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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Topic : Proposal to build a geothermal plant Tawau in Sabah in NW Borneo

Location: Tawau in Sabah in NW Borneo 95 acres.

Objectie: to build a power plant to !acilitate the demand power consumption re"uirement

Financial requirement:

 Non power generated#

Power generating :

Securit$ :

Total #

Energy prouction capacity: %W & month

Time !rame !or con"truction o! plant: $ears

#ro!it: 

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I$TR%&UCTI%$

'eothermal energ$ is thermal energ$ generated and stored in the (arth. Thermal energ$

is the energ$ that determines the temperature o! matter. The geothermal energ$ o! the

(arth)s crust originates !rom the original !ormation o! the planet and !rom radioactie deca$ o! materials *in currentl$ uncertain but possibl$ roughl$ e"ual proportions+. The geothermal

gradient, which is the di!!erence in temperature between the core o! the planet and its sur!ace,

dries a continuous conduction o! thermal energ$  in the !orm o! heat  !rom the core to the

sur!ace. The adjectie geothermal originates !rom the 'ree- roots / *ge+, meaning earth,

and 01234 *thermos+, meaning hot.

(arth)s internal heat is thermal energ$ generated !rom radioactie deca$ and continual heat loss

!rom (arth)s !ormation.Temperatures at the core6mantle boundar$  ma$ reach oer 7888

*;,<88 =+.>7? The high temperature and pressure in (arth)s interior cause some roc- to melt and

solid mantle to behae plasticall$, resulting in portions o! mantle conecting upward since it is

lighter than the surrounding roc-. @oc- and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to A;8

*;88 =+.

=rom hot springs, geothermal energ$ has been used !or bathing since Paleolithic times and

!or space heating since ancient @oman times, but it is now better -nown !or electricit$

generation. Worldwide, ,;88 megawatts *%W+ o! geothermal power is online in <8A.>C? Dn

additional <E gigawatts o! direct geothermal heatingcapacit$ is installed !or district heating,

space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications in <88.

'eothermal power is cost e!!ectie, reliable, sustainable, and enironmentall$ !riendl$,>E? but

has historicall$ been limited to areas near  tectonic plate boundaries.   @ecent technological

adances hae dramaticall$ eFpanded the range and siGe o! iable resources, especiall$ !or applications such as home heating, opening a potential !or widespread eFploitation. 'eothermal

wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much

lower per energ$ unit than those o! !ossil !uels. Ds a result, geothermal power has the potential to

help mitigate global warming i! widel$ deplo$ed in place o! !ossil !uels.

The (arth)s geothermal resources are theoreticall$ more than ade"uate to suppl$ humanit$)s

energ$ needs, but onl$ a er$ small !raction ma$ be pro!itabl$ eFploited. Hrilling and

eFploration !or deep resources is er$ eFpensie. =orecasts !or the !uture o! geothermal power 

depend on assumptions about technolog$, energ$ prices, subsidies, and interest rates. Pilot

 programs li-e (W(B)s customer opt in 'reen Power Program >9? show that customers would be

willing to pa$ a little more !or a renewable energ$ source li-e geothermal. But as a result o! goernment assisted research and industr$ eFperience, the cost o! generating geothermal power 

has decreased b$ <5I oer the past two decades.>8? Jn <88, geothermal energ$ cost between

two and ten KS cents per -Wh

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'() I$&USTRIAL A$ALYSIS A$& C%M#ETITIVE A$ALYSIS

The Tawau 'eothermal Project is located in North (ast %ala$sia *Borneo+, =igure . The

!ield is being eFplored !or geothermal power deelopment b$ Tawau 'reen (nerg$ *T'(+, a

%ala$sian based renewable energ$ compan$. The !ield eidence is !or a moderate siGed olcanicgeothermal !ield with medium grade temperature. Dlthough the sur!ace geothermal mani!estation

and potential o! the area !or geothermal deelopment hae been -nown since the earl$ siFties

