1. History of geological investigation in myanmar

2. Tectonic provicens and subprovinces of Myanamr

3. Neotectonics and earthquakes of Myanmar

4. Precambrian Stratigraphy

5. Paleozoic Stratigraphy

OD;vSjrifh2008 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv

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blrdaA'avhvmrI\ orkd kif;aMumif;blrdaA'avhvmrI\ orkd kif;aMumif;blrdaA'avhvmrI\ orkd kif;aMumif;blrdaA'avhvmrI\ orkd kif;aMumif;blrdaA'avhvmrI\ orkd kif;aMumif;R. Fitch (1599) \ qD;&D;,m;rS jrefrmEdkifiHokdY pGefYpm;oGm;vmonfh c&D;pOfü azmfjyxm;aom

blrdaA'qdkif&m tcsuftvuftcsKdUwkdYonf a&S;tusqkH;aom rSwfwrf;jzpf[ef&Sdonf H.Cox (1799)\ a&e Hac smi f ;v TmwGe f Yc k H ;ay:ü vufwl;a&e HwGi f ;r sm;taMumi f ; azm f jycsufE Si f hrdk;ukwfa'o&SdausmfMum;aom ywåjrm;ESifheDvmwkdYtaMumif;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tapmqkH;blrdaA'tpDt&ifcHpmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ Oyrmaygif (80) av;onfh ywåjrm;tpktcJBuD;\taMumif;tm;a&;om;xm;aom d'Amato \pmudk b*Fvm;e,f tm&Sqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;*sme,fü 1833ckE Sp fwGi f t*Fvdy fbmomjzif h jyefqd kí azmf jyxm;onf/ þywåjrm;tpktcJ BuD;tm;bk&ifhxHokdYo,faqmifvmpOf vrf;ü"m;jyrsm;vk,lcJhMuNyD; aemufjyefvnf&&SdcJhonf/ tm&Sqdkif&mokawoe*sme,fü 1829 ckESpfwGif J. L. Low urav;uRef;qG,f\ tcsKdUtydkif;ESifh xdka'o\ajrmufvwåDwG'f 18º wdkYtMum;&Sd weoFm&Da'otygt0if EkdifiHrsm;\ blrdaA'qdkif&mavhvmcsufrsm;udkazmf jycJ honf/ J.W.Helfer (1839) uvnf;þa'orsm; taMumif;ud kavhvmcJ honf/jrefrmEkdifiHwpfckvkH;tm; t*Fvdyfykdif tdE´d,EdkifiHxJokdY roGwfoGif;&ao;rDuyif 1851 ckESpfüwnfaxmifcJhaom tdEd,blrdaA'avhvma&;tzGJUrS Oa&mywdkufom;ynm&Sifrsm;u avhvmrIrsm;udkaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ T. Oldham (1856) onfweoFm&Da'o\ ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh cJrjzLrsm;\taMumif;a&;om;cJhonf/ W. Theobald (1869?1873) u Irrawaddy \ Quaternary odkYr[kwfPegu \blrdaA'udka&;om;cJhonf/ F.R Mallet (1876)u Lakhimpur ESifh Sibsagar c½dkifrsm;&Sdem*awmifwef;rsm;\ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;tm;avhvmcJhonf/

1885 ckESpfü jrefrmEdkifiHtm; t*Fvdyfydkif tdEd,EkdifiHxJokdY oGwfoGif;NyD;aomtcg blrdaA'avhvma&;rsm;udk pepfwusESifh us,fus,fjyefYjyefYvkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/

Memories of the Geological Survey of India, Records of the Geological Survey ofIndia, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Proceedings of the Mining, Geological and

Metallurgical Institute of India Paleontologia Inidca, Geological Magazine (London) ESifh Na-

ture (London) wdkYü trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJhMuonf/ topfawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh tcuftcJrsm;tm;azmfjycJhMuonf/ (19) &mpk\ tqkH;ykdif;ü R.D. Oldham (1883) ,Criper (1885), Hughes (1889),Noetling (1890), Theobald (1880-1891) ESifh C. Batington - Brown (1895) uJhokdYaomynm&Sifrsm;onf blrdaA'avhvmrItajrmuftjrm;vkyfaqmif&mü tao;pdwfwGifwduspGmESifh yifyef;pGmvkyfaqmifcJhMuojzifh &&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;onf rsufarSmufacwfrSm jyifqifcsuftcsKdUjyKvkyfMu&aomfvnf; wefbdk;&SdaeqJjzpfMuonf/

1942 ckESpfü *syefwdkYusL;ausmfvmrIaMumifh &yfqdkif;oGm;&onftxd blrdaA'avhvmrIrsm;tm;qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ I.V.D Dalton (1908), G.H Tipper (1911), E.H Pascoe (1912), T.O.A

La Touche (1913), J.P.Dc Cotter (1918), L.D Stamp (1922), J.C Brown ESifh A.M Heron (1923),E.R.Gec (1927), R.S. Rao (1930), V.C. Burri ESifh H.Huber (1932) toD;oD;wdkYu a'oBuD;rsm;\blrdaA'udk pkpnf;wifjycJhMuonf/ Lepper (1933) onfjrefrmEkdifiHrS csif;wGif; - {&m0wDcsKdifh0Srf;ESifhtmoHwdkY\ a&eHxGuf&ma'orS blrdaA'udk a&;om;cJhonf/ 1933 xdxkwfa0cJhorQ blrdaA'rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh ¤if;\-1-avhvmrIrsm;udk tajcjyKí &efukefwuúodkvfblrdaA'ESifh yx0D0ifXmerI; H.L

Chhibber (1934) u jrefrmEdkifiH\ blrdaA'udk pkpnf;a&;om;cJhonf/ Reed onfjrefrmEkdifiH\oufOD;uyfESifh oufv,fuyf ½kyf<uif;rsm;taMumif;udk 1932-1933-1936 wkdYüa&;om;cJhonf/ Clegg

(1938ç1941) ESif h De Cotter (1938) wdk Yonf jrefrmEk difiHtv,fyk dif;\ a'oqdkif&mblrdaA'jyóemrsm;ESifh Cretaceous \ x&aA'udk wifjycJhonf/

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'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jyD;onfhaemufESpfrsm;ü jrefrmEdkifiH\blrdaA'ESifh ywfoufía&;om;xkwfa0rIrsm;onf ,cifESpfrsm;ESifhEIdif;pmvQif¤if; tjcm;aomtm&Sta&SUykdif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif¤if;wdk;wufrIaES;auG;cJhonf/ (1948) ckESpf vGyfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcg wl;azmfvQuf&Sdaom owåKwGif;rsm;\teD;tem;üomtm½kHpdkufí pl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ tvm;tvm&Sdaom a'orsm;tm;pepfwus ajrykHa&;qGJrIrsm;ESifhwGJbufí acwfrSDenf;pepfrsm;jzifh ae&mus,fus,fjyefYjyefYESifhtao;pdwfavhvma&; ESifh pl;prf;&SmazGa&;rsm;onf (1970) xdpwifcJhMujcif;r&Sd tpdk;&Xmersm;onfrdrdwd k Yxkwfvkyfaom ukefMurf;rsm;ESif h ywfoufípl;prf;avhvmrI tpDt&ifcHpmrsm;tm;a&;om;xkwfa0jcif;r&SdMuonfhtwGuf tjcm;blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;u zwf½IEkdifjcif;r&SdMu/ þumvüpl;prf;avhvmrIYrsm;tm;aygif;pnf;í E.H Pascoe (1950-1959-1964) u A manual of th geology

of India and Burma, E. L.G Clegg (1953) u Mergui, Moulmein ESifh Mawchi Series wdkYtaMumif;I.H Holland, H.S Krishan ESifh K.Jacob (1956) wkdYu Lexique Stratigraphique International xJüR.O Brunnschweiler (1956?1970?1974) u &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;ESifh u&ifa'o\ post-Sil-

urian geology wdkYudk a&;om;rItcsKdUom&SdcJhonf/&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;\taemufbufydkif;rS oufOD;uyfatmufydkif;ausmufvTmrsm;\

x&aA'udk &efukefwuúodkvfrS a'gufwmjrifhvGifodef; (1973)u a&;om;cJhonf rEÅav;wuúodkvfuvnf; Central Volcanic Line \ta&SUbufa'o&Sd Tertiary ESifh Mesozoic blrdaA'rsm;tm;pl;prf;avhvmcJhMuonf/ oufOD;uyfrwdkifrDESifh oufOD;uyfausmufvTmrsm;rSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJjcif;? aexm;ESifh x&aA' qdkif&m½IyfaxG;jcif;wdk YaMumifh avhvmpl;prf;aompmwrf;rsm;enf;yg;aeonf/

TECTONIC PROVINCES AND SUBPROVINCES

Tectonics qdkonfrSm urÇmhtjyifbufyd kif;\ us,fjyef YaomwnfaqmufrIqd kif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/ aexm;qdkif&m (odkYr[kwf) ykHysufjcif;qdkif&m oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;rSpkpnf;jzpfay:vmaomae&mtus,fBuD;wpfckü oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;\ rlwpfckESifhwpfckqufEG,frI?xkdoGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;\ rlv&if;jrpfESifh jzpfay:wdk;wufrIqdkif&m orkdif;aMumif;wdkYyg0ifonf/ Structural

geology ESif huGmjcm;csufrSm¤if;onf trsm;tm;jzif h yk díus,faomoGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;ESif hywfoufonf/ Tectonic qdkonfrSm tectonics üyg0ifywfoufaom tm;rsm; (odkYr[kwf) ¤if;aMumifhjzpfay: aexm;rsm;ESifh oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom[kqdkvkdonf/ Province qdkonfrSmwlnDaomoGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; (odkYr[kwf) ordkif;aMumif;rsm;&SdMuaom tpdwftykdif;rsm;tm;vkH;udkpkpnf;íwpfpkwnf;tjzpf azmfaqmifxm;onfha'otus,fBuD;wpfckjzpfNyD; teD;tem;a'orsm;ESifhododomomuGJjym;onf/

jrefrmEdkifiHonf ajrrsufESmoGifjyift& uGJjym;aom,lepfrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onf/ EdkifiH\ajrrsufESmoGifjyifonf atmufcHblrdaA'\ oabmobm0ESifh taetxm;t& uGJjym;jzpfay:&onf/wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif t"duajrrsufESmoGifjyifrsm;onf atmufcHausmufvTmrsm;\ oabmobm0ESifhaexm;udkajrjyifay:wGifazmfjycsufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajrrsufESmoGifjyifudkjyaeaom physiographic

unit rsm;ESifh tectonic province rsm;onfwxyfwnf;usí EdkifiH\awmifajrmuftqkH;twdkif;ta&SUbufrStaemufbufodkY (4) ckcGJjcm;xm;onf/

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Physiographic units Tectonic units1. Eastern Highlands 1. Shan-tanintharyi Block2. Central Lowlands 2. Central Cenozoic Belt3. Western Ranges 3. Western Fold Belt4. Rakhine Coastal Plain 4. Rakhine Coastal Belt

1. Shan-Tanintharyi Block

Shan-Tanintharyi Block udk Kachin-Shan-Tenasserim Highlands (odkYr[kwf) Eastern High-

lands (odkYr[kwf) Sino Burma Ranges [kvnf;ac:onf/ þa'oonfajrmufbufucsifa'orS&Srf;jynfe,f? u,m;jynfe,fESifh u&ifjynfe,fudkjzwfí weoFm&D½dk;rtxd yg0ifNyD;rav;uRef;qG,fxdqufaeonf/ Indo-Malayan Mountain system [kvnf; ac:cJhMuonf/

þa'oonfjrefrmEdkifiH\tBuD;qkH; tectonic unit jzpfí EdkifiH\ta&SUbufydkif;rSm&Sdonf/¤if;onf t"dutm;jzifhuspfrmaom tqifhedrfhtoGifajymif;ausmuftcsKdUt0uf? Burmese-Malayan

Geosyncline \ Paleozoic ESifh Mesozoic tenfusausmufrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\atmufcHausmufrSmPrecambrian Mogok Series \ crystalline rocks, pre-Upper Cambrian Chaung Magyi Group

wdkY&SdMuonf/ Cretaceous tenfusausmufrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifhþa'o\taemufbufydkif;rSm&S d Muí Late Tertiary ESif h Quaternary sequences wdk Yonfþa'o\ taemufbufyd kif;ausmufxkrsm;tm;0kdif;ywfxm;MuNyD; awmifMum; csKdifh0Srf;rsm;tm; jznfhwif;jzpfay:cJhMujcif;jzpfMuonf/rD;oifhausmufrsm; acidic ESifh basic wdk;0ifjzpfay:rItqufqufESifh acidic, intermediate ESifh basic

wdk;xGufausmuftqufqufwdkY jzpfMuonf/ (Geosyncline - xlxyfaomtenfusausmufxyfvTmrsm;ydkYcscJhonfh&SnfarsmarsmcsKdifhBuD;)

Shan-Tanintharyi Block onf awmifbuf Sundaland xd&Snfvsm;aom Indo-Chinese Pen-

insula \tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ þa'o\ taemufbufe,fedrdwftm; Sagaing Fault

twdkif;xm;cJhMuonf/Sagaing Fault ESifhygwfowfí trsKd;rsKd;aomaumufcsufqGJrIawG &SdMuonf/ tcsKdUu¤if;udk

transform fault [kqdkonf/ tcsKdUu fault system onfa&S;OD;ydkif;ü a'gifvdkuftm;jzifh tawmfrsm;rsm;a&TUcJhNyD; Quaternary wGif right lateral a&GUvsm;rI&Sdonf[kqdkonf/ jyif;xefaom a'gifvdkufa&GUvsm;rI&Sdonfh normal fault rsm;\ system wpfckjzpfNyD; ¤if;\rsm;pGmrMumao;aom umvwGifrStenf;i,faom ab;wdkufa&GUvsm;rI&Sdonf[k aumufcsufcsMuonf/ ¤if;uteD;&Sd Tertiary Basin

\ta&SUbufecrf;rS ajrom;oGifjyifudkay:aygufaponf/ þjywfa&GUrS SSE - NNW twdkif;wef;aeNyD;ajrmufbufuoma'o (25º N cef Y) txd&Snfvsm;onf/ ajrmufbufem*awmifwef;odk Ya&mufaomtcg NW-SE wef;aeaom jywfa&GUta&;taMumif;tjzpf arS;rSdefoGm;onf/ þa'oüW. Kachin Highlands \ ta&SUtaemufwef;aeaom Paleozoic ausmuffwdkYonf Naga Hills \toGifajymif;ausmufawGESifh qufoGm;onf/ (transform fault qdkonfrSm Strike twdkif;a&GUvsm;aomjywfa&GUjzpfí þjywfa&GUrsm;onf mid - oceanic ridge (odkYr[kwf) subduction zone wdkYütqkH;owfMuonf/ right - lateral fault Munfholu wpfae&m&mü&yfaevQif MunfholrSjywfa&GU\tjcm;wpfbufü&Sdaom ajrxkonf nmbufodkYa&GUaeonf[k ,lq&onf/)

