giao trinh ky thuat vi xu ly

7/27/2019 Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Vi Xu Ly

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Gio trnh K thut vi x l

LI NI U

Cng ngh thng tin ang c ng dng rng r!i trong nhi"u l#nh v$c %hoah&c cng ngh v' cuc ()ng th*ng nht+ ,-n c.nh %h)i lng /h0n 1"1 h th)ngv' ng dng 2 (3 cng ngh /h0n cng c4ng /ht tri5n v c6ng nhanh ch7ng+ C7th5 n7i cc h th)ng 18 t9nh c c:i thin trong nh;ng %ho:ng th*i gian rn+

?h;ng %i@n thc c> A:n v" v" /h0n cng cBa cc h th)ng 18 t9nh lun lunl' i hDi cng lai+

Gio trnh K thut i x l n'8 c vi@t tr-n c> (H nh;ng A'i gi:ng thIo (t

" c>ng 1n h&c ! c th$c hin t.i Khoa Cng ngh thng tin tr$c thucJr*ng .i h&c Jhi ?gu8-n t %hi th'nh l/ @n na83 v' lun lun c (a ch;a3AL (ung 5 / ng nhu c0u %i@n thc cBa (inh vi-n h&c t/ t.i Khoa+

Gio trnh c chia th'nh M ch>ngN

Ch>ng O giFi thiu nh;ng %i@n thc tLng Puan c ( dng trong % thut ix l cc h @13 cch thc Ai5u diQn thng tin trong cc h i x l v' 18 t9nh3c4ng nh nhn nhn Pua v" lEch ( /ht tri5n cBa cc trung tR1 i x l+

Ch>ng OO giFi thiu cng OO c7 giFi thiu th-1cng O i (Ru %h:o (t 1t () 1.ch chc n\ng %h: l/ trnh nh 1.chi"u %hi5n v'obra d; liu (ong (ong3 1.ch i"u %hi5n v'obra d; liu n)i ti@/3 1.chEnh th*i v' 1.ch i"u %hi5n ng=t+

Ch>ng giFi thiu cc c A:n cho 1t h i x l nh A'n /h91 Ixa3 h th)ng ch^ thE e thanh3 A'n

/h91 18 t9nh v' 1'n hnh+

Cu)n gio trnh ch=c ch=n c7 nhi"u thi@u (7t3 r


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MC LC

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CC H VI X L...................................6

I.1 Cc h m.......................................................................................................6I.1.1 H m thp phn (R = 10 - Decimal)......................................................6I.1.2 H m nh phn (R = 2 - Bina!)............................................................"I.1.# H m $%t phn (R = & - 'ctal)..............................................................."I.1. H m 16 (R = 16 - Hea)......................................................................."

I.2 Chuyn i ln nhau gia cc h m............................................................!

I.2.1 H nh phn *+ h thp phn.....................................................................&I.2.2 H nh phn *+ h Hea..........................................................................10

I." #iu $i%n &h'ng &in &()ng cc h *i +, l-.....................................................1I.#.1 , h% c%c th/n tin h/n 3...............................................................11I.#.2 , h% c%c th/n tin 3..........................................................................11I.#.# Bi45 i7n 8 li5 3 tn m%! t9nh........................................................11I.#. B:n ch;t *t l< ca th/n tin tn c%c h >i ? li ? li ? l!!9.......................................................................22II.1.1 F%c nhm t9n hi5 tn @&0&.............................................................2II.1.2 Jh%i nim *+ $:n ch;t *t l< ca c%c BKL tn h >i ? li chYn tZnh (,ic@am) *+ tp lnh ca @&0&.......................#6II.1.[ >+i nAt *E lp tZnh ch &0&...................................................................1

II.1.10 H lnh ca \@&0&................................................................................ 2

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX#


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II.2 Cc &(ung &8m *i +, l- h? !+!6..............................................................//II.1.1 ,/ t: chn ca \@&0&6 *+ c%c t9n hi5....................................................II.1.2 F;5 tGc P5n tm >i ? l< h] &0&6....................................................."II.1.# H th3n thanh hi tn c%c @&0&6....................................................&II.1. F%c ch l+m *ic ,IT^,W_..............................................................#II.1. @hYn th`c 5:n l< $ nhVN c%c me a chb.......................................#II.1.6 @hYn th`c %nh a chb thit $ nMi *i...............................................&II.1." F%c mMch ,5ltipleeN mMch DeceN mMch @W..................................&II.1.& >+i nAt *E lp tZnh hdp n8....................................................................60

II." C:u &(;c 0 &nh n@ng ci ? l< @enti5m................................................................6#II.#.2 F;5 tGc RILFN FILF...............................................................................6"II.#.# 5:n l< $ nhV........................................................................................6[

II.#. B nhV cache..........................................................................................."0

II./ EinglFGChi5 Hic()C)m5u&F( C!91......................................................J1II..1 Pfn 5an................................................................................................"1II..2 ,/ t: c;5 tGc *+ ch`c ngn...................................................................."#II..# p tZnh ch \F&01..............................................................................II.. F%c h: ngn `n n ca \F&01.......................................................

CHNG III. &' NH TR"NG C)A H VI X L................................*+

III.1 #A nhK &()ng h *i +, l-............................................................................!9III.1.1 @hn t? nhVN *i mMch nhVN tC nhV *+ 5n lYdn $ nhV........................&III.1.2 >+i nAt *E $ nhV tn ca h >i ? l< *+ m%! t9nh @F.........................&6III.1.# @hn lMi c%c chip nhV R',N RW,........................................................[0

III." = chc MA nhK ch) h *i +, l-.................................................................1III.#.1 Pf ch`c $ nhV *t li ? l


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I>.. ,Mch iE5 hi4n *+^a n3i tip On $^ $ KLWRP-&21(Kni*eal L!nchn5^W!nchn5 Recei*e Panmitte)..............11

CHNG V. THI1T & V2" RA C)A H VI X L.............................3%4

*.1 #0n 5hm QF+ RFyM)a($.........................................................................12J

*.2 Sh5 ni M0n 5hm Ki h *i +, l-.........................................................1"1>.2.1 H th3n $+n ph9m ca m%! *i t9nh.......................................................1#1>.2.2 5% tZnh t5!En 8 li5 tC $+n ph9m ch [email protected]#2

*." HDch i3u Thin 0 l5 &(Vnh chW &h7 JGBFgmFn&B...................................1""

*./ H0n hVnh XH)ni&)(Y.................................................................................1"9

>..1 ,+n hZnh 3n tia m cQc FRP (Fathe Ra! P5$e)..............................1#>..2 hAp n3i m+n hZnh *Vi h >i ? l..# B iE5 hi4n m+n hZnh FRPF..............................................................1#"

PH LC

>QZ LZC [.........................................................................................................1/

#\ng &]m &^& h lnh cQZ LZC #.........................................................................................................1/"

#\ng lu_ &h`a 2n...................................................................................................1/"

>QZ LZC C.........................................................................................................1//

#\ng m [ECII.................................................................................................... 1//

>QZ LZC b.........................................................................................................1/9

CC NQH LdNQ Ce[ C!91..................................................................... 1/91. =D) fng l5 0 lnh nh\y.........................................................................1

2. Lnh g?i Call................................................................................................16a. Nh]m lnh +, l- B h?c..............................................................................1"M. Nh]m lnh lun l-......................................................................................1&c. Nh]m lnh chuyn $ liu.........................................................................10$. Nh]m lnh chuy3n i3u Thin...................................................................11

=I LIdU =Q[H RQjk...................................................................................19"

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX


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CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CC H VI X L

I.1 Cc h m

H m th/n n nh;t tn ki 3n l+ h m c 3 10 (thp phn X

Decimal)N ? n 10 < tQ 3 tC 0 n [. T+i aN tn :n 5;tN inh

anh cn c hi ? n h m c 3 12 (t% X en).

Pn c%c h th3n m%! t9nhN 4 ? l


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I.3.% H5 78 >: (R ? % &E>FJ$

a%uB= 0N 1u

11011.01B = 1 2x 1 2#x 0 22x 0 21x 1 20x 0 2-1x 1 2-2=

= 16 x & x 0 x 2 x 1 x 0 x 0N2 = 2"N2D

I.3.K H5 78 9 (R ? * "D9F$

a% u'= 0N 1N 2N #N N N 6N "u

6#N12 ' = 6 &2x &1x # &0x 1 &-1x 2 &-2=

= #& x 0 x # x 0N12 x 0N0#12 = 2"N162D

u N F%c ch8 3 tn h n+! c th4 $i45 i7n nhk # < tQ 3 (y0z *+y1z) tn h m nh phn the $:n a5q

Octal Binary Octal

Binary Octal

Binary Octal

Binary

0' 000B 2' 010B ' 100B 6' 110B1' 001B #' 011B ' 101B "' 111B

I.3. H5 78 36 (R ? 36 HOF$

a% uH= 0N 1N 2N #N N N 6N "N &N [N WN BN FN DN {N |u

#W"NF H = # 162x 10 161x " 160x 12 16-1 =

= "6& x 160 x " x 0N" = [#N"D

u N ,t i% t < tQ 3 Hea c th4 $i45 i7n th/n 5a < tQ 3 r

h nh phn the $:n a5q

Hexa BinaryHex

aBinary Hex

aBinary Hex

aBinary

0H 0000B H 0100B &H 1000B FH 1100B1H 0001B H 0101B [H 1001B DH 1101B2H 0010B 6H 0110B WH 1010B {H 1110B#H 0011B "H 0111B BH 1011B |H 1111B

?hn xtN

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX"


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1. Pn c%c h m *Ca Ydc no5N h m c 3 2 c ;t nhiE5 Y5i4m hi ? l< tn m%! t9nh. Ph` nh;tN *ic m/ ph}n i% t camt < tQ 3 l+ ;t n i:nq chb cn mt phn t? c hai tMn th%i

h%c $it. L? n $:n ch;t *t l< ca *t man th/n tin 4 $i45i7n hai tMn th%i n+! ;t 7 thQc hin. Pon ! ~n in l+ c%ctYkn hdp c n in (tYn `n *Vi t]n 3 l+ 1) hc h/nc n in (tYn `n *Vi t]n 3 l+ 0).

2. >ic ch5!4n fi i8a hai i% t 0 hc 1 c th4 thQc hin th/n5a mt c/n tUcN tn thQc t l+ c%c phn t? lic in t? thQchin c%c ch`c ngn ca h% in t?q n (n in i 5aYdc) hc mr (n in h/n i 5a).

I.2 Chuyn i ln nhau gia cc h m

I.%.3 H5 >: :5 9:;< a) PC nh phn an thp phnq L? n $i45 th`c ti4n hai tfn

5%t no5N cn t;t c: c%c 3 hMn the i% t 3 thp phnN tfn3 l+ Mn thp phn ca 3 nh phn ch.