*Lir- 9C<+, the !ield has been largel$ oerloo-ed !or deelopment because o! the indications !or 

medium grade temperature which would produce onl$ a small steam !lash i! deeloped as a

conentional !lashed steam power deelopment. Moweer, wor- b$ T'( oer the past two $ears

has changed this perception and it is now recogniGed that the !ield is prime !or deelopment with

an organic @an-ine c$cle power plant operating at a geothermal resource temperature o! around

<88o and probabl$ with pumped production wells The project is currentl$ being prepared !or a

two well eFploration drilling program eFpected to commence in ul$ <87 and it is eFpected that

the results o! drilling will be aailable at the time o! presentation o! this paper in april <85.*Peter @,<87+

'(* #LA$T L%CATI%$

=igure . : Ddapted !rom google image

#R%+ECT

L%CTI%$

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=igure .A : Project ocation o! 'eothermal Plant, Tawau Sabah, North West %ala$sia *Peter 

@,<87+

,eot-ermal Setting

Sabah lies in the northern part o! an important junction between the (urasian, JndoDustralian

Paci!ic and Philippines Sea Plates. Jt also occupies a central position between three marginal

 basins: the Sulu, elebes and South hina Seas. The Semporna Peninsular where the Tawau

'eothermal prospect is !ound has been subject to two phases o! olcanism. The !irst originated

!rom the subduction in ate (ocene to %iddle %iocene times o! the Proto hina sea plate

southeastward beneath present da$ Northern Borneo and eFtension to the S( in the elebes Sea

and %a-assar Strait. This produced melting in the down going slab and eFtensie sur!ace

olcanism !orming an arc in the icinit$ o! the Semporna and Hent peninsulas in NW Borneo

*=igure <+

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Figure ': #late Tectonic Structure o! .orneo in Late %ligocene Time"

Figure /: #late Tectonic Structure o! .orneo in Late Miocene to #liocene Time"

Secondl$, subduction o! the Proto South hina plate ceased and subduction o! the elebes Sea

Plate to the Northwest commenced about .C%a and generated a N( trending arc o! andesitic to

dacitic actiit$ o! %iocene to Quaternar$ age in the Hent and Semporna Peninsulas *=igure A+.

Transpressional moement along major stri-e slip !aults in this region is possibl$ related to

 propagation o! de!ormation !rom Sulawesi towards Sabah in late Pliocene times. This eFisting

stri-e slip de!ormation which is well eident through the Tawau project area li-el$ indicates a

strongl$ structurall$ controlled and permeable structural networ- deeloped oer the geothermal

s$stem at Tawau *T'( 'eolog$+.

L%CAL ,E%L%,ICAL SETTI$,

D geological map !or the Tawau geothermal prospect is shown in =igure 7 *T'( <8Aa+. The

Tawau geothermal project is located in a mountainous area -nown as the Tawau Mills which

!orms the bac-bone o! the Semporna Peninsular. The Tawau Mills hae been built up b$ %iocene

to ate Pleistocene andesitic, basaltic and dacitic olcanic roc-s as described aboe. Plesistocene

dacites and andesites !orm %ounts %agdalena and %aria, the dominant topographical !eatures in

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the area. The $oungest olcanic roc-s are oliine basalts erupted in the late Pleistocene time at

Quoin Mill to the east o! %t %aria and %t Bombalai to the west, which appear to be late stage

erupties located on the rim o! a late stage circular collapse !eature deeloped about %t %aria

Thermoluminescence dating studies o! the Tawau olcanic roc-s hae been reported b$

Ta-ashima et al *<885+. O! < samples dated, the $oungest was !ound to be 8.89%a !rom a

monogenetic cinder cone. Dges o! dacitic olcanic roc-s !rom the !oot o! %t %aria ranged !rom8.A7 to 8.75 %a with the ages o! underl$ing andesitic laas ranging !rom 8.<; to 8.5< %a. Dges

!or the occurrence o! h$drothermal alteration in the project area were also determined with

samples !rom the Kpper Tawau Mot Springs *=igure 5+ being 8.5 to 8.9%a. Other ages were

widel$ scattered !rom 8.<; to 8.CC%a.

