geovis'15 - exploring the impact of visual complexity levels in 3d city models on the accuracy...
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Vi lExploring the Impact of Visual Complexity Levels in 3D City Models onComplexity Levels in 3D City Models on the Accuracy of Individuals’ Orientation
d C iti Mand Cognitive Maps
mstim
e.comVictoria Rautenbach*
Arzu Çöltekin** (presenter)
nda trees” dream
Serena Coetzee*
image: : “jacara
*University of Pretoria ** University of Zurich
Informal settlements, urban planning
„Favela“ by Nicholas Broughton
urban planning & map literacy
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70x50_
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2023
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ages/201
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ooloo.org/pu
blic/
South Africa
http://w
ww.wo
Map literacy & alternative visualizations
Map literacy– Map reading is learned
• Though spatial abilities (innate or acquired huge debate) matter
– Clarke (2007): not all planners have the necessary map literacy in South Africa
Visualization alterantives?Visualization alterantives?• 2D maps for development plans
‘h bl ’• 3D ‘human recognizable’ More intuitive? Could it help?
Measuring visual complexityMeasuring visual complexity
l f i & i iInterplay of perception & cognition • We measure things like..g
– Entropy of display• Number of objectsj• Density of attention grabbers• Workings of central/peripheral vision
– Difficulty indicators• Response time, accuracy• Eye & hand movements
– Spatial abilitiesp
Geovisualization & complexityGeovisualization & complexity
di i b h ll d i ll llMap reading is both perceptually and intellectuallycomplex
3K.htm
l
‐ Some maps are more x_picture_6N
3
pcomplex than others
‐ Map‐use tasks are more p_city_com
plex
Map use tasks are morecomplex for some people (e.g., non‐experts, le
x_map_m
ap
p p ( g , p ,low‐spatial people) than others al
ize.us/comp
iImage: vi.su
F t t ti i tGaze plotsEye movements
Fastest participant: ~11 seconds, 25 fixations
010
. 2009, 20
tekin et al
Coltekin, A. (2015). Mix well before use: Understanding the key ingredients of user studies . Workshop (position) paper ‐‐ at the pre‐conference workshop "Envisioning the Future of Cartographic Research" at the International Cartographic Conference , ICC 2015, Curitiba, Brazil.
Colt
Sl t ti i tEye movementsSlowest participant:~521 seconds, 1181 fixations
010
. 2009, 20
tekin et al
Colt
Coltekin, A. (2015). Mix well before use: Understanding the key ingredients of user studies . Workshop (position) paper ‐‐ at the pre‐conference workshop "Envisioning the Future of Cartographic Research" at the International Cartographic Conference , ICC 2015, Curitiba, Brazil.
Example: 2D vs. 3D, Continuous vs. discrete colors
d f l ( ll’ l )reading temperature ‐permafrost visualizations (Dall’Acqua et al., 2013)
2D 3D
Dall’Acqua, L., Coltekin, A., & Noetzli, J. (2013). A Comparative User Evaluation of Six Alternative Permafrost Visualizations for Reading and Interpreting Temperature Information. In GeoViz Hamburg 2013 Interactive Maps that Help Poeple Think.
Response time 2D/3D**
Number of errors 2D/3D
** p= .0 < .01
i 2 /3**
Number of errors discrete/cont Response time 2D/3D
Dall’Acqua, L., Coltekin, A., & Noetzli, J. (2013). A Comparative User Evaluation of Six Alternative Permafrost Visualizations for Reading and Interpreting Temperature Information. In GeoViz Hamburg 2013 Interactive Maps that Help Poeple Think.
**p = .0 < .01
Example
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inguish
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Spatial Cog
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igh‐Leve
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kin, A. (20
ntion. 2nd
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cal V
isual Atten
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inguish
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igh‐Leve
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Visual clutter algorithm by Rosenholz
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kin, A. (20
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chow
ski, A., N
ieen
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(2007) applied to satellite imagesand cartographic maps of the same cities
ucho
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ewing: Charti
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Saliency maps calculated according to
rdam
cs From M
ap V
for S
patia
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. Usin
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Itti & Koch’s model (1981), modified by
Amster
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yWalther (2006)
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earch, Vienn
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Task completion timesA: main effect for map typesB: two cities separated per map type
A
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Eye Tracking fB: two cities separated per map typeC: high‐spatial vs low spatial per map type
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igh‐Leve
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cal V
isual Atten
oltekin, A., Du
cocal Visu
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Ambient/Foc
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Ambien
t / Fo
Complex = pmore hands?
No mouse useP i l f ll
Eye movements – Heim & Coltekin
Partial or full mouse use
Coltekin, A., Demsar, U., Brychtova, A., Vandrol, J. (2014). Eye‐hand coordination during visual search on geographic displays In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Eye Tracking for Spatial Research, Vienna, Austria.
Map literacy & alternative visualizations
Map literacy– Map reading is learned
• Though spatial abilities (innate or acquired huge debate) matter
– Clarke (2007): not all planners have the necessary map literacy in South Africa
Visualization alterantives?Visualization alterantives?• 2D maps for development plans
‘h bl ’• 3D ‘human recognizable’ More intuitive? Could it help?
Preliminary work (this study)Preliminary work (this study)
Not a controlled study
• Three 3D models– unfamiliar cities – presented in virtual environments
• sense of orientation– ‘real life’ landmarks– virtual landmarks
• “cognitive map”cognitive map– sketch the route just shown
ParticipantsParticipants
• 107 University of Pretoria undergraduate students – ‘future experts’ (all enrolled in Faculty of Natural Scienes)
l f l– 51 males, 56 females– 18‐25 years old (average: 20)
• “Focus group” like interactions in classroom• Focus group like interactions in classroom
Selected results – sense of direction (self reported)
50%
Sense of directionFrequency of disorientation
35%
40%
45%
rticipan
ts
25%
30%
35%
age of par
Rarely
10%
15%
20%
Percen
ta
Excellent
0%
5%
10% Extremely poor
Very often
Selected Results – orientation (observed)
50%
40%45%50%
25%30%35%
racy
10%15%20%
Accu
47% 34% 42%0%5%10%
Task3 (Real world) Task5 (VC2) Task6 (VC3)Task3 (Real world) Task5 (VC2) Task6 (VC3)
Quantified success in sketch task
30%
35%
40%tegory
20%
25%
30%
s per ca
10% 19% 17% 34% 20%5%
10%
15%
ketche
s
10% 19% 17% 34% 20%0%
Layout + Circle +
Layout + Circle
Layout + Height
Layout No resemblance
% sk
Circle + Height
Circle Height resemblance
Results SummaryResults ‐ Summary
l l d d h d f• Only 47% correctly indicated the direction of a well‐known building on campus – Even lower number of correct responses with VE: 34% (Alexanderplatz) and 42% (Ettenheim)% ( p ) % ( )
• Drawing the sketch was a challenging task( i 3D t 2D t l t f ti )(requires 3D to 2D mental transformation) – Only a staggering 10% of participants were able to include the layout, circle and height differentiation
Evaluating functional map literacy when using i d i li i f b
Next up..
various maps and geovisualizations for urban design of informal settlements