>9 q 11011.11B= 1 2x 1 2#x 0 22x 1 21x 1 20x 1 2-1x 1 2-2

= 16 x & x 0 x 2 x 1 x 0. x 0.2 = 2"."D

$) PC thp phn an nh phnq

Uh0n ngu8-nN Pa c n th`c a5 (* t%i l+ 3 thp phnN * ph:i l+ $i45i7n nh phn ca 3 )q

LD = n2nx n-12n-1x n-22n-2x v 121x 020x =

= 2(n2n-1x n-12n-2x n-22n-# x v x 1) x 0

>Z i = 0N 1uN On phn *Vi 3 0N 1 tn 3 thp phnN non ta c th4*itq

LDX0 = n2n-1x n-12n-2x n-22n-# x v x 1= 2(n2n-2x n-12n-#x v x 2) x 12

Ph;! nq J< tQ 5 tion ca 3 nh phn l+ 0N Gn *Vi 3 Y hi chiaLDch 2N < tQ tip theN 1ch9nh l+ 3 Y hi chia thYn ch 2N *. *v nonta c th4 tZm t;t c: c%c < tQ h%c nhY a5q

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX&


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>9 q fi 3 1"#Da 3 nh phn

1"# 2 Y 1 0&6 2 Y 0 1# 2 Y 1 221 2 Y 1 #10 2 Y 0 2 Y 1 2 2 Y 0 61 2 Y 1 "0

Uh0n /hRn () Nn th`c 5an h i8a 3 thp phn *+ 3 nh phn (phn

phn 3) (* t%i l+ 3 thp phnN * ph:i l+ 3 nh phn) nhY a5q

LD = -12-1x -22-2x -#2-#x v -mx12-mx1x -m2-m

2LD = -1x (-22-1x -#2-2x v -mx12-mx2x -m2-mx1)

Ph;! n -1tr th+nh phn n5!on ca * ph:iN *!q

2LDX -1 = (-22-1x -#2-2x v -mx12-mx2x -m2-mx1)

2(2LDX -1) = -2 x (-#2-1x v -mx12-mx#x -m2-mx2)

-2 l+ phn n5!on tip the ca * ph:i c th4 $n y0z hc $n y1z.Pip tc tYn tQN th5 Ydc c%c < tQ 3 ca c%c phn t? cn lMi.

>9 q Fh5!4n fi 3 0.&12& th+nh 3 nh phn

PhQc hin phAp nhn lion tip *Vi 2N phn n5!on ca t9ch $a ik cnl+ c%c i% t hc $n y0z hc $n y1zN th5 Ydc t 5: a5q

0.&12& 2 = 1.626 = 1 x 0.6260.626 2 = 1.212 = 1 x 0.2120.212 2 = 0.02 = 0 x 0.020.02 2 = 1.00& = 1 x 0.00&0.00& 2 5% nh} c th4 $} 5a

Lu 5% tZnh $in fi n+! t thGc hi phn phn 3 ca t9ch 3$n 0N t5! nhionN n5 5% A +iN t5S the !o5 c5 ca ch9nh %c 8 li5hi t9nh t%n *+ ? l! 1"#D= 10101101

B


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I.%.% H5 >: :5 HOF

Fh5!4n fi mt 8 li5 nh phn an h Hea ;t n i:nN n5 chG Z *!N hi ch5!4n fiN chb cn tha! nhm ch8 3ca 3 nh phn $n mt ch8 3 tYn `n ca h Hea nhY a5q

T hpnh phn

K ts

Hexa

T hpnh

phn

K ts

Hexa

T hpnh

phn

K ts

Hexa

T hpnh

phn

K ts

Hexa0 0 0 0 W 0 1 0 0 m 1 0 0 0 V 1 1 0 0 C0 0 0 1 ] 0 1 0 1 M 1 0 0 1 k 1 1 0 1 [0 0 1 0 q 0 1 1 0 X 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 e 1 0 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 s>9 q

110 1101 0011 1001. 0110 0101B = 6D#[.6H6 D # [. 6

u q @hn n5!on Ydc nhm t9nh tC * t9 ca ch8 3 c t]n nh}nh;tN phn phn 3 Ydc nhm t9nh tC * t9 ca ch8 3 c t]n lVn nh;t.

PC c%ch ch5!4n fi tonN 7 +n nhn a phAp ch5!4n fi nYdc tCmt 3 h Hea an 3 h nh phn $n c%ch tha! mt ch8 3 tn h Hea$n mt nhm ch8 3 tn h nh phn.

>9 q |{".&FH= 1111 0101 1110 0111.1000 1100B

| { ". & FH = 1111 0101 1110 0111.1000 1100B1111 0101 1110 0111 1000 1100

I.3 Biu din thng tin trng cc h !i "# l$

F%c h >i ? l< ? l< c%c th/n tin 3 *+ ch8. F%c th/n tin Ydc $i45i7n YVi Mn m nh;t nh. B:n ch;t *t l< ca *ic $i45 i7n th/n tin l+in %p (y0z `n *Vi h/n c in %pN y1z `n *Vi in %p r m`c 5! ch5ntn mMch in t?) *+ *ic m h% c%c th/n tin 3 *+ ch8 Ydc t5n thech5n 53c t. ,t $in lic *Vi chb hai i% t 5! nh;t l+ y0z hc y1zYdc ]i l+ mt $it. Hai tMn th%i n+! ca $it Ydc ? n 4 m h% ch t;tc: c%c < tQ (Om 3N ch8 *+ c%c < tQ c $it h%c). F%c $it Ydc hAp lMith+nh c%c n * man th/n tin ! ch c%c < tQ $i45 i7n c%c 3N c%c Vi c%ch $i45 i7n n+!N c th4 th;! lVn ca c%c 3 nhY a5qL3 Ynq x#. 10#&s T s x#. 10-#&

L3 mq - #. 10#&s T s - #. 10-#&

u N Jhi t 5: phAp t9nh *Ydt 5% c%c iVi hMn tonN n5 3 m(epnent) l+ YnN w Ydc ci l+ - hc x . Pn tYkn hdp 3 ml+ m *+ *Ydt 5a 3 m cQc Mi ch phApN t 5: Ydc ci l+ $n 0.

DMn 3 ch9nh %c ;p /i (D5$le peciin) Ydc $i45 i7n nhY a5(6 $it)q

6# 62 2 1 0L { |

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX12


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>+ i% t thQc Ydc t9nh the $i45 th`cq T = (-1)L 2{-102# |.

Fn cn lY5 < nN 3i *Vi c%c 8 li5 3 c ;5N 4 th5n tin ch ?l< *+ t9nh t%nN tn m%! thYkn Ydc $i45 i7n YVi c%c Mn m th5nN mnYdc (cmplement) hc m $ 2 (t-cmplement). i: ? ta c 3W=x0.10010N c%c m ton E5 $i45 i7n nhY nha5N nhYn *Vi 3 B =-0.10010 thZ w Ydc $i45 i7n nhY a5q

BZnh thYkn W = -0.10010, nYdc W = 1.00110 ($ 1N t`c l+ : c%c ch8 3 tn 3 ), $ 2 W = 1.00111 (tYn n *Vi $ 1 cn thom 1)

I.K. &_> D:`9 ;9 a DbF 9:> 9E> 9S> DD :5 VE Oc a

Pn c%c h >i ? lH4 chb m`c caN >4 chb m`c th;p. PnmMch PPN ta n m`c caN m`c th;p 4 chb in %p caN in %p th;p *Viin %p ch5n ch5n. F%c m`c caN th;p h/n ph:i l+ mt i% t c3 nhN m+l+ mt *n iVi hMn ch phAp. T+i phMm *i no5N *n h/n th5c haim`c ton l+ *n h/n chUc chUnN h/n %c nh.

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX1#

|I@-|'@Inp5t'5tp5t

nh O+q `t /h0n t 1ang thng tin

>H

iVi hMn ton

>H

nh m`c

>H

iVi hMn YVi

>n h/n chUc chUn>

iVi hMn ton(0N&>)

>iVi hMn YVi

n *Vi i% t y0z

>

#>2>1>

0.2>0>

nh O+] Uh.1 vi 1c cao ]3 th


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>t man th/n tin *E c%c i% t y0z hc y1z l+ mt mMch in t? c $itm+ 5 a ca n w tYn `n *Vi mt tn hai m`c tonN Ydc ]i ch5n l+|lip-|lp. P5S the !o5 c5 ? nN c%c |lip-|lp c c%c h: ngn th5 nhnc%c t9n hi5 *+ *+ Ya t9n hi5 a the nh8n 5! l5t nh;t nh (HZnh I.2)

I.% !&i n't () th*c hin cc +h'+ t,nh trng h m nh- +hn@hAp cn *+ phAp tC hai 3 nh phn 1 $it Ydc thQc hin the 5! tUc

no5 tn $:n a5q

W B Fa!(ThV)

0 x 0 = 0 00 x 1 = 1 01 x 0 = 1 01 x 1 = 0 1

W B Hi5B(,Ydn)

0 - 0 = 0 00 - 1 = 1 11 - 0 = 1 01 - 1 = 0 0

I..3 P:d< De>


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(B)n=

= -0.00111 = 1.11000 = 1.11001

()n = -0.00111 ()$ = -0.00111

Ph;! nq L3 $i45 th t 5: w l+ m th5n n5 l+ mt 3 Yn L3 $i45 th t 5: l+ m nYdc n5 ta n m nYdc 3i *Vi 3

hMn m *+ ch t 5: l+ mt 3 m L3 $i45 th t 5: l+ mt 3 $ 2 n5 n m $ 2 3i *Vi 3

hMn m *+ t 5: l+ mt 3 m.$) Uh/ cng .i () cc () h.ng d:=> Vi c%c t%n hMn c ;5 ph! nN ;5 ca t9ch Ydc %c nh nhY rphAp nhn *Vi ;5 ph! tnhN a5 tin h+nh tZm t9ch 3 nhY a5q

Fn phn c t9nh (3 m)N t 5: l+ c t9nh ca t9ch Thn phn nh tN h/n 4 < n ;5 ca c%c t%n hMn Fh5n h% t 5: n5 cn.

Aw Uh/ chiaN



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3i *Vi phAp chia c%c t%n hMn ;5 ph! tnhN *ic 5an t]n l+ ph:i%c nh ;5 ca t 5:N the ;5 ca t 5: $n tfn m5l 2 cac%c $it ;5. P 3 ca thYn 3 l+ t 5: ca phAp ch t%i *+ phAp tC.

>Vi c%c t%n hMn c ;5 ph! nN ;5 ca thYn 3 Ydc %c nhnhY r phAp chia *Vi ;5 ph! tnhN a5 tin h+nh tZm thYn 3 nhY a5q

PC phn c t9nh (3 m)N t 5: l+ c t9nh ca thYn 3 Fhia phn nh tN h/n 4 < n ;5 ca c%c t%n hMn Fh5n h% t 5: n5 cn.

?hn xtND7 +n nhn th;! n c%c phAp t9nh 3 h]c no5 ton ch5n 5! lMi*~n ch !5 l+ thQc hin phAp cn *+ phAp ch (hijt).

I./ C0u trc ca h !i "# l$ (& my (i t,nh

I.+.3 VE >d9 g D: Wc DD 9Z> 9=8 VE Oc aLQ 5;t hin ca m%! t9nh in t? (,PP) *+ h:n ngm 1[&

mr a mt tan mVi tn nhion c`5 ha h]c ni ch5n *+ ha h]c t9nht%n ni ion. ThYn ph:i mi n ngm 1["1N c%c h >i ? l< mVi $Ut 5

5;t hin. LQ a ki ca Linle chip -$it ,icpce Intel00(@00) *+ ngm thQc Q l+ mt c5c c%ch mMn tn n+nh c/nnhip m%! t9nh . F th4 ni @00N *Vi +i tC ? l< $itN l+m fitha! t+n $ c%ch nhZn nhn *E c%c thit $ 5 c53i ca ,PPN ha! c%c cc;5 ch;p h+nh tn iE5 hi4n 5% tZnh. @00 c th4 5:n l< tQc tip JtC lnh &$it ca $ nhV chYn tZnh *+ 120 $it $ nhV 8 li5 RW,. F@Kcn c 16 thanh hi chb 3 Ydc ? n l+m $ nhV tMm ch 8 li5. >Vi tplnh Om 6 lnhN @00 chim Ydc nhiE5 Y5 th tn c%c `n nthQc t lGc $;! ik. Pip tc ca n @ $it n+! l+ @00N c nhiE5 c:i tinmMnh mw *Vi @00 *+ mt lMt c%c chip ch`c ngnN chip nhV a ki.