The project areas has a strongl$ deeloped pattern o! transcurrent !aulting on a NWS( trend

with subordinate NS and N(6SW trending !aults *see =igure 7+ *T'( <8Aa+ . This is consistent

with the structural !ramewor- and regional stress regime o! the Borneo region showing stri-e slip

!aulting and transpressional tectonics !rom the late Pliocene to the present da$ which probabl$

caused most structural deelopment *Belagaru and Mall, <889+.

Oerall the Tawau geothermal prospect is considered to be well situated with respect to plate

tectonics, has a long histor$ o! magamatism and recent olcanism and has a welldeeloped

structural !abric with good potential !or high structural permeabilit$.

,E%C0EMISTRY

T'( has completed a thorough reeFamination and resampling o! all -nown springs. hemical

anal$ses o! the springs are gien in Table and computed chemical geothermometers are gien

in Table <. Sur!ace thermal actiit$ at Dpas Liri consist mainl$ o! warm and hot springs ranging

up to ;Eo and these hae arbitraril$ been diided into 7 groups based on spatial and chemicalconsiderations *see =igure 5+. These include: DBloc- *Dpas Liri hot spring, o! Nal t$pe water 

with a maFimum temperature o! ;Eo and 788 mg&-g l+, BBloc- *Balung hot springs,

maFimum 5Co, is a aSO7 water with slightl$ acidic pM o! C.8 to C.7, about 888mg&-g SO7,

mg&-g l and some Sul!ur deposition+, T Bloc- *Tawau cit$ hot spring, a miFed anion t$pe

water with l at A5A mg&-g+ and T<Bloc- *Tawau Mill conseration area hot springs+ maFimum

A7o, is a aSO7 water with acidic pM o! 7.8 to 7.7 and A<7 to 79 mg&-g SO7 , E mg&-g l

and some Sul!ur deposition+ *see =igure 5+. There are no !umarole mani!estations in the area.

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Figure 1: Apa" 2iri: Location o! t-ermal !eature" 3a!ter ,eot-ermE45 ')*67

Table < lists a set o! standard chemical geothermometr$ applied to the 7 bloc-s described aboe.

Jn relation to this tabulation

*'eotherm(F <87+ notes:

• chemical geothermometers donRt appl$ to the waters o! T< Bloc- and B Bloc- because

the$ are shallow and would not hae e"uilibrated at high temperatures

• The T< Bloc- hot spring isnRt listed but presents eidence o! a s$stem maFimum o! about

88 to 5o• Two !orms o! the Na&L geothermometer are listed. One is calibrated b$ =ournier and the

other is a relatiel$ new calibration b$ Santo$o and HiaG'onGales *<88+

• Table < does not list the commonl$ cited Na&L and L%g temperatures o! 'iggenbach

*9EE+ because the$ produce higher temperature estimates than do other calibrationsthereb$ increasing the ris- to the project o! oer estimating the resource

• Table < also lists the sul!atewater oF$gen isotope temperature using the data aailable in

oino et al *<88+ and the anh$drite *aSO7+ geothermometer calculated b$

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'eotherm(F *<87+ using the Watch <7 computer code !or geochemical thermod$namic

speciation applied to a set o! representatie samples.

Hi!!erent geothermometr$ computations can $ield er$ di!!erent results o! di!!erent responses to

cooling !rom highest temperature conditions at depth. The general se"uence o! response rate

*most resistant to least resistant+ is sul!atewater E8 isotope Na&L NaaL "uartG *NaLa%g, L%g, Dnh$drite, halcedon$+ 'eotherm(F, <87+. The isotope geothermometer in

 particular ta-es a long time to e"uilibrate, estimated at E $ears at <88o. Other processes such

as miFing oFidation and precipitation can also a!!ect results.

