german & puppet mussolini north / allies allied push to ... · pride in 1983 as the economy...

the

repu

blic a divided italy

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german & puppet mussolini north / all ies and king in south

allied push to the north was slow, and so resistances formed

in addition to sabotage and raids in the name of liberation, they also settled scores

- gave the movement a civil war tinge

south

north

the

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the five partisan parties


Communist Party: largest following; highly organized

Action Party: radical, l iberal, democratic; strongly against fascism

Christian Democrats: supported by clergySocialists: supported Communists

Liberals: monarchistic

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impotent fascist purge


CLNAI set up commissions to purge fascist supporters.

Attempt failed dismally.Failure weakened credibility of the Repub-

lic in public eyes & slowed important legis-lation

Led to unjust bending of law against parti-san intresests by fascist sympathisers for

next 10 years.Interest shifted from fascist purge to for-

mation of strong constitution...

the

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birth of republic & constitution


June 2, 1946 the Republic was voted in by referendum.

Noteable divide in North (80% for Repub-lic) vs. South (80% for Monarchy)

3 main political powers: Christian Demo-crats (207 seats), Communists (104

seats), Socialists (115) Government now faced with problem of

creating constitution to satisfy diverse in-terests, and Risorgimento dilemma of 'how

to combine freedom with unity'.

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constitution: the proposal


Two chambers elected by universal suffrage President's power limited; proportional

representation independent judiciary branch semi-

autonomous regional governments

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constitution: the reality


frequent recourse to blanket rhetoric and abiguity' independent judiciary didn't manifest until 50s regional governments didn't manifest until 70s

legislation was not passed to support items tensions grew

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hegemonic turf war


the elemental parties of the coalition began to position for control

Togliatti's Communists were heavily influ-enced by Gramsci's hegemony - winning

the bourgeoisie favor by coercion with ideas

however, they took too much of a backseat, and the Christian Democrats (DC) gained

ground with hegemonic force of the Church and the public coffers

But another force was going to be even more influential..

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rise of consumerism


Italy was locked to advanced industrial economies 50s saw Italians shift from Moscow to Hollywood

dreams foreign aid of $2 bill ion dollars from the states

export industries boomed (Fiat, Finsider, textiles firms)

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employers vs. workers


Employers had a lot of leverage due to abundance of manpower

They removed power from shop floors. Made concessions: minimum wage, holidays,

annual christmas bonus and important scala mobile that tied wages to inflation

BUT, workers were stil l among lowest paid in europe

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1950s: the hegemony continues


1948 elections saw DC win majority with large support of the Church

after elections, DC sought seperation from church who they saw as unstable

shifted concentration to the South and In-dustry elites

the Communist Minister of Agriculture had been trying to shift the power in the south to

the peasants in Agriculture Reform

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state clientelism


DC's new strategy: supporters of the party re-ceived preference with subsidies, contracts, or

jobs, in exchange for votes this led to corruption and abuse of the system, but

was largely successful Christian Democrats numbers boomed as peas-

ants moved to southern cities from the countryside Offshoot: cities became overcrowded, and the

peasants then turned north, bolstering the labour force and fueling...

the

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1960s: the economic miracle


Snapshot of early 50's: low standard of living, 7% of homes had basic

amenities, 1 mill ion families never ate meat or sugar, and 2.7 classified as 'needy'

Jump to mid 60s: manufacturing rising 14%/anum.

Fiat selling more cars in Common Market than any other firm

per capita income up 132%; compared to 32% in britain

55% of families owned a fridge, compared to 13% in '58

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1960s: the economic miracle ... how it happened


1.Involvement in Common Market. Italy was a founding member of the European Economic Com-

munity (EEC) in 1957 signing the Treaty of Rome. They benefited heavily from the free trade, increas-

ing their output by 8%/year. 2.Deposits of natural gas and oil were discovered

in the mid 40s which provided cheap energy. 3.CHEAP LABOUR!!!

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state clientism: runaway train


DC's state clietelism accelerated out of their control

this "corruption", resulted in il l-sited facto-ries later called "cathedrals in the desert"

DC's clientelism had created a self-sustaining government that 'reinforced the

most corrupting and debilitating features of southern society'

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revolts of 68'-73'


anger towards the educational system, which had grown out of proportion to

resources

lack of jobs frustrated students and turned many into rebels

student revolutionaries were sup-

ported by youth and intellectuals; re-flected young dissillusionment with PCI

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hot autumn 1969


wave of strikes, factory occupations, demonstrationscauses:

expectations of living standards had risen due to consumerism image of tv, but wages were stil l lowest in europe and standard of living for many

stil l abysmal strong feeling of political abandonmnet by workers

relief: economic concessions appeased workers wages double from 1969 to 1973

laws passed to promise increase in public housing and tax reliefalso***: 1970, regional governments instated

each region got elected council and power for legistlation over housing, health, and agriculture

introduction of Workers' Statute provided workers with important rights Divorce Law was 60% supported in '74 refurendum; spelled an end to DC

hegemony

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recession, crime, and terrorism


72-80% of the population was dissatisfied with their democracy

terrorism in the north and organized crime in the south were both causes and effects of this lack

of confidenceconsumerism had provided a set of unifying

symbols, even language had become more uni-form

BUT family and church weakened and 'old pat-terns of community life were fatally eroded by

migration to other cities'scandals and economic recession caused a de-

cline in moral credibility of parties and ruling class

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recession, crime, and terrorism: continued


Nuova Camorra Organizzata and Cosa Nostra flourished

violence increased with organized crime terrorism rose at the same time in the north

culminated in kidnapping, imprisonment, and murder of Aldo Moro, prominent Christian Demo-

crat president, in 1978 after Aldo's murder, violence became 'gratu-

itous' and arguments ensued within terrorist fac-tions about tactics

terrorism had almost stopped by 1982

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the 'historic compromise'


1973 - PCI leader Berlinguer proposed an 'historic comprimise' between his party, DC, and PSI.

DC and PCI converged, but PSI became an after-thought.

PCI benefited in the elections, trail ing DC by only 2% and became part of the majority

BUT alienated traditional voters and PCI greedily got into it's own state clientism

the compromise ended in 1979 with the PCI losing 4% of it's vote and passing into opposition

additionaly, the PSI was deeply soured by PCI's mar-ginal treatment of them during this time

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towards a new identity?


the nationaly uncertainty turned to national pride in 1983 as the economy recovered.

recession ended, inflation dropped, and in 1987 italy became with world's 5th industrial

power.the fashion industry soared

'fruits of the boom' weren't evenly distributedthis economic boom also saw the DC's po-

litical grip loosen

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moral and economic confusion


at the end of 80's, economy falteredpolitical scandals, rise in organized crime

italy fell out of step with rest of europeled to a new breed of Party - Northern

League, supporting conservative values but advanced industry

german & puppet mussolini north / allies allied push to ... · pride in 1983 as the economy...

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