Pn iai Mn tip the tC ngm 1[" n 1[""N Intel

i 5 tn*ic ch tM c%c F@K &$itN @&00&N @&0&0 *+ c $it l+ @&0&N nh8nF@K c BKL 8 li5 & $it *+ BKL a chb 16 $it. F%c lMi F@K n+! ch: ngn 5:n l< Ydc 6J tC nhV ca $ nhV *+ 26 thit $ nMi *i. iE5%n chG < r @&0& l+ c/n nh On onh *+ chia thki ian hdp l< tonBKL ch phAp Ya a thom nh8n t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n ;t mMnhN ch phAp! Qn nh8n m%! *i t9nh 5 tion.

Jh:n thki ian ngm 1["& n ngm 1[&2 l+ iai Mn a ki *+ ph%tti4n mMnh mw ca c%c t5n tm >i ? l< 16 $it. c $it r c53i iai Mn

n+! l+ Q 5;t hin c%c t5n tm >i ? l< @&0&&N @&0&6N *Vi h: ngn ?



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l< 8 li5 16 $it *+ BKL a chb 20 $itN Ydc ? n 4 tM a c%c m%! *it9nh _PN c f a mEm 4 lY5 i8 chYn tZnh `n n *+ 8 li5.

Pip the ca iai Mn n+! l+ Q ph%t ti4n * $ ca c%c lMi

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17/154


a) F@K thQc hin ch`c ngn ? l< 8 li5 th/n 5a c%c hMt nch9nh a5q ]c m lnh X ]c tp c%c $it th/n tin y0z *+ y1z tC $ nhV

ch9nh i:i m lnh X tM c%c 5n iE5 hi4n tYn `n *Vi m lnh4 iE5 hi4n hMt n ca c%c h3i ch`c ngn h%c

PhQc hin tCn $YVc c%c tha t%c ? l< 8 li5 the !o5 c5 calnh.

Bon tn F@K c c%c thanh hi (YIgi(tIr()q Phanh hi cn t} lnh I@ (On(truction UointIr)N tn c%c t5n

tm *i ? l< tYVc ! cn ]i l+ thanh m chYn tZnh @F(Urogra1 CountIr) chà a chb ca lnh tip cn Ydc thQc

hin tn t5n tQ thQc hin chYn tZnh F%c thanh hi a n h%c @R (GInIral Uur/o(I YIgi(tIr()4 lY5 t8 tMm thki 8 li5N t 5: t5n ian ha! tMn th%i cah th3n cn *Vi n * 3 h]c *+ lic WK (rith1Itic and

ogic nit) thQc hin c%c tha t%c ? l< 8 li5 n * iE5 hi4n FK (Control nit) l+ th+nh phn ph`c tMp

nh;tN c ch`c ngn i:i m lnh *+ tM c%c t9n hi5 iE5 hi4nhMt n ca t+n h th3n.

$) B nhV ch9nh Ydc tf ch`c tC c%c tC nhVN tn IB,^@F t nhF c7

d'i ] A8tI(& $it). B nhV n+! Om c%c chip nhV chb ]c R',(YIad _nl8 Ì1or8) *+ c%c chip nhV t5! 5;t n~5 nhion RW,(Yando1 ccI(( Ì1or8) c t3c t5! cp nhanh. B nhV Ydc? n 4 chà c%c chYn tZnh *+ c%c 8 li5 iE5 hi4n hMtn ca h th3n. c%c chYn tZnh `n n *+ 8 li5 c th4Ydc chà r R', hc RW,N c%c t 5: t5n ian ha! t 5:c53i cn ca c%c tha t%c ? l< c th4 Ydc chà tn c%c thanhhi a n hc tn h3i nhr RW,

c) F%c mMch hAp n3i *+â l+ c%c mMch in t? ch phAp F@K tafi 8 li5 *Vi c%c thit $ nMi *i nhY $+n ph9mN m+n hZnhN m%!invl+m ia in *Vi nYki n hc c%c $ ch5!4n fi 3-tYntQ DWF ([igitalbnalog ConvIrtIr)N ch5!4n fi tYn tQ-3 WDF(nalogb[igital ConvIrtIr)N c%c mMch *+â 3 D' ([igital_ut/ut()N DI ([igital On/ut()v

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18/154


) H >i ? l< cn c mt mMch tM 5n nhp ]i l+ On hO h th3n(Cloc% GInIrator) iE5 hi4n *+ 5! tZ hMt n On $ ca t;tc: c%c h3i ch`c ngn. B tM 5n n+! Ydc iE5 hi4n $n mt

mMch thMch anh c tn 3 th9ch hdp *+ :m $: tn 3 l+m *ic fnnh ch t+n $ h th3n.e) ,t h3i n5On n5/i (UozIr Zu//l8)c5n c;p ngn lYdn ch h

th3n tC mMn in lYVi.

B n5On ca c%c h >i ? l< th/n thYkn l+ $ n5On 5n *Vi th5t n-nUt n $%n ~n c/n 5;t (Zzitching UozIr Zu//l8)N *Ca ]nnhN c/n 5;t lVn lMi *Ca :m $: dn n nh} nh;t *+ h: ngn ch3nnhi75 ca. HZnh I. l+ O h3i ca $ n5On n-nUt. in %p lYVi(220>WF) Ydc chbnh lY5 tQc tipN l]c $n t h% 4 c5n c;p ch mt $a n tn 3 ca (tC 20JH n 0JH). F%c 5n in %p tn 3 caYdc ch5!4n an $in %p 5n c/n 5;t hM %p. in %p r l3i a ca $in %p5n Ydc chbnh lY5 *+ l]c th+nh in %p n5On mt chiE5 c5n c;p ch hth3n. T5!on l< fn %p r ! l+ tha! fi n ca c%c 5n c tn 3 fnnhN *! Q a n ca in %p 5 a hi c t:i Ydc ch5!4n 5a $c:m $in 4 iE5 chbnh n n+!N :m $: Q fn nh ca in %p a.

I.+.K Tf :5 VE Oc a 7> 8J E 9^>: PCPn thQc tN c%c h >i ? l< hin Mi Ydc tan $ thom nhiE5 thit $

nMi *i tin n t5S the !o5 c5N mc 9ch ? n *+ c ia in thnthin *Vi cn nYki. l+ c%c m%! *i t9nh @F. Fn c th4 l+ nh8n h >i ?l< ch5!on n ch nh8n mc 9ch t9nh t%n ha! iE5 hi4n.


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19/154


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i4m Gn ch n m%! t9nh chb Om F@K *+ $ nhV ch9nhN cn c%c thit $ph td h%c nhY $+n ph9mN m%! inN c%c f a c`nN a mEmN f FDN ch5tNm+n hZnhN m%! invN l+ nh8n thit $ nMi *i. F%c chYn tZnh 4 ? l< 8li5 Ydc lY5 i8 tn $ nhV ch9nh hc tn c%c f aN c nhim * ? lA:n l' i"u h'nh3 v9 dN `Z[_Z ha8 cc /hi-n A:n i"u h'nh a nhi1y`Z{O?[_{Z cBa h!ng /h0n 1"1 `icro(o|t3 hoc cc h i"u h'nh cBacc h!ng %hc+++w v' cc ch>ng trnh ha8 /h0n 1"1 ng dng3 trong %hi cch i x l ch^ c0n trang AE 1t ch>ng trnh `onitor ych>ng trnh gi1

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21/154


CHNG II. CC N V VI X L TRUNG TM (CPU C>9F PSDWWE> U>E9$

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Jhi F@K Ydc ch tM tC mt mMch *i in t? c t9ch hdp ;t ca thZn Ydc ]i l+ $ >i ? l< (U j `icro/rocI((or). Pn 5% tZnh ph%t ti4nNhn Intel ch a ki nhiE5 th h @ tC n i:n n ph`c tMpN tC th/nn n ch5!on n. P9nh ph%t h5! *+ thCa l5/n Ydc ci t]n tn

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22/154


HZnh II.1a) l+ O h3i c;5 tGc ca @&0&N hZnh II.1$) l+ O n3ichn ca \@&0&. Jh%c *Vi c%c lMi @ 5;t hin tYVc nhY @&00& ha!@&0&0N @&0& c nh8n $YVc ph%t ti4n c t9nh t ph% nhY a5q

1. F c;5 nUt the nhiE5 m`c h%c nha5 Ydc hZnh th+nh 5a mth3i iE5 hi4n nUtN tM a mt *ect nUt t%nh Ydc Q chnnha5 lnh R{P T ton BKL 8 li5. P9n hi5 nhn $it !o5 c5nUt ITPW Ydc tM $ri h3i iE5 hi4n nUtN ch` h/n ph:i tCmMch ph &22& nhY r @&0&0.

2. F%c t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n hi^]c R *+ RD Ydc tM a tC h3i nhthki *+ iE5 hi4n ch`c ngn. F%c t9n hi5 ITPWN R *+ RD Ydc

tM na! tn F@KN ch` h/n mMch ph td $on n+i.#. @&0& c mMch tM 5n On hO Ydc t9ch hdp na! tn F@K.

. Jh3i ch`c ngn iE5 hi4n *+^a n3i tip Ydc t9ch hdp cn chphAp @&0& thQc hin c%c lnh *+^a 8 li5 n3i tip m+ nhiE5 hih/n cn n Q h td ca *i mMch ch5!on n.

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23/154


II.3.3 CD >:j8 9^> :E5Z 9S> P*@*+

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w Ydc t r tMn th%i hih- tn c%c tYkn hdp mt tn c%c t9n hi5H'D ha! HWP l+ t9ch cQc.

[b [bJ. Thm t9n hi5 On onh # tMn th%i. iai Mn 5 cach5 S m%!N P1 ca ,1N w l+ $!te th;p ca 16 $it a chb.

[L X[$$(FBB La&ch naMlFY. P9n hi5 a 5a mMch # tMnth%i. Ydc ? n 4 ch3t $!te th;p ca t9n hi5 a chb (W0X W"). P9n hi5n+! Ydc tM a tn iai Mn 5 tion ca ch5 S m%!N P1ca ,1N *+ cnYdc n 4 ch3t c%c t9n hi5 tMn th%i L0*+ L1hi cn thit.

Eo E1Xba&a #UE E&a&uBY. + c%c t9n hi5 chb tMn th%i ca c%c

chn th5c BKL 8 li5 tn mi ch5 S m%!. Pf hdp ca hai t9n hi5 n+!cn ch $it tMn th%i ca F@K

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o.t ng cBa ,Z d; liu

0 0 PMn th%i HWP0 1 F@K an thQc hin tha t%c RIP{1 0 F@K an thQc hin tha t%c R{WD1 1 F@K an thQc hin tha t%c nhn lnh Int5ctin |etch

pb XpFa$Y. Fhn a # tMn th%i. Tm tn nhm t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n.P9n hi5 t9ch cQc hi F@K tin h+nh ]c 8 li5 tC $ nhV hc tC thit $nMi *i. Pn ch HWP hc D,WN chn a n+! r tMn th%i hih-.

qp Xq(i&FY. Fhn a # tMn th%i.Tm tn nhm t9n hi5 iE5hi4n. P9n hi5 t9ch cQc hi F@K tin h+nh hi 8 li5 *+ $ nhV hc Ya8 li5 a thit $ nMi *i. Pn c%c ch HWP hc D,WN chn a n+! rtMn th%i hih-.

IkrH. PMn th%i lic ca 5 a n+! ch $it F@K an l+m

*ic *Vi thit $ nMi *i ha! *Vi $ nhV. T5 l+ lic y1zN F@K an t5! cpthit $ *+^aN cn n5 l+ y0zN F@K an t5! cp $ nhV. Jt hdp *Vi hai5 a RD *+ R 4 tM a c%c t9n hi5 I^'RN I^'N ,{,RN *+ ,{,tn tYkn hdp ? n a chb t%ch $it 3i *Vi thit $ *+^a. Tm tnnhm t9n hi5 iE5 hi4nN non I'^, cn l+ 5 a # tMn th%i.