Foreland onf Kachin - shan Highlands \ta&SUbufydkif;ü ajrom;oGifjyiftm;jzifh ydkedrfhaomae&mwGifwnf&SdcJhonf[k,lqcJhonf/ aea&mifuma'oüþ foreland onf taemufbufrSm Sagaing

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Fault ESifhta&SUbufwGif Pan Laung Fault (odkYr[kwf) Nwalabo Fault \tMum;rSm&Sdonf/aea&mifuma'oüþ Pan laung Fault onf Jurassic-Cretaceous Pan Laung Formation tm;&Srf;ukef;jyifjrihf\ Ordovician to Jurassic Sedimentary seires rsm;rScGJjcm;xm;onf/ ysOf;rem;\ta&SUbufodkY a&mufaomtcg ta&SUawmifbufodkY trTmrsm;tjzpfuGJoGm;NyD; oHvGifjrpfu xkdif;-jrefrm e,fedrdwfjzpfoGm;aomae&mü xkdif;EdkifiHtwGif;odkY0ifa&mufoGm;onf/ þae&mü¤if;onf Moci

- Uthai Thani Fault Zone ESifhtwlwljzpfonf/ ¤if;ZkHrSaemufxyf jywfa&GUcGJxGufNyD; awmifbufodkYa'geawmifwef;ESifh tNydKifoGm;onf/ (Foreland qdkonfrSmawmifwef; &yf0ef;wpfcküausmufvTmrsm;rSoverfolded ESifh thrusted jzpfoGm;onfh xkd&yf0ef;\ ecrf;rSa'o)

ajrmufbufü Pan Laung Fault onf Sagaing Fault ESifha'gifhusOf;jyKNyD; Cenozoic basalt

rD;awmifaygufuGJrIjzpfaom uAGufa'oü¤if;ESif haygif;pnf;oGm;onf/ Pan Laung Fault

wavQmufa&GUvsm;rIonf Jurassic uwnf;upwifcJhaomfvnf; a&GUvsm;rItrsm;pkrSm Tertiary

twGif;ü [kqdkMuonf/ odkYaomfþZkHwavQmuf Lithofacies ESifh paleogeography jzpfay:rIrwlaoma'oESpfcktm; wGJqufvsufawGU&jcif;aMumifh Pan Laung Fault teD;uyfvQufa'orsm;onf Paleo-

zoic uwnf;uajrvTmvIyf&Sm;rI&SdcJhaMumif; ñTefjyaeonf/ xkda'oESpfckrSm jywfa&GU\ W ESifh SW &SdKaren/ Tenasserim Unit jzpfNyD;¤if;\ t"dutm;jzifh Silurian rS Carboniferous oufwrf;&Sdonfhflyschoid clastic tenfusausmufrsm; (Early Paleozoic Lebyin Group, Mawchi Series, Taungnyo

Group, Mergui Series wdkYvnf;ygEkdif) yg&SdNyD;tjcm;wpfckrSm jywfa&GU\ E ESifh NE &Sd Shan, Kachin

Unit jzp fumt"dutm; jzi f h carbonate E Si f h Silty - sandy Shelf facies E Si f h twlatmufqD*sifenf;a'oudk azmfñTef;onfh graptolitic shale facies (Naungkangyi Formation, Panhsa

- pye Formation, Zebingyi Beds, Maymyo Dolomite Formation) wdkYyg&Sdonf/Paleozoic twGif;ü wnf&SdcJhaom marine shell a'oESifh ¤if;\taemufrS marginal flyschoid

ZHkwdkY\ uGJjym;rIonf Permian ESifh Triassic twGif;ü (Permian transgression facies - Nwabangyi

Dolomite Formation, Moulmein Limestone) uG,faysmufcJ hí uGJjym;rIonf Jurassic

twGif;wGifvnf; odomrIr&SdcJh/ jywfa&GU\ jyif;xefaoma&GUvsm;rIESifh a'ouGJjym;rIonf Pan Laung

Fault wavsmufü Cretaceous ESifh Tertiary rwdkifrSDjzpfay:jcif;r&Sd/ a&GUvsm;rIjzpfay:vmaomtcgta&SUbufü Eastern Kachin / Shan Unit rSjrifhwufvmNyD; xkdtcsdefrSpí awmifMum;csKdifh0Srf;rsm;xJüukef;wGif; continental tenfrsm;omydkYcsawmhonf/ Pan Laung Fault \ajrmufbuf&SdedrfhusZkH Karen/

Tenasserim Unit xJü Marine ESifh Tertiary tenfrsm;ydkYcscJhonf/ (transgression ukef;ay:okdYyifv,fa&rS zkH;vGrf;jcif;)

uAGuf Basalt a'o (rEÅav;\ajrmuf) \ajrmufbufü Shan -Tanintharyi Block tm;(2)ykdif;cGJEdkifonf/ Sagaing Fault \ta&SUbuf&Sd foreland ESifh ta&SUbuf&Sd E Kachin High Lands \crystalline rock complex wdkYjzpfMuonf/ a[mifyg; (25º N uplift) ü Precambrian gneiss ESifhuomESifh ulrGefawmifwef;\tMum;ü Early Paleozoic ausmufrsm;&SdMuonf/ xkdYtjyif marine

creataceous tenfusausmufrsm;ESifh late Tertiary rS Quarternary Irrawaddy Formation ESifh Post

Pleistocene uspfrmjcif;r&Sdao;onfh tenfusausmufrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/granite wdk;0ifrItjyif gabbro peridotite ESifh serpentinitic ausmufxkrsm;onf pwk&ef;

uDvdkrDwm 100 ausmfzkH;vGrf;xm;onf/ Cambrian üxm;aom West Kachin Unit ü ydktoufi,fonfhPaleozoic ausmufrsm;vnf;ygvmNyD; lithofacies t& East Kachin/Shan Unit rScGJjcm;Ekdifonf/

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West Kachin Unit \ta&SUbufe,fjcm;onf/ rdk;ukwf-Aef;armf-q'kH;-0rf*dk[if'rf&Sd Precam-

brian crystalline ausmufawG\a&SUbufrS us,fjyefYaom Quaternary &yf0ef;jzpfonf/ Aef;armfESifhjrpfBuD;em;tMum;a'oüajrmufrsm;pGmaom granite wdk;0ifrIawGjzifh xl;jcm;onf/

Kachin Shan Highlands \ta&SUbufecrf;ü 1400 uDvdkrDwm&Snfí uDvdkrDwmq,faygif;rsm;pGmus,fonfh Mogok Belt [kac:aom,lepfjzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;onf/ Mogok Series

[ktopfxyfrHac:aom,lepfü [dr0EÅmawmifjzpfpOfESifh Tertiary granite wdkY\wdk;0ifrIaMumifhtoGifajymif;qifh trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfh Precambrian rS Triassic ausmufxyfvTmawGygonf/

Burmese-Malayan Geosyncline \ jrefrmEdkifiHtydkif;ü wGefYacgufrIjzpfpOfrsm;onftm;vkH;tm;jzifh Late Paleozoic rS Mesozoic twGif;wGif jzpfay:cJhbkdYrsm;onf/ þtusKd;qufonfWest Kachin Unit vnf;ygonfh Karen-Tenasserim Unit \ Paleozoic flyschoid ZkHudkomruta&SUbufü wqufwnf;&Sdaom East Kachin/Shan Unit \ marine shelf region tay:rSmygoufa&mufrI&Sdonf/ aexm;qdkif&mykHysufrI twdkif;twmonf tcsdefESifhae&mtvdkufuGJjym;rI&Sdonf/awmif jzpfapaom wGef YacgufrIE Si f h block faulting wdk Yonf Carboniferous twGif;üae&muGufuGufwGifom jzpfay:onf/ wGefYacgufrIuGJvGJjcif;ESifh wdkufpm;rIuGJvGJjcif;wdkYonf Ordovi-

cian txd&SdcJhNyD; Permian \atmufajcrS conglomerate rsm;xJüawGUjrifEdkifonf/ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onfajrom;vIyf&Sm;rIr&Sdaom umv&yfqkdif;rItcsKdU (Permo-Triassic reef and fusulinid limestone fa-

cies) rsm;r Swyg; Mesozoic wavQmufvk H ; jzp fay:c J honf/ vIy f& Sm;r Ionf Jurassic

ütxGwftxdyfa&muf&SdNyD; ¤if;\aemufwGif Kalaw Red Beds \ausmufxyfvTmtxlBuD;ydkYcscJhonf/þawmifjzpfpOfrsm;onf Karen/Tenasserim Unit üusOf;ajrmif;aom isoclinal wGefYacgufrIrsm;ESihftqifhedrfh toGifajymif;jcif;rsm;jzifh jyoNyD; East Kachin/Shan Unit üxlxyfaom marine shelf car-

bonate rsm;\us,fjyefYaom vTmwGefYrsm;jzifh jyoonf/ ,lepfESpfckvkH;ü tylaMumifhtoGifajymif;aomt0ef;t0dkif; thermo - metamorphic aureolc rsm;jzifh granite wdk;0ifrIrsm;&SdMuonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonfxkdif;EkdifiHuJhodkYyif ydkívwfwavmusaom Tertiary granite jzpfay:rIrsm;onf taemufbufüydkrsm;[ef&Sdonf/ Pan Laung Fault wavQmuf&Sd granite rsm;ESifh [mjrif;BuD; granite wdkY\a&'D,dk<uoufwrf;rsm;rSm Rb/Sr oufwrf; 30-50m.y &SdNyD; usdKif;wHk\ granite rsm;rSm Triassic

jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ ( Isoclinal fold - vTmwGefY\awmifyH limb rsm; tcsif;csif;NydKifaeMuonf/)Late Mesozoic ESifh Tertiary twGif;ü Inner - Burman Tertiary Basin \ ta&SUbufydkif;onf

Sagaing Fault wavQmufatmufodkYjyKwfMuNyD; W.Kachin ESihf Karen - Tenasserim Unit onf Pan

Laung Fault wavQmufjyKwfMuonf/ jyKwfusrIjzpfaepOfonf Pan Laung Fault wavQmufü gran-

ite wdk;0ifrIrsm;ESifh wGJbufaeNyD; ¤if;wpfcsdefwnf;ü West Kachin Unit ESifh Karen / Tenasserim

Unit\ ta&SUbufESifh ajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif Marine Cretaceous ESifh Tertiary tenfrsm;ydkYcscJhum East

Kachin / Shan Unit \ jrifhwufvmaom fault block xJ&Sd awmifMum;csdKif h0Srf;rsm;xJrSmuspfrmjcif;r&Sdonfh ukef;ajrtenfrsm;u ae&muGufuGufydkYcscJhMuonf/ Foreland tjzpfvkyfaqmifaomWest Kachin Unit ESihf Karen / Tenasserim Unit wdkYonf euf½dIif;pGmedrfhqif;aom Inner-Burman

Tertiary Basin (Back Arc Basin) ESifh East Kachin / Shan Unit wdkY\Mum;u@rS yg0ifonf/ East

Kachin / Shan Unit onf Burmese - Malay Geosyncline \ Paleozoic shelf yifv,fa'oüyg0ifNyD;Late Mesozoic ESifh Tertiary twGif;wGifjrifhwufcJhonf/ Cretaceous rSpí¤if;a'oü yif- 5 -v,fydkYcsrIqdkif&m ywf0ef;usifrsdK;r&Sdawmh/

- 5 -

2.Central Cenozoic Belt

þa'oonf jrefrmEdkifiH\&yf0ef;rsm;teuf aemufqHk;rSukef;ajrjzpfcJhí Tertiary \aemufqHk;tydkif;xd yifv,fa&\ zHk;vTrf;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ Inner Burma Tertiary Basin [kvnf;ac:Muonf/ ta&SUbufukef;jyifjrifhESifh &cdkif½dk;rtMum;&Sd xdktcsdefuyifv,fa&jyifukd Burmese Gulf

[k ac:cJhMuonf/ þa'oonf rkwårauGUrS [l;aumif;csdKifh0Srf;xd uDvdkrDwm (1100)cefY&Snfvsm;onf/ta&SUtaemuftm;jzifh tus,fqHk;jzpfaom S.Chindwin - Shwebo Basin ü uDvdkrDwm (200)cefY&Sdonf/

Central Cenozoic \ tenfjznf hwif;rIr Sm Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene ESif htenf;i,faom Paleocene ausmufxyfvTmrsm;yg0ifMuNyD; ¤if;wdkYtm; tay:rS Middle Miocene -

Quaternary clastic usdK;yJhpmausmufrsm;u zHk;tkyfxm;um atmufüCretaceous ESifh jzpfEdkifacs&SdaomJurassic, Tertiary ¤if;wdkYxufydktoufBuD;onfh ausmufrsm;&SdMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;rS Ter-

tiary tenfusausmufrsm;onf marine facies oefYoefYjzpfaomfvnf; ukef;ajrqefonfh Argilla-

ceous ESifh fine-sandy Tertiary tenfrsm;onf ta&SUbuf (,ck Sino-Burman Ranges ) \urf;vGefjzpfaom urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;tay:ü ydk YcscJhMuonf/ urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif; shelf onftaemufbufodkY Indo-Burman Geosyncline ESifh aygif;pnf;onf/ tenfrsm;onf txlrDwm 10000ausmfonf/urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;\ tenfusr[kwfaom ausmufrsm;rSm Cenozoic, Mesozoic ESifhPaleozoic oufwrf; Ultrabasic, basic, intermediate, acid wdk;0ifESifhwdk;xGufausmufrsm;toGifajymif; ausmufrsm;jzpfMuonf/

Plate Tectonics t& Central Cenozoic Belt tm; Inter-Arc Trough (odkYr[kwf Interdeep),

Inner Volcanic Arc ESifh Back Arc Basin [k cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ (Inter-arctrough qdkonfrSm Outer

island arc ESifh Volcanic wdkYtMum;&Sd ydkYcsrIcsdKifhjzpfonf/ Back ArcqdkonfrSm ajrxkcsyfrSikyfvQdK;aomae&mü tay:rSajrxkcsyfay:wGif Volcanic island arc \aemufbufrS ydkYcsrIcsdKifhhjzpfonf/) In-

ter arc trough tm; ¤if;\a,bk,s awmifajrmufvrf;aMumif;udk a'gifhrSefjyKí jrifhwufaeMuaomEarly Tertiary ESifh ¤if;xuftoufBuD;aomausmufrsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:aeMuonfhN-S (odkYr[kwf) NNE-SSW wef;aeMuaom ti,fpm; sub-basin rsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ Salin

Sub-Basin \ ausmufvTmtxlrsm;tm; uGefwdkrsOf;qGJaom isopach rsm;t&þ Sub-basin onfMiddle Miocene rwdkifrSD jzpfay:jcif;r&SdaMumif;jyoaeonf/

