s ( C o t t o n

a l . , 1 9 8 4 ) . F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t h a t I C I 1 7 4 , 8 6 4 d o e s n o t i n f l u e n c e

e i m m u n o - a u g m e n t i n g e f f e c t s o f m e l a t o n i n , t h u s i n d i c a t i n g

t h e o p i o i d r e c e p t o r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e a c t i v i t y o f m e l a t o n i n d o

t b e l o n g t o t h e 6 - t y p e . I n c o n t r a s t , n a l t r e x o n e c o n f i r m e d i t s

a c t i v i t y . H o w e v e r , i n s p i t e o f t h e h i g h a f f i n i t y o f

f o r p - r e c e p t o r s , we c a n n o t e x c l u d e a p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f

r e c e p t o r t y p e s . I n f a c t , d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o n a l t r e x o n e

h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r t h e e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s o p i o i d

i n c l u d i n g t h e k - a g o n i s t d y n o r p h i n ( G o l d s t e i n , 1 9 8 4 ) .s e l e c t i v e a g o n i s t s f o r k r e c e p t o r s are n o t y e t

B o t h m e l a t o n i n a n d t h e e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d s y s t e m h a v e

shown t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e n e u r o e n d o c r i n e response t o

s t r e s s ( P l o t n i k o f f e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ; L i n c h & D e n g , 1 9 8 6 ) . I t i s

w e l l known t h a t a c u t e s t r e s s causes t h y m u s i n v o l u t i o n a n d

o f immune responses ( K e l l e y , 1 9 8 0 ) . W e t e s t e d t h e

o f exogenous m e l a t o n i n on t h y m u s w e i g h t a n d p r i m a r y

response t o SRBC i n m i c e t h a t h a d b e e n s t r e s s e d b y

r e s t r a i n t . T a b l e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s eI t s h o w s t h a t m e l a t o n i n a n t a g o n i z e d c o m p l e t e l y

e e f f e c t i n d u c e d b y r e s t r a i n t s t r e s s on t h y m u s w e i g h t a n d

p r o d u c t i o n ( g r o u p B ) . T h e e f f e c to f m e l a t o n i n was

a b o l i s h e d b y 1 m g / k g b o d y w e i g h t o f n a l t r e x o n e

C) . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t , even i n a c u t e l y s t r e s s e d a n i m a l s ,o p e r a t e s v i a t h e e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d s y s t e m .

T h e same s t r e s s m o d e l was u t i l i z e d f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e a c t i v i t y

m e l a t o n i n i n m i c e i n j e c t e d w i t h s u b l e t h a l d o s e s o f EMCV, a

p a t h o g e n i c a n d a g g r e s s i v e v i r u s i n r o d en t s ( L en n e t t e &

1 9 6 9 ) . T h e r e s u l t s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t

possesses an a s t o n i s h i n g p r o t e c t i v e c a p a c i t y i n

a n d E M C V - i n f e c t e d m i c e . E i g h t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h et r e a t e d w i t h e v e n i n g m e l a t o n i n s u r v i v e d . The r e d u c t i o n o f

t o t h e v i r u s p r o d u c e d b y a c u t e s t r e s s was c o m p l e t e l y

b y m e l a t o n i n . M o r t a l i t y o f n o n - s t r e s s e d c o n t r o l groups

w i t h s u b l e t h a l d o s e s o f EMCV was n e g l i g i b l e ( F i g . 2 ) .

T a b l e 2 . M e l a t o n i n a n t a g o n i z e s t h e e f f e c t o f i m m o b i l i z a t i o n s t r e s s o n

t h y m u s w ei g h t o n l y i n a n t i g e n - p r i m e d m i c e

T h y m u s w e i g h t ( m g )

G r o u p ( n ) S t r e s s T r e a t m e n t B o d y w e i g h t ( g )

A n t i g e n ( S R B C )

A ( 5 ) + + 2 - 6 6 7 + 0 . 6 4 6 *m e l a t o n i n

A n t i g e n ( S R B C )

B ( 5 ) + + 1525+0 3 1 3

PBS

C ( 1 8 ) + M e l a t o n i n 1 6 2 8 +0 4 5 6

D ( 1 8 ) + PBS 1 5 5 5 + 0 - 4 6 0

E ( 8 ) - N o r m a l c o n t r o l s 2 6 3 3 +0350t

R e s t r a i n t w a s p e r f o r m e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s .