In&F((u5&B. @&0& c nUt a m`c. F chn nUt t;t c:q (ITPRNRLP.N RLP6.N RLP". *+ PRW@). T+i chn nUt h/n che Ydc l+PRW@N c%c chn h%c E5 c th4 che hc h/n che nhk lp tZnh phn mEm.



24/154


- -/0: Fhn nhn !o5 c5 nUt tC $on n+iN Ydc %p `nthe n5!on tUc pllin hc *ectin th/n 5a lnh RLP

- $& y+u &1u ng2t 03/: F # 5 *+ !o5 c5 nUt *Vi c%c

m`c Y5 tion h%c nha5 l+ RLP".N RLP6. *+ RLP.. Jhi!o5 c5 nUt 5;t hin tMi c%c chn n+!N F@K tQ n ch5!4nn c%c *ect nUt tYn `n. F th4 nhY a5q

03/4.4 l+ m`c Y5 tion th;p nh;tN ph:n `n them`c in %p ton chn !o5 c5 nUtN a chb *ectnUt n+! nm r / nhV c a chb 2FH.

03/5.4:TUt Y5 tion th;p th` 2N ph:n `n them`c in %p ton chn !o5 c5 nUtN a chb *ectnUt n+! nm r / nhV #H

03/6.4N,`c Y5 tion ca nh;t. @h:n `n the Yknlon ca 5n !o5 c5 nUt. LYkn lon ca 5n n+!t%c n lon mt jlip-jlpN mMch n+! i8 lMi !o5 c5nUt ch n hi Ydc % nhk t9n hi5 nhn $it!o5 c5 nUt Wcnlee. a chb ca *ect nUtn+! nm r / nhV #FH

- /078: + chn nhn !o5 c5 nUt h/n che Ydc ( nhionl+ n c m`c Y5 tion ca nh;t). a chb ca *ect nUt n+! r/ nhV 2H.

IN=[. P9n hi5 a nhn $it !o5 c5 nUt tMi chn ITPR. F%c!o5 c5 nUt RLP.N RLP6.N RLP". *+ PRW@ h/n t%c n n ITPW.

QkLb. PMn th%i lic y1z r chn n+! l+ !o5 c5 ca tha t%c D,W.F%c 5 a RDN RN I'^, *+ W{ w Ydc Ya *E tMn th%i hih-.

QLb[. P9n hi5 nhn $it !o5 c5 H'D.pE= IN. ic th;p y0z r 5 *+ ca chn n+! !o5 c5 t%i hri

n h >i ? li ? l< Ydc t%i hri n. Dn

t9n hi5 n+! 4 t%i hri n t+n $ h th3n.p[bs. ic y1z r 5 *+ n+! th/n $% tMn th%i n +n c5n

c;p 8 li5 ch F@K hc nhn 8 li5 tC F@K ca c%c thit $ nMi *i.EIb XEF(ial In5u& ba&aY. + cfn *+ ca 8 li5 n3i tip ca h >i

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25/154


Ekb XEF(ial ku&5u& ba&aY. Bit ca (,LB) ca Wcc Ydc t5!En an+i chn n+! hi ? n lnh LI,.

t1o t2. 3i n3i thMch anh hc mt mMch a n 4 tM 5n nhp

ch F@K. F th4 ? n thMch anh c tn 3 a n tn h:n tC 0.n #,H.CLR. 5 a ca 5n nhpN c th4 l+m 5n nhp ch c%c th+nh phn

ch`c ngn h%c tn h >i ? l *+ TD ch @&0&. Fn cn nhUc lMinN @&0& chb cn mt n5On n5/i 5! nh;t l+ x>N h: ngn c5n c;pn ca n5On cn Ydc thit t5S the nh5 c5 ca t+n h >i ? lE58 _> D:`9 ;9 a DbF DD &U# 9S> :5 VE Oc a

HMt n ca mt h >i ? l< thQc ch;t l+ *ic ta fi *+ ? l< c%ci% t nh phn i8a c%c th+nh phnN c%c h3i *+ c%c mMch *i in t? tnt+n $ h th3n. ThY $itN c%c i% t nh phn (hc y0z hc y1z) Ydcth4 hin 5a m`c in %p *Vi mt ch5n nh;t nh. i% t y0z tYn `n*Vi m`c in %p th;p (tC 0> n x0N&>) *+ i% t y1z tYn `n *Vi m`cin %p tC h:n x#> n x>. 4 $i45 i7n mt 3 li5 nh phnN c%c phnt? man th/n tin Ydc lion t E nha5 the nhm (*9 1$!te l+ & $it). 4

:m nhn c/n *ic i ch5!4n c%c 8 li5 n+! tn t+n $ h th3nN c c%cYkn ! t5!En ~n in ch5!on n Ydc hAp n n th+nh h th3nNmi ! t5!En ~n +nh ion ch 1 $it. Pp c%c Ykn t5!En ~n +nhion ch c%c t9n hi5 c cn ch`c anh (8 li5N a chbN iE5 hi4n) Ydc]i l+ BKL. ThY *!N tn mt h >i ? li ? li ? l


26/154


27/154


F%c lMi mMch n+! thYkn Ydc ? n 4 tM non c%c mMch tf hdplic thQc hin c%c ch`c ngn lp mN i:i mN On onh *+ phn onh. Fncn lY5 < nN mt 3 mMch ch`c ngn nhY i:i mm On onh *+ phn onh Ydc c%c hn t9ch hdp YVi Mn c%c mMch ,LI. ,t 3 mMch c th4 4a nhY mMch i:i m #^& LT"1#&N mMch On onh "11N mMch cnN *+mMch nhn *.*v

Aw `.ch tr.ng thi yJri(tatI Co1/onIntw

Pn h >i ? lVi c%c cfnlic th/n thYknN h/n th4 n3i tQc tip chGn lon cn mt Ykn ! *Zw ! a tanh ch;p BKL *Z :n mMch. >9 5 a ca phn t? W l+ y1ztn lGc 5 a ca phn t? B l+ y0z. (HZnh II.#). F%c 5 a ca lMi mMchn+! E5 the c;5 tGc/ullu/3 nha l+ c hai tanit Ydc n3i n3i tip *Vinha5 (em hZnh *w)N emitte ca tanit n+! 5a mt ie Oi n 5 aNn cllect ca tanit ia. >Vi hai tMn th%i lic y1z *+ y0zN tYn `n

w l: P1 mrN P2n *+ nYdc lMiN P2mr *+ P1n. Pon hZnh *w II.2 hintYdn n5! hi4m ! a hi l3i a ca phn t? lic W l+ y1zN c%c h% mr ha!n tYn Yn *ic tanit th/n $ h+ ha! nUtN l3i a ca phn t?lic B l+ y0z *+ hin tYdn :n mMch ! a.

4 t%nh hin tYdn n+!N mt lMi cfn lic ]i l+ cfn # tMn th%i(ti-tate ate) Ydc ? n ch l3i a ca c%c h3i n3i ch5n *+ BKL. HZnhII.#a l+ mt phn t? : 5 a # tMn th%i. HZnh II.#$ l+ O tYn Ynca tMn th%i hih-N tYn `n *Vi tYkn hdp 5 a $ t%ch h}i BKL.



28/154


ThY *!N 4 t%nh 5n t ton BKLN c%c phn t? c 5 a n3i *Vi

BKL cn ph:i Ya 5a cfn # tMn th%i.

cw `.ch ch)t3 thanh ghiN

,Mch ch3t l+ mt mMch Om c%c phn t? c h: ngn lY5 i8 c%c i% ty0z hc y1z r l3i a. F th4 n D jlip-jlp l+m mt mMch ch3t *Vi t9n hi54 ch3t 8 li5 tMi 5 a the $:n i% t chn l< a5q

G &L ~ 4 n4 2 4 22 2 2 4

Bit n nx1= D *Vi t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n l+ Q 5;t hin Ykn Ynca 5n nhp FJ. ThY *!N i% t lic (0 hc 1) tMi D Ydc ch5!4n

an 5 a (ch3t). T5 FJ i8 n5!on tMn th%i $n y1zN thZ tMn th%i


N=G

>cc

. ra W.llk.# ca#hn t logic

A

&

M:t d$y dn ca BXY

i5"n;ich.ngtrnBXY

mCmC mC

N=G

A &

T

O.t#.t

nh OO+a in tng o:n 1.ch x8 ra %hi n)i hai 0u ra cBa hai/h0n t l-n c6ng 1t *ng dR8 cBa ,Z

2[

G

&L

nh OO+m `.ch ch)t yha8 /h0n t nhFw [ sli/slo/

nable

In#.t O.t#.t

mCmC

nh OO+A Uh0n t :o tr.ng thi v' (> 2 t>ng >ng 0u ra cBa /h0nt H tr.ng thi high


29/154


5 a Ydc i8 n5!on. ThY *!N i% t lic ca D Ydc lY5 i8 r (nhV).

Phanh hi (YIgi(tIr) l+ mt nhm c%c mMch jlip-jlp Ydc n3i nn *Vi nha5N c th4 lY5 i8 Ydc c%c 3 li5 nh phn. HZnh II. l+ Omt thanh hi lY5 i8 3 li5 nh phn $it Ydc tM tC phn t? D jlip-jlp.

,t 3 li5 nh phn $;t S tC D#n D0w Ydc ch3t an c%c l3i a tC#n 0mi hi c mt Ykn lon ca 5n nhp FJ Ydc Ya tVi l3i *+5n nhp. PC nh phn n+! Ydc lY5 i8 r l3i a ch n hi c 8 li5 mViYdc Ya *+ l3i D *+ c 5;t hin Ykn lon ca 5n nhp FJ.

dw `.ch %hu8@ch .i ,Z q chi"u

Pon c r ca c%c mMch # tMn th%iN c%c mMch h5!ch Mi BKL haichiE5 Ydc ! Qn the n5!on l< a5q

Hai phn t? # tMn th%i w Ydc hAp nYdc *Vi nha5 (HZnh II.6)N chniE5 hi4n w n t9n hi5 : ca t9n hi5 ]c RD. Jhi 5;t hin t9n hi5RDN 8 li5 Ydc phAp i tC 0 an D0N nYdc lMiN t9n hi5 chb Ydc phAp itC D0an 0*+ ch phAp F@K Ya t9n hi5 hi 8 li5 a n+i.

hAp n3i 3 phn t? ch t;t c: c%c ! 8 li5N ta c mMch h5!chMi BKL hai chiE5. Pn thQc tN mMch c ch`c ngn ton Ydc t9ch hdpthe ch5n ca PPN Ydc < hi5 l+ &22& hc &2&& ('ctal BKLPancei*e).

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX#0

&L G

&L G

&L G

&L G

G

G

G2

G4

2

4

&L

nh OO+M Jhanh ghi m Ait(

4

G4

_G

nh OO+X Uh0n t %hu8@ch .i ,Z hai chi"u


30/154


II.3. &EYZ m TE8E> 9:nD :E5> 5>: DbF CPU P*@*+

>ic thQc hin mt lnh tn @&0& thQc t l+ mt ch5i c%c tha t%cR{WD *+ RIP{. ,i tha t%c R{WD ha! RIP{ tYn `n *Vi mt ch5S m%! ,). ,i lnh Ydc thQc hin 5a 1 n ch5 S m%!. ,i ch5 Sm%! cn tC # n nhp On hO (ha! cn ]i l+ tMn th%i P)

ch5 S m%! th` nh;tN F@K thQc hin *ic nhn m lnh (Int5ctinFe |etch)N Fn ]i l+ ch5 S 'pce |etch. Phe $i45 O thki ian tonhZnh II.&N th;! n *ic thQc hin ch5 S m%! ,1(ch5 S nhn lnh 'pce|etch)N F@K ?i a c%c t9n hi5 I'^,N L1*+ L0(tYn `n 0N 1N 1 ton $i45 Othki ian) %c nh tha t%c ca ch5 S.