Central Cenozoic Belt \ Upper Miocene rwdkifrS Du tenfusausmufrsm;onftcsdefumvtrsdK;rsdK;wdk Yü uGJjym;aomyHkysufrIrsm;tm; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jzpfay:cJhMuonf/t"duaexm;qdkif&m yHkysufrIrSmab;wdkufzdnSpfjcif; Tangential compression ESifh ajrxktvdkufjyKwfusjcif; Block faulting wdkYjzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYaMumifh W Irrawaddy Delta Basin rSmuJhodkYus,fjyefYaomvTmwGefYcHk;rsm;ESifh Central Basin &Sd acsmuf-a&eHMuyfrSmuJhodkY tus,f (1uDvdkrDwm)xufenf;í t&SnfuDvdkrDwm wpf&mausmfü usOf;ajrmif;aom vTmwGefYrsm;ESifh Overthrust rsm;jzpfay:aeMuonf/

Central Cenozoic Belt tm; sub-basin rsm;ESifh uplift rsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;jcif;rSm Oligocene

rwdkifrSDjzpfay:cJh[efrwl/ odkYaomftcsdKUaom Uplift a'orsm;onf Eocene rSpwifítjrifhydkif;rsm;tjzpftenfusqdkif&m facies ESihf txlrsm;tajymif;tvJvkyfaqmifcJhEdkifonf/ Interdeep twGif;üajrmufrSawmifodkY atmufygtaetxm;trsm;jzifh cGJjcm;onf/

- 6 -

- Putao Basin (?)- 28° N uplift area- Hukawing Basin- 26° N uplift area- Chindwin Basin - North- 24° N uplift area- Chindwin Basin - South- 22° N uplift are- Central Basin- 20°N uplift area- Prome embayment- W Irrawaddy Delta Basin- W Gulf of Martaban Basin

(embayment qdkonfrSm jrpf0wpfc k\teD;& S d e dr f hqif;oGm;aom ukef;ajrxJod k Yyifv,fa&zkH;vTrf;jcif;aMumifh yifv,fatmfjzpfay:jcif;udk ac:onf/)

Back Arc Basin xJü (ajrmufrSawmifodkY)Putao Basin (?)Bhamo BasinShwebo BasinPegu Yoma - Sittaung BasinE Gulf of Martaban Basin

Sub - Basin trsm;tjym;ü a&eHxkwfvkyfaeMuonf/crystalline rock complex awGU&Sdaom 28º N uplift area onf Putao Basin ESifh Hukawng

Basin tm;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ us,fjyefYaom crystalline ESifh Sedimentary rocks wkdY\ complex &Sdaom26º N uplift area ü Hukawing Basin rStqkH;owfonf/ awmifESifhta&SUawmifbufü Hukawing

Basin \ Tertiary Basin tenfusausmufrsm;onf Back Arc a'o\ tenfusausmufrsm;ESifhqufaeMuonf/

Chindwin Basin onf 26ºN Uplift area \ SW üpwifcJhonf/ ta&SUbufü Chindwin

Basin onf Back Arc Basin rS Igneous Wuntho Massif jzifhydkif;jcm;xm;NyD; ta&SUawmifbufwGifBack Arc a'o\ Shwebo Basin ESifhqufaeonf/ (massif qdkonfrSm ab;ywf0ef;usifxufcufrmaomausmufrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;í jrifhwufaeonfhxkvdkufxnfvdkufajrrsufESmESifhaexm;oGifjyifjzpfonf/)

22ºN uplift area ü Eocene rock sequences awGay:xGufaeMuonf/ Central Basin onfLate Tertiary sequences awGay:xGufaeNyD; ¤if;tm;ESpfyd kif;cG JEd kifonf/ taemufbufüawmifajrmuf&Snfvsm;í cefYrSef;acs uDvdkrDwm 220 &SnfNyD; 70 uDvdkrDwm xdus,faom Salin Syn-

cline &Sdonf/ ¤if;\ Early Tertiary rock sequences rsm;onf ta&SUbufüql;0if;? ausmufcGuf?py,f? a&eHMuyf - acsmufESifh a&eHacsmif;wdkY\ rwfapmufí usOf;ajrmifaom vTmwGefYckH;rsm;ay:okdYjr§ifhwifjcif;cH&onf/ ¤if;vTmwGefYckH;rsm;onf NydKifwef;íwpfckESifhwpfck wpf0ufwpfysufxyf en ech-

elon jzpfaeMuonf/ þusOf;ajrmif;aom taetxm;rsm;ESifh Inner Volcanic Arc \tMum;ü Salin

Syncline xufwdrfaom csKdifhtydkif;&Sdonf/ Central Basin \þtydkif;onf NNW-SSE idkufrwfaMumif;ESifhtHvGJaeMuaom vTmwGefYckH;OD;wnfcsuf trend awG&Sdonf/ Central Basin \þtydkif;rS Tertiary

tenfusausmuf (Taungdwingyi Syncline) onf Back Arc ESifh qufaeonf/

- 7 -

20º N cefYü Central Basin \0if½dk; axis onf wjznf;jznf; SSE odkYjrifhwufvmaomfvnf;Early Tertiary tenfusausmufrsm;ay:xGufjcif;r&Sdyg/ NNW-SSE-S-SSW wef;aeaomidkufrwfaMumif;0if½dk;&Sdonfhaemufxyf Tertiary sub-basin wpfckjzpfaom Prome Embayment onf19º 45' N \awmifbufüpwifcJhonf/ awmifbufodkYa&mufaomtcg¤if;onf ta&SUtaemuftwdkif;uDvdkrDwm 100 cefYxdwjznf;jznf;us,fvmNyD; cefYrSef;acs uDvdkrDwm 200 &Sdvmaomtcg W Irrawaddy

Delta Basin ESifhaygif;oGm;onf/ temufbufü Prome Embayment onf Indo Burman Ranges

ESifhjywfa&GUjzifhjcm;em;xm;NyD; ta&SUbufü Pegu Yo Ma (Back Arc Basin) \vTmwGefYckH;jzpfaeaomMiocene sequences awG&Sdonf/ Prome Embayment ESifh Pegu Yoma wdkY\e,fedrdwfa'orsm;üInner Volcanic Arc udk Cenozoic Volcanic rsm;tjzpf ae&mtrsm;tjym;wGif awGU&onf/ Prome

Embayment ESifh W Irrawaddy Delta Basin wdkY\ Tertiary rock sequences wdkYonfta&SUbufodkYBack Arc area \ Pegu Yoma ESifh Sittang Basin tenfusausmufrsm;odkY qufoGm;Muonf/usOf;ajrmif;aom N Prome Embayment ü vTmwGefYckH;rsm;onf usOf;ajrmif;í Block faulting (Oyrm-Prome Anticline) rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; awmifbufwGif¤if;wdkYonf ydkíus,fjyefYvmNyD; block faulting

enf;usonf/Interdeep \0if½dk;onf S Prome Embayment rS W Irrawaddy Delta Basin odkYwjznf;jznf;

auG;oGm;onf/ taemufbufüW Irrawaddy Delta Baisn onf S Arakan Yoma \ flysch rock

awGESifh fault cHaeonf/ fault system onf SSW (200ºcefY) oGm;ojzifh Indo Burman Ranges

\ta&SUbufecrf;ESifh rNydKifwef;awmh/ Inner Burman Tertiary Basin rS Western Outcrops \ Early

Tertiary sequences wdk Yonfajrmufbufüþjywfa&GUZk HwGif edrf hqif;oGm;MuNyD; ykodrf\taemufawmifbufü ae&mtcsKdUrSmom Eocene ESifhydkBuD;aom ausmufvTmawGrS xyfay:cJhonf/ SSW

ü W Irrawaddy Delta Basin onfurf;vGefwGif W Gulf of Martaban odkYqufoGm;onf/ta&SUbufü¤if;onf Pegu Yoma \awmifbufod k Yi d kufqif;aeaom Miocene rocks

awGESifhxdpyfaeonf/ W Irrawaddy Delta Basin \ta&SUbufecrf;ü a&eHtprf;wGif;wl;&mwGif In-

ner volcanic Arc \rD;awmifausmufawGudkawGU&onf/ þae&müTertiary sequences wdkYonfvnf;Back Arc Basin a'o (Sittang Basin) xdqufoGm;onf/

3. Western Fold Belt

þa'oudk Indo-Burman Ranges [kvnf;ac:Muonf/ ¤if;onftmoHajrmufydkif;&Sdawmifwef;rsm;rSpwifcJhNyD; jrefrmjynf\ taemufawmifpGef; armfwifpGef;txdoG,fwef;aeonf/ajrmufydkif;ü yufudGKif;? vl&Snf? em*? rPdyl& ESifh csif;awmifwef;rsm;&SdMuí awmifbufodkY &ckdif½dk;rjzpfay:aeonf/ ajrmufydkif;ü us,fjyefYaomfvnf;awmifydkif;odkY usOf;ajrmif;oGm;onf/ a'owpfckvkH;onfawmifajrmuftwdkif; NydKifwef;aeaom awmifwef;BuD;rsm;&SdMuí¤if;wdkY\tMum;ü euf½Idif;íNydKifwef;aeaom csKdifh0Srf;rsm;&Sdum wpfckESifhwpfckawmifMum;rsm;jzifhqufaeMuonf/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;onfþawmifMum;rsm;rSjzwfí rlvvm;&mbufodkY aemufjyefjzifhjyefpD;jcif;rsm;&Sdonf/ &cdkif½dk;rBuD;onfawmifbufpGef;ü yifv,fatmufodkY ikwfqif;oGm;aomfvnf; tE´refESifh epfudkbmuRef;rsm;tm;jzwfoef;í plrMwmESif h *smAm;uRef;odk Ya&muf&S d NyD; ¤if;wpfckvk H;ud k Alpine - Himalayan

wGefYacgufawmifwef;jzpfpOf\ Burmese - Java Arc [kac:qdkcJhMuonf/

- 8 -

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf - &cdkifurf;½dk;wef;ESifh Western Fold Belt wdkY\ ajrvTmvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onfvGefcJhaomESpf 35 oef;cefYu Indo - Australian Plate ajrxkcsyfESifh Asian Plate ajrxkcsyfwdkYwdkufrdrI\&v'frsm;jzpfMuonf/ þwdkufrdrIaMumifh a'otm; Tertiary uwnf;utusKd;oufa&mufrIjzpfay:NyD;Miocene odkYa&mufaomtcg Indo-Burman Ranges rSjrifhwufvmcJhonf/

Western Fold Belt üuGJjym;aom blrdaA'qdkif&m,lepf 2 ck&SdNyD; t"dutm;jzifhus,fjyefYaomflysch awmifwef;ESifh ta&SUbufecrf;rS cyfusOf;usOf;jzifh jywfawmif;awmif;ay:xGufaeMuaomtoGifajymif;ausmufrsm; ophiolite, Triassic Halobla schist ESif h Upper Cretaceous

ausmufxyfvTmwpfckwdkYjzpfMuonf/ (ophiolite qdkonfrSm spilite ESifh basalt rS gabbro ESifh peridot-

ite txdygaom mafic ESifh ultramafic rD;oifhausmufrsm;jzpfMuí¤if;ausmufrsm;tm; toGifajymif;í&aom serpentine chlorite, epidote ESifh albite <u,fausmufrsm;vnf;ygonf/)

Theobald (1871) u Indo-Burman Ranges \ tv,ftlaMumif;ü¤if;rS "Axial" [kac:onfhtoufBuD;aom ausmufrsm;&Sdrnf[k,lqcJhonf/ odk YaomftouftBuD;qkH;ausmufrsm;onftv,ftlaMumif;rSmr&SdMubJ ta&SUbufjcrf;wGif&SdaeMuonf/

Brunnschweiler (1966) u em*awmifwef;rS ausmufrsm;udk rock complex ESpfckcGJcJhonf/(ausmuftrsK d ;aygif;rsm;p Gmygaom ausmuftpkta0;BuD;ü aexm;tvGef½ IyfaxG;yguwpfckwnf;tjzpfw&m;0if formal lithostratigraphic unit tjzpf complex [kokH;onf/)

¤if;wdkYrSm Naga Metamorphic Complex (Pre-Mesozoic) ESifh Naga Hills Flysch (Late

Creatceous ESifh Eocene) wdkYjzpfMuonf/ Naga Metamorphic Complex ü ta&mif&ifhaomMesometamorphic rocks rsm;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg graphitic phyllite, biotite muscovite-sillimanite schist

wdkYyg0ifNyD; banded paragneiss, sericitie quartzite ESifh carbonatic Pansat series wdkY wGJbufonf/(Mesometamorphic rocks qdkonfrSm medium to high metamorphic grade&Sdaom ausmufjzpfonf/Paragneiss qdkonfrSm tenfusausmufrS ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmaom gneiss jzpfonf/

½kyf<uif;t& touftBuD;qHk;ausmufrSm Triassic jzpfonf/ jynfNrdKU\taemufbufewfawmif&GmteD;rSm Halobia ygaomausmufawG&Sdonf/ 0dwdk&d,awmifxdyfem;rSm quartzitic sand-

stone, slate rsm;ESifh wvSnfhpDxyfaeMuaom Upper Triassic Halobia schist awGu mica schist ESifhbasic rocks awGay:rSm a'gifhcHNyD; zHk;vTrf;xm;onf/ Halobia tjyif limestone tvTmyg;av;xJuGondodella &onf/ (Upper Triassic tv,fydkif; Carnian oufwrf;) \ausmufxyfvTmxJrSm flysch

trsdK;tpm;\vu©Pmrsm;jzpfMuaom graded bedding sandstone ESifh schist wdkY\ wjyefwvSefpDxyfaerIESifh Sole marks rsm;udkawGU&onf/

jrpfomjrpf0Srf;\ taemufbufjcrf;ay:&Sd 0dwdk&d,awmifxdyfa'orS ajrmufbufuav;NrdKUe,ftxdü rmaMumaom greywacke ESifh sandstone wdkYyg0ifaom series wpfckudkvnf; Triassic oufwrf;[k owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ (Series qdkonfrSm system tm; pdwfydkif;xm;jcif;jzpfí tPk,k*f Epoch

wpfcktwGif;ü jzpfay:cJhaom ausmufxkjzpfonf/) þ series onf ae&m tcsdKUü rDwm&maygif;rsm;pGmxlí Thanbaya Formation [kac:onf/ ¤if;txJü ½kyf<uif;rsm;rawGU&/ idkufrwfaMumif;twdkif;ajrmufbufodkYvdkufoGm;vQif uav;NrdKU\taemufbufü Haloba (odkYr[kwf) Gonadodella

ygaomausmufrsm; udkawGU&onf/Western Fold Belt \ rnfonfhae&mwGifrS Jurassic tenfusausmufrsm;tm; rawGU&/Cretaceous twGif;ü carbonate ESifh usdK;yJhpm detrital ausmufrsm;? neritic facies ESifh csdKifh0Srf;udk