These geochemical data are interpreted as !ollows the h$drothermal s$stem that !eeds the Dpas

Liri Mot springs appears to rise !rom a deep upwelling under %t %aria at about E8 to <<88,

resides !or a long time at about the same temperature and then cools to about <8o in an

out!low to the south and south east be!ore discharging at the Dpas Liri hot springs. There is a

large OE shi!t that is displa$ed b$ the hot springs that implies a long residence time that in turn

implies time !or complete e"uilibration o! the isotope temperature.

POWER PLANTS

The basic t$pes o! geothermal power plants in use toda$ are steam condensing turbines

and binar$ c$cle units. Steam condensing turbines can be used in !lash or dr$steam plants

operating at sites with intermediate and hightemperature resources *58+. The power plant

generall$ consists o! pipelines, watersteam separators, aporiGers, demisters, heat eFchangers,

turbine generators, cooling s$stems, and a stepup trans!ormer !or transmission into the electrical

grid. The power unit siGe usuall$ ranges !rom <8 to 8 %We, and ma$ utiliGe a multiple !l ash

s$stem, !lashing the !luid in a series o! essels at successiel$ lower pressures, to maFimiGe the

eFtraction o! energ$ !rom the geothermal !l uid. The onl$ di!!erence between a !lash plant and a

dr$steam plant is that the latter does not re"uire brine separation, resulting in a simpler and

cheaper design.

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Tec-nology in ,eot-ermal plant

.inary

Technolog$ deelopments during the 9E8s hae adanced lower temperature geothermal

electricit$ production. These plants, -nown as Ubinar$V geothermal plants, toda$ ma-e use o!

resource temperatures as low as C5o=, or ;7o *assuming certain parameters are in place+ and

as high as A58o= *;;o+. DpproFimatel$ 5 percent o! all geothermal power plants utiliGe

 binar$ conersion technolog$.

Jn the binar$ process, the geothermal !luid, which can be either hot water, steam, or a miFture o!

the two, heats another li"uid such as isopentane or isobutane *-nown as the Uwor-ing !luidV+,

that boils at a lower temperature than water. The two li"uids are -ept completel$ separate

through the use o! a heat eFchanger used to trans!er heat energ$ !rom the geothermal water to the

wor-ing !luid. When heated, the wor-ing !luid aporiGes into gas and *li-e steam+ the !orce o!

the eFpanding gas turns the turbines that power the generators.

'eothermal !luids neer ma-e contact with the atmosphere be!ore the$ are pumped bac- into the

underground geothermal reseroir. Because the geothermal water neer !lashes in aircooled

 binar$ plants, 88 percent can be injected bac- into the s$stem through a closed loop. This seres

the duel purpose o! reducing alread$ low emissions to near Gero, and also maintaining reseroir

 pressure, thereb$ eFtending project li!etime. =or lower pressure steam, a two phase binar$ c$cle

is sometimes used. Twophase s$stems are similar to traditional binar$ c$cles, eFcept the steam!low enters the aporiGer&heateFchanger, while the geothermal li"uid is used to preheat the

organic motie !luid. The steam condensate either !lows into the preheater or is combined in the

geothermal li"uid a!ter the preheater. Since the steam pressure in the aporiGer&heateFchanger

remains aboe atmospheric pressure, the non condensable gases *N'+ can be reinjected

together with cooledgeothermal !luid or simpl$ ented without the need !or a power consuming

acuum pump. =igure 7 shows Binar$ Power plant schematics.

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Figure 6 : .inary #o8er #lant Sc-ematic

0%9 &%ES T0E ,E%T0ERMAL #LA$T 9%R2S

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Maret Stuy an Strategy

The mar-et stud$ !or this research is done based on the JcelandRs geothermal energ$

 production. The countr$Rs geothermal production is administrated b$ Jceland National (nerg$

Duthorit$.