T2

T

T

TU

T2

T

T

T2

T

T

T

M3 M% MK

W&H(highkorder addre++) (W& 2)

HIO #ort

W&

(W& 2)

(lokorderaddre++)

Gata }ro""e"ory

(In+tr.ction)

Gata }ro" "e"ory(IzO #ort addre++)

IO #ort

Gata to "e"oryor #eri#heral

&L

`2m

>

`G| `G

4

`

_G

f_

Y4Y

2(setch)

Int5ctin)e)

h)

24 (_ead) 42 (frite) 22

IOzM

Ytat.+

nh OO+e fEnh th*i c> (H cBa UVWVM yJhIo t'i liu cBa h!ng OntIlw

M8SJ RF[M

3

M8SJ RF[M

%

M8SJ "PE


31/154


F@K cn On thki ?i 16 $it a chb a r ch5 S m%! 5 tionN na!tC nhp 5 tion (P1) 4 %c nh / nhV ha! thit $ I^'. Ti 5n @F chb tOntMi tn thki ian 1 nhp non cn ph:i Ydc ch3t lMi nhk t9n hi5 W{ r m`cca.

Jhi D"X D0 fn nh ton c%c ! 8 li5N F@K ?i t9n hi5 RD. Jhi nhn Ydc 8 li5N RD ch5!4n lon m`c ca 4 c;m * t9 / nhV ha! thit $I^'.

L3 lYdn ch5 S m%! *+ tMn th%i cn ch thQc hin mt lnh l+ c3nhN n 3 lYdn n+! h%c nha5 3i *Vi c%c lnh h%c nha5N t5S the +ica tC lnh (1 $!teN 2 $!teN # $!te). L3 lYdn ch5 S m%! ph th5c *+ 3ln F@K ph:i lion lMc *Vi c%c phn t? h%c tn h th3nN ch !5 l+ *Vi c%cchip h%c.


M3 (" < D S [ p 9 D :$

T3

T%

TK

T

T+

T6

CL,

I"qM

#@l#

3

A3+

A*

AB4 AB

@

AL!

RB

PCH

U>W


32/154


II.3.+ ,:E >E58 D:Z s &U#

Jh:n thki ian (t9nh the 3 lYdn ch5 S 5n nhp) 4 F@K (hcn * l+m ch BKL) thQc hin h+n thin mt tha t%c i ch5!4n 8 li5 tCF@K n $ nhVN n thit $ nMi *i hc the chiE5 nYdc lMi Ydc ]i l+chu % ,Z+

,t ch5 S BKL Ydc F@K hc n * l+m ch BKL thQc hin tnhai iai Mnq

- iai Mn mtq F@K ?i a chb * t9 cn t5! 5;t (/ nhV hc thit$ nMi *i) lon BKL a chbN h:n thki ian n+! Ydc ]i l+ th*igian Ea ch^ (ae time). a chb 9ch (etinatin - a chb camt / nhV ha! a chb thanh hi 8 li5 ca thit $ nMi *i cn t5!5;t) Ydc F@K (hc n * l+m ch BKL) ?i lon BKL a chbcn c%c t9n hi5 %c nh lMi ch5 S BKL

- iai Mn haiq F@K i4m ta t9n hi5 n +n (R{WD) ca n *cn t5! 5;t ($ nhV hc thit $ nMi *i) 4 thQc hin *ic ich5!4n *+ ch3t 8 li5. Jh:n thki ian n+! Ydc ]i l+ th*i giand; liu+

POn tMi lMi ch5 S BKL c $:nqa. Fh5 S BKL ]c 8 li5 tC $ nhV (,em! Rea)

$. Fh5 S BKL hi 8 li5 *+ $ nhV (,em! ite)c. Fh5 S BKL ]c 8 li5 tC thit $ nMi *i (I^' Rea). Fh5 S BKL hi li5 *+ thit $ nMi *i (I^' ite)

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX##

T3

T%

TK

T

T+

T6

CL,

A3+

A*

AB4 AB

@

AL!

RB

PCH

U>W


33/154


T+i aN Q h%c nha5 *E *n t3cN h: ngn ? l< *+ ch5n $N h+nthin 8 li5N t9n hi5 R{WD chYa r m`c t9ch cQcN c%c tha t%c i ch5!4n 8li5 ca F@K ph:i tM thom c%c tMn th%i di (ait Ltate)N *! c%c lMi

ch5 S BKL c +i h%c nha5.II.3.6 Nt9 (I>9Zng trnh con /hc vng=tN tGc l+ chYn tZnh cn ta fi th/n tin *Vi thit $ nMi *i !o5 c5nUt. La5 hi n c/n *ic phc * nUtN F@K 5a! *E thQc hin tipchYn tZnh ch9nh 4 tC lnh tip the a5 hi $ nUt

F%c t9n hi5 !o5 c5phc * nUt tC mt thit$ nMi *i $;t S Ydc?i tVi chn nhn !o5 c5nUt ca F@K c th4 th/n

5a mt h3i iE5 hi4n


&h8ng trunh ch*nh

&h8ng trunh con#hwc vw ngVt

Thi i5" b ngVt

nh OO+k u trnh /hc v ng=t


34/154


nUt. P5S the nYki lptZnh m+ !o5 c5 nUt c Ydc ch5!4n tVi F@K

ha! h/n. Pn tYknhdp !o5 c5 nUt Ydc ?itVi F@KN ? l< ca F@KOm c%c $YVc a5q

1. PhQc hin n3t lnh an Ydc ? l:u

BXY i@. -hi5nA c'c t*n hi. IO_A IOfA MM_A MMf

BXY a ch

BXY d/ li.

nh OO+ ]W ` t: cc t9n hiu i"u %hi5n trong Pu trnh [`


35/154


Jhi c !o5 c5 ta fi 8 li5 the D,WN thit $ nMi *i ?i t9n hi5!o5 c5 DR tVi chip D,WFN chip n+! ?i t9n hi5 !o5 c5 te HR tVichn H'D ca F@K. T5 !o5 c5 Ydc ch;p nhnN F@K w ?i 5n hinhn HDW tVi chn HWFJ ca chip D,WF *+ tQ te c%c BKLN ch phApD,WF ? n BKL. D,WF ?i t9n hi5 DWFJ tVi thit $ nMi *i ch

phAp thit $ n+! thQc hin *ic ta fi 8 li5. Jt thGc 5% tZnh ta fi 8li5N chip D,WF ch5!4n tMn th%i ca t9n hi5 HR *E m`c th;p 4 th/n

$% ch F@K.

II.3.* VE D:vi> 9w>: (MEDSPSF8$ 9;< 5>: DbF P*@*+

aw f>n vE i"u %hi5n C j Control nitFK G Fntl Knit l+ n * iE5 hi4nN iE5 ph3i m]i hMt n ca

c%c $ phn ch`c ngn tn F@K th/n 5a Fntl BKL. F th4 ci FK l+h3i ch lnh ca F@KN n tM a c%c t9n hi5 tYn `n l+m 5 *+ chFntlle Knit 4 iE5 hi4n hMt n ca c%c h3i ch`c ngn. F%c t9n hi5 FK tM a c th4 phn th+nh 2 lMiq P9n hi5 nh thki *+ t9n hi5 iE5 h+nhhMt n ca F@K. F%c t9n hi5 nh thki FK tM a %c nh tMn th%ica F@K l+m *icq

fang H ch@ &c d; liu v'o yOn/ut 1odIw

fang a d; liu ra y_ut/ut 1odIw fang A=t 0u 1t ho.t tc %hc y,Iginning anothIr o/Irationw+F%c t9n hi5 tMn th%i ca F@K %c nh F@K anq f&c d; liu t A nhF y`I1or8 YIadw Ghi d; liu v'o A nhF y`I1or8 {ritIw ?hn lnh yOn(truction sItchw f&c d; liu t thi@t AE ngo.i vi yOb_ YIadw fa d; liu ra thi@t AE ngo.i vi yOb_ {ritIw



36/154


37/154


4 thQc hin lnhN h3i iE5 hi4n FK Gc tin m]i tha t%c na! $ontn F@K $n c%ch tM a c%c t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n *+ c%c 5n nhp 4 nhthki ch c%c h3i ch`c ngn thQc hin c%c tha t%c.

La5 hi nhn t9n hi5 tC h3i i:i m lnh (Int5ctin Dece)N FK wtM a c%c t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n *+ c%c 5n nhp. P9n hi5 iE5 hi4n w ch

phAp ({na$le) h3i ch]n thanh hi (Re Lelect) ch]n thanh hi B *+ thit lph th3n Ykn t5!En th/n 53t i8a hai thanh hi B *+ W. tip the FK wtM c%c t9n hi5 tYn `n 4 *ic t5!En 8 li5 i8a hai thanh hi Ydc thQchin.

Pip theN FK iE5 hi4n thanh m chYn tZnh @F tgn lon 1 4nhn tip lnh tC $ nhV. >Z FK c nhim * i%m %t *+ iE5 hi4n m]i that%c ca c%c th+nh phn ch`c ngn tn F@KN non c%c ! iE5 hi4n ph:iYdc n3i tQc tip tC FK tVi m]i h3i ch`c ngn tn F@K nhY ton hZnhII.1#a. Fn cn nhn th`c nN lnh Ydc F@K l;! tC $ nhV. Pn thQc tN8 li5 4 ? l< cn c th4 5;t ph%t tC $ nhVN *+ c%c thanh hi cn c th4Ydc ch]n $;t S nMi tC thanh hi lnh IR *+ thanh m chYn tZnh @F.

ThY *!N lMi cn thom mt thanh hi lion lMc *Vi BKL 8 li5 c nhim* t5! nhp Ydc *+ $ nhV. Phanh hi n+! l+m t5n ian i8a BKL 8

li5 $on n+i *+ c%c thanh hi a ngn h%cN *+ n Ydc lion lMc *Vi nha5

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX#&

AL

U

CU

FK

I_Gecoder

W

(&)

(&)

IR

(&)_eg

Yelect

B

(&)

(&)

|

(&)

{

(&)

D

(&)

F

(&)

Wrogra" &o.nter

I=T_=` G`T` BXY

`GG_YY BXY

T*n hi. i@. -hi5nt -h;i &X

nhOO+]aw ` t: %i@n trSc cBa C

T*n hi.chFn

thanh ghi


38/154


th/n 5a BKL 8 li5 ni $ (Intenal Data BKL) - mt BKL m+ c%c thanhhi Ydc t5! 5;t tQc tip. FK ph:i l+m nhim * %c nh thanh hi n+Ydc t5! 5;t 5a BKL 8 li5 ni $ tMi thki i4m . Fn *Z BKL 8 li5

ni $ ca F@K t5! 5;t n BKL 8 li5 h th3nN non cn ph:i c mtc%ch th`c 4 hc c%ch l! chGn hi cn thitN hc ch phAp hAp n3iN noncn thit ph:i c thomthanh ghi 1 d; liu haichi"u. >+ nhY *!N FK ph:il+m nhim * i"u %hi5n hFng di chu85nca 8 li5 hi i 5a thanh him (em hZnh II.1#$).