T h e m i c e w e r e i n j e c t e d ( A , B ) o r n o t ( C , D ) w i t h 4 5 x 1 0 8 SRBC i . p . on

t h e f i r s t d a y a t 1 p . m . ( 1 h r a f t e r t h e f i r s t r e s t r a i n t s e s s i o n ) . G r o u p E wa s

n e i t h e r s t r e s s e d n o r i n j e c t e d w i t h SRBC. G r o u p s A a n d C w e r e t h e n

t r e a t e d d a i l y w i t h m e l a t o n i n ( 2 0 p g / k g b . w . ) a t 4 p . m . G r o u p s B a n d D

w e r e i n j e c t e d w i t h PBS a t t h e s a m e t i m e o f t h e d a y . A t t h e e n d o f t h ee x p e r i m e n t ( 4 d a y s a f t e r SRBC i n j e c t i o n ) t h y m u s a n d b o d y w e i g h t w e r e

m e a s u r e d .

V a l u e s a r e g i v e n + t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n .* P<001 A v e r s u s B , C , D .

t P < 0 0 1 E v e r s u s B , C , D ( a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ) .

W e h a v e s h o w n p r e v i o u s l y t h a t m e l a t o n i n h a s i m m u n o -

a u g m e n t i n g p r o p e r t i e s o n l y i n a n t i g e n - p r i m e d m i c e , a n i n d i c a -

t i o n t h a t a n t i g e n - a c t i v a t e d c e l l s may b e t h e t a r g e t s o f m e l a t o n i n

( M a e s t r o n i e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 b ) . W e i n v e s t i g a t e d w h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s

a n t i g e n - d e p e n d e n t a t t r i b u t e o f m e l a t o n i n w a s r e s p o n s i b l e a l s o

f o r t h e a n t i - s t r e s s e f f e c t . W e f o u n d t h a t t h i s i s i n d e e d t h e c a s e .T a b l e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e e f f e c t o f m e l a t o n i n o n t h e t h y m u s w e i g h t

o f s t r e s s e d m i c e i n o c u l a t e d o r n o t w i t h S R B C .

T h e h i s t o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e t h y m u s e s t a k e n f r o m

S R B C - p r i m e d a n d s t r e s s e d m i c e t r e a t e d w i t h m e l a t o n i n ( a ) o r

w i t h PBS ( b ) a n d f r o m S R B C - i n j e c t e d n o n - s t r e s s e d m i c e ( c ) i s

s h o w n i n F i g . 3 . I t s e e m s e v i d e n t t h a t a c u t e s t r e s s i n d u c e s a

d r a s t i c i n v o l u t i o n o f t h e t h y m i c c o r t e x a n d t h a t m e l a t o n i n d o e s

n o t p r o d u c e a r e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e t h y m u s ( a

v e r s u s b ) . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t m e l a t o n i n e x e r t s i t s a c t i v i t i e s o n

t h e t h y m i c m e d u l l a ( a v e r s u s c ) , w h i c h c o n t a i n s m a t u r e T c e l l s .

I n f a c t , t h e i n v i t r o r e s p o n s e t o t h e T - c e l l m i t o g e n p h y t o h a e -

m a g g l u t i n i n o f t h y m o c y t e s f r o m s t r e s s e d a n d m e l a t o n i n - t r e a t e dm i c e i s m o r e e l e v a t e d t h a n t h a t o f s t r e s s e d a n d P B S - t r e a t e d

a n i m a l s ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . H o w e v e r , t h i s i m p o r t a n t p o i n tc l e a r l y d e s e r v e s a d e e p e r a n a l y s i s .

