gildenhard-zissos - procne - 2007

7/29/2019 Gildenhard-Zissos - Procne - 2007

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Barbarian variations:Tereus, Procne and Philomela in Ovid(Met. 6.412-674) and Beyond

Ingo GildenhardUniversity of [email protected]

and Andrew ZissosUniversity of California, [email protected]

Introduction: OvidsEschaton?At t p f Ctp Rmy The Last World - a novel with

an Ovidian repertoryMxmu Mu Ctt, f t fOv x pty , t v, ty fc, yt t Bck S. A um c Rm tt N v t u Tm, Ctt tm t f ut t bcm f f. At t m tm, v by t p f

Rmy Die letzte Welt. Mit einem Ovidischen Repertoire (N 988) ft

pp t Die Andere Bibliothek, t by H Mu Ezb; ct fm tE tt f J. E. W (N Yk 990). T t pubc p t t v t, cy ttu pc: , .., t ctbut Lj (2003).

Dictynna- 4 - 2007


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2 INGO GILDENHARD AND ANDREW ZISSOS

f mucpt f tMetamorphoses. F Ov, t v t, ucc V f, ct t pubc cpy f pc mtpc ft f pqu t Auutu bf t x.

If, The Last World, Rm t p f mc tyt p v ymu ty ffct tt buuccy,t ppv f t cpt f t t t m tm-p Tm. Lct t m f , t t f, ft y f btt f t . T v ccCtt vtu t ty m f m cc cy. Atft Rmy ptt t z tt t pcu v-

mt f Tm t fmt f Ov ty mt v cmt f m ft t t t pp ffct.2 Tu fft tv t m uu Ov ppc, Ctt bcm vuty cct t mytc tv f t pm puu.T qut f Ov pc by uc utv tm Pyt, N fm vt, t t- Ec, t -p-p pkp Fm bcm cy fz ut Ctt f b by t puv f cm-m . Oy cpt fft, t t f t bk, c Rmyvt t pcu k f cty, t tumup Ctt vtu ct t t m f Ov myt.3

T ctyt f t mmt f vt c cut tt bbtv p f Ov t. Jut t pu Ctt bt p f v t mutc puzz p by t vu cdramatis personae, ccty t t ff f t tbutc Tu yfuct u, cy m tTu, Pc Pm p fMet. 6. I Rmy k- f t uy t mt um t f Ov pc, cctbcm ptcpt-bv m quc vv p, mut-

t, ftc, cbm. Bf Ov t tub mt- b cpcuy by Attc Rm pyt;4

2 Sm f t cct Ctt cut tzt f Ov myt (Lyc,t f, Ac, t f-mut v); t ttxtu yb uc D: Rmy f t mt fm Gmy, t u t Pu C ut pty

Auctz ymptmtc f t v pv tv t.3 S Fum (994), t pxc vct f t fu t t f Ct

ty (Dt, Jumt, Hv, H) t tt f k f umtt m.4 T bc mt f t Ov v pp t v b pt y H

(f. 32 MW) pp v Hm (Od. 9.58-23, , v, t u mbuu:t Sct c. mt m ctc ut cct ftc). But t myt v-ty cv t cc p-Ov tcut t Spc Tereus, ty tt uvv ubtt fmt (ufuy yz by Ftzptck [200]). T myt ppu tRm tt : Accu Tereus(pbby m t m tt f t Spc py)m t v b t fvt f t t pubc (Ot [966], 377; cf. Cc.Att. 6.2.3 6.5.). S Cm (977) Ecl. 6.78 m y Czz (950-).


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BARBARIAN VARIATIONS 3

Ctt ct t t , pppty, mmt f ucty. T ftct ck m ut f u, pmpt c f tm- ()cu c u t pcb anagnorisis. Cttb t ut tt t f t pm t f t uvct, tt t ty cm f t txt k t cv fct cum tfct t v f bb m t. Wtct ty vt t mut my, Ctt z tt t yy t mt t pt t t pm, ccpt t ty c b tcpt t cp pt f tMetamorphoses cv tt c t qu cp tt

Rmy Tm.5 I t y cft umt, Ctt tump t ymb f t ct f , ct by ut f c t t tty mpp ut by t txt.

A Rmy cumt tu t t Metamorphoses, Cttcqut f mtty ff u t Ov pt, c v t ut pt tu t vtcpt f pm, fm f mmtty pct cut mm tmv txt.6 Yt t f The LastWorld tc t t ubty f mtptc ptct.

W t ttxtu pas de deux t t tumpt sphragisf tMetamorphosesmy b ttcy ctt, t ct mtfy- ubtxt. Uk Ov pu, c tu t v (Met.5.875-6 super astra ferar), Rmy p t ct uttt ky but t t. Of t Ov myt ttmt v t Ctt t t ty, Rmy ptf t f uy tqu vy. T cc ut tt, Rmy v, t mt pfu ut f Ov k v fm c cut t t mt ffv f t-

y ft. I The Last World, t v f xpcb butttu ut t b ty cttc tt t t t Ctt tt t bk f ty f ty; but t fct tt pc tm ctt up t vcu xpc f cptc vcpuc tub cu f pv k (t p-tt f) bbty.

5 S t vy fThe Last World: O t Ctt t t mut ty cpt t yt cv ... H u t u b m b ft , tc y t yb. W tpp t ctc bt, t t ty u tv ck, Ctt mtm fu t yb t t t, , Here!t c f ut cm bck t m. F t vbt fm t bk fm m.

6 Ov ccu k ftf :Met. 5.878-9 ore legar populi, perqueomnia saecula fama / (siquid habent veri vatum praesagia) vivam. F pcptv cu f Ovpu t mtty Hktz (998), 88-90.


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Gv t v b ty , t ptmy mk. Aft , Rmy t mut t t f tMetamorphoses t bk pt f Ov Tristia Epistulae ex Ponto. T f- ccttc f t discors machinatt ut fm t fu fOv pc t x pty btt t, p buty tuctv p, -pv f m mmpmbty t p uff qut pt fm t fqutcc t tt v cmc bckp t t um pt.Sm , t, tt Rmy u tu t um menage trois f Tu t t ut f P t t ky t

ut Ov ty mt. H pcyptc v cc tu t ppc f Tu vctm, tycttut cumt mmt f The Last World.