Aw i ch>ng trnhi: thit n l3i a ca h3igi:i 1! lnh v' t.o cc t9n hiu i"u

%hi5nph:i tM a 12 t9n hi5 tMi c%c c?a 1X 12N 2 t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n $ nhV*+ t9n hi5 5n nhp 9ch hMt c%c thanh hi @F (thanh m chYn tZnh)N

,WR (thanh hi m a chbN ,LR (thanh hi m $ nhV)N D' (thanh hi 8li5) *+ IR (thanh hi lnh) 4 iE5 hi4n 5% tZnh nhn *+ thQc hin lnhWDD. F%c t9n hi5 n+! Ydc ?i tVi 4 iE5 hi4n hMt n ca c%c th+nh

phn h%c nha5 tn F@K. ,t ch5 tZnh thQc hin lnh ton w Ydc thih+nh.

PhQc t tn F@K ca m%! t9nh c tC 6 n hn 200 c%c t9n hi5 iE5hi4n nhY th. LQ h%c nha5 5an t]n i8a c%c lnh *+ *i lnh l+ r ch *ilnh c nhiE5 tYkn hn. P%m $YVc tn $:n ton l+ mt vi ch>ng trnhch mt iai Mn nhn lnh ('@F'D{ |{PFH) Ydc thQc thi a5 lnh cn

WDD. ThY *! mt lnh Ydc ch th+nh mt ch5i c%c *i lnhN ha! ni c%chh%cN mi m lnh c mt *i chYn tZnh.

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX#[

ALU

CUFK

I_Gecoder

I=T_=` G`T` BXY

W

(&)

(&)

IR

(&) _egik+terYelect

B

(&)

(&)

|

(&)

{

(&)

D

(&)

F

(&)

Wrogra" &o.nter

`GG_YY BXY

T*n hi. i@. -hi5nt -h;i &X

nhOO+ ]Aw ` t: %i@n trSc cBa C

T*n hi.chFnthanh ghi

YYTM G`T` BXY

" BXY d/ li. hai chi@.


39/154


Y;b89c

&'c t*n hi. i@. -hi5n cai@.

-hi5n b:nh9

&'c x.ng nh# -*ch hotthanh ghi

N2 N N NU Nm N{ N| N> N N24 N22 N2 = zf W& M`_ MB_ GO I_2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 x 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 x 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4U 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 x 4 4 4 4 2m 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 x 4 2 4 4 4{ 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4| 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 x 4 4 4 4 4> 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 x 4 4 4 2 4

F th4 th;! nN %h)i gi:i 1! lnh v' t.o cc t9n hiu i"u %hi5nq

x yBitz ph:i thQc hin lnh ynhY th n+zN mt hi lnh tC IR(Int5ctin Reite) Ydc ch5!4n tVi.

x i:i 5!t *ic thQc hin mt lnh $n c%ch iE5 hi4n c%c h3ich`c ngn lion 5an thQc hin c%c phn *ic.

PC c%ch nhZn nhn tonN 7 +n nhn a n h3i i:i m lnh *+ tMc%c t9n hi5 iE5 hi4n l+ $ n thQc th ca F@K. F th4 ci h3i n+! l+mt m%! t9nh c n (Z/Icial/ur/o(I Co1/utIr)()$on tn F@K. T l+hMt nhn c $:n nh;t +nh ion ch *ic thQc hin mt lnh. 4 thit *+! Qn Ydc h3i n+!N cn ph:i c mt ychYn tZnhz (/rogra1)()tht chitit. FhYn tZnh n 4 ! Qn non h3i n+! cn ph:i c nh8n th tct5!t 3i ch9nh %c nhm mc 9ch thQc hin c%c lnh.

FhYn tZnh Ydc ]i l+ i ch>ng trnh(,ic@am) *+ Ydcch tM nhY l+ mt phn t9ch hdp c`n $on tn F@KN nYki lp tZnh h/nth4 tha! th cn nhY h/n th4 t5! nhp *+ Ydc.

;i v9i c'c loi W dng bit-slice microprocessorA Ci ch8ng

trunh hon ton do ng8i + dwng x$y d,ng%

Aw J/ lnh cBa UVWVM

Pp lnh ca @&0& c th4 chia th+nh nhiE5 nhm lnh nh} t5S thetCn c%ch tip cn. Phe phYn th`c ? l< *+ t 5: ca *ic ? l< 8 li5Nc%c lnh tn tp lnh Ydc chia th+nh nhm ch9nhq



40/154


1. Thm lnh ch5!4n 8 li5q c%c lnh tn nhm n+! thQc hin*ic i ch5!4n 8 li5 i8a c%c thanh hi *Vi nha5N i8a thanhhi *Vi $ nhV *+ nYdc lMiN c%c lnh *+^a 8 li5 *.*...

2. Thm lnh 3 h]c *+ licq c%c lnh tn nhm n+! thQc hinc%c phAp t9nh 3 h]c c $:n l+ cn *+ tC 2 t%n hMnN c%c lnhtgn i:mN ha! %nh ni 5n thanh hiN c%c phAp t9nh lictn 3 ]c nh phnN c%c phAp ch t%iN ph:i 8 li5 tn thanhhiN lnh 5a! *n t%i ph:i *.*...

#. Thm lnh iE5 hi4nq Ba Om c%c nhm lnh w nh%nh c iE5in *+ h/n iE5 inN c%c lnh ]i chYn tZnh cn

. Thm lnh c $itq Thm lnh c $it $a Om c%c lnh l;!$ 1 ca 3 li5 tn ni 5n thanh hiN lnh thit lp *+ %c%c ckN lnh hi5 chbnh thp phn mt 3 li5 Hea *+ lnh*+^a 8 li5 n3i tip.

II.3.0 VE >d9 g ;< 9w>: D:S *@*+

@h%t ti4n phn mEm (lp tZnh) *+ c%c th5t lion 5an n *ai t5an t]n $c nh;t tn c%c `n n tC n i:n n ph`c tMp ca c%c h

>i ? l< *+ m%! *i t9nh. 3i *Vi c%c h >i ? li ? li ? l< y*Mn ngnz n m`c c th4 i:i 5!t t;t c: m]i *;n E n:! inhtn thQc ti7nN thm ch9 /i hi cn l+m ch Q *ic c+n thom ph`c tMp.

$) >& ?nh hAng h giBi CuyDt v;n !:! ch9nh l+ $YVc tZmth5t i:i (Wlithm) t3i Y5 ch *;n E Ydc t a. TYki lp tZnh ph:i tZm*+ lQa ch]n Ydc tC nhiE5 i:i ph%p mt i:i ph%p t3t nh;tN nhYn inh tnh;t 4 thQc hin. Jh/n chb tZm i:i th5t t3t nh;t m+ cn ph:i tZm n/n n8lp tZnh ph hdp nh;t 4 i:i 5!t *;n E.


yw Jhut ng; do h!ng OntIl ( dng trong t'i liu g)c


41/154


c) /hE& hin giBi h: @hYn ph%p i:i 5!t *;n E thYkn Ydc%c nhn 5a tCn $YVc the mt lY5 O. Y5 O l+ c%ch th4 hin tYkn minhc%c $YVc thQc hin chYn tZnh tn h th3nN On thki n iGp nYki lp

tZnh nh hYVn t3t hi *it chYn tZnh.) FiDt &hAng tGHnh : B:n thn lY5 O ch th;! i:i ph%p i:i5!t *;n E the 5an i4m lp tZnh. >ic ch5!4n tC lY5 O an n/n n8chYn tZnh l+ $YVc 7 +n hn ;t nhiE5 *Vi c%ch *it chYn tZnhh/n c lY5 O. ! chb l+ $YVc c th4 ha lY5 O nhk t5n tQ thQc hin c%clnhN *+ l+ $YVc thQc t ha i:i ph%p thQc hin *;n E.

e) Ii#J tGK v g Gi: La5 hi c+i t *ic i4m ta t9nh ch9nh %c l+*/ cn 5an t]n. Th8n ai t ph:i Ydc ph%t hin *+ hi5 chbnhN /i hil+ tC ch9nh th5t i:i. >ic 3i chYn tZnh t`c l+ thQc hin tCn $YVc

chYn tZnhN ph%t hin c%c ai t nN hi5 chbnh c%c ai t n+!.4 thQc hin Ydc t;t c:c c%c $YVc ton nYki lp tZnh ph:i c th5t

lp tZnh h+n thin 4 thit chYn tZnhN ph:i c c%c c/n c lp tZnh t3t.

II.3.3@ H5 5>: DbF xP*@*+

F%c lnh ca @&0& Ydc th3n o tn $:n II.1

M>8S>ED

I>W9ZD9ES> CS[

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G`~ B 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 oad indirectG`~ G 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 oad indirectYT` 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 Ytore directG` 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 oad directYHG 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 Ytore H directHG 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 oad H direct~&HN 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 xchan e G H re i+ter+#TAC, "P#WXYH B 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 W.+h _e i+ter Wair B & onWXYH G 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 W.+h _e i+ter Wair G onWXYH H 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 W.+h _e i+ter Wair H onWXYH WYf 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 W.+h an sla + on +tac-WOW B 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 Wo _e i+ter Wair B & o}} +tac-

WOW G 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 Wo _e i+ter Wair G o}} +tac-



42/154


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~TH 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 xchan e re i+ter air H toYWH 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 H to +tac- ointer ~I YW 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 oad i""ediate +tac- ointer I=~ YW 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 Incre"ent +tac- ointer G&~ YW 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 Gecre"ent +tac- ointer zUMPMW 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 ." .ncoditional& 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 ." on carr =& 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 ." on no carr 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 ." on ero= 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 ." on no eroW 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 ." on o+itiveM 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 ." on "in.+

W 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 ." on arit evenWO 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 ." on arit oddW&H 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 H to ro ra" co.nter CALL&` 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 &all .nconditional&& 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 &all on carr &=& 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 &all on no carr & 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 &all on ero&= 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 &all on no ero&W 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 &all on o+itive&M 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 &all on "in.+&W 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 &all on arit even&WO 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 &all on atit odd

R!TURN_T 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 _et.rn_& 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 _et.rn on carr _=& 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 _et.rn on no carr _ 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 _et.rn on ero_= 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 _et.rn on no ero_W 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 _et.rn on o+itive_M 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 _et.rn on "in.+_W 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 _et.rn on arit even_WO 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 _et.rn on atit oddR!#TART_YT 2 2 ` ` ` 2 2 2 _e+tartINPUTq"UTPUT

I= 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 In .tOXT 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 O.t .t_IM 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 _ead interr. t "a+-YIM 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 Yet interr. t "a+-INCR!M!NT ANB B!CR!M!NTI=_ r 4 4 G G G 2 4 2 Incre"ent re i+ter G&_ r 4 4 G G G 2 4 2 Gecre"ent re i+ter I=_ M 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 Incre"ent "e"or G&_ M 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 Gecre"ent "e"or I=~ B 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 Incre"ent B& re i+ter+I=~ G 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 Incre"ent G re i+ter+I=~ H 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 Incre"ent H re i+ter+G&~ B 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 Gecre"ent B& re i+ter+

G&~ G 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 IGere"ent G re i+ter+



43/154


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&MW M 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 &o" are "e"or ith `=I 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 `nd i""ediate ith `~_I 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 xcl.+ive O_ i""ediate ith O_I 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 O_ i""ediate ith &WI 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 &o" are i""ediate ith R"TAT!_& 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 _otate le}t__& 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 _otate ri ht_` 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 _otate le}t thro. h carr _`_ 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 _otate ri ht thro. h carr #P!CIAL#&M` 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 &o" le"ent YT& 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 Yet carr

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44/154


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nhim * ph%t hin c%c t9n hi5 I'RF *+ I'F 4 thQc hin c%c tha t%c*+â 8 li5. ,Mch lic n+! c nhim * i:i m a chb thit $ nMi *i 4tM a c%c t9n hi5 ch phAp t5! nhp tVi thit $ c th4 (thYkn Ydc ]i l+mMchgi:i 1! Ea ch^ thi@t AE ngo.i vi). Fn cn ni thom n Ea ch^ thi@tAE ngo.i vithQc t l+ Ea ch^ cBa 1t thanh ghitn thit $ nMi *i. ThY*!N *ic ta fi 8 li5 i8a F@K *+ thit $ nMi *i thQc ch;t l+ ta fi8 li5 i8a F@K *+ thanh hi tn %hng gian thi@t AE ngo.i vi+ F%c\@&0&6 +nh 16 ! a chb th;p (W1 X W0) 4 5:n l< mt h/n ian6J thit $ nMi *i.