7. Jnternational mar-et sure$ 6 Jceland 'eothermal

Jceland is a pioneer in the use o! geothermal energ$ !or space heating. 'enerating

electricit$ with geothermal energ$ has increased signi!icantl$ in recent $ears. 'eothermal power 

!acilities currentl$ generate <5I o! the countr$)s total electricit$ production. Huring the course

o! the <8th centur$, Jceland went !rom what was one o! (urope)s poorest countries, dependent

upon peat and imported coal !or its energ$, to a countr$ with a high standard o! liing where

 practicall$ all stationar$ energ$ is deried !rom renewable resources. Jn <87, roughl$ E5I o! 

 primar$ energ$ use in Jceland came !rom indigenous renewable resources. Thereo! CCI was

!rom geothermal.

7.. egaliGation o! the power production

The ownership o! resources inside the ground is attached to a priate land, while on

 public land resources inside the ground are the propert$ o! the State o! Jceland, unless others can

 proe their right o! ownership. (en though the ownership o! resources is based on the

ownership o! land, research and utiliGation is subject to licensing according to the land

registration act and electricit$ act. Sure$, utiliGation and other deelopment pursuant to these

Dcts are also subject to the Nature onseration Dct, Planning and Building Dct and other acts

relating to the sure$ and utiliGation o! land and land bene!its.

The Dct on Sure$ and KtiliGation o! 'round @esources,  coers resources inside the

ground, at the bottom o! riers and la-es and at the bottom o! the sea within netting limits. The

Dct also coers sure$s o! h$dropower !or the generation o! electricit$. The term resource

applies to an$ element, compound and energ$ that can be eFtracted !rom the earth, whether in

solid, li"uid or gaseous !orm, regardless o! the temperature at which the$ ma$ be !ound.

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Dccording to the Dct Or-usto!nun is permitted to ta-e the initiatie in and&or gie

instructions on sure$ing and prospecting !or resources in the ground an$where in the countr$,

regardless o! whether the owner o! the land has himsel! or hersel! begun such sure$ing or 

 prospecting or permitted others such sure$ing or prospecting, unless the part$ in "uestion holds

a alid prospecting license pursuant to the Dct. Jn the same wa$, Or-usto!nun ma$ permit others

to sure$ or prospect, in which case a prospecting license shall be issued to them. D prospecting

license con!ers the right to search !or the resource in "uestion within a speci!ic area during the

term o! the license, sure$ eFtent, "uantit$ and potential $ield and to obsere in other respects

the terms which are laid down in the Dct and which Or-usto!nun considers necessar$.

The utiliGation o! resources inside the ground is subject to a license !rom Or-usto!nun,

whether it inoles utiliGation on priate land or public land, with the eFceptions proided !or in

the Dct. D landowner does not hae a priorit$ to a utiliGation license !or resources on his or her 

land, unless such an owner has preiousl$ been issued a prospecting license. D utiliGation license

 permits the license holder to eFtract and use the resource in "uestion during the term o! the

license to the eFtent and on the terms laid down in the Dct and regarded necessar$ b$

Or-usto!nun. Be!ore the holder o! a utiliGation license begins eFtraction on priate land the

holder needs to reach an agreement with the landowner on compensation !or the resource or 

obtain permission !or eFpropriation and re"uest assessment. Jn the eent o! neither an agreement

made on compensation nor eFpropriation re"uested within C8 da$s immediatel$ !ollowing the

date o! issue o! a utiliGation license, the license shall be cancelled. The same applies i! utiliGation

on the basis o! the license has not started within three $ears o! the issuance o! the license. This

also applies to the utiliGation o! resources inside public land.

Or-usto!nun ma$ reo-e the aboe licenses i! their conditions are not !ul!illed. J! a

license holder does not compl$ with the conditions established in the license or contracts relating

to the license, Or-usto!nun shall issue a written warning and proide time limits !or recti!ication.

Should the license holder not compl$ with such a warning, the license shall be reo-ed.