- 9 -

jznfhwif;aom flysch trsdK;tpm; tenfusausmufrsm;tm; awGU&onf/(neritic facies qdkonfrSm'Da&tusqHk;ae&mESifh urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif; continental shelf \tqHk;ydkif;wdkY\tMum;ü ydkYcsjcif;jzpfonf)

Western Fold Belt \ ta&SUbufydkif;&Sd 0dwdk&d,awmifxdyfrS Triassic ausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm;½kyf<uif;ygaom tenfusausmufrsm;u a'gifhcHízHk;tkyfxm;NyD; ¤if;\atmufydkif; section rSCenomanian (Creataceous \ tv,fydkif;) oufwrf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;ü limestone, marl , shale ESifhsandstone awGwvSnhfpDxyfaeMuonf/ þausmufvTmrsm;\tay:ydkif;ü Maestrichtion (Upper

Cretaceous \ tay:qHk;) Globotruncana ½kyf<uif;tm; marl xJrS&onf/yifv,f[if;vif;jyif aygavmarsmtaumif (Globoturncana limestone rS uGJjym;onfh

Senonian (Upper Cretaceous ) limestone onf *efYa*gESifh uav;NrdKU\tMum;ü&SdNyD; 60 rS 150rDwmxlonhf anticlinal limestone ausmufxyfvTmokH;cktm; sandstone ESifh sandy marl wdkYuMum;rScGJjcm;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf0dwkd&d,awmifxdyfrS toGifajymif;ausmufrsm;\ aemufüvdkufvmaom Cretaceous rS Early Tertiary \ flysch ESifh toGifwlonfhausmufxyfvTmrsm;jzpf[ef&SdNyD; uav;NrdKUESifh zvrf;wdkYtMum;&Sd csif;awmifwef;wGifawGU&onfh rmaMumaom argillaceous

shale, trJa&mif silicified limestone ESifh quartzitic sandstone wdkYESifhwGJzufaeMuonf/ Maestrichtial

limestone awGuMum;rSnyfaeonfh flysch ESifhwlaom ausmufrsm;onf *efYa*g\taemufbuf 30uDvdkrDwmcefYtuGmü&SdMuonf/ ¤if;\taemufbufü zvrf;\ajrmufbuf&Sd rPdyl&jrpf\acsmufurf;yg;wGif Globotruncana Limestone ygaom tjcm;rSa&mufvmonfh exotic pebbles

wdkY\tvTmrsm;onf flysch series xJrSmay:xGufaeMuonf/ (pebble 4.64 mm t&G,f)ykodrfNrdKU\ taemufbuf 20 uDvdkrDwmcefYü Indo-Burman Ranges \awmifbufpGef;wGif

Upper Cretaceous ammonite ygaomausmufrsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;\taemufbufüus,fjyefYaom Up-

per Cretaceous Globotruncana limestone rsm;vdkufvmonf/Western Fold Belt \ t"dutydkif;ü Noetling (1901) ESifh Cotter (1938) wdkYu flysch

ESifhwlaom tenfusausmufrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfxm;cJhonfh rock series wpfck&SdNyD; þ½kyf<uif;r&SdaomSeries udk Precambrian r[kwfvQifawmifrS Pre-Mesozoic oufwrf;[k,lqxm;cJhMuonf/¤if;wdkYu Triassic yg0ifaom½kyf<uif;ygausmufvTmwpfcsKdUrSa&mí wGefYacgufaeMuonf[k,lqcJhMuonf/

Greywacke, sandstone, siltstone, claystone ESifh Shale wdkYrSwvSnfhpDxyfaeMuaom flysch

tenfusausmufrsm;onf Indo - Burman Ranges \t"dutydkif;rSm wnf&SdMuonf/ Olistolithic

horizon vTmrsm; (olistostrome xJrSmygaom exotic block) rsm;uJhokdYyif rhythmic bedding, graded

bedding, flow-marks ESifh Sole marks wdkYucsKdifhBuD;xJüvQifjrefpGmtenfydkYcsjcif;\ taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ uav;NrdKU\taemufbufrSmuJhodkY ae&muGufvyfuav;ü þtenfusausmufrsm;onfepimetamorphic oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;jyaeonf/ þ series xJü½kyf<uif;rsm;rSm &Hzef&HcgomawGU&onf/

Campanian - Maestrichtian limestone rsm;onf flysch ausmufawGxJrS ae&mtESHYawGU&NyD;¤if;wdkYudk allochthonous [k,lqcJhMuonf/ (allochthonous - tjcm;ae&mrSmjzpfay:NyD;rS,ckae&mod k Ya&mufvmaom) ¤if;wd k Y\rl&if;y d k Ycsc J h&ma'oonf Indo-Burman Ranges

\ta&SUbufecrf;rSm jzpf[efwlonf/ ykodrf\taemufbufü Upper Cretaceous foraminifera

taumifwpfckudk Ma-I Group xJ&Sd limestone ESifh marl xJrSmawGU&onf/ (Group-xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ausmufoGifjyifrsm;wlnDonfh formation ESpfck odkYr[kwf ESpfckxufydkygaom lithostratigraphic unit)

Upper Cretaceous flysch trsKd;tpm;tenfydkYcsrIonf ododomomjywfawmufrIESifh

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ausmufajymif;vJrIrsm;r&SdbJ Tertiary xdqufcJhonf/ ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm; Upper Eocene

xdawGU&aomfvnf; Western Fold Belt \jrefrmEkdifiHtydkif;ü aemufxyfydktoufi,faomausmufrsm;r&Sd/ xkdYaMumifh Oligocene twGif;üjrifhwufjcif;ESifh wGefYacgufjcif;rsm; pwifcJhonf[k,lq&ef&Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf wdkufpm;rIjzpfay:í wdkufpm;cHypönf;rsm;onf eD;pyfaom ta&SUbufü cen-

tral Cenozoic Belt ESifhtaemufbufü &ckdifurf;½dk;wef;a'ouJhokdY usa&mufcJhonf/ &ckdifurf;½dk;wef;üus,fjyefYaom Oligocene flysch rsm;tm;awGU&NyD;¤if;ESifh blrdaexm;wlonfh tmoHrS Barail Series

ESifh oufwrf;wl[ef&Sdonf/ oHwGJESifh awmifukwf\taemufajrmufbuf&Sd &cdkifurf;½dk;wef;üwGefYacgufaeaom Arakan Yoma flysch (Upper Cretaceous - Early Tertiary) tm; Miocene

oufwrf; Sandstone ESifh claystone wdkYua'gifhcHí tay:rSzkH;tkyfxm;onf/Brunnschweiler (1966) utoGifajymif; jci f ;r& S daom flysch rsm;\tay:ü

toGifajymif;ausmuf Schist rsm;\us,fjyefYíta0;BuD;xda&mufaom overthrust rsm;udkem*awmifwef;rSmawGU&onf/ þwpfckay:wpfckxyfaeaom Imbricate aexm;\ ta&SUbufecrf;üInner Burman Tertiary Basin \ tenfusausmufrsm;vmNyD;¤if;wdkY ESpfck\tMum;ü wqufwnf;aomaexm;xdqkH;rsOf;&Sd&rnf/

ta&SUbuf&S d Central Cretaceous tm; Western Flod Belt \ ausmufrsm;onfawmifbuf{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:rS ajrmufbuf 25°N odkY uDvdkrDwm 1000 cefY&Sdonfh jywfa&GUZHkay:üEIwfcrf;owfxm;onf/ þjywfa&GUZHkwpfavQmuf Mesozoic rS Cenozoic (?) basic ESifh Ultrabasic

rD;oifhausmufwdk;0ifrItrsm;tjym; jzpfay:Muonf/0dwdk&d,awmifxdyf\ ta&SUbufrS ultrabasic ausmufrsm;onf þjywfa&GUZHk\ trSwftom;

jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS ta&SUbufü uyfvsuf&Sdaom Triassic ESifh Cretaceous tenfusausmufrsm;onfoGifjyifaexm;t& Western Fold Belt xJwGif usa&mufaomfvnf; Central Cenozoic Belt \atmufcH wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzpf&ef&Sdonf/

4. Rakhine Coastal Belt

Rakhine Coastal Belt onf ta&SUzufü &cdkif½dk;rESifh taemufbufü b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf\tMum;ü wnf&Sdonf/ tcsdKUae&mrsm;ü ajredrfhydkif;rSm tvGefusOf;ajrmif;NyD; awmifwef;rsm;u yifv,fESifhuyfvsufwnf&Sdonf/ ajrmufbufydkif; ppfawGNrdKUteD;üom us,fjyefYaom ajrjyif&Sdí ajrmufbufüpD;qif;vmaom jrpfrsm;\jrpf0uRef;ay:rsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onf/ usOf;ajrmif;&Snfvsm;aoma'ojzpfojzifh urf;ajrSmifa'o strip [kvnf;ac:onf/

þa'oü Upper Cretaceous (?) ESifh Eocene rsm;tjyif &cdkif&dk;rür&Sdaom Oligocene ESihfMiocene tenfusausmufrsm;&SdMuonf/ tenfusausmufvTmrsm;tm; Volcanic dykes rsm;uydkif;jzwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ &rf;jAJ? rmefatmifESifh tjcm;uRef;i,fuav;rsm;üobm0tavQmuf"gwfaiGUrsm; pdrfhxGufaomaMumifh &TUHrD;awmifjzpfay:&mwGif tcsdKUrSm t&G,ftpm;BuD;onf/

&rf;jAJuRef;ay:ü sandy limestone, sandstone ESifh silicified greenstone (uspfvpfí oolitic

texture r&Sdaom chamosite mudstone) tenf;i,fygaom teDa&mif radiolarian chert rsm;\oufwrf;rSm Upper Cretaceous jzpfonf/ &rf;jAJESifh rmefatmifESpfuRef;vHk;ay:&Sd sandstone, con-

glomerate, siltstone ESifh shale wdkYrS wvSnfhpDxyfaeMuaomausmufvTmrsm;rSm Lower Eocene

oufwrf;&SdMuonf/ þausmufvTmrsm;xJodkY a&mufaeMuaom toufBuD;onhf reworked lime-

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stone rsm;xJü Paleocene ESifh Eocene ½kyf<uif; (nummulite) rsm;awGU&Sd&onf/Middle Eocene tcsdefü tenfydkYcsrIywf0ef;usifajymif;vJcJhonf/ &Hzef&Hcg Chert awGrS

Mum;nyfaeaom turbiditic sandstone rsm;udk autochthonous (rdrdtm;awGU&Sdonfhae&müyifjzpfay:aom) ausmufvTmrsm;xJüawGU&onf/ þuJhodkYaom tenfusjcif;onf Upper Eocene xdqufvufjzpfay:cJhonf/

&rf;NAJuRef;ESifh rmefatmifuRef;ay:ü Oligocene tenfusausmufrsm;udk ae&mus,fus,fjyefYjyefYawGU&onf/

Flysch yd k Ycsr Ir Sm Middle Miocene tcsde fü &yfqd ki f;c J honf/ Lower Miocene

tPk½kyf<uif;rsm;ygaom flysch ausmufvTmrsm;\ tcsKdUae&musOf;usOf;uav;rsm;ü Nga - Ok con-

glomerate uMum;rSmnyfaeonf/ Nga - Ok conglomerate uab;bufqDokdY us,fus,fjyefYjyefYr&SdbJ¤if;ud k Middle Miocene oufwrf;&S daom flysch ESif hwlonf h sandstone ESif h Shale

ausmufxyfvTmrsm;uzkH;vTrf;aeonf/ ¤if;aemufrSmumvwdkawmif;aomfvnf; jyif;xefaomwGefYacgufrIESifh wdkufpm;rIjzpfay:aeNyD; tenfydkYcsrIonf molasse ESifh wlaomausmufxyfvTmodkYajymif;oGm;onf/ (molasse qdkonfrSmtcsKdUt0uf yifv,fydkYcsí tcsKdUt0uf ukef;ajrydkYcs (odkYr[kwf)jrpf0uRef;ay:ydkYcsaomtvGefxlxyfonfh yGNyD; ungraded, cross, bedded ½kyf<uif;<u,f conglomer-

ates, shales ESifh marl ausmufxyfvTmBuD;jzpfonf)&rf;NAJuRef;ay:ü Upper Miocene tenfusausmufrsm;\ atmufydkif;onf sandstone ESifh

siltstone awGMum;nyfaeonfh shale jzpfNyD;tay:ydkif;ü massive sandstone rsm;jzpfonf/rmefatmifuRef;ü uRef;\ajrmufESifh ta&SUbufydkif;wGifawGU&onf/

awmifukwf\awmifbufü wGefYacgufaeaom Eocene oufwrf; flysch tenfusausmufvTmay:odkY yifv,fa&zkH;vTrf;ydkYcsonfh carbonaceous ypönf;trsm;BuD;ygaom sandstone udkMiocene oufwrf;[k,lqxm;onf/ þ carbonaceous sandstone udkta&mifajzmhaom tuffitic

siltstone ESifh shale wdkYu zkH;tkyfxm;NyD;¤if;\txJrSm Upper Cretaceous ESifh flysch ausmufvTmrsm;\exotic block rsm;yg0ifaeonf/ (exotic block qdkonfrSmvuf&S d ausmufjzpfay:rIESif houfqkdif;jcif;r&SdbJ tjcm;aom tpktzGJUrS a&mufvmaom ausmufxkjzpfonf)

ajrmufydkif;e,fjcm;ESifh ppfawGNrdKU\ tMum;a'o z½kHumuRef;ü &Hzef&Hcg lignitic fine - granied

sandstone rsm;ESifh wvSnfhpDxyfaewwfaom Miocene/Pliocene shale, claystone, silty clay, silt-

stone rsm;onf Limestone, dolomite rsm;ESifhtwl&SdMuonf/ txlrDwm 4000 ausmfjcif;u vQifjrefpGmtenfydkYcsrIudk ñTefjyaeonf/

&ck difurf;½d k;wef;ajrmufyd kif;a'oonf Indo-Burman Ranges ESif h aexm;tm;jzif h&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; uGJjym;onf/ awmifydkif;rSmuJhodkY rwfapmufaom ikdufapmif;rIr&SdbJ Miocene se-

ries rsm;onf tectonic deformation tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/ &Snfvsm;aomvTmwGef Yrsm;\a,bk,sidkufrwfaMumif; wpfavQmuf&Sdjywfa&GUrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vTmwGefY0if½dk;ESifhtNydKifoverthrusting jzpfaeMuonf/ (Overthrust qdkonfrSmus,fjyefYí a'gifedrfh thrust jzpfNyD; a&GUvsm;rIrSmtrsm;tm;jzifh uDvdkrDwmrsm;pGm&Sdonf/) oHwGJa'oü Early Tertiary ESifh (?) Cretaceous

ausmufrsm;onf tay:rSxyfzkH;aeaom Miocene sandstone rsm;\atmufwGif &ckdif½dk;ruJhodkYaexm;ykHpHjyaeonf/