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Hdp n8 (Wem$le) l+ mt c/n c ;t mMnh Ydc ? n tn *icph%t ti4n m lnh ca c%c h >i ? l< *+ m%! *i t9nh. Hdp n8 l+ chYn

tZnh ch c%c lnh di nhV (,nemnic) *+ c%c < hi5 (!m$l) th+nh mm%! ch c%c h *i ? l< *+ m%! *i tZnh thQc hin. Fn phn $it n hdp n8l+ mt chYn tZnhN ch` h/n ph:i l+ mt phn ca phn c`n.

D8 li5 *+ ca hdp n8 l+ tp c%c lnh di nhVN *+ 8 li5 a ca hdpn8 ch9nh l+ c%c tp c%c $!te m m%! nh phnN m thQc thi Ydc %nh a chbch9nh %c tn h/n ian nhV chYn tZnh.

D8 li5 *+ Ydc ]i l+ m n5On (5ce ce)N 8 li5 a Ydc ]i l+m thQc thi hc m 3i tYdn ($ect ce). 5% tZnh m n5On Ydc chth+nh m 3i tYdn Ydc ]i l+ aem$l!. F/n c phn mEm thQc hin 5%

tZnh n+! ]i l+ hdp n8 (aem$le). F th4 th;! ;t 7 +n nq *it mtlnh ,'> WN, 7 nhV hn ;t nhiE5 *Vi m hea ca lnh n+!q "{Hhcm nh phn 0111 1110B.

Hin c hai lMi chYn tZnh hdp n8 an Ydc ? n n iqHdp n8 thYkn tG (Reient Wem$le) - Ydc c+i t na! tn hth3nN *+ hdp n8 ch5!4n fi (F Wem$le) h/n Ydc c+i t na!tn h th3nN m+ l+ tn mt m%! ch h%c. , chYn tZnh m%! chtM a tC hdp n8 h/n th4 chM! Ydc ton m%! ch.


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61/154


T+i a cn tOn tMi hai lMi hdp n8 h%c l+ hdp n8 t5!t 3i(W$l5te Wem$le)N *+ hdp n8 t%i nh * (Relcata$le Wem$le)N wYdc iVi thi5 tn c%c tZnh h]c hdp n8 a5 n+!.

II.3 C0u trc (& t,nh n9ng ca m:t ;< chi+ !i "# l$ hin =i.P:i 5a m;! thp ph%t ti4nN c/n nh ch tM c%c chip >i ? l<

c nh8n $YVc tin * $. 5;t hin nhiE5 i45 c;5 tGc chip >i ? li ? l< >I (>e! nInt5ctin )N >i ? l< L5pepipelineN >i ? l< >ectN *+ >i ? l< $i45tYdn (L!m$lic \@)N nhm %p `n nh5 c5 tM non nh8n m%! t9nh cQcmMnhN nh8n io5 m%! t9nhN mainjam phc * nh8n c/n *ic t9nh t%n lVnha! tM a c%c m%! t9nh ? l< n n.

3i *Vi h] &6N c c%c t5n tm i&6 *Vi c;5 tGc RILFN tp lnhGt ]n *Vi t3c ? l< tgn nhanh %n 4. l+ nh8n t5n tm ? l< #2

$it thQc Q. Jh/n ian a chb *t l< *+ h/n ian $ nhV : Ydc 5:n li ? l< FILFN nhYn@enti5m `n n i3n nhY c%c lMi >i ? l< RILF t3c caq ? l D:7 9kS8e9 D:E< Dj OZ> >:< DFS :i> 3@@ }> WS uE yDDbF 9:E79 Oc a 8J 9^>: :E5> >FJl uE EgZ E5> >j >:E59 e >: Dj NH !n A> NH)%$y l ":t #hn d, 'n -h'" #h' t;c : t;i a ca c'c

chi# +iliconkger"ani (YiNe)% YiNe cng gi;ng nh8 cngngh chi# +ilicon -h'c nh8ng 8Ec tJng c8ng ng.ynt; ger"ani 5 n$ng hi. +.jt v gi" l8Eng in ti.

thw% Trn lD th.y!tA YiNe c7 th5 " r:ng t;c : ln 2 terahert (TH)A t0c ":tnghun t vng "i gi$y%T.y nhinA th" thnh #hn ger"ani ng nghQa v9i chi #h* +n x.jt tj" a}ertJng caoA do 7 YiNe rjt -?n chFn th tr8ng% IBM b'n ra hng trJ" tri. chi#ny t nJ" 2>A nh8ng ch8a th5 ch ni -hi +o v9i con +; hng t chi# +ilicon"i nJ" nh +n l8Eng in thoi di :ng%&hi# YiNe hi. +.jt l9n + 8Ec 0ng dwng trong c'c h th;ng #hng thA #h8ngtin -h'" #h' v trw v thi!t b c" 0ng t xa%


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II.K.3 C`Z 9hD D:E< VE Oc a P>9EZ8

@enti5m l+ lMi n * ? l< t5n tm #2 $it *+ l+ lMi n * ? l< t5ntm 5 tion ? n th5t I@ (Int5ctin e*el @aaellim)N th5t

? l< lnh n n.

K thut *ng )ng v' % thut x l lnh (ong (ong OU

,t lnh thYkn Ydc ? l< 5a ngm iai Mnq]+ Thp lnh (|I |etch the Int5ctin)q+ i:i m lnh (DI Dece the Int5ctin)+ PM a chb t%n hMn ('W eneate 'pean We)m+ Thp t%n hMn (|' |etch 'pean)M+ PhQc hin lnh ({I {ec5te Int5ctin)

>Vi th5t ? l< lnh th/n thYknN n * ? l< t5n tm ph:i t5ntQ thQc hin n t;t c: c%c iai Mn thQc hin mt lnhN thYkn l+ a5 ch5S m%!N Oi mVi ch5!4n an nhp *+ thQc hin lnh tip the. 4 tgn t3c ? l< lnh m+ h/n nh;t thit ph:i tgn tn 3 nhp ca m%!N nYki ta ?n c%c th5t h%c nhY th5t ? l< lnh i45 Ykn 3n (@ipeline) *+ th5t ? l< lnh n n (I@).

J th5t ? l< lnh i45 Ykn 3n (@ipeline)J th5t ? l< lnh i45 Ykn 3n Ydc ? n tn c%c n * ?

l< t5n tm tC ki n * ? l< t5n tm Intel &0&6.

Fh5 S m%!

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sI GI NO` sO I

sI GI NO` sO I

sI GI NO` sO I

sI GI NO` sO I

sI GI NO` sO I

Ykn 3n tYn tQ nhY ! ch5!En :n 5;t nhiE5 c/n Mn. r !ch5!En :n 5;tN mi c/n Mn thQc hin mt tha t%c :n 5;t. L:n phmYdc Ydc ch5!4n *+ hZnh th+nh n a5 mi c/n Mn :n 5;tN ch n hiYdc h+n th+nh r c/n Mn c53i cn. Pn th5t ? l< lnh the i45Ykn 3nN *ic thQc hin lnh cn Ydc thQc hin 5a tha t%cN mi that%c Ydc thQc hin tn mt iai MnN iai Mn n] tip a5 iai Mn iaNch n hi thQc hin n lnh. >Vi mt Ykn 3n -iai MnN tMi mi ch5



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S m%! c $ 8 li5 th5c iai Mn ? l< Ydc ?i *+ Ykn 3n *+ tha t%c Ydc thQc hin On thkiN nhk *! m+ a5 mi ch5 S m%! lMi c mtlnh Ydc h+n th+nh *+ mt lnh mVi Ydc nhp. J th5t Ykn 3n *Vi

Ykn 3n -iai Mn ch phAp tgn t3c thQc hin lnh lon ;p ln. J th5t I@ (? l< lnh n n)

J th5t I@ l+ th5t thit n * ? l< t5n tm *+ chYn tZnhch nhm l+m tgn t3c c%c tha t%c m%! (nhY hi-]c $ nhV) *+ thQchin c%c phAp t9nh. Pn c%c th5t I@ c th5t(u/Ir(calar3 tn tMi mt ch5 S m%! nhiE5 lnh Ydc nhp *+ Ydc thQc hin On thki tonnhiE5 Ykn 3n h%c nha5.

@enti5m l+ lMi n * ? l< t5n tm Ydc thit the th5t5pecalaNtn hai lnh Ydc nhp *+ i:i m On thki. @enti5m c hai

Ykn 3n thQc hin lnh n n K *+ >. 5% tZnh thQc hin lnh Ydcm/ t: nhY a5 q

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NO` sO I

NO` sO I

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@enti5m l+ n * ? l< t5n tm lMi #2$it *+ l+ n * ? l< t5ntm lMi FILF (Fmple Int5ctin Let Fmp5te) *Vi c i4mq h lnh

ph`c tMpN nhiE5 i45 %c nh a chbN nhiE5 h5/n Mn lnh *+ nhiE5 9ch

thYVc lnh h%c nha5.@enti5m c BKL a chb tn *+ n+i #2 $itN BKL 8 li5 tn *+n+i 6 $it. @enti5m c hai cache & J$!te c lp q mt cache & J$!te 2cfn +nh ch 8 li5 *+ mt cache & J$!te ch`a lnh. @enti5m c haiYkn 3n thQc hin lnh n n K *+ >N *+ 2 n * 3 h]c-lic WK.@enti5m c mt Ykn 3n ion thQc hin c%c lnh ;5 ph! n *+ mt $On ? l< ;5 ph! n |@K Ydc t9ch hdp tn ch9p.

@enti5m c c%c thanh hi a5 qF%c thanh hi h th3n q

- F%c thanh hi iE5 hi4n #2 $itq FR0N FR1N FR2N FR#- F%c thanh hi h th3n 5:n l< $ nhV qDPRq Phanh hi $:n m/ t: t+n cc (l$al Decipt Pa$leReite)DPRq Phanh hi $:n m/ t: cc $ (cal Decipt Pa$le Reite)IDPRq Phanh hi $:n m/ t: nUt (Inte5pt Decipt Pa$le Reite)PRq Phanh hi nhim * (Pa Reite)

- F%c thanh hi Mn 16 $it q

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66/154


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II.K.% C`Z 9hD RI#Cl CI#C

RILFq (Re5ce Int5ctin-Let Fmp5te)

FILFq (Fmplete Int5ctin-Let Fmp5te)

F%ch n i:n nh;t 4 c th4 h: %t nh8n Y5 nhYdc i4m ca in tGcRILF l+ %nh *ic thQc hin mt phAp t%n 3i *Vi lMi in tGc FILF tYVc!. i: ? ta ph:i thQc hin mt lnh nhn hai t%n hMn Ydc lY5 i8 tn

$ nhV. HZnh II. v m/ t: tf ch`c ca mt m%! t9nh. B nhV Ydc tM tC c%c /

nhV tC 1q1 (h+n 1q ct 1) n 6q (h+n 6 q ct ). Jh3i thQc hin lnh cnhim * thQc hin c%c lnh t9nh t%n (nhn)N w (chia)o x (cn) *+ (tC).P;t nhionN h3i thc hin t9nh t%n chb c th4 l+m *ic *Vi c%c 8 li5 (t%nhMn) Ydc ch`a n r mt tn c%c thanh hi WNBNFNDN{ hc |. i: ? ta

ph:i tZm t9ch 2 3N 3 th` nh;t Ydc ch`a r / 2q# *+ 3 th` hai r / q2N t 5:w Ydc lY5 lMi *+ / 2q#. B! ik ta w tip cn c%ch i:i 5!t *;n E ton hailMi F@KN FILF *+ RILF.