Dccording to the (lectricit$ Dct, a license issued b$ Or-usto!nun is re"uired to construct

and operate an electric power plant. Moweer, such a license is not re"uired !or electric power 

 plants with a rated capacit$ o! under %W, unless the energ$ produced is deliered into the

distribution s$stem o! a distribution s$stem operator or into the national transmission grid. The

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owners o! power plants with a rated capacit$ o! A8 6 ,888 -W shall submit technical details o! 

the plant to the National (nerg$ Duthorit$. Dlso, the National (nerg$ Duthorit$ shall be

in!ormed annuall$ o! the total generation o! power plants with a rated capacit$ o! oer 88 -W.

The National (nerg$ Duthorit$ is responsible !or monitoring mineral prospecting or eFtraction areas and geothermal areas, as well as to regulate the compliance o! companies

operating under issued licenses. The National (nerg$ Duthorit$ will report to the %inister o! 

Jndustr$, (nerg$ and Tourism on the conduct o! eFploration, prospecting, and eFtraction in

accordance with !urther instructions issued b$ the %inister. The protection and monitoring o! 

 prospecting and eFtraction areas is also subject to the Nature onseration Dct.

7.A The ariet$ o! JcelandRs geothermal

Jceland is well -nown to be a world leader in the use o! geothermal district heating. D!ter 

the Second World War, Or-usto!nun carried out research and deelopment, which has led to the

use o! geothermal resources !or heating o! households. Toda$, about 9&8 households are heated

with geothermal energ$.

Space heating is the largest component in the direct use o! geothermal energ$ in Jceland.

The !igure 7.A below gies a brea-down o! the utiliGation o! geothermal energ$ !or <8A. Jn the

$ear <8A, the total use o! geothermal was high, with space heating accounting !or 75I.

 Figure 4.3: The distribution of geothermal energy 2013

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7.7 Sustainabilit$ o! JcelandRs 'eothermal (nerg$

'eothermal energ$ is a renewable energ$ source that can be utiliGed in a sustainable or 

eFcessie manner. (Fcessie production !rom a geothermal !ield can onl$ be maintained !or a

relatiel$ short time, and can indicate oer inestment in wells and power plant e"uipment. D!ter 

a period o! prolonged oeruse, a !ield operator is !orced to reduce the production to the leel o! 

maFimum sustainable use. To aoid eFcessie production, UStepwise deelopmentV is initiated.

Stepwise deelopment o! geothermal resources is a methodolog$ that ta-es into

consideration the indiidual conditions o! each geothermal s$stem, and minimiGes the longterm

 production cost. The cost o! drilling is a substantial component both in the eFploration and the

deelopment o! geothermal !ields. With the stepwise deelopment method, production !rom the

!ield is initiated shortl$ a!ter the !irst, success!ul wells hae been drilled. The production and

response histor$ o! the reseroir during the !irst deelopment step is used to estimate the siGe o! 

the neFt deelopment step. Jn this wa$, !aorable conditions are achieed !or the timing o! the

inestment in relation to the timing o! reenue, resulting in lower longterm production costs

than could be achieed b$ deeloping the !ield in one step. %erging the stepwise deelopment

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method, with the concept o! sustainable deelopment o! geothermal resources, results in an

attractie and economical wa$ to utiliGe geothermal energ$ resources.

7.5 (lectricit$ 'eneration

'enerating electricit$ with geothermal energ$ has increased signi!icantl$ in recent $ears.

Ds a result o! a rapid eFpansion in Jceland)s energ$ intensie industr$, the demand !or electricit$

has increased considerabl$. The !igure on the right shows the deelopment !rom 9;8<8A. The

installed generation capacit$ o! geothermal power plants totaled CC5 %We in <8A and the

 production was 5.<75 'Wh, or <9I o! the countr$)s total electricit$ production.

 

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 Figure 4.4 (a): The production site and total energy produced as till 2012

  Figure 4.4(b) : The consumption of geothermal electricity 2013

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