',ftdk;ykHvTmwGefYcsKdifhrsm;onf Eocene tenfusausmufrsm;\ tenfusqdkif&m diapirism

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ESifh qufpyfíaexm;qdkif&m a&GUvsm;rIaMumifh pwifcJhaMumif;,lqMuonf/ (diapir qdkonfrSmtv,ftlwdkifrS ajympD;aomausmufrsm;u tay:wGifzkH;aeaom vdyfckH;(odkYr[kwf) vTmwGefYckH;tm; usKd;jywfatmifwGef;xkd;í tay:wufvmjcif;jzpfonf/) þaexm; ysuf,Gif;rIonf Upper Miocene molasse

rsm;utay:rS rzkH;tkyfrD jzpfay:cJhonf[k ,lqxm;onf/ þykHysufrIonf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfxJ&Sdtay:qkH; (Upper Miocene) rSausmufvTmESpfck\ aexm;uGJvGJrI discordance jzpfay:onfhumvESifhudkufnDaeonf/

Indo-Burman Ranges &ckdifurf;½dk;wef;ESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwdkYxJ&Sd flysch ydkYcsrIrsm;uTertiary twGif;wGif ydkYcsrIcsKdifh0Srf;onf ta&SUrStaemufokdY a&GUoGm;aMumif;ñTefjyaeonf/

NEOTECTONICS AND EARTHQUAKES OF MYANMAR

Neotonics qdkonfrSmurÇmh crust \ Miocene tvGefaexm;ESif h aexm;qdkif&mordkif;aMumif;jzpfonf/

Jurassic tukefydkif;ü Sino-Burman Ranges onfjrifhwufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ Upper Cretaceous

twGif;ü India plate ajrxkcsyfonf Gondawana land rSuGJxGufcJhNyD; Lower Cretaceous twGif;wGifajrmufbufod k Ya& G Uc J honf/ (Gondawana land onf,cifu urÇm huke f ;ajrtm;vk H ;\wqufwpyfwnf;&Sdaom r[mwdkufBuD;wpfckwnf;rS ESpfjcrf;uGJNyD;jzpfay:aom urÇmhawmifjcrf;&Sd late

Paleozoic r[mwdkufBuD;jzpfonf/) ,cktcsdefrwdkifrD vGefcJhaomESpf (55) oef; (Late Paleocene) üIndia Plate u SE Asia Plate tm;0ifwdkufrdonf/ xkdYaemuf tdEd,ork'´&m\ta&SUydkif;Murf;jyifrSuG JxGufa&GUvsm;jcif;aMumif h India Plate onf Upper Eocene ESif h Oligocene ü NE

odkYvrf;aMumif;ajymif;cJhonf/ vGefcJhaom ESpf (10) oef;cefY (Upper Mioceen) ü Indo-Ranges

\tpdwftydkif;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u jrifhwufcJhonf/ India Plate u Eurasia Plate \tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom Burma (Myanmar) Plate \atmufokdY &ckdifurf;vGefa'oü qufvufikyfvQKd;aerIonfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ivQifrsm;vIyfae&jcif;\ yxrtaMumif;t&if;jzpfonf/ Indo-Burman Ranges

ESifhteD;tem;&Sd t"du thrust BuD;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;aMumifhjzpfay:Mu&onf/India Plate rSikwfvQKd;aeaomae&m\ ta&SUbufü uyÜvDyifv,fxJwGifuGJxGufa&GUvsm;aom

spreading centre wpfckonf Upper Miocene tcsdefrS ,cktxdjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;aMumifhSagaing fault ESifhtem;owfxm;aom jrefrmajrxkcsyfjzpfay:NyD; xkdajrxkcsyfrS ajrmufbufodkYa&GUvsm;vsuf&Sdonf/ þ Sagaing fault ESifh¤if;qufpyfaom tjcm;jywfa&GUrsm;wavQmufa&GUvsm;rIonf jrefrmEkdifiHü ajrivsifrsm;jzpfay:&jcif;\ 'kwd,tcsufjzpfonf/ awmifrSajrmufodkYyJcl; (1917-1930) qGm (1929)? tif;0 (1839)? tr&yl& (1850)? rEÅav; (1871-1931)? ppfudkif;(1956) ESifh waumif; (1956) ivsifwdkYrSm ppfudkif;jywfa&GUaMumifh jzpfay:cJhonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/

ylwmtdk (1906)? jrpfBuD;em; (1931) ESifh [krÜvif; (1925) ivsifwdkYrSm ucsifjynfe,fESifhem*awmifwef;a'o&Sd jywfa&GUtcsKdUaMumifh jzpfay:[ef&Sdonf/ odkYaomf vlOD;a&enf;yg;aomaMumifhtysuftpD;enf;Muonf/

jrefrmEk difiH\ivsifrsm;jrefrmEk difiH\ivsifrsm;jrefrmEk difiH\ivsifrsm;jrefrmEk difiH\ivsifrsm;jrefrmEk difiH\ivsifrsm;

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ajrivsifwd ki f; ud&d,mrsm;tm;wyfqifNyD;aom (1904)ckESpfrSpí jrefrmEd ki fi Hütiftm;tenf;i,f? tiftm;toifhtwifhESifh tiftm;jyif;aomajrivsiftBudrf (400) ausmfvIyfcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ tiftm;aysmhaomESifh tvGeftm;aysmhaomivsifrsm;rSmtvGefrsm;onf/pma&;q&ma&Tudkif;om; (OD;aombdw tEk½k'Ügacsmif-ppfudkif;) uysLacwfrSrif;wkef;rif;acwfxd t"duordkif;0ifajrivsifBuD; tenf;qHk; (36) Budrf vIyfcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;jyKcJhonf/(1976) jrefrmEkdifiHütBuD;qkH;jzpfaom tif;awmfBuD;uefrSm ivsifaMumifhjzpfay:cJhonf[k,kHMunfrI&SdcJhMuonf/

tapmqkH; odyÜ Henf;usrSwfwrf;rSm 1762 ckESpf {NyDv 2 &ufaeY nae 5 em&Dü&ckdifajrmufydkif;tm;A[dkjyKí &pfcsfwmpau; 8.5 rS 9 txd&SdEdkifaom ivsifBuD;wpfckjzpfonf/ivsifaMumifhjzpfay:aom yifv,fvdIif; qlemrDjzpfrjzpfrod&/ zsufpD;tm;tvGefrsm;NyD; b*Fvm;a'h&SfESifh&cdkifjynfe,ftm;vkH;rS cHpm;&í ppfwaumif;a'oü tjyif;xefqkH;jzpfonf/ 60 pwk&ef;rdkifcefY&SdaomajrjyifrSm a&xJodkYa&muf&SdoGm;NyD; &cdkifurf;½dk;wef;\ rkdif (100) ausmft&Snfü wpfae&mwGif 9 ayESifhtjcm;wpfae&mrSm 22 ay cefYjrifhwufcJhonf[k qkdaomfvnf;raocsmacs/

1839 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufaeY tif;0ivsi1839 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufaeY tif;0ivsi1839 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufaeY tif;0ivsi1839 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufaeY tif;0ivsi1839 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufaeY tif;0ivsif - jrefrmhe,fajrü tvGefjyif;xefízsuftm;aumif;aomþivQifudk tdE´d,EkdifiHblrdaA'avhvma&;tzGJUtm; wnfaxmifolDr. T Oldham urSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ vIyf&Sm;rIudk Aef;armfrS &efukeftxdjrefrmwpfEdkifiHvkH;cHpm;&NyD; xkdif;EkdifiHxda&mufonf/ysufpD;rItm;aumif;vGef;ojzifh 'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;udk aemif (16) ESpfMumonfhtcsdefxd awGU&onf/rif;uGef;ykxkd;awmfBuD; tBuD;tus,fysufpD;cJhonf/ xdkaeYeHeufü bk&m;wpfqlrS taumif;rusefawmh[kc&pf,mefbkef;BuD;wpfyg;urSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ NrdKUxJ&Sd tkwftaqmuftOD;awGtm;vkH; NydKusNyD;atmufrSmvlawGydaeMuonf/ ysufpD;rIjyif;xefvGef;ojzifh taqmuftOD;tm;vkH;tm; NzdKzsufypf&efvdktyfonf/ tr&yl&rSmuJhodkYyif ppfudkif;awmifxdyfrsm;rS bk&m;awGvnf; ysufpD;onf[k qdkfonf/

Dr. Oldham \ar;jref;csufudk Mr. Spear uatmufygtwdkif;jyefMum;cJhonf/1839 ckESpfwGif rwfv 23 &uf paeaeY eHeuf 4 em&D wGiftr&yl&NrdKUom;rsm;rS

ajrivsif\jyif;xefrIudk cHpm;vdkuf&onf/ jrefrmhordkif;wGif þrQjyif;xefrIr&Sdbl;cJh/ wkefvIyfrIrSmpuúefUoHk;q,fMumjrifhonf/ aumif;uifrSm rdk;wdrfr&Sd/ avrwdkufbJ opfyifawGvIyf&rf;aeMuonf/tdrfawGNydKus&mrSxGufvmaom zHkvHk;BuD;awGaMumifh aumif;uifrSmjrif&csufonf arhEdkifp&mr&Sd/vIyf&Sm;rIrSm ajrmufrSawmifodkYjzpfonf/ jrpf\Murf;jyifudk ydwfqdkYvdkufouJhodkY&SdNyD; jrpfa&tenf;i,fwufvmaomfvnf; avSawGbmrSrjzpf/ tr&yl&ESifhtif;0tMum;&Sd jrpfurf;wavQmufrSm 5ay rSay20xd us,faom tufuGJaMumif;BuD;awG jzpfNyD; trJa&mifa&ESifhoJawG trsm;BuD;rIwfxkwfxm;onf/tr&yl&E Si f htif ;0 Nr d K U½ d k ;E Sp fc kud kavhvmaomtcg tif;0uyd kí 'Pfc H&[efwlonf/{&m0wDjrpfurf;ESpfbufvHk;rS bk&m;awGtm;vHk; xD;r&SdMuawmhbJ tay:ydkif;awGvnf; NydKusaeMuonf/

ivsifudk Aef;armfESifh &efukefESpfNrdKUvHk; odvdkufMuonf/ &efukefrSm wpfcsdefwnf;vIyfcJhNyD;ysufpD;rIr&Sdaomfvnf; bk&m;rsm;rS qnf;vnf; ESifh acgif;avmif;rsm; jrnfNyD;xdwfvefYukefMuonf/tif;0NrdKUu A[dkcsufjzpf[ef&Sdonf/ yifrivQifBuD;NyD;onfhaemuf 5 rdepf (odkYr[kwf) rdepf 20 wdkif;üwpfaeukefaemufqufwGJ ivQifrsm;vIyfaomfvnf; yxravmufrjyif;/ tm;vHk;onf ta0;utajrmufypfovdk (odkYr[kwf) wHwm;ay:rSm vSnf;awGtrsm;BuD;jzwfarmif;ovdk wpfpuúefY (odkYr[kwf)ESpfpuúefYtoHrnfonf/ ivsifESpfrsdK;&S donf/ tajrmufoHivsifu tenf;i,f (odk Yr[kwf)

- 14 -

vHk;0,drf;xdk;vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdaomfvnf; trsm;tjym;rSm wpfpkHwpfOD;u atmufrSvIyfcgay;ovdkjzpfNyD;rSefawGw*wf*wfwkefaeonf/ tjcm;wpfrsdK;rSm vdIif;vHk;uJhodkY&SdNyD; a&GUvsm;rIrSm trsm;tm;jzihfta&SUrStaemufodkYjzpfonf/ ajratmufutoHrSm tNrJwef; ta&SUbufrSvmonf/

aemufxyf 4-5 &ufrSm 15 puúefYESifh 30 puúefYwdkif;ü ivsifawGcsnf;jzpfMuonf/ aemufxyf6v cef Ytxdtenf;qH k;ivsif wpfBudrfrvIyfaom&ufr&S d/ vGefcJ haom oH k;ESpfvH k;vH k;üþuJhodkYrsdK;rBuHKbl;cJh/ aoolOD;a&twdtusrod&aomfvnf; 300 rS 400 xd&Sdrnf/ tif;0üysufpD;rItrsm;pkrSm tkwfausmif;rsm;rSjzpfNyD; oHCmawmftrsm;pk ysHvGefawmfrlMuonf[k a&;om;cJhonf/

ivsifudk armfvNrdKifuvnf; cHpm;cJh&NyD; awmifajrmufrdkifwpfaxmifausmf od&SdcJhMuonf/wpfcsdefwnf;ü ausmufjzLwGif ½kwfw&uf wkefcgoGm;NyD;taemufawmifbuf&Sd &THUrD;awmifrSrD;vHk;BuD;rsm;aygufxGufvmonf/ em&D0ufcefY rD;awmifBuD;rsm; wufvkdufusvdkufjzifh ta0;rStajrSmufypfouJhodkYtoH&Sdonf/

Captain Me Cleod uvnf; tufaMumif;BuD;rsm;ay:vmNyD; a&rsm;yef;xGufcJhojzifha&ESifhtwlygvmaom ajrBuD;rsm;pkyHkaeonf/ a&wGif;rSa&rsm;cef;ukefonf[k a&;om;cJhonf/

ivsif\tiftm;udk rmu,fvDpau;t& (7)ausmfonf[k ,lqonf/

1843 ESifh 1848 ausmufjzLivsifrsm;1843 ESifh 1848 ausmufjzLivsifrsm;1843 ESifh 1848 ausmufjzLivsifrsm;1843 ESifh 1848 ausmufjzLivsifrsm;1843 ESifh 1848 ausmufjzLivsifrsm;(1843) ckESpf azaz:0g&D (6)&ufaeY n(11)em&Dü ausmufjzLivsifvIyfcJhonf/ ¤if;aMumifh

&rf;jAJuRef;ü &TUHrD;awmifrsm;rS BuD;rm;aomaygufuGJrIrsm;ESifh tenf;i,fwkefcgrIrsm;rSm eHeuf(1)em&DxdMumcJhonf/ ¤if;ESpfrSmyif atmufwdkbm (3) &ufeHeuf (7em&D 45 rdepf) wGiftenf;i,fydkjyif;aomfvnf;ESpfrdepfcefYomMumonfh ivsifvIyfcJhonf/ &rf;NAJuRef;ü tm;enf;aomfvnf; rmefatmifuRef;ü ydkjyif;onf/(1848) ckESpf Zefe0g&D (3) &ufaeY ausmufjzLivsifaMumifh taqmuftOD;rsm; ysufpD;cJhonf/