It m ffcut t vk t k f fuct umt txp t pc f uc tub mt t Metamorphosestf. T pc pty t t ccttcy Ov qu-t f tt t, y, fu um tt Rmy ytmtcy xpu fm Ov pty. Ev t pf Tu, Pc Pm, mt m t -mtc

t t c ubjct mtt, tytc pt f t c.7

I ttt f Wt ttu, y Amy Rc pp, [Ov]fuc b t, yt v ftm ctc fu ptytub bcu f t y pp t t ufuy ccum-tc.8 Wt Sc Qut, Ov t ttyctc, ft u m ut t um t ptymy ff t t t f ttc ppty m ubjct f bt. Yt f f ctt fm b -mk f Ov ptc, tt t t v m ctt t cpt f txt.

It t t tt ctc t t pbm, tv ft ctv pbt. TheLast World but f um-u ct t t f ty mt t tp tt cu Ct Ty Philomena et Progne, CucLegend of Good Women, G Confessio Amantis, Gc TheComplainte of Phylomene.9 Pyt ptcu v mbc tpt f tMetamorphoses my tb uc f pt.A t fct mut f c t Wt t k bck tt b f t u f Tu. Ov t pt, f t tfons

7 S G Z (999), 64-70.8 Rc (992), 58; cf. S (994).9 Cuc: LGW7.58-64; G: Confessio Amantis5.555-6074. Ot y ctbu-

t t t ptc tt cu Dt Purg. 9.3-5 Ptc pm Solo e pensoso.


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et origo, t t cuc tbuty t ttc tt tt cctf, ft bv t, t t pfmc f um tc-t.0 Skp bv , but Sc, G C, mcty, Tmbk Wtbk S K (m t) vk Ov v f t Tu myt. Fm t pt f vf cpt, t pt f t Metamorphoses cqu ctypttu, mt f t Wt t t b f At mt t tm f vt t.2

T pv tt t ty f cpt cc t Ov Tu,Pc Pm cc t t pc pc t ty t tv cmy f tMetamorphoses. It tt Ov cyxp t ty tmtc z f pm, f ut ,tub pbt t v f ptc tpy. T p- mk ft fm t m f (v) myt, c ct cb t t Oymp dramatis personae, t t f umptc, by fft ct, tt, cutu t t f ccy.3 T tt f c pcpt:T ft fm ty f t t ty f um py pc , t Gk mt my. It u cmpx ft c v cmpt y m p t mfct.4 T t tu mk, ptt ctc vc cumt c ut, pcfc t t vut f t cm ( Ov txtu uv) t pt tRm. I t fc fu f At cutu Tc bbty, t ctbut t t by uftt t f Gk cvz-t tt b tmtc cc f t Metamorphoses.5

I t f, fcu fu tt ftu f Ov txttt v ttct t ttt f ubqut tt, but v yt t f

fu ckmt ppct t scholarlyttu:6 ()

0 T cc tuy Atu (938); m cty C (990) t ct-but Rm (99).

Skp, Titus Andronicus, t Bt (993) (995); Sc, Thyestes, tSc (2003); C, Procne (427); Wtbk, The Love of the Nightingale (989); K,Cleansed(998).

2 W t t xp t ty f cpt m t ubqut tc.3 T p p utvy t t v f Attc by upcf f

my (6.422-3, cu fut b, . 8), t ft cct ttmt f um f t pm.

4 Hub (ftcm). S fut Cy (989); F (992) (997); Gz Hub (2005).

5 S G Z (2004).6 F t mtc pcp J (97), xv ( Vt Scftt

[tt] uf tfft Dutu Ub), t uptcuz fc tKt Hmbu, mt ky Hmbu (965); my Mt (993).


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fu f t; (2) ptc f pv; (3) ttc fvc; (4) tpy f cutu.

1. Hell on earth

T ft f fMet. 6 ctu t mt tm f t pv-u bk: putv ct tk by Oymp t t ybtcum. Mv tfm Ac (6.-45), Ap Dbv ptfy Nb (6.46-32), Lt tu t Lyc p-t t f (6.33-8); Ap k My (6.382-400).7 Aft

mu tu ftu bf ccut f Pp (6.40-), t -tv um t Tu At, cty v yb tt. T tt pt f Bk 2 cyc fktisis, t cptc bt f Mv tpty t Acp tt pm cmptt t P fv pt f t cty. But t p tmytc , Ov mv f tm: pt-tctu, Tu t v v t cty fm bb v-.8 T fc t um ptc cc t ft tuptu m f Ov tv. Tu my tc bck t M, but t p t Oymp t , f t fttm tMetamorphoses, m cpcuu by t bc.9

Ot v fc tk t pc. W t pt fcu um b tct t c t, Ov cu bt xpct mpct fc t t Fu t tv ttc, vt u ttpt t t f Tu, Pc, Pm fu f t. T ft ppc ptcu, c ccu t cyupcu cpt f t bt Tu Pc, pmmtc fc:

non pub Iu,non Hymu t, non Gt ct;Eumenidestu fc fu pt,Eumenidestv tum, tctqu pfucubut bub tmqu cum t.hac avecuct Pc Tuqu, pthac aveut fct. tt t cct

7 Sptct ttmt f t tv ttc cu Fy (993), 90-4 Ac; F Jm (2004) My.

8 T vct f cfct bt utf bb my fm c t cuu; Ap. 3.4.8 mk At t Lbcu, k f Tb, t cc ft c t Tu.

9 Ev Ov t f Tu v ptty tMet. 6.427 et genus a magno ducentemforte Gradivo mt m quvc t, .., Hy. Fab. 45.


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Tc, qu p t mqu,quaquet t c P t tyquaquet tu Ity, ftm u vc:uqu tt utt! ...(Met. 6.428-38)

T p, t t qu-tpc (cv by t pfEumenides, hac ave quaque, t pt by c, tccu m usque adeo latet utilitas!mk ff t pu fmt ctu t) c t p f ym.20 I ffct, Ov ct t pc tv fmt vct f t Eum,fu v f Hymu Ju pronuba.2 Rtt t tt, t t Fu v v cp, pv t cbt t bt f Ity.22 T tyzquc tu ff c vtmt f t um tu ttv pty tk: fm t vy b, t t ttc f t but t.