I t i s w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t a c u t e s t r e s s a c t i v a t e s t h e s y n t h e s i sa n d s e c r e t i o n o f p r o - o p i o m e l a n o c o r t i n g e n e p r o d u c t s , s u c h a sACTH a n d e n d o r p h i n s , a n d t h a t t h e c o n s e q u e n t a d r e n a l

r e s p o n s e t o ACTH m e d i a t e s t h e s t r e s s - a s s o c i a t e d a t r o p h y o f t h el y m p h a t i c s y s t e m ( K e l l e y , 1 9 8 0 ) . W e h a v e r e p o r t e d r e c e n t l y t h a te x o g e n o u s m e l a t o n i n a n t a g o n i z e s t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e p r i -

m a r y r e s p o n s e t o SRBC i n d u c e d i n m i c e w h e n c o r t i c o s t e r o n e i s

a d m i n i s t e r e d i n t h e d r i n k i n g w a t e r ( M a e s t r o n i e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 b ) . W e

r e p o r t h e r e o n e x p e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h w e i n v e s t i g a t e d f u r t h e rw h e t h e r o r n o t m e l a t o n i n w a s a l s o a b l e t o a n t a g o n i z e t h er e d u c t i o n o f t h y m u s w e i g h t i n d u c e d b y p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l d o s e s

467

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G . J . M. M a e s t r o n i , A . C o n t i & W . P i e r p a o l i

T a b l e 3 . M e l a t o n i n a n t a g o n i z e s t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h y m u s w e i g h t i n d u c e d

b y c o r t i c o s t e r o n e i n m i c e i m m u n i z e d w i t h v a c c i n i a v i r u s

T h y m u s w e i g h t ( m g )

C o r t i - V a c c .

G r o u p ( n ) c o s t e r o n e v i r u s T r e a t m e n t b o d y w e i g h t ( g )

A ( 1 0 ) + + PBS 1 - 5 9 + 0 - 4 8

B ( 1 0 ) + + M e l a t o n i n 2 - 2 8 + 0 - 1 7 *C ( 1 0 ) + - PBS 1 - 6 3 + 0 4 0

D ( 1 0 ) + - M e l a t o n i n 1 6 4 + 0 - 1 6

E ( 1 0 ) - - 3 0 1 + 0 - 2 0

G r o u p s A , B , C , D were i n j e c t e d s . c . d a i l y f o r 5 d a y s a t 8 a . m . w i t h

PBS s u s pe n s i o n o f c o r t i c o s t e r o n e - a c e t a t e ( 0 5 m g / m o u s e / d a y ) . G r o u p s

A , B were t h e n i n o c u l a t e d i . v . w i t h 8 x 106 p f u o f V a c c i n i a v i r u s a t 1a . m . On t h e s a m e d a y a n d f o r 5 c o n s e c u t i v e d a y s groups B , D wer

(b) t r e a t e d s . c . a t 4 p . m . w i t h 4 0 p g / k g b . w . o f m e l a t o n i n . G r o u p s A , C wer

i n j e c t e d w i t h PBS as c o n t r o l . On t h e 5 t h d a y t h e m i c e were k i l l e d a n d

t h y m u s a n d b o d y w e i g h t m e a s u r e d .

V a l u e s are g i v e n + t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n .* P < 0 - 0 1 B versus A , C , D ( a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ) .

( C )

Figu re 3. Effect of melatonin treatmentonthe thymus of stressed mice.

The thymuses fromsomeof the mice used in the experi men ts shown i n

Table 2 werefixed in Bouin solution and processed for histology: care

wastaken to comparesimilar sections ofthe thymus.The figure showsa

representative example of the following groups: ( a ) SRBC-primed,

restrained and melatonin-treated m i c e ; (b ) SRBC-primed, restrained

and PBS-treated m i c e ; and ( c ) non-stressed, normal controls. Haema-

toxilin-eosin, m a g n i f i c a t i o n x55.

of corticosterone injected s.c. in normal and a n t i g e n - p r i m e d

mice. The results of these experiments, shownonTable 3 , fully

confirm those obtained with the restraint-stress model (Tables

and 2 ) . In fact , melatonin antagonized the effect of corticoster-

oneonthymus weight only in mice injected i L v . with 8 x106

p o c k - f o r m i n g u n i t s ( p f u ) o f V a c c i n i a v i r u s ( T a b l e 3 ) . E x p e r i -ments are now u n d e r w a y t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f m e l a t o n i n on

a n t i - v i r a l T - c y t o t o x i c responses i n v i v o .