1858 ivsif1858 ivsif1858 ivsif1858 ivsif1858 ivsif(1858) ckESpf pufwifbm (18) &ufESifh atmufwdkbm (5) &ufaeYwdkYü tr&yl&wGif

ivsiftenf;i,fvIyfcJhonf/ (1858) ckESpf Mo*kwfv (24) &ufaeY ivsifü tysuftpD;rsm;onf/ &efukefESifharmfvNrdKifNrdKUwdkYxd cHpm;&NyD; ysufpD;rIenf;yg;aomfvnf; o&ufESifh jynfNrdKUwdkYü ydkíysufpD;onf/ jyif;tm;rSmawmifbufodkY avsmhusoGm;í a,bk,svm;&mrSm ta&SU-ajrmuf - ta&SUrS taemuf-awmif-taemufodkYjzpfonf/ tcsdefrSm o&ufü (3;38) ESifh &efukefü (3;45) jzpfonf/ [oFmwübk&m;xdyfydkif;rsm; NydKusonf/jynfNrdKUü ½kwfw&ufESifhjyif;xefNyD; wpfrdepfeD;yg;MumcJhonf/ vlwpfOD;u olYtdrfta&SUbufecrf;uOD;pGmjrifhwufNyD; aemufrS taemufbufecrf;u jrifhwufonf[kqdkonf/ ajrmufydkif;usaomtdrfawGuydkíNydKusNyD; bk&m;xdyfydkif;awG jyKwfusonf/ o&ufNrdKUü tcsdefwdktwGif;us,favmifaom toHaemufrSmxifxif&Sm;&Sm; vIyf&rf;rI (3) rsKd;&Sdonf/ uGif;jyifxGufaeolrsm;u rwkefvIyfrD iSuftkyfBuD; jzwfysHaomtoHrsKd;ESifh avylawGcHpm;&onf/ cyftkyftkyfjrnfoHESifh w*spf*spfjrnfoHaemufrS csufcsif;wkefcgNyD;¤if;\aemufwNydKifwnf;eD;yg;wGif tdrfwdkif;udk ysufpD;aponfhyxrOD;qkH; ivQifvdIif;jzwfoGm;onf/tdrfawGrSm vTJ&rf;aeí bk&m;trsm;pkjyif;xefpGmysufpD;um xdyfydkif;rsm; taemufawmifbufodkY NydKusNyD;trsm;tjym;rSm vk H;0eD;yg;ysuf,Gif; Muonf/ a&eufonf hqdyfc Hr Sm qd kufuyfxm;aomrD;oabFmr Smavjyif;xJ jzwfarmif;&ouJ hod k Y c Hpm;&onf/ oabFmr Sm a&pke fbufod k YwpfywfvnfoGm;onf/ jrpfa&wdrfaomae&mü a&jyifay:odkY &THUrsm;wufvmonf/ jrpfMurf;jyifua&xJrSm

- 15 -

ay:xGufvmNyD; wkefcgrIvGefajrmufoGm;rS rlvtwdkif;jyefjzpfonf/ xkdaeYnaerSmyif vwpfjcrf;Muyfonf/wkefcgrIrSmtif;0ü aysmhonf/ ppfawGü vIyfcgrIrSm awmifrSajrmufodkYjzpfNyD; wpfrdepfESifh wpf0ufcefY

Mumonf/ jyif;xefNyD; tdrfeH&HrS tkwfrsm;jyKwfxGufonf/ rmefatmifuRef;\ ta&SUawmifbuf vwåDwG'f18º 18' N, avmif*sDwG'f 93º 55 1/

2 E &Sd False uRef;wpfckvkH;aysmufoGm;NyD; Mo*kwf (24) &ufaeY

aemufwGif tpteyifrawGU&awmhay/ þaysmufuG,frIrSm ivsifaMumifh[k ,lq&ef&Sdonf/ þyxrwpfck\aemufqufwGJjzpf&ef&Sdaom ivsifESpfckrSm Mo*kwfv (26) &uf eHeuf (9) em&DwdkYü jynf?o&ufNrdKUwdkYrSm toD;oD;cHpm;Mu&onf/

(1864) ck Zlvkdif (23) &ufü &efukefwGif ivsifESpfBudrfvIyfaomfvnf; tysuftpD;rSm o&ufNrdKUrSenf;enf;omodvdkufMuonf/ 1858 ckESpf Mo*kwfvukefydkif;ESifh atmufwdkbmvqef;ydkif;wdkYü rEÅav;NrdKUwGifaeYpOfivsifrsm;vIyfcJhMuonf/

(0000) ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (16) &uf rEÅav;ivQif(0000) ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (16) &uf rEÅav;ivQif(0000) ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (16) &uf rEÅav;ivQif(0000) ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (16) &uf rEÅav;ivQif(0000) ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (16) &uf rEÅav;ivQifazazmf0g&D (16) &ufaeY eHeuf tm½kHwufcsdefü jiifompGmjzifhwpfckNyD;wpfck ESpfBudrfvIyfcJhaomfvnf;

tysuftpD;r&Sd/(1874) ü&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ü jyif;xefaomivQifBuD;wpfck vIyfcgonf/ (1884) ckESpf Zlvdkif

(23)&ufaeYü tweftoifh jyif;xefaomivsif&efukefNrdKUwGifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ ESpfBudrfwkefcgNyD;wHcg;aygufrsm; wa*smufa*smufjzpfay:onftxdom vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ o&ufNrdKUrSvnf; cHpm;&onf/(1868) ckESpf Zefe0g&D (6) &ufüarmfvNrdKifwGif ivsiftaysmhpm;wpfckvIyfcJhonf/

'DZifbm (31) &uf eHeufcif;ü tErefuRef;\ taemufbuf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif;wGifA[dkjyK[ef&Sdaom ivQifwpfckudk pwk&ef;rdkif (2000000) us,faoma'owpfckvkH;od&Sdvdkuf&onf/tdEd,uRef;qG,fESifh b*Fvm;e,f\ e,fajrtpdwftydkif;tawmfrsm;rsm;omru NrdwfuRef;pkxJ&Sd uRef;tcsdKUtygt0if jrefrmurf;½dk;wef;rsm;rSvnf;od&SdEkdifNyD; tErefESifh epfudkbmuRef;rsm;ü tysuftpD;rsm;onf/puúefYtenf;i,fomvIyf&Sm;um ajrwkefvIyfrI &yfoGm;NyD;aemuf em&Daygif;rsm;pGmtxd qlemrDvdIif;rsm;ay:aygufcJhonf/ yxrOD;qkH; qlemrDvdIif;rSm Port Blair NrdKUü eHeuf (8) em&D (10) rdepfwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhNyD;aemufxyf (15) rdepfpDjcm;í vdIif;wpfckNyD;wpfckvmcJhonf/

vdIif;cGufrS vdIfif;xdyfodkY (3) aycefYjrifhonf/ n (9) em&Dxd qufwdkufvmonf vdIif;a&GUEIef;rSmwpfrdepfvQif (2) rdkifrS (6.9) rkdif[k wGufcsuf&&SdcJhonf/ &efukef? armfvNrdKifESifh NrdwfuRef;pk&Sdae&mtoD;oD;ü ivQifrSmodomaomfvnf; jyif;tm;enf;onf/ qlemrDvdIif;rawGU&/ armfwifpGef;rSplrMwmuRef;xd&Sdaom uRef;wef;rsm;ESifh a&atmufawmif½kd;rsm;u b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftm;ESpfydkif;cGJvdkufaomtcg ¤if;wdkYuqlemrDvdIif;tm; wm;qD;vdkuf[efwlonf/

(1912) ckESpf arv ivsif(1912) ckESpf arv ivsif(1912) ckESpf arv ivsif(1912) ckESpf arv ivsif(1912) ckESpf arv ivsifjrefrmEdkifiHü (1912) ckESpf arvtwGif;wGif tvGefjyif;xefaom ajrivsiftcsKdU\

'PfcHvkduf&onf/ t"duivsifrSm ar (23) &ufaeYü jzpfaomfvnf; a&SUajy;ivsifESpfckxJrSyxrwpfckonf ar (16) &ufaeYrSm jzpfay:cJhonf/ eHeuf (3) em&DcefYü &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;ESifhajrmufydkif;wdkY\ taemufbufjcrf;rsm;ü cHpm;vdkuf&onf/ jyif;tm;rSm rmu,fvDpau;t& (8) &Sdonf/

ar (21) &ufaeYü jyif;xefaom ivsifBuD;onf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ESifh ajrmufydkif;tm;vkH; rEÅav;?jyifOD;vGif? a&Tbdk? ppfudkif;? atmufcsif;wGif;? ausmufqnf? rdwåDvm? rauG;? &rnf;oif;? awmifil?yJcl;c½dkifrsm;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif wkefvIyfcJhonf/ cHpm;&rIrSm tenf;qkH; (125000) pwk&ef;rdkif

- 16 -

us,fjyefYonf/ A[dkusaom ae&mrsm;ü Rossi - Forel pau;t& tenf;qkH; (7) tqifh &SdNyD;wkefvIyfrIrsm;wGif awmfvJ oHtcsK dUjzpfay:cJ haomfvnf; ta0;odk Ya&mufvQif jyif;tm;rSmvQifjrefpGmusoGm;onf/ eHeuf (3) em&Dü jzpfay:cJhNyD; qufwdkuftm;jzifh xdkaeYESifh aemuf&ufwdkYwGifjyifOD;vGif? rEÅav;? awmifBuD;? ausmufqnfESifh tjcm;a'orsm;rSm aemufqufwGJivsifrsm;u vdkufvmumwjznf;jznf;enf;oGm;&mrS (23) &ufaeY eHeufü (375000) pwk&ef;rdkifausmfaom a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;wGifcHpm;&onfh r[mivsifBuD;vIyfaomtcg wpfurÇmvkH;rS wdkif;wm&&SdcJhonf/ tjyif;xefqkH;cHpm;&onfha'orsm;rSm &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;ae&mtcsKdU? jyifOD;vGif? rEÅav;ESifh ausmufqnfc½dkifrsm;?&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;ae&mtcsKdUwkdYjzpfMuonf/ ae&mtrsm;pkonf &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifhay:ü usa&mufonf/aemuf (3) vtwGif;ü aemufqufwGJivsiftao;pm;rsm;rSm ra&wGufEkdifatmif&SdcJhNyD; jzpfay:cJhNyD;aysmufoGm;onf/

þ (1912) ivsifonfurÇmay:wGif vIyfcJhaom tvm;wlivsifrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfvQiftaotaysmufESifh ypönf;qkH;½IH;rIenf;yg;onf/ vIyfcJhonfha'orsm;ü vlOD;a&enf;yg;rIESifh aetdrfrsm;\trsKd;tpm;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/

txufjrefrmjynf\ tjcm;a'orsm;uJhodkYyif ESpfpOfeD;yg;ü þ&moDwGif ivsifvIyfavh&SdNyD;aemufqkH;ivsifBuD;rSm (1908) ckESpfwGif vIyfcJhonf[k jyifOD;vGif NrdKUcHrsm;u qdkMuonf/ arv (18) ESifh(21) &ufaeY ivsifESpfckü tenf;i,fomysufpD;cJhonf/ tjyif;xefqkH;udk arv (23) 7ufaeY eHeuf (9)em&DücHp;cJh&NyD; wpfNrdKUvkH;rSmtvGefysufpD;cJhonf/ ta0;rS cyftkyftkyfrdk;Ncdrf;oHvmaeouJhodkYMum;&ítkwfwdkuftm;vkH;&Sd t*Fawrsm;ESifh tkwfcJrsm;\jyKwfusoHrsm;vnf; Mum;&onf/ rD;&xm;vrf;rSzdkYajrrsm; NydKusNyD; &xm;vrf;rsm; auG;ñTwfoGm;onf/ wpfaeYvkH;taysmhpm;rsm; qufvIyfaeonf/

rEÅav;wGifvnf; ar (23) &uf eHeuf (9) em&DwGif cHpm;&onf/ wpfrdepfcefYMumNyD;tysuftpD;rsm;onf/ tkwfwdkuftrsm;tjym;rSm tufuGJukefNyD; tcsKdUrSmtay:xyfrsm; NydKusMuívlrsm;uGif;jyifodkYxGufajy;Muonf/ awmifwGif;BuD;ü wkefcgrIrSmwpfrdepfausmfí taqmuftODtrsm;pkysufpD;onf/

rdk;ukwfü a&SUajy;ivsifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vIyf&Sm;cJhNyD; tjyif;qkH;ysufpD;rIrSm (23) &ufaeYüjzpfonf/tkwfwdkuftm;vkH;eD;yg;rSm tufuGJukefNyD; bk&m; (60) qlcefY NydKusonf/ wkefcgrIudk awmifbuf Nrdwfc½dkifrSajrmufbuf e,fjcm;xd jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvkH; cHpm;&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiH NrdKUtm;vkH;u od&Sdonf/,leefESifh tEd,EkdifiHajrmufydkif;ygygojzifh t"duivsifBuD;\ us,f0ef;rItwdkif;twmudk odEkdifonf/

jyifOD;vGif\ ta&SUbufausmufMurf;jywfa&GU\ teD;tem;rS wkefcgrI\ tjrifhqkH;jyif;tm;rSmRossi -Forel pau;t& (9) tqifh&Sdonf/ jywfa&GUvrf;aMumif;ay:usaeaom rD;&xm;vrf;auGUrSoHvrf;rsm;auG;oGm;NyD; awmifMum;vrf;rsm;ESifh ecrf;om;rsm; NydKusojzifh vrf;rsm;ydwfukefonf/jrif;jzLteD;awmifeH&H\ tufaMumif;rsm;xJrS &THUESifh a&rsm;yef;xGufvmNyD; &Srf;tdrfrsm;ysufpD;onf/jrif;jzLawmifESifh ae&mtESHYwGif tufaMumif;opfrsm; ay:vmonf/ jywfa&GU\ ajrmufbuftqkH;üawmifNydKí erf;yefpJacsmif;ydwfoGm;aomfvnf; cPMumaomtcg a&aMumifhyGifxGufoGm;onf/wkefcgrIuGefwdkrsOf;\ twGif;tqkH;ykdif;onf pwk&ef;rdkif (36000) xdus,f0ef;NyD; a'otrsm;pkü Rossi

- Forel pau;t& jyif;tm; (8) &Sdonf/ þbJOykHt0ef;t0dkif;\ t&SnfqkH;xdyfESpfxdyfrSm a,bk,sawmif-ajrmufwef;aeonf/

- 17 -

ivsif\ taMumif;t&if;ivsif\ taMumif;t&if;ivsif\ taMumif;t&if;ivsif\ taMumif;t&if;ivsif\ taMumif;t&if;Dr. Coggin Brown ur[mausmufMurf; jywfa&GUwpfavQmuf a&GUvsm;rIaMumif h

ivsifvIyf&jcif;jzpfaMumif; atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifhwifjycJhonf/(1) twGif;qkH;wkefcgrI uGefwdkrsOf;\ bJOykHt0ef;t0dkif;rS ta0;qkH;xdyfESpfxdyftm; qufaom