I t t t Eum, t pc f t bubo ut tt but t bk Ov tv. T u f t t ptt c t t pvu bk, Pp

tfm Acpu t bubo c ( y ) ttf t cumpt f t pmt. T fmut profanam avem(5.543-4) c t 6.43-2 profanus bubo (ctu byhac ave,hac ave 433-4); t ccu f t p pfu tb t Tu p:foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus,/ ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen (5.549-50). T bubo, b ttcm t b , , t t t t ct, c-ct t v um uff.23

20 S N (93), 43-76.2 CttMet. 4.758-9 taedas Hymenaeus Amorque/praecutiunt(Pu Am)

2.25 ecce canunt Hymenaeon (Ptu Hppm) tu bt vvt vc bf c tfcty ccu. T y utub u v c t xpcty p tMetamorphoses tt bt Ip (tu t m jut tm) It (9.796-7) c, v, t t ty f Opu Euyc, u ttHymu ub t b (0.-8).

22 T pttpronubaf Ju yy t Metamorphoses, cu y c(9.762), Tpu, ck but t mmt m-x m f c-ut Ip, y. Gratiay ccu . F t t f m y Ov. Her. 2.7 pronuba Tisiphonet Kx (995), 33 tc t bck t

Ju cu A t Lv, ct V.Aen. 7.39 Bellona manet te pronuba. F tpv f Gk ty, Sf (987); f t mptt t Rm pc vAct puut ftty f v, H (993), 90. Fut mt cct by F (2003),3-2 [S.] Oct. 23-4: illa, illa meis tristis Erinys/ thalamis Stygios praetulit ignes.

23 S t ppc funereus bubo t 0.452-3 (jut bf My ct) Stygius bubo t 5.79 (C t); cf. V. Aen. 4.462 solaque culminibus feralicarmine bubo (t Sv. c.: solact u put ... f vm); Ibis223-4 sedit in


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Aft t xpct vct, t Fu ctu t t ub-mt fm. Tu tuut Tu ty At, m f f,b bu mt t tv.24 A f t m v,tuy, t ffty t t mtc f f v: Cup t tt vctm f; yt ty fu t t m f H.Tc ptcu t ccttc ccutmt f t Fu,25jut t mpcptb ftt f t m t fy p- t tctv mu p. A ttxtu cct tV Aeneid f Ov fmmty p v ubttt fc t k. Fm 6.465-6 (et nihil estquod non effreno captus amore / ausit, nec capiunt inclusas pectora flam-mas) t pp tt Am tk ct f Tu. But t p k bck t Amt cut t Act Aeneid7, tLt qu y uccumb t t Fuy t p: necdum animustoto percepit pectore flammam, y V t pt t -utpc (Aen. 7.356). By c t y t V ttxt,Ov ppp tc m t ut, mk ctt t vt fc t Tu bt b t t pf Am t U.

T ptt f f ctmt vt t typcu f vc t Tu. If At t Fu ut pc u v f tc furor, Tc ty tk cvb Dyc vy. Pc t ut t cu t u t f Bccc ftvt:26

Tmpu t qu c t ttc BccSt cb uu: nox conscia sacris.noctet Rp ttbu cut;

nocteu t m qutbu tutufurialiaque accipit arma...cct p v tub cmtt uumterribilisPcfuriisque agitata doloris,Bcc, tu simulat...(Met. 6.587-96)

adverso nocturnus culmine bubo, / funereoque graves edidit ore sonos: t m cu.24 Met. 6.455-7, 460, 466, 480, 490-3 t Kuf (997), 67.25 Met. 4.48-2 Tisiphone ... sumit ... facem; 508-9 tum face iactata per eundem saepius

orbem / consequitur motis velociter ignibus ignes.26 T Bccc t Pc Bccc u pp t v ftu Accu v

(Acc. f. 647 W t Dbv [993], 206), cu utmty v fm Spc. If , tOv ccptuzt f t mt ( pp tt f t tvfuct) u b t t v p f.


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T Dy mu uqutby ptt tu m txtu cu f t u f ubu fm vc.I, Eup Bacchaeupp pt tc pm f t t uf, bv t tuz mu mmbmt f by mt.27 But t u Av f cy fm t yp-c-cu Pc. A m ptt mtc pcu Eup Medea, pymu t Pc t bt cc fftc vc t pbt pu t pctcc tt fctt ffc.28 Mv, tu Pc

up m t c, Ov mk c tt Bccccty f, v, c, t v f pt, my cc tt , t v f ptc, ct t pc f fft tv fc: t Fu. T ctu tt utv tf, t mt nocte noctec t tp p tt t cpt.29 But t c uv tu t tf ctxt fAeneid7 tt v t pt m:

H ub ququm ct xpt Ltumct t vt, ptuqu vc pum

serpentis furiale malum ttmqu pt,tum v fxingentibus excita monstrismmm mfuritlymphatap ubm...qu tm v simulato numine Bacchimu t f mmqu fumvt, t tm f mtbu bt,qu tmum pt Tuc tqu mtueuhoe Bacchefm ...

tm t v, t t fumm Act stimulis agit undique Bacchi.(Aen. 7.373-7, 385-9, 404-5)

27 Cuy (997) ut tt Ov pv vb mcc f Eu. Bacch.8-20 Ity mt cymater! mater!t 6.640.

28 S Nm (994), 37-8.29 T Fu t ffp f Nt (Met. 4.45-2 sorores / Nocte ... genitas, grave et

implacabile numen; cf. Ac. Eum. 034 o; i [i, t F [968]) tcy quf t p v pt f mut tt u um b tk f cmp. Apppty, Ov, t t cuc juctu, f t cctbt tt f m. Cmmt Tu tfu pfmc c m ct tP Pm, t pt xcm:pro superi, quantum mortalia pectora caecae / noctis habent!(6.472-3) - c fc t t Hv t p t k tv cmfm H. A t t f t p, Tu c f y t , Ov yybv tantaque nox animi est(6.652).