Jr-n CU COZCq Y5 tion h+n 5 ca lMi F@K n+! l+ h+n thin mtc/n *ic *Vi 9t lnh nh;t c th4. iE5 n+! c th4 thQc hin nhk *+ *ic !Qn mt phn c`n F@K c h: ngn hi5u c v' th$c hin cmt ch5ic%c t%c nhip. Pn tYkn hdp c th4 n+!N FILF w c mt lnh %c nh 5!nh;tN tMm ]i l+ ,KPN m+ hi thQc hinN lnh w nMp hai i% t t%n hMn *+2 thanh hi a5 thQc hin phAp nhn Oi hi t 5: *+ mt thanh hitYn `n. ThY *! c/n *ic w Ydc th4 hin $n mt lnh nhY a5q

,KP 2q#Nq2nh ,KP l+ mt lnh h+n thin (cmple). nh l+m *ic tQc tip

ton $gn nhV ca m%! t9nhN ch` h/n cn nYki lp tZnh ph:i n lnh ]iha! nMp ni 5nN hi ni 5n *+ / nhV. nh ;t n *Vi n/n n8 $c ca.i: ? ta ]i yaz l+ i% t ca t%n hMn tn / nhV 2q# *+ yAz l+ i% t t%n

hMn tn / nhV q2N thZ lnh tYn `n tn n/n n8 F l+ ya =aA+5 i4m lVn nh;t ca h th3n FILF l+ chYn tZnh ch ph:i l+m ;t 9t

*ic hi ch mt chYn tZnhN ha! mt lnh ca n/n n8 $c ca an n/nn8 m%!. >Z +i ca m lnh ;t nh}N non h th3n cn cn 9t RW, hn 4hi nhV lnh. D nhionN *ic thit c;5 tGc lMi FILF c $it w ph:i t9chhdp c%c lnh h+n thin $n phn c`n.

Jr-n CU YOZCq F%c F@K lMi RILF chb ? n c%c lnh (Int5ctin)c th4 thQc hin Ydc tn mt ch5 S 5n nhp. ThY *! lnh ,KP Ydcm/ t: r phn ton ph:i Ydc chia th+nh # lnh nh} hnq y'WDz ch5!4n 8

li5 (t%n hMn) tC / nhV *+ thanh hi y@R'Dz thQc hin phAp nhn hai t%n



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hMn Ydc lY5 i8 tn c%c thanh hiN *+ lnh yLP'R{z w thQc hin *icch5!4n t 5: t9nh t%n hi *+ / nhV. 4 thQc hin Ydc phAp nhn hai t%nhMnN nYki lp tZnh ph:i m h% th+nh lnh nhY a5q

'WD WN 2q#'WD BN q2@R'D WN BLP'R{ 2q#N WF th4 th;! n *Vi c;5 tGc RILFN h/n th5n ldi lUm ch h+n th+nh

phAp t%n nhn hai 3 *Z ph:i *it nhiE5 n lnh hnN cn nhiE5 RW, hn 4lY5 i8 c%c lnh m`c aem$l!. FhYn tZnh ch cn ph:i thQc hin nhiE5*ic hn 4 ch5!4n fi c%c lnh ca n/n n8 $c ca an m m%!.

Ph nhYnN chin lYdc RILF man n nhiE5 th5n ldi 5an t]n. >Zmi lnh chb cn mt ch5 S 5n nhp 4 thQc hinN t+n $ chYn tZnhcn w chb cn 3 ch5 S 5n nhp nhY hi thQc hin lnh ,KP r h th3nFILF. ThYn in tGc RILF *Vi h lnh Gt ]n cn 9t linh in *+ h/n ianch mMch t9ch hdpN $} 5a Ydc c%c thanh hi a ngn. Hn n8aN mi lnh chbthQc thi tn mt ch5 S 5n nhp non *ic tf ch`c Ykn 3n cn n i:nhn nhiE5.

>ic t%ch lnh y'WDz *+ lnh yLP'R{z n i:n h% %n 4 h3ilYdn c/n *ic F@K ph:i thQc hin. La5 hi thQc hin lnh ,KP r c;5 tGcFILFN F@K tQ n % ni 5n c%c thanh hi. T5 mt t%n hMn n+ cntp tc Ydc ? n ch lnh tip theN F@K ph:i nMp lMi. c;5 tGc RILFN

ni 5n ca t%n hMn *~n Ydc i8 lMi ch n hi mt i% t mVi Ydc nMp*+.

F53i cnN 4 %nh mt c%ch t+n in hnN c/n th`c a5 Ydc n4 %nh i% h: ngn t9nh t%nN ? l< ca c%c lMi F@Kq

FILF c3 Un i:m 3 lnh tn mt chYn tZnhN h! inh 3 ch5 SthQc hin mt lnh tn hi RILF the chin lYdc nYdc lMi.

,t 3 th/n tin thG * ch c i:q Fhb c%c chip h] &6 *~n t5n th+nh*Vi in tGc FILFN nhion h/n Ydc th/n n lUm *Z nh8n l< h%cqPYVc ht Q ph%t ti4n * $ ca c/n nh t9ch hdp mMchN tn c/nnh :n 5;t linh in in t?. LQ i:m i% n m`c h hi45 ca $ nhVRW, cn l+m : ln c%ch nhZn nhn nh8n nhYdc i4m ca c%c F@K thein tGc RILF. i% 1,$!te RW, ngm 1["" l+ h:n 000KLDN nhYn nngm 1[[ l+ h:n 6KLDN cn tMi thki i4m n+! (200) l+ h:n hn 0N2KLD F/n nh chYn tZnh ch (cmpile technl!) cn tr non h+nthin hn non F@K lMi RILF cn *Vi $ nhV RW, 5n lYdn lVn *+ c/nnh phn mEm tr th+nh l< tYrn hn nhiE5 3i *Vi c%c hn :n 5;t m%!

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t9nh.

II.K.K QZ_> a e >:u

7a chW (ae) l+ phYn th`c 5! nh;t 4 y%c nh vE tr9(lcatin)z ca mt / nhV tn y%hng gian Ea ch^z (ae pace).

a chb Ydc th4 hin$n mt 3 n5!on nh phnh/n ;5 *+ Ydc lY5 i8tn c%c thanh hi ch5!onn *+ thanh hi a ngn *Vinh8n th5t h+n thin. achb Ydc i:i m $n phnc`n 4 t5! 5;t n mt * t9nhV tn c%c h3i nhV *t l


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mt *n nhV 8 t8 tn $ nhV ch9nh nhYn *Vi nh8n chip nhV t3c ca. F hai lMi $ nhV cache Ydc ? n ch5n tn m%! @FN 1I1or8caching*+ di(% caching+

`I1or8 cachIcn Ydc ]i $ nhV cache ha! RW, cacheN ? nRW, tnh (LRW,) t3c ca. R;t hi5 5: *Z nhiE5 chYn tZnh t5! nhpc%c 8 li5 hc lnh th/n 5a *n nhV n+!. Bn c%ch lY5 i8 8 li5 *+lnh tn cacheN t3c t5! nhp $ nhV Ydc nn ca. Fn c mt lMimem! cache Ydc t9ch hdp tQc tip tn F@K nhY r c%c F@K &0&6(&JB)N r @enti5m l+ 16JB. FhGn Ydc ]i l+ cache ni $ (OntIrnal cachI)Nha! cache m`c 1 (1). F%c @F cn h td cache n+i (xtIrnal cachI)N cn]i l+ cache 2N l+ $ nhV Ydc n t5n ian i8a F@K *+ $ nhV ch9nhDRW,.

[i(% cachI l+m *ic i3n nhY n5!on l< ca cache nhVN nhYn tha!*Z ? n LRW,N cache a ? n DRW, nhY $ nhV ch9nh. @hn lVn 8

li5 Ydc t5! 5;t tC a Ydc lY5 i8 tn c%c *n nhV m. ,i hichYn tZnh t5! 5;t aN th/n thYkn n i4m ta emN c%c 8 li5 Ydc lY5 *+ *n cache a ha! chYa. Fache a n *ai t ;t 5an t]ntn *ic nn ca t/c t5! 5;tN *Z t5! 5;t mt $!te 8 li5 tnRW, c th4 ni nhanh hn ;p n+n ln t5! 5;t mt $!te 8 li5 tC c%c fa. Jhi 8 li5 Ydc tZm th;! tn $ nhV cacheN t`c l+ cachI hitN *+ hi55;t ca cache Ydc %nh i% $n hit ratI. H5 ht c%c h th3n cache E5? n th5t(1art cachingN c nha l+ h th3n l5/n l5/n hi nhn mt3 lMi 8 li5 thYkn Ydc ? n nh;t. Fhin lYdc %c nh c%c th/n tin

n+ Ydc lYY i8 *+ tn $ nhV cache l+ *;n E Ydc c $it 5an tmtn ha h]c m%! t9nh.

II.% >ingl?@Chi+ AicrCm+ut?r C56/1

II..3 T> ZF>

T+i c%c t5n tm *i ? l< h] &6N Intelcn thit *+ :n 5;t c%ct5n tm >i ? l< ch5!on n phc * c%c mc 9ch lYkn *+ iE5 hi4ntQ nN phc * c%c `n n n i:n nhYn ;t phf $in h%c. F%c chip >i

? l< lMi n+! *Ydt a n+i h5/n hf ca mt trung tR1 i x l >n

?gu8Qn Jrung f2ng in Cng ngh Jhng tin j JIl WkV m] WVXX"1


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thu0n3tr th+nh mt >i m%! t9nh (,icFmp5te). Fn c th4 nhZn nhnnN c%c t5n tm >i ? l< h] n+! l+ mt i 18 t9nh thQc thN n5 nhZnnhn chip n+! the 5an i4m in tGc ca /n tf m%! t9nh >n Te5mannq

Fhip Ydc tan $ thom $ nhV chYn tZnh (R', hc {@R',) *+ $nhV 8 li5N cn nhY c%c cfn *+â n3i tipN *+â n n.,FL-1 l+ h] *i iE5 hi4n ca Intel. F%c nh+ :n 5;t h%c nhY

LiemenN W*ance ,ic De*iceN |5it5 *a @hilip Ydc c;p phAp l+m c%cnh+ c5n c;p c%c chip c5: h] ,FL -1.

>i mMch ch !5 ca h] ,FL - 1 l+ chip \F&01N linh in 5 tionca h] n+! Ydc Ya a th tYkn. Fhip F&01 c c%c c tYn Ydc tmtUt nhY a5q

o JB R', *+ 12& $!te RW,

o /ort&- $9tN #2 l3i *+â

o 2 $ nh thki 16 $9t

o ,Mch ia tip n3i tip

o Jh/n ian nhV chYn tZnh (mr n) n+i 6J

o Jh/n ian nhV 8 li5 n+i 6J

o B ? l< $9t (tha t%c ton c%c $9t ion w)

o 210 * t9 $it nhV Ydc nh a chb

o Thn chia tn thki ian .

F%c th+nh *ion h%c ca h] ,FL-1 c c%c tf hdp R', ({@R',)NRW, ton chip h%c nha5 hc c thom $ nh thki th` $a. ,mi mt ch9pca h] ,FL -1 E5 c phion $:n F,'L tio5 th c/n 5;t th;p.

DYVi ! l+ th/n 3 c $:n ca mt 3 \F h] ,FL-1q

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&"1 J {@R', 12& $!te 2

&02 & J R', 26 $!te #

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