0if½dk;rsOf;onf ausmufMurf;jywfa&GUESifh vkH;0eD;yg;xyfwlusonf/(2) jyif;tm;trsm;qkH;ESifh tysuftpD;trsm;qkH;&Sdaomae&mrsm;onf jywfa&GUvrf;aMumif;ESifh

¤if;\ tqufwdkYESifh qufpyfrI&Sdonf/(3) ausmuf Murf; jywfa&G Utm; jzwfoGm;aomae&mrsm;& S d r D ;&xm;vrf;rsm;r Sm

auG;ñTwfoGm;aomfvnf; tjcm;jywfa&GUrsm;ü auG;ñTwfrIr&Sd

(1917) ckESpf Zlvdkif (5) &ufaeY yJcl;ivsif(1917) ckESpf Zlvdkif (5) &ufaeY yJcl;ivsif(1917) ckESpf Zlvdkif (5) &ufaeY yJcl;ivsif(1917) ckESpf Zlvdkif (5) &ufaeY yJcl;ivsif(1917) ckESpf Zlvdkif (5) &ufaeY yJcl;ivsifnae (4) em&D (40) rdepfü vtjynfhMuwfaeaomtcsdefwGif atmufjrefrmjynfü

tawmftoifhjyif;aom ivQifwpfck vIyfcJhonf/ tao;pdwfrod&aomfvnf; a&Tarmfa"mbk&m;xD;ESifhtbdk;wef&wemrsm; jyKwfusí atmufajcrS apwDi,frsm;ysufpD;onf/

1927 ckESpf pufwifbmvESifh 'DZifbmv &efukefivsifrsm;1927 ckESpf pufwifbmvESifh 'DZifbmv &efukefivsifrsm;1927 ckESpf pufwifbmvESifh 'DZifbmv &efukefivsifrsm;1927 ckESpf pufwifbmvESifh 'DZifbmv &efukefivsifrsm;1927 ckESpf pufwifbmvESifh 'DZifbmv &efukefivsifrsm;pufwifbm (10) &ufaeY aeYvnf 12;05? 12;47 ESifh nae 4;25 wdkYüivsifi,frsm;vIyfcJhaomfvnf;

tysuftpD;r&Sd/ 'DZifbm (17) &ufaeY eHeufapmapm 2;25 üydkjyif;xefaom ivsifwpfckvIyfcJh&mtxdwfwvefYjzpfcJhNyD; tweftoifhysufpD;rI&SdcJhonf/ Rossi Forel pau;t& jyif;tm; (7) &SdNyD;taqmuftOD;rsm; ysufpD;cJhonf/ yJcl;? tif;pdef? om,m0wD c½kdifrsm;ESifh rtlyifc½dkifrS rtlyifESifhanmifwkef;NrdKUe,frsm;? zsmykHc½dkifrS a';'&JNrdKUe,frsm;tygt0if pwk&ef;rdkif(5000) ausmfa'owpfckvkH;cHpm;&onf/ (5) puúefYrS (6) puúefYxdMumonf/ þuJhodkYaomivsifrsm;onfxdka'ouGufvyfav;\ajrom;vIyf&Sm;rIoabmobm0aMumifh jzpfay:onf[k ,lqxm;cJhMuaomfvnf; xkda'orsm;&SdajrEkrsm;\atmufrSausmufwdkY\taetxm;udk rod&SdEkdif/ xdkYtjyif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh¤if;\e,ferdwf&Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;onf wnfNidrfrIr&Sdao;aMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf/xdkYaMumifh &efukefivsifonf jrpf0uRef;ay:ajrEk\ atmuf&Sd tm;enf;aomvrf;aMumif; Line or weak-

ness wavQmufa&GUvsm;apaom jr§ifhwiftm;aMumifh jzpfay:onf[k aumufcsufqGJEkdifonf/(1930) ckESpfonf jrefrmEdkifiHü uyfab;qdkufapaom ivsifBuD;rsm;jzifh xl;jcm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYxJrS

tOD;qkH;rSm ar (5) &ufaeYrS r[myJcl;ivsifBuD;ESifh ¤if;\taemufü 'DZifbm (3) &ufESifh (4) &ufaeYwkdYwGifawmifilc½dkif? jzL;NrdKUywf0ef;usifrS ivsifBuD;rsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ (1929) ck? Mo*kwfv (8) &ufaeYüqGmNrdKUrS ivQif (3) ckESifh (1930) ckESpfwGif yJcl;ESifh jzL;ivsifwdkY\ ajray:A[dkcsuf epicentre rsm;onfrsOf;ajzmifh wpfckwnf;eD;yg;&SdMuojzifh taMumif;tcsufwpfckxJrS jzpfay:cJh[ef&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYonfppfudkif;jywfa&GU\ vIyf&Sm;rI (odkYr[kwf) ¤if;\taemufbufem; cyfususajrjyifa&GUvsm;rIESifhqufpyf&ef&Sdonf/

1929 ck Mo*kwfv (8) &uf qGmivsif1929 ck Mo*kwfv (8) &uf qGmivsif1929 ck Mo*kwfv (8) &uf qGmivsif1929 ck Mo*kwfv (8) &uf qGmivsif1929 ck Mo*kwfv (8) &uf qGmivsiftvGefjyif;xefaomfvnf; ae&musOf;usOf;uav;ü jzpfay:aom þivsif\ajrjyifA[dkcsufrSm

awmifilc½d kif? qGmNrdKU\ taemufbufrd kiftenf;i,fü wnf&S donf/ rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;rSm

- 18 -

vGefpGmysufpD;onf/ ae&mtrsm;tjym;ü oHvrf;rsm; wGefYvdrfaumufauG;í oHvrf;tqufrsm;ESifheufwdkifrsm;usKd;jywfNyD; wHwm;ESifh tkwfajrmif;rsm;NydKysufum ajrxdef;eH&Hrsm;NydKusonf/ 0efwifxm;aomwGJrsm;vJusNyD; tvkyform;wJrsm; wpfppDaMurGonf/ ivQifudk &rnf;oif;? ysOf;rem;? a&eHacsmif;ESifhom,m0wDwdkYrSvnf; odvdkufMuonf/

(1930) ck ar (5) &ufyJcl;ivsif(1930) ck ar (5) &ufyJcl;ivsif(1930) ck ar (5) &ufyJcl;ivsif(1930) ck ar (5) &ufyJcl;ivsif(1930) ck ar (5) &ufyJcl;ivsifn 8;18 em&Dü vIyfaomivsifonf yJcl;NrdKUtm;tBuD;tus,fysufpD;cJhNyD; tenf;qkH;vl (500)

aoqkH;cJhonf/ &efukefüvnf; trsm;tjym;aoqkH;NyD; tysuftpD;rsm;onf/ atmufbuf Nrdwfc½dkifESifhtxufbuf ausmufjzLc½dkifurf;½dk;wef;rsm; ajrmufbuf rdk;rdwf? &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHtxdvltrsm;rS odvk dufMuonf/ ivsif'PfcHpm;&aoma'o\ tjyifbufqk H;e,fedrdwfrSmb*Fvm;yifv,fatmf tErefyifv,fESifh xdkif;yifv,fauGU xda&muf&SdNyD; ukef;ay:{&d,mrSm pwk&ef;rdkif(220000) xufravQmhacs/ wpfurÇmvkH;&Sd ivQifpcef;rsm;tm;vkH;u rSwfwrf;wifEkdifcJhonf/tjyif;xefqkH;cH&aoma'oü tjrifhqkH;jyif;tm;rSm rmu,fvDpau;t& (7.3) &SdNyD; yJcl;c½kdiftwGif;375 pwk&ef;rdkifcefYjzifh bJOykH&Sdonf/ yJcl;NrdKU\tydkif;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ysufpD;í wpfcsdefwnf;wpfNydKifwnf;rD;avmifrIrsm;u tajctaeudkydkrdk qdk;0g;aponf/ ajrjyifay:ütufaMumif;BuD;rsm; uGJxGufNyD; oJrsm;ESifha&rsm;ud kr Iwfxkwfonf/ ivQif\ ajrjyifA[d kcsufusaom yJcl;ppfawmif;wl;ajrmif;\wm0a&xdef;wHcg;ae&mESifh qufpyfonfh ajrjyifonf (0.77) ayjrifhwufvmonf/

yJcl;ivQif\taMumif;t&if;yJcl;ivQif\taMumif;t&if;yJcl;ivQif\taMumif;t&if;yJcl;ivQif\taMumif;t&if;yJcl;ivQif\taMumif;t&if;ivQif\ajrjyifA[dkcsufonf yJcl;-ppfawmif;wl;ajrmif;\ awmifbuf&Sd yJcl;vGifjyifxJü

usa&mufonf/ ¤if;onf rkwåryifv,fauGUESifh ppfawmif;jrpf0rS 'Da&jzifhBuD;xGm;wnfaqmufxm;aomtedrfhydkif;jrpf0uRef;ay: ukef;ajrjzpfonf/ þvGifjyiftm; wpfBudrfwnf;jzihf tNyD;wnfaqmufcJhjcif;r[kwfbJppfawmif;jrpf0\ ae&ma&GUajymif;rIESif hqufpyfí wnfaqmufvd kuf wd kufpm;vd kufjzif htBudrfBudrfjzpfay:cJhonf/ jrpf0onf taemufrSta&SUodkY a&TUoGm;&mrS ¤if;\ ordkif;aMumif;wpfavQmuftBudrfBudrftaemufbufodk Y jyefa&mufvmaomtcg wpfbufrS ukef;ajrtm;wdkufpm;NyD;tjcm;wpfzufrSm jyefvnfydkYcsjcif;jzifh ukef;ajrrSmwdk;yGm;vmonf/ vGefcJhaom ESpf(50-60)cefYurkwårauGY\urf;ajconf OEéJ&Gm\ ta&SUbuf (5)rdkifcefYü &Sdonf[k,lqNyD; ,cktcg OEéJ&Gm\ta&SUbufrdkif(20)cefYxd a&mufaeonf/ þvm;&mtwdkif; ukef;ajronf tvGefvQifjrefpGmBuD;xGm;cJhonf[k odomonf/

þuJhodkY jrpf0uRef;ay:\ vQifjrefpGmBuD;xGm;rIütay: 0efajymif;vJrIESifh tm;oufa&mufrIwdkYonf urÇmUcrust tay:wGif 'Pf strain rsm; jzpfay:apjcif;aMumifh jyefvnfcsdefn§d&ef readjust-

ment vdktyfonf/ ajrEk\atmufü ppfudkif;jywfa&GU&Sd&m xdkjywfa&GUESifh 'Pf\tay:jyefvnfcsdefnSdrIESpfcktMum;qufEG,frIonf ajrivsif\taMumif;&if;jzpf&ef&Sdonf/

(1930)ck 'DZifbm (3) ESifh (4) &uf jzL;ivsifrsm;(1930)ck 'DZifbm (3) ESifh (4) &uf jzL;ivsifrsm;(1930)ck 'DZifbm (3) ESifh (4) &uf jzL;ivsifrsm;(1930)ck 'DZifbm (3) ESifh (4) &uf jzL;ivsifrsm;(1930)ck 'DZifbm (3) ESifh (4) &uf jzL;ivsifrsm;yJcl;ivsif\aemufü'DZifbm (3)&uf ESifh (4)&ufwdkYüivsifBuD;rsm;rSm woDwwef;BuD;vIyfcJh&m

¤if;wdkYwGif tjyif;xefqHk;onf (4)&ufaeY eHeuf (1;20)rS vIyfcJhonf/ jzL;NrdKUü tkwfwdkuftrsm;pkysufpD;cJ hívl (30) cefY aoqkH;cJ honf/ ivsif\ajrjyifA[dkcsufrSm jzL;NrdKU\taemufbuf

- 19 -

rdkiftenf;i,fcefYtuGmü &SdNyD;xdkae&mwGif yJcl;½dk;r\ecrf;onf ppfawmif;jrpf\ ajrEkvGifjyifrSeH&HuJhodkYxdk;axmifaeaom acsmufurf;yg;BuD;tjzpf yifv,fjyiftxuf ay (1700) ausmfjrifhonf/teD;tem;ajrjyifonf yifv,fjyifrSay (140) cefYjrifhonf/

þae&mud k jzwfoGm;aom avm fu,fr D ;&xm;vr f ;r Sm tysuftp D ;r sm ; Ny D ;wGefYvdrfaumufauG;um qGmrSmuJhodkY ajrxdef;eH&Hrsm;NydKusonf/ xdkYtjyif ajrBuD;rsm;tufuGJumoJrsm;rIwfxkwfí trsm;tm;jzihfivQif'PfrS vGwfavh&Sdaom opfom;tdrfrsm;ESifh wJtdrfrsm;ysufpD;jcif;u jyif;tm;rsm;rIudk ñTefjyaeonf/ ppfudkif;jywfa&GU (odkYr[kwf) taemufbufüjzpfay:aeonfh jywfa&GUtao;pm;uav;rsm;aMumif h þivQifrsm; jzpfay:vmonfud ka0cGJ&efraocsmay/

ta&SUajrmufe,fjcm;a'o (axmfa*g) ivsifrsm;ta&SUajrmufe,fjcm;a'o (axmfa*g) ivsifrsm;ta&SUajrmufe,fjcm;a'o (axmfa*g) ivsifrsm;ta&SUajrmufe,fjcm;a'o (axmfa*g) ivsifrsm;ta&SUajrmufe,fjcm;a'o (axmfa*g) ivsifrsm;jrefrmEdkifiH ta&SUajrmufw½kwfESifh e,fjcm;a'oü ivsifrsm;\rMumcP vIyfjcif;onf

