gerund or infinitive
TRANSCRIPT
+ ING• Give up• Put off / postpone• Finish• Continue / Go on• Carry on / Keep (on)• Love• Hate• Like
Dislike• Enjoy• Mind• Can’t stand• Fancy• Feel like• Can’t help
• Admit• Deny• Suggest• Avoid• Miss• Imagine• Risk• Involve• It’s not worth...• It’s no use/good...
EXAMPLES
• Do you feel like going to the theatre?
• Will you keep on trying to pass the driving test?
• Toni admitted taking drugs. He admitted having taken drugs.
• That car is not worth buying.
• It’s no use complaining.
VERB + TO + INFINITIVE
• Would like• Would prefer• Would love• Would hate• Agree• Refuse• Promise• Threaten• Offer
• Afford• Decide• Plan• Arrange• Hope• Seem• Manage• Pretend
EXAMPLES
• Tom agreed to lend me some money.
• The neighbours threatened to call the police.
• He pretended not to see me.
MAKE, LET AND HELP DARE+ (Object) bare infinitive (no “to”)
(active)• They helped me (to)
cut the grass.• They made me stay.
• They didn’t let me stay.
• He dared me to...
(passive)
• I was helped to cut the grass. (passive)
• I was made to stay (passive)
• (I wasn’t allowed to…)
6. VERB + WH- + TO + INFINITIVE
Examples:
• He asked (me) how to get to the station.
• I didn’t know what to do.
• I can’t remember how to play chess.
VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
• want• ask• need me• expect them• would like you (not) to arrive
late. • would prefer him• remind us• warn• tell• order• beg
–ING / INFINITIVE
NO CHANGE OF MEANING
(OR THE DIFFERENCE IS NOT VERY IMPORTANT):
Like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy, mind, can’t stand, prefer, begin, start, continue, intend.
(-ing is more common)
EXAMPLES
• It began raining / to rain.
• I like to stay in bed till late (the idea of). /
• I like staying in bed all day. (I usually stay in bed)
CHANGE OF MEANING
a. ADVISE, RECOMMEND, ALLOW, PERMIT.
• -ING(In general)
• We don’t allow smoking here.
• We advise taking the train.
• I wouldn’t recommend staying...
• INFINITIVE (In particular)
• My parents don’t allow me to smoke.
• I advised them to take the train.
• I wouldn’t recommend you to stay…
b. REMEMBER, FORGET, TRY, STOP, REGRET, MEAN, NEED. -ING INFINITIVE REMEMBERI remember visiting them once. Remember to go.(haberlo hecho)
• FORGETShe has forgotten having .Don’t forget to come.an accident.
(haberlo tenido)• STOP
Mary stopped Mary stopped the car to seeing her boyfriend. see her boyfriend.(dejar de) (parar para…)
• TRYIf the door doesn’t open, try using... We tried to help him.(probar) (intentar)
• REGRETI regret picking on him. I regret to inform you that…(haberlo hecho) (tener que hacerlo)
• MEANThis promotion means having I didn’t mean to hurt you.more responsibility. (implica) (tener la intención)
• NEED
The car needs cleaning. You need to revise for the (passive-ser limpiado) exam.
MORE USES
-ING
AFTER A PREPOSITION:
Examples:
• I am interested in learning languages.
• She ran 25 Km without stopping.
• I look forward to* hearing from you.
-ING
AFTER SOME CONNECTORS:
AFTER, BEFORE, WHILE, INSTEAD OF, IN SPITE OF,….
Examples:
• In spite of being too tired, we got to the top of the mountain.
• After breaking the window, the children ran away.
-ING
AS A NOUN, ESPECIALLY THE SUBJECT:
Example:
• Smoking is a terrible habit.
-ING
TO DESCRIBE A METHOD: (How…?)
Example:
• You can increase sales by lowering prices.
(How can you increase sales?)
INFINITIVE
BE + ADJECT. + TO + INFINITIVE
Examples:
• They were anxious to begin.
• He is lucky to have such good friends.
INFINITIVE
NOUN + TO + INFINITIVE
Examples:
• It was a good decision to move to San Francisco.
• They gave me their permission to film in that church.
INFINITIVE
TOO + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + INFINITIVE
• The box is too heavy (for me) to carry.
• The car is too expensive (for us) to buy.
ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE
• She is not tall enough to reach the book on the shelf.