DISCUSSION

O u r r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d p e p t i d e s t h a t a r

a s s u m e d t o b i n d t o or k - t y p e o p i o i d r e c e p t o r s are a c t i v a t e d b y

exogenous m e l a t o n i n a n d c a n c o u n t e r a c t t h e e f f e c t o f s t r e s s a n d /

or o f c o r t i c o s t e r o n e on t h e immune response a n d on t h e s i z e o

t h e t h y m u s . T h i s e f f e c t d o e s n o t seem t o d e p e n d on a d i r e cp r o t e c t i o n o f l y m p h o i d c e l l s f r o m t h e l y t i c a c t i o n o f c o r t i c o s t e r

on e ( F i g . 3 ) . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s i m p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e r e i s a d i r e cm e l a t o n i n - o p i o i d i n t e r f e r e n c e i n p i t u i t a r y - a d r e n a l m e c h a n i s m s

as w e l l as i n t h e r e c e n t l y s u g g e s t e d f e e d b a c k l o o p s b e t w e e n t h e sn e u r o e n d o c r i n e s y s t e m s a n d l y m p h o c y t e a n d / o r monocyte

p r o d u c t s ( S m i t h & B l a l o c k , 1 9 8 6 ; B e s e d o v s k y e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . Ont h e o t h e r h a n d , normal, n o n - s t r e s s e d m i c e i n j e c t e d w i t h SRBCa n d t r e a t e d w i t h m e l a t o n i n s h o w e d , as r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e

( M a e s t r o n i e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 b , 1 9 8 7 a ) , a n i n c r e a s e i n a n t i b o d y

p r o du c t i o n b u t no e n l a r g e m e n t o f t h e t h y m u s . F u r t h e r s t u d i eare n e e d e d t o d e m o n s t r a t e c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t m e l a t o n i n a c t s v i as p e c i f i c o p i o i d p e p t i d e . E n d o r p h i n s a n d e n k e p h a l i n s h a v e b e e n

r e p o r t e d t o e x er t m a n y , a l b e i t c o n t r o v e r s i a l , e f f e c t s on t h

immune s y s t e m ( P l o t n i k o f f e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . I n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s i z e o

l y m p h a t i c organs, l a r g e d o s e s o f e n k e p h a l i n s i n j e c t e d i n r o d e n tc a n i n d u c e m a r k e d c h a n g e s i n t h e s i z e o f s p l e e n a n d t h y m u s

( M u r g o , F a i t h & P l o t n i k o f f , 1 9 8 6 ) . T h e same e n k e p h a l i n s d o

n o t a f f e c t t h e p r i m a r y a n t i b o d y response t o SRBC i n m i c e

( M u r g o e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . I t i s c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t many c o n t r a d i c t o r yf i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d r e c e n t l y c a n b e e x p l a i n e d b y a c o m p l e t e

n e g l e c t o f a proper h o r m o n a l c i r c a d i a n r h y t h m i c i t y f o r t h

e x p r e s s i o n o f a n immune response. I n f a c t , we h a v e d e m o n -

s t r a t e d t h a t exogenous m e l a t o n i n h a s i m m u n o - a u g m e n t i np r o p e r t i e s o n l y i f i n j e c t e d a t a t i m e o f t h e d a y w h i c h i

s y n c h r o n o u s t o i t s e n d o g e n o u s c i r c a d i a n r h y t h m ( M a e s t r o n i ea l . , 1 9 8 7 b ) .