þae&mwGifrwnfNidrfaom ajrxk&S daMumif;,lqaponf/ ivsiftao;pm;av;rsm;tjyifESpfpOfodomaom ivsifrsm; ESpfBudrfokH;BudrfcefYvIyfavh&Sdonf/ (1928) 'DZifbmü þivQifrsm;onftzsufpGrf;tm;xda&mufcJhNyD; granite jzifhwnfaqmufxm;aom tcdkiftcHhtaqmuftOD;rsm;ysufpD;c J honf/ 'DZifbm (28) &ufeHeuf 5 em&DESi f h 6 em&Düjyif;xefaomivQifrsm;xyfrHvIyfcJh&mausmufwkH;taqmuftOD;rsm;tm;rsm;pGm zsufqD;cJhonf/ 'DZifbm (29) &ufaeY nae(7;20) ESif haemufeHeuf (6) em&DtwGif;ü jyif;xefaom ivsifrsm;rSm xyfrHvIyfcJ h&mausmufwkH;taqmuftOD;rsm;tm;rsm;pGm zsufqD;cJhonf/ 'DZifbm (29) &ufaeY nae (7;20) ESifhaemufeHeuf (6) em&DtwGif;ü tBudrf (30-35 )cefYvIyfcJhonf[kqdkonf/ aeYpOf (3-4) BudrfEIef;qufvIyfcJhNyD;(1929)ck Zefe0g&Dv (19) &ufnae (6) em&DwGif tBuD;tus,fvIyfcJhonf/ vIyfcJhorQwGiftjyif;xefqkH;[kqdkMuonf/ axmfa*g&Sd ausmuftaqmuftOD; tm;vkH;rSmysufpD;rIrsm;vGef;ojzifhvlae&efroifhawmfawmhay/ Aef;armfESif h uomwdk YrSvnf;cHpm;&NyD; ,leefxda&mufonf/ausmufawmifay:rS aqmufxm;aom ausmuftaqmuftOD;rsm;\ysufpD;rIt& Rossi - Forel (9)txd&Sd&rnf/ tjcm;tvGefjyif;xefaom ivQifBuD;wpfckrSm (1929) ckZGefv (4) &ufaeYü xyfvIyfcJhNyD;y sufp D ;r Ir sm;onf/ jrp f BuD ;em;c½ d ki fü tjyi f ;xefqk H ;c Hpm;&um Ae f ;arm f ? uomESi f htxufcsif;wGif;c½dkifwdkYrSmvnf; od&SdcJhNyD; ta&SUbuf ,leefxda&mufonf/ jrpfBuD;em;odkYra&mufrDwkefvIyfrItiftm; trsm;tjym;ukd a0gaqmif; Wasaung vGifjyifu umuG,fvdkuf[efwlonf/ (Rossi-

Forel pau; - jyif;tm;udk 1 rS 10 xd owfrSwfonf/ ,cktcg jyifqifxm;aom rmu,fvDpau;jzifhtpm;xkd;onf/)

(1929) ckESpf 'DZifbm (16)&ufaeY eHeuf (2;30) ütjcm;tvGefjyif;xefaom ivsifwpfckvIyfcJh&mRossi - Forel pau;t& (9) &Sdonf/ xdk YaeYüyifeHeuf (9) em&DwGiftjcm;jyif;xefaomivsifwpfckxyfvIyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYaMumifh ae&mwdkif;ü tufaMumif;rsm;ay:vmNyD; ajrBuD;ESifhausmufrsm;Nyd Kusum axmfa*g-crfcrf;vrf;wGif ae&mtES HUtjym;rSm vrf;ydwfukefonf/ivsifrsm;qufvIyfcJhonf/ (1930) ckESpfüivsifrsm;onf jyif;tm;ESif tBudrfa&rsm;vmaMumif;od&onf/ivsifrsm;rjzpfay:rSDwGif rdk;Ncdrf;oH? vufeufBuD;rsm;ypfcwfoH? rD;&xm;rsm;ckwfarmif;oHrsm;uJhodkYqlnHoHrsm;OD;pGmjzpfay:onf/

v*GDawmifMum; Lagwi Pass teD;ü granite ESifh volcanic tuff awGtMum;&Sd jywfa&GUrsm;\

- 20 -

a&GUvsm;rIaMumifh ivsifawGjzpfvmonf[k ,lq&onf/ awmfvJoHrsm;onf tBudrfwdkif;ü wpfae&mxJrSrvmMubJ ae&ma&GUaeojzifh jywfa&GUrsm;wavQmufwGif wpfcsdefpDrSmwpfae&mpD a&GUae[ef&SdaMumif;ñTefjyaeonf/ jyif;tm;rSm ta0;odkY½kwfw&ufusoGm;ojzifh ivsifA[dkcsuf\ teufwdrf[ef&Sdonf/

umrdkif;ü oD;jcm;wkefvIyfrItao;pm;av;rsm;&Sdojzifh ¤if;wdkYüudk,fykdifivsifA[dkcsufrsm;&SdEkdifonf/qm;iefprf;acsmif;rsm; woDwwef;BuD;&Sdjcif;u formation tcsKdUwGifjywfa&GUrsm;&SdaMumif; aocsmaponf/þt,ltqudk (1931) ckESpf Zefe0g&D (28) &uf ivQifu cdkifrmaponf/ uomc½kdif0ef;odküvnf;tvm;wljzpfonf/

(1931) ck Zefe0g&D (20) &uf umrdkif;ivQif(1931) ck Zefe0g&D (20) &uf umrdkif;ivQif(1931) ck Zefe0g&D (20) &uf umrdkif;ivQif(1931) ck Zefe0g&D (20) &uf umrdkif;ivQif(1931) ck Zefe0g&D (20) &uf umrdkif;ivQifyifrivQifBuD;onf eHeuf (2;35) ü jzpfay:cJhNyD; a&SUajy;ivsifrsm;r&SdbJ ½kwfw&ufa&mufvmum

tenf;qkH; puúefY (30) cefYMumítvGefjyif;xefonf/ tenf;qkH; Rossi- Forel pau;t& (9) &Sdrnf[k,lq&onf/ aetdrfrsm;\ taetxm;ESif h vlOD;a&enf;yg;rIt& tysuftpD;enf;onf/ajrjyifA[dkcsufESifh ¤if;\teD;tem;a'orS vlrsm;udktdrf,mrsm;ay:rSvGifhpifaponf/ ajrjyifA[dkcsufa'o\ tjyifbufrSm&Sdaom umrkdif; (25º31'38" 96º43'5") üyef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;uGJíbD½dkBuD;rsm;vJusukefum MunfhrSefrsm;jyKwfusonf/

tpdk;&½kH;rsm;tBuD;tus,fysufpD;cJhonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;xJ&Sd apwDESpfqlNydKusonf/0g;tdrftao;pm;rsm;yifysufpD;NydKusonf/ tif;awmfacsmif;ay:&Sd ay (270) &Snfí (10) ayus,faomwHwm;rSm wdrf;apmif;oGm;NyD; wHwm;\tv,fü (4) aycefYñTwfoGm;onf/ rdkif;aumif;-umrdkif;vrf;ay:&Sd(26) rdkifrS wHwm;rSmtBuD;tus,fysufpD;cJhonf/ umrdkif;e,f v0a'oü trsm;tm;jzifh ajrivQif'PfvGwfavh&Sdaom 0g;ESifhopfom;tdrfrsm;onf ajrjyifrStxufodkY (3) aycefY ajr§mufwifjcif;cH&ívkH;0ysufpD;Muonf/

ivsifA[d kcsufa'oESif h ¤if;\teD;tem;ü ajrjyifay:&S d tufaMumif;BuD;rsm;rSmay&maygif;rsm;pGmxd &Snfvsm;Muonf/ ajrEka'orsm;&Sd þtufaMumif;rsm;rS oJESifha&rsm;rIwfxkwfcJhonf/ þoJykHBuD;rsm;rSm umrdkif;teD;ü trsm;qkH;jzpfí (15) aycefYus,fí (4) vufrcefYxlonf/

ajrjyifA[dkcsufa'owGif awmifxlNyD; yifv,fjyifrS ysrf;rQtjrifhrSm ay (2000) ESifh (3000)tMum;&Sdonf/ tjrifhqkH;ae&mrSm (4982) ay&Sdonf/ awmifaMumrsm;\ae&mtESH Ytjym;ütufaMumif;BuD;rsm; trsm;tjym;ay:aeNyD; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif (2) aycefYus,fí txufatmuf (3-4) ay&Sdonf/ tufaMumif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aomausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;vnf; awGU&onf/

A[dkcsufa'owGif ajrNydKESif h ausmufawmifNydKrIrsm;jzpfay:onf/ tBudrfrsm;pGmüacsmif;rsm;ydwfoGm;onf/ wEdkif;c? ElrESifh c'g;cuJhodkY rwfapmufaom urf;yg;&Sdonfhacsmif;rsm;üawGU&Sd&onf/ yifrivQifBuD;vIyfNyD;aemuf (3-4) &ufMumonftxd umrdkif;rS a&wGif;rsm;rSma&aemufusdaeonf/

A[dkcsufa'oü ivQifBuD;rvIyfrD um;BuD;rsm;\tif*sifoHuJhodkY ta0;rSrdk;Ncdrf;oHuJhodkY ESihfrkefwdkif;BuD;rsm;vmouJhodkY toHrsm;Mum;&onf/

jrpfBuD;em;wpfc½dkifvkH;ü wkefvIyfrIrsm;udk cHpm;vdkuf&onf/ ajrmufbufylwmtdkESif hta&SUbufaxmfa*gxd odvkdufMuonf/ [l;aumif;a'o\ rdkif;uGrfrS ivsifrSmjyif;xefí yifrwkefvIyfrIrSmwpfrdepfcefYMumonf[k owif;ydkYcJhonf/

awmifbufü uomc½dkif\ ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rS odvdkufMuaomfvnf; oydwfusif;ESifh

- 21 -

yifv,fbl;NrdKUe,fwdkYryg0if/ jrpfBuD;em;rS armfvl;txd rD;&xm;blwmtm;vkH;u owif;ydkYcJhMuonf/Aef;armfESifh txufcsif;wGif;c½dkifwdkYrS owif;r&/ jrpfBuD;em;ESifh txufcsif;wGif;c½dkifwdkY\ tMum;&Sda[mifyg;ü tweftoifhvIyfcJhonf[k qkdonf/

Tertiary ausmufrsm;ESifh crystalline schist - serpentine wdkY\tMum;&Sd jywfa&GUwavQmufa&GUvsm;rIaMumifh yifrESifh aemufqufwGJwkefcgrIrsm; jzpfay:onf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/

(1975) ckZlvdkif (8) &uf yk*HivQif(1975) ckZlvdkif (8) &uf yk*HivQif(1975) ckZlvdkif (8) &uf yk*HivQif(1975) ckZlvdkif (8) &uf yk*HivQif(1975) ckZlvdkif (8) &uf yk*HivQifrmu,fvDpau; (6.8) om&S dojzi f h tiftm;toif htwif hom& S daom fvnf;

oufwrf;&SnfMumaeaom bk&m;ykxkd;tajrmuftrsm; ysufpD;onf/ aoqkH;olr&Sd/ anmifOD;jywfa&GU\vIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh ivQifjzpfay:onf[k ,lqMuonf/

(2003)ck atmufwdkbm (22) &yf awmifwGif;BuD;ivQif(2003)ck atmufwdkbm (22) &yf awmifwGif;BuD;ivQif(2003)ck atmufwdkbm (22) &yf awmifwGif;BuD;ivQif(2003)ck atmufwdkbm (22) &yf awmifwGif;BuD;ivQif(2003)ck atmufwdkbm (22) &yf awmifwGif;BuD;ivQifeHeuf (0;45) em&DwGif &pfcswmpau;t& jyif;tm; (6.7) &SdaomajrivQifwkefvIyfcJhonf/

avmif*sDwG'f 95º30'rS 95º45' ESifh vwåDwG'f 19º45' rS 20º00' twGif; (65) pwk&ef;rdkifa'otwGif;ütBuD;tus,fcHpm;Mu&onf/ awmifwGifBuD;NrdKU\ awmifbufESifh ta&SUawmifbuf&Sd &Gmrsm;jzpfMuaomacsmif;euf? qwfoGm;? 0ufuav;? y&yfMu,f? oJuRef;? yifwdkif? anmifarSmf? oajyyifaus;&Gmrsm;ESifhbef;ukef;a&avSmifwrH jrpfpdrf;awmifESifh yJcl;½dk;rtwGif; (17) rdkiftxd a'orsm;üysufpD;rI&SdMuonf/aemufydkif; (7.11.2003) xdjyif;tm;enf;aom aemufqufwGJivQifi,f (85) BudrfvIyfcJhonf/ apwD(105) ql? bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;ESifh odrfrsm;NydKusysufpD;rI&SdcJhonf/ awmifwGif;BuD; qwfoGm;rD;&xm;vrf;ay:&Sd wHwm;tcsKdUxdcdkufcJhonf/ vlwpfOD;aoqkH;í wpfOD;'Pf&m&cJhonf/

befukef;a&avSmifwrH\ taemufbuf *kHnif;ukef;&Gm\ ta&SUbuf&Sd awmifajrmufwef;aeaomyJcl;½dk;r\ taemufbufawmifajcrS *kHnif;ukef;jywfa&GUtwdkif; ½kwfw&ufajrom;jywfa&GUoGm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfay:cJhonf[k ,lq&onf/

(2004) ckESpf 'DZifbm (24) &ufplrMwm-tE´refiv(2004) ckESpf 'DZifbm (24) &ufplrMwm-tE´refiv(2004) ckESpf 'DZifbm (24) &ufplrMwm-tE´refiv(2004) ckESpf 'DZifbm (24) &ufplrMwm-tE´refiv(2004) ckESpf 'DZifbm (24) &ufplrMwm-tE´refivQQQQQififififif*&if;epfpHawmfcsdef (00;58;53) tif'dkeD;&Sm;a'opHawmfcsdef (07;58;53) üvIyfcJhaom ivQiftm;

&pfcsfwmpau; (9.0) rS (9.3) &Sdonfqdkaomfvnf; tmPmydkifwdkYu (9.15) [kxm;cJhonf/ plrMwm\taemufbufrdkfifw&mcefYtuGmü a&rsufESmjyif\atmuf (18.6) rdkifteufwGif A[dkcsufjyKonf/qlemrDaMumifh vlaygif; (283000) aoqkH;cJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHü aoaysmufrIrSm cefYrSef; (290-600) OD;ESifh aocsmaomaoaysmufol (61) OD;&Sdonf/ (45) OD;'Pf&m&í vl (200) aysmufqkH;cJhonf/tdk;tdrfrsm;vnf;ysufpD;cJhonf/ ivQifaMumifhjzpfay:aom jywfa&GUonf awmifajrmufwef;aeaomaMumifhqlemrDvdIif;\ tjrifhqkH;pGrf;tifonf ta&SUtaemuf&Sdojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS ajrmufydkif;usaeítqkH;t½IH;enf;&jcif;jzpfonf/ armfwifpGef;rS plrMwmuRef;txd&Sdaom a&atmufawmif½dk;rsm;uvnf;qlemrDudk [efYwm;cJhonf/ {&m0wD jrpf0uRef;ay:\us,fjyefYvSaom urf;vGefa&atmuftenfjyifBuD;uvnf; qlemrD\tiftm;udk avsmhapEdkifonf/ weoFm&Dwdkif;atmufydkif;&S dNrdwfuRef;pkrsm;uvnf; qlemrDvdIif;udk umqD;ay;cJhonf/

- 22 -

rD;awmifaMumifhjzpfaom ajrivQifrsm;rD;awmifaMumifhjzpfaom ajrivQifrsm;rD;awmifaMumifhjzpfaom ajrivQifrsm;rD;awmifaMumifhjzpfaom ajrivQifrsm;rD;awmifaMumifhjzpfaom ajrivQifrsm;jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ivQiftrsm;pkonf ajrxkvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:cJhMuaomfvnf; txl;ojzifh

Tertiary ESifh aemufydkif;ü ¤if;wdkYuJhodkY jyif;