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W t v vk t Dyc fzy f t tc tt ct ty tu t tc cpt,30 t t fuy Act ct t Bccc utc ctvt. S tmut Amtt ct ut t f m. T mut f Dyc bvv m f bt I Atm tc u Met. 4 Pc tcky Met. 6.3 H kfuy Ov Pc tt Bccc u my b fm Bm cuf Pc furialia arma (6.59). T ftb Ov cm-mtt t tt p t Ov furialis u y fc tt Fu, tt t pt p v ppty uqu

tfc t tfuror bacchantium.32 But t ttxtu mtt V Amt c ct m cmpx tt f ff. BtV Ov ( Ov v V) tk up pfu Attc ty, my t cft f Bccc fu, cmft tf uc fmut Bcct fm H, qut but t f cm p. T cft t tccu t pc cptc vc, uc ftc, ttu mu f c, t-mt ut, cbm, by v t t mt f t f c Dyu

pp t tk pbty.33 T uvv tc cpt tt xpt cfut mt tty Eup Hecuba, py t c-cty t Tc.34

A t tv p, Pc Pm bcm c-y mt t Fu. Oc ut, ty fm ut ttm t v cm cmmtt t t fmy y p-

30 S .. Pc. 422-3 R2Flexanima tamquam lymphata aut Bacchi sacris / commota, cp Ctuu cpt f m t 64.254-5 (Quae tum alacres passim lymphata mente fure-bant / Euhoe bacchantes, euhoe capita inflectentes.) uy V m .

3 Tp tvt Met. 4, c t t Bccc fzy f I Atm,ct tf m fm Ju: euhoe Bacche! sonat: Bacchi sub nomine Iuno / risit et hos usus

praestet tibi dixit alumnus!(4.523-4). Imuc Ju pt m up t xmpf Dyu, t p tu ff ty f t cft f ty, pc, , tu- cfut tt ut muc Sv Lt pty. It t t fut mccf t I Atm p tt fc t mu f t Tu, Pc Pmt: 4.502 caecae oblivia mentis~ 6.472-3 quantum mortalia pectora caecae / noctis habent; 4.504aere cavo (t pt c Tp b pu t) ~ 6.645 cavis aenis(t pt c Pc b up Ity); 4.503 caedis amorem 506 furiale venenum ~ 6.657 sparsis furialecaede capillis; 4.57 bracchia tendentem (Lcu c ut t muu ft) ~ 6.639 ten-dentemque manus(Ity c ut t muu mt); 4.47 in facinus traherent Athamanta

furores 52furibundus~ 6.480 ciboque furoris 595 furiisque agitata doloris.32 Bm (969-86) Met. 4.506.33 S Sc (988), pcy 24-5. Mm (995), 90 . 56. F t f t

fu Gk ty, p. Acyu, Wt-Im (980), 206-9.34 Sc (988). I fct, Ov mf, cut t ft f Hcub bk 3,

k Tu Pymt by u f t ptt Odrysius(6.490 3.554, t y tccuc t pm).


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BARBARIAN VARIATIONS

czt f t Eum. T tfmt t Pmtumpt ppc bf t f Tu, tcy cfm mmz buty t t b f t p: sicut eratsparsis furiali caede capillis, / prosiluit(6.657-8). Tu vct f tky St (vipereasque ciet Stygia de valle sorores, 6.662) tfky c.35 Ov, cmpt m. Gv tt tt tuctu f tv ym ct t tptt vt vct ty ccu vct, t t pf Tu, Pc, Pm bcm mt k ymc c-bt f t p f t Eum.

Fut vct f t bv, ft cmb t v ppt bt u vt t t tc tm f um mpv-c, fm t cutpt t t pvv fuc f t p minences grises. Tu, t t b f t t, t bttf Tc t z tt vt v b t mt tt ut upkb uff. I t c, ty cbt t f Tu Pc t bt f Ity t tkv tt . Lt , bt t pt (6.472-3) P (6.499) vkt p bv t fm cy cmmt t bt

tt f m tt tt cct.36 But t mt tkpp b t Pm. Aft t p c f vc f ct cu tt mk t puttv cmc ct-t up Tu pumt:37

tm c up cut, um vumut qu, put m mcum,qucumqu m p b

v cu tb,mpb v t cc x mvb.

35 I, cu u tt Tu my pt ct f vct pfm by Pm v tu, mumu t t k t (6.558 ipsa [sc. lingua]iacet terraeque tremens immurmurat atrae) ut vct f t m f t u.T mp fc by t u fater, tt pc fft t t tm: Bm (969-86) 3.63 t fut ttu. Lk, t ubqut m ttcmp t tu t t ttc t f bct k (Met. 6.559-60) tb cct t v f my. Sk t mt cvt ty ccutmt f tEy, Ov Fu ptcuy -: .. 4.454 deque suis atros pectebantcrinibus angues; 474-5 Tisiphone canos, ut erat, turbata capillos / movit et obstantes reiecit ab ore colu-bras; 49 nexaque vipereis distendens bracchia nodis; 495-6 inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues /

pestiferaque manu raptos immisit. S fut Rc (992), 64.36 S bv . 29.37 T futty f pp t t bv y ct t 6.525-6, Ov,

t ytctc juct, Pm vb ptt u t p v t btvbut:frustra clamato saepe parente, / saepe sorore sua, magnis super omnia divis.


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ut c t, t u uu t.