T h e m e l a t o n i n - o p i o i d a n t i - s t r e s s e f f e c t on a n t i b o d y p r o d u c -

t i o n a n d t h y m u s w e i g h t may r e f l e c t a p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n o

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R o l e o f t h e p i n e a l g l a n d i n i m m u n i t y . I I I . 4 6 9

m e l a t o n i n . W e h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t m i c e k e p t f o rg e n e r a t i o n s u n d e r c o n s t a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l l i g h t i n g , a

w h i c h a b r o g a t e s p i n e a l f u n c t i o n , d o n o t g r o w

a n d d i s p l a y a m a r k e d a t ro p h y o f t h e t h y m o l y m p h a t i c

( M a e s t r o n i & P i e r p a o l i , 1 9 8 1 ) . E x p e r i m e n t s t o e l u c i d a t ei m p o r t a n t p o i n t a r e i n p r o g r e s s .T h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s h a v e i m p o r t a n t i m p l i c a t i o n s b o t h a t t h e

a n d c l i n i c a l l e v e l . I n a g e n e r a l s e n s e , i t i s n o t

t h a t m e l a t o n i n , t h e p i n e a l n e u r o h o r m o n e w h i c h c o -

t h e n e u r o e n d o c r i n e r e s p o n s e o f t h e o r g a n i s m t o b a s i cv a r i a b l e s s u c h a s l i g h t a n d t e m p e r a t u r e , a l s o

s u c h a d r a m a t i c a c t i v i t y o n t h e immune s y s t e m .c a n b e c e r t a i n l y c o n s i d e r e d a s f u n d a m e n t a l c o m p o -

o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t i m u l i a n d t o r e p r e s e n t s p e c i a l( S m i t h & B l a l o c k , 1 9 8 6 ; B e s e d o v s k y e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ;e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 a ) . A n t i g e n - a c t i v a t e d l y m p h o c y t e s h a v e

s h o w n t o r e l e a s e s t r e s s h o r m o n e s , s u c h a s ACTH a n d

o r p h i n s ( S m i t h & B l a l o c k , 1 9 8 6 ) , a n d t h e m o n o k i n e I L - I h a s

d e m o n s t r a t e d t o s t i m u l a t e d i r e c t l y ACTH p r o d u c t i o n i np i t u i t a r y ( B e s e d o v s k y e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . M e l a t o n i n ma y r e p r e s e n t

c a r d i n a l m o l e c u l e w h i c h m o d u l a t e s , v i a t h e e n d o g e n o u s

s y s t e m , t h e i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i o n i n d u c e d b y i n f e c t i o u sa n d b y s t r e s s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i ds e e m s t o p l a y a k e y r o l e i n t h e c o - o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e

t o s t r e s s ( P l o t n i k o f f e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) , a n d t h e r e a r et h a t t h e n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f s t r e s s o r ' d i s t r e s s '

f r o m a n e x h a u s t e d e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d s y s t e m ( C o h e n e t

1 9 8 6 ) . M o s t i n t e r e s t i n g l y , u n e s c a p a b l e a c u t e a n x i e t y s t r e s sa s t h a t g e n e r a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n s h o w n t o l o w e r t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f m e l a t o n i n ( L i n c h & D e n g , 1 9 8 6 ) . T h u s ,

ma y p o s s e s s t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e o f r e s t o r i n g t h eo f t h e e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d s y s t e m t o c o - o r d i n a t e t h e s t r e s s

F i n a l l y , t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s f u n d a m e n t a l n e u r o -

m e c h a n i s m c a n p r o v i de t h e b a s i s f o r n e w

p r o p h y l a c t i c a n d i m m u n o - t h e r a p e u t i c i n t e r v e n -

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

t h a n k Mrs E . H e r t e n s , Dr C h a n g - X i a n Y i a n d Dr J . B a l a k r i s h n a m

s k i l l f u l t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . W e a r e a l s o g r a t e f u l t o t h e w h o l e

s t a f f o f t h e H i s t o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t o f o u r i n s t i t u t e f o r t h e i r

h e l p .T h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y t h e S w i s s N a t i o n a l fo n d s ,

n t n o . 3 . 2 6 7 . 0 . 8 5 , b y t h e G e i g y - J u b i l a u m s - S t i f t u n g a n d b y t h e B r o y e -

S t i f t u n g .

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t h e immune a n d n e u r o e n d o c r i n e s y s t e ms o p er a t es t h r o u g h common

s i g n a l m o l e c u l e s ( h o r m o n e s ) a n d r e c e p t o r s . I n : E n k e p h a l i n s a n d

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