(Met. 6.542-8)

Wt Pm uff by t cp f tcy: tu t mpy t jutc f t , but t vy xtc. Fm pt f v, Tu ut tk pcyptc m: vy-t (omnia) t tk; but t v m t Tu pcbuty t c vctm. Pm tu bcm m uv f ; t vctm t jut f Tu, but f t uc cm c vy pc ft.38

T bc f Oymp t tuut t p,but m tky t t t ccu. Ov cumtmtmp (6.667-73) u-tm t pct t tv cvt t t qut by y f t ptt, ttbut t pcfc uptu cy t bmytpc tt. I t ccut, t tfmt ttb-ut t pty t p t t py f P ut,f Tu muu t, v f t mtmp tv t mutu t (Sp. f. 58.9-0 Rt).39 Aptz,

Pc t b t mt v Ity.40

T uc c-c umt tc mpt Ov: deus ex machinapp t t u uc tt m pv. Tmtmp ft umtvt bt t v t umv, tu Pc fv mk by cm (6.669-70) v pty xpc ctt. Ay fc t t ft t, c ut (cu Spc) tpt Pc f , cpcuuy bt fm tv.4Ev b, Tu t t t cut ymc f p-

ptu, um tty.

42

T fc t k tMetamorphoses38 A F (2003) [S.] Oct. 9-3 bv, t cy tt xt

vu vtu typcy tc (pcy Eup) cmt, puc bycct uff bu jutc.

39 Dv cmp ftu t Hy. Fab. 45; cf. Ap. 3.4.8.40 T pct Eup: cf. Mm (995), 20 ( t bc f deus ex

machina t Hecuba): Eup t t t ty py; t mbtt, cfu , t f t ctty c tpy u vtuc, v m t m; t t f um cfu ubt, t y t mt t f v t k, t m f umt vyu t tt pt f t py.

4 I fct Ov v pcfy c t bcm t t c t - ( mtt c t cfu t tt: Bm [969-86] c.).

42 T tfmt c tt f Ac, k t -m t-mt ft u mtmp ty u-p (Met. 6.36 atque ita vivequidem, pende tamen, inproba dixit [sc. Minerva]; cf. 6.667-8 corpora Cecropidum pennis pendere

putares: / pendebant pennis!).


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v t c, but t utv mp f ut (neque adhuc de pectore caedis / excessere notae, signa-taque sanguine pluma est, 6.669-70) vc (prominet immodicumpraelonga cuspide rostrum, 6.673). T f cupt cmpt tfm xtmt by pt t pmtu t f t tckP:

Hc t m qu xtm cttmp Tt P mt umb.

(Met. 6.675-6)

T btt f t t tk umt, ff cty ut f b vt v um ff.43I t t t uptu v f by t Fu, t tcmc by mp cuty f cm pumt tut tb pc f cc. T t f t U uc f tv y f pcu pty t VAct, uby t ft fu f pu v Rm ttu.44 Butt t Ov bt f t V t t f Tu,Pc Pm tt t ccpt f t mt cctt

ut tcut.

2. A poetics of perversion

I t 980 90, v p up cp tMetamorphoses, mt ctc mvmt tt mt b bt fmm vutz ccpt f Ov ty ttyby xp ptct f, bv , , u, tv tcqu.45 F t ft tm, t t ( u)bt cmpt c fc, Ov cmpx cmpv

tk f u t Gk Lt ty pc, ct mut f t pc tv vc cv t tttty v.46 Nt vy p by t mp fm.I v f Stp H The Metamorphosis of Persephone, WmA tt tt t t puu t f-ccu Ov tty pmmtc pt, b t c u. Bcu ft mt ucc f t puut, pp u z tt c f Ov m uy t ctu Rm ,

43 Ev Rmy The Last World, t tfmt f t t um b tb pv cc cu t t cptc vc.

44 S m y Tm (993).45 F fmm G Z (999).46 Ey mptu f t ctc mvmt cm fm t m tu f Kx (986)

H (987).


14/25


qut but Auut vu, xp t tc fu f v, vk u ympty t um f.47 Fm mtcpt f v, f cu, t t ppc t mutuy xcuv: p c b c t pmmtc, ttxtu, c -tu t ff mtt um xpc.48 T ttuvu f ctmy tt ut A utmty futptpc tvt pv t . Itty, tu, t fmt mvmt yt t pp t t Tu, Pc Pm p. Sc yz t tpy f cmpt cmt, ppc tt k f Ap Dp, D

Pp, Pypmu Gt, v y t c ft pt f t pm.49 But , t, m fmt pb myp t puc Ov ttc tty.

Omnia turbasti (6.537): Pm uccct ummt f tmc cquc f Tu butty cc t t pfm tmtc utk. I t y t f t umv tv, Ov py ptc f pv pxtt cp t cmpmt pcu tpy. TMetamorphoses , t b u, pm tt pty pb t- t puttv cvt f t pc . It tmk pt t tc cu ptt f tc pcmt ttt t but tty f c mt tv . But tTu, Pc, Pm p ff mt m c: tmfct f t c ytm ty u t mp ut ttv pc f tMetamorphoses, tv ctc c pc c mt tt pvt t.

I t ft pt f t t, Ov t mpbby fu pty f mtf fm c pt.50 Up tt y Pm, Tu mtt t tc p; t cu f t

ubqut tv t P, tut cuct cfmt vc t ft tArs Amatoria.5 H t mpu t bb

47 A (989), 358.48 F fut cu f t pt, G Z (997).49 Ap Dp: Nc (980); D Pp: H (987); Pypmu

Gt: F (992). A J Hub m u, t tpy f tc pc mtf (t t f x ctu pc p py by fft m) f cu Hm.

50 Jcb (984) t tt t Tu Pc p tt mtf myfm tt f Ap Dp; f u y t cuc pt pt fm t ctxtu-zt f t mtf tv mu t mk c fft f t p, f c , .., G Z (2000).

5 T c vy m tu cmp t Accu ccut f Tu t-tu bb v (f. 639-42 W): Tereus indomito more atque animo barbaro / conspexitin eam; amore vecors flammeo, / depositus, facinus pessimum ex dementia / confingit. T ffc ttmt t m fct tt Ov u pp t b pt Accu : Cu (98), 2725.


15/25


Pm u cmp52 tu, uk t py-pc-persona f t Ars Amatoria, ctmpt bby mvc.53 I cc tc b t m ct uf Pc ty tmt, Tu pt t pcb Ovm.54 A jut Ov pm (A.A. .609-0), t mttbb fm Tc x qut:facundum faciebat amor(6.469).Tu bt tc pfmc t t (addidit et lacrimas,6.47), c cc t Ov pcpt.55 A fy pju mf tc puut (6.506), Ov p utz-t f uc cuct m t v t .56 But t tt

tc-c cu tt fm t pt f t tv cy ct by u xu vc.Up c Tc, Tu xuty xcm vicimus! (6.53),

mbz mty mtp ft u tc ctxt.57 Tppct f mty my tmy t t ff f v cttutv ftu f Rm v y, ctbut, t tcmpmty ty mtp fservitium amoris, t t cm-px tc y.58 H, v, t ubqut tv mkc, Tu, f M, cctz t mtpc cu fmilitiaamoris, uc t ubt ctc f v pty t mptc(pc) butty. Gc c ctu t t m f t (6.56-8), c t ctyp t Iliad(22.306-

52 Cf. Met. 6.46-3 impetus est illi comitum corrumpere curam / nutricisque fidem, nec noningentibus ipsam / sollicitare datis totumque inpendere regnum tA.A. .35-5 sed prius ancillam cap-tandae nosse puellae / cura sit: accessus molliet illa tuos ... hanc tu pollicitis, hanc tu corrumpe rogando .

53 Cmp A.A. .399-42 Ov cu t t ty y fm pttv t, uc bty, fct xptu mt b c f, t Tu t t km (totum impendere regnum,Met. 6.463).

54 Cf. A.A. .489-90 neve aliquis verbis odiosas offerat auris, / qua potes, ambiguis callidusabde notis.

55 Cf.A. A. .659-60 et lacrimae prosunt; lacrimis adamanta movebis: / fac madidas videat,si potes, illa genas.

56 Cf. A. A. .633-6 Iuppiter ex alto periuria ridet amantum / et iubet Aeolios inrita eferreNotos. / per Styga Iunoni falsum iurare solebat / Iuppiter: exemplo nunc favet ipse suo. Tt c c- tc ctxt uccptb pc . Wt Ac, t ctyp pc ,tk but uc tc f upcty t ctxt f mby, tt cy t Oyu,

Ajx Px t mby-c f ct pc, Il. 9.32-3 (F tfu my y, v t t f H, tt m t m y t). S fut

Ac. f. 609 Mtt, f t t fft p f t p, pv Tu ub tu bty f ttc u.

57 S Bm (969-86) c. Vicimus xcmt f tc tump, uby t xuy v Smc mmt f tump t Hmptu tMet. 4.356,k bck t Pp. .8.28.

58 Cf. Tm (964), 54: Tbuu Pptu ft v t tp t fu -fcc ty mtp tt t cct tm But t Ov yut t mtp pfct t, v t pyfu ctt vt t f tt mty t p t pt. O t cu f Rm vy, Ky (993).


16/25


).59 T Hmc p tt t cmbt f Ac Hct;Ov pp t t Tu t v p vctm. Aft t p,Pm b qut t f m Tu t b-t pt (6.527-30).60 Pvck ty um up t mpt f tytm f my: Lk t pc t bttf, Tu ttPm my t b vcm.6

A t t c pv ctu. W t butzPm tt t c Tu ut t t , cut ut tu:

x mct utm u,p ct tqu tm mmumut t,utqu t mutt cu cub,pptt t m m vt qut.

(Met. 6.557-60)

T v tu u b t m t Hmc bttf,62but utty pppt tc ctxt. I t f tArs Amatoriacmmuct bt v, ft mumu, t-

pc up mutuy pub x. T tqu m ft ct tu, ttc py t u mumut t bck t (terraeque tremens immurmurat atrae) tu m pv ubttut f t tc .63 Rmcc f ctmy (dominae, vestigia) fc t pt.64 At t f tft mvmt, t, t pc c t t mutuy cm-pm cupt. T f mtf fm t Ars Amatoria k mpc tcktk f Ov fvu ty pt.A v t btuy put tv vc t ut

Tu, ft t mutt, ctu t p vctm.65

59 S Pvck (99), 47 . 0.60 T tm f cmp v pcu mt pc. Cmp, f xmp,

Ac puut f Hct t Hm. Il. 22.39-42 ( fc t mut, ftt f ctu, p ty ft tmb v: f bf m, , by, t t t c, t b m z ) ubqut mk tt v mbv t f cc, but v-m ctuy t t t... (22.263-4).

6 Pvck (99), 36, k Tu mppct fvirtus t Sxtu Tquuut Luct t Fasti.

62 Cf. t cpt f Dm p v Pu tu t Il. 5.292-3, mby Fc (956), 23-4 t b typc Hmc tuc f Scmu.

63 Cmp t p t cmx:A.A. 2.723-4 accedent questus, accedet amabilemurmur / et dulces gemitus aptaque verba ioco A.A. 3.795-6 nec blandae voces iucundaque murmuracessent/ nec taceant mediis improba verba iocis.

64 Pvck (99), 40.65 Exp v t ut pt vix ausim credere(6.56).


17/25


3. An aesthetics of revenge(and metapoetics of literary emulation)

Gc uptu vt t c f f t t, c tc c tt ptt t b up Ov ub-qut t f M.66 Lk M, Pc cut uytc mm, t v t m f (f) ub t mt tmt. Lk, v t butc Ity tmpy k by ck tut cc. But Pc t tc cc f t t ub,

k up Pm, cm t t c, uc t pfu ut-p tt ctt mut t ptt ,cumt t pxc zt scelus est pietas in coniuge Terei(6.635).67 N cc c pc uty, muIty tu f tut v vt y (6.642).

I t pt f t tv t c f v ct tmtcpccupt. I c t pcu ymc f t Tu t,t pfu t tu bt t fm f v: tt tt pcp ftalio ( y f y) ub pybck (t yf y, t ). T c f t ius talionis cv mp -cu t ttu v ty.68 Rt fuy ck- t fct tt, ct tut, t ymmty f qu pybckmy b bfc, muc mu ct tbu-t ff m f cfct ut tt ct t c mf v.69 T ppt v ct: t v t up p, tut tt b t ptt f futvc, c, f t ctu t f t pcp f ub pybck vtuy ut mu. A E F bv, D Pzp bbtu m Vtu-Et ft utmtc zu but-

Kfkt, v Btt ct m tzut , v Dtt bt m.70

C t t, t t f Tu, Pc Pmt ut f t uqu cmbt f pv ymmty tkct. Pc cm f vc vv ub tty tt

66 Lmu (990), 3-4; N (997), 92-5.67 Sm px t 3.5facto pius et sceleratus eodem; 7.339 his ut quaequae pia est horta-

tibus inpia prima est; 9.407-8 ultusque parente parentem / natus erit facto pius et sceleratus eodem.68 K (996) ff ufu vv.69 F (998), 05-6, ccu tt [] T t mc v m z-

c Mckt, Vtu zuz, Gmcft ct fc.

70 F (998), 07. H t t c vc f t ub pybck p-cp Gk f tut, fm H. Op. 709- t t cut pc f fut-ctuy

At, t tpc pmt (08-).


18/25


cv k f ymbc pty t fmk f ct t-but. Bf cu Pc tv f ymmty, t b pfut mtt b pcp f pm tt ut tt p.7 Dv Lmu my b cvty qut :72

T mt f t tut m vy c A Tuflagrat(460), Pc ardet (60). T k f Ity (furiali caede, 657)tky c Tu ttmt f Pm t : Pc Ity ff t mt pt f t u, k t t f, jut Tu tk Pm t cu pt, k f t mb t v; Pc t c cy f mater, mater(640),

jut Tu p ttt t Pm p t ft tt ; Pc k t c t (ense ferit, 64) jut Tucut ut vctm tu ense fero (557). Pm t t Ity tt(643), ct c c Tu cm pu ut , Pm ff m tt, p f t (543-4).Fy, Pc xbt crudelia gaudia(653) t tump v Tu(mf cb crudelis).

Wt t v qubum Pc cft t pbm f t mt ut ftt pumt t Tu f p mutt

t. But t cm t xu vc, t fm f t pc t mt f vt, pcy Ov Metamorphoses: y f t ffty- p t pc pptt by m. I c- pt, Pc ty p t bvu pbt fctmy, b ctt (6.66-7, qut b). But futctmpt t tt m pt f v tt t t f pty. By ty ptt Tut cv futv p c, k t cm, t fm t t cfu, fmz

tquy mpt tfu pu. Pc tu pintus habes, quem poscis(6.655) t Tu quy t t -but tmt tt fu y t py Tu bck k.T c b fmut m pcy: Tu t t ft p t p by ptt by ut fmy mmb.Ity tmbmt t by f pt t mt tfyy

7 T p mft cpcuu ymmty tv tuctu. Aft t p-u, c mk ff tytcy fm t t f t ty, t bc tv mvmtf. T ft tt Tu butzt f Pm; t c, cy pt tm tt tmp mct t 6.57 signa deus bis sex acto lustraverat anno pv t cutpt c Pc xct tbut.

72 Lmu (990), 33-4. It my b t pt ut t tt Ity ffct-t pt t Pc c Pm t ft t t b f t ty(6.624-8 475-9 pctvy). S G Z (999), 64-70 f fut fmymmt t ft c f f t t: Pc tt ty.


19/25


ymmtc vc tt t t cu v vt up t c-tuu pt. Acc t t mtc cmy tt v t p,Pc cv fttquid pro quo f t vt f t.A ffmt f ptc jutc tu cy t k Pc ct-mt f tbut, Tu btuy tcut Att t cu Tc mt v tt Pm ptyuct: omnia turbasti.

At t m tm, t ymmty cy c t fvc (fm p t mu, c tm f utty ct vctm), fm Spc , t t b xmpfybfu ct, t t xu c f t talio pcp.Suc, , u pp t b t ccu bvt, pbbyutt by t deus ex machina, f Spc Tereus:73

[o jio: i; jov [ivio hvvo ov.o{i ; j oii i; oio ovi h ovo o; vo,ijov ji oj jihv .(f. 589 Rt)

H [c. Tu] m; but ty [c. Pc Pm] pu- m m my t tu vc. F y , by tub, mt my t t , ctuv .

P ut m t qu t c: tu ftc t utpu t f by t pcpftalio. T upu Pc t bt, fty t pbty f xct vc cc t t lex

talionis, but qucky jct t f m p tfct: t cm c qut um, f, qu b, qu vc fumpt. m f m, m, pv:ut , cum fcbu tct cmb,tfcm m mmttm T fmm,ut um tqu cu t qu tb mmb pumbtuut f pm, ut p vu mtm mm xpm. mum qucumqu pv;

qu t, uc ubt. (Met. 6.6-9)

73 T qut b vuy tf A, At Hm: Ftzptck (200), 99.


20/25


Pc vty k t ut- Tu. I Ov , Bk put t, t t bcm myt f cmpttv mutt.74 Att c f t p, t vc tt t p v m ut fct, t Tu but t k t t, t tbu f ct py-bck fz tu uttbut mtmp (cu bv).

T ubt mtty m t Pc bc ctv-ty, pcp f ct ptt, tt pck up by my fOv ucc, fm Sc tu Skp t S K. FPc : lector cft by txt c, auctor, mut bt puc up. T txt tt t

fc f cu t tpty, c pbby ftu t mbut . T u k pp t b t c f SpcTereus, Ftzptck u:75

W ctty but t tu f Pm v mp-b, vt t t f umt pp t b fvu f txt. A pct ptt k t u pbty f cvyby Tu mf f y vt. O mt v k muc pc t Pm cu t pct f fcxpc, , ctt, txt y cu v f-

ct .A t tu f tMetamorphosesv. Mv, Cuy

pt ut, purpureas notas (6.577) btt ut t cpt t tm.76 I y c, Pc (legit) t carmenmiserabile(6.582): t t txt mut up. Pc ttcf v, t, up ttxtu pppt f t p-tt txt f mutt pv mb m f ubqutttxtu pppt f t Ov p. T ty f cp-t tct tcy f cct ttu tt ft

Ov t mut t t, t m t b - ctmtf t xty f fuc, t ut ty t ut t pc- by ct t mut f pct cuty b.77 I ct f pt ptc, t c f ub pybck mt t f ty. T pt tmt f t ut

74 Bk (986), 244.75 Ftzptck (200), 97-8, t t tt Skp Titus Andronicus,

t m vy b Lv u tff t cb t u Stupum C Dmtu (4..77).

76 Cuy (2003), 93-4 ucOLD.v. nota3-9 t tt t mcmtcmpct fpurpureas fv t txtu v t pct; cf. contraPvck (99), 42.

77 S, .., S. Thy. 56-7 Thracium fiat nefas / maiore numero t Sc (2003), 70-8;Skp, Titus Andronicus2.3.4 A cft Tu, cu, t tu mt 5.2.94-5F t Pm yu u my ut, / A t P I b v tBt (993), 08-9.


21/25


f P t up t cm cuct f Tu v bv t Wt t.78 If v ttct t mtt bcu, byubmtt cct t c, t mtt f cu t t pfc, t ttct m bcu t v ut tt.79

4. Cultural entropy

If Pc Pm m upy uccfu v,ty uby f um , m pcfcy, At. A t

p vp ty bcm pvy t fm t cutu , fm t p tt f tf t cvz fH. T ut f P t t bt f TcTu, , y t, tk f ttbut. T cpbmt f pptt vctm tu t ct f tbut pbm t tc f v tt b cuby K.80 F Ov t mt tpc pcfcy cutu mpct t t ytm f pm.

T Metamorphoses ftu cmpx tcy, c t -t ctct. A t ttmt f umty, Ov cb c pctum f ccptu pbt. B tt t my,t m tu tt t tuy utu bv t pc, t mtvcu p, t mt cu ut, , t t quf xcptf C, t t t cbm, ccu t t mt m, um b ft t t vc ( tt f ff yumbt Bk ). I t pct, cuc ftu f t Tu,Pc Pm p t fmt , c

ut ccmtt xp f um cy. F t ft tm, vctm f f tt, t um tt v pptt. A cquc, t tc f v bcm tubm u. N btt- , t cct

78 S bv, . .79 K (996), 7. S Sc (2003), 85-98 t fu f Atu Sc

Thyestes.80 S K (996), pcy ufu yp (6): Evty, t tuctu f v-

c xct m t vc t. Etc xc mpct t mpt pt. I ttpm ct t p t, t ymmty f v pb fm mtc y ccmpct t m tut f t v. T y tk ffct f ut v;t t ty ppv f vc, t cmpct t. F B, ju by

A, t A t A t m, mk mf mb t ppt bm, tfm my t t k f vctm c . F v ct Gc Gkty, .. Gk (987) Butt (998).


22/25


m u t t pptt f uct,tc vc.8

T t qut f uc xpt f umty cpc-ty f ck ut ft t t pm . If , tE. A. Scmt, t f z tp tt Ov cut t p bk (Pmtu, t fu , t b f t tc.)t jut ccy, but yccy ttmpt, tt ,t mp ut pctum f um cpbt, fm my t t mc cmty f t f tMetamorphoses u uf utt f t pctum,

t t Tu, Pc, Pm p (tt t f, buty f, t) c b ut xmp f t t ttum b cpb f, t fp , t , t t f pty uc Pm Buc.82

But t mt m : Ov uvz t-py cm t pcfc cutu t. It t by cct tt pb t mt um cuct t ctxt f Atmyt. I t Gk mt, f cu, t uc Tc,t t f t k , t m vu f (Gk)

cvzt t ppy. It f pp y f bbpctc, uc um cfc (pcy t cfc f f, pv f t Gk ttut fxenia), fm , cb-m, . I t fft ctuy, At pyt b t bk t by ppt tt ut uc cutu ctuct,fc up t t zt tt v uc f bu-b tut f P t uk v mpu tt t t cm-bt f ccumtc cu u. Av t vctmt t m tm, t t bcm mbm f t pu tfcbt bbty cvzt (At) cty. M y,ty t At t tcut t b tut tct vc t xt but t butt f t Gk m tty.83

OvMetamorphosescfu t tmtc fm Rm ptf v. I ffc tc tct bt t vu ptt, ctu t tc t um cvt Hc

8 E negativo, t t u pp t ut tt t Ov pc v mt f m fuct, v f t mty py cmpm.

82 S Scmt (99).83 It t t tt t tc v f t ut f P ff fm tt

ft fu t m f mytc ptt. Kck (2005) cu cuptu up fPc Ity t At Acp, vty ptv pct f t ftc. LkDmt, epitaphios f t f C (60.28), ct Pc Pm pty xmp f At tc t bb hubris.


23/25


cutu ctuct.84 But uk t At pyt, fm t , ppctv xt, pt f b tty fctuct ct f Gk cvzt ut t Rm c-cy.85

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Atu, A. (938). Le Thtre et son Double. (P).

Bk, L. (986). The Gods Made Flesh: Metamorphosis and the Pursuit of Paganism. (Y).

Bt, J. (993). Shakespeare and Ovid. (Oxf).

--- (.) (995) Titus Andronicus. The Arden Shakespeare. (L).

Bm, F. (.) (969-86). P. Ovidius Naso: Metamorphosen, Kommentar.(Hb).

Butt, A. P. (998). Revenge in Attic and later tragedy. (Bky, L A,L).

Czz, I. (950-). La saga di Itis nella tradizione letteraria e mitografica

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Hktz, D. (998). The madness of epic: reading insanity from Homer toStatius. (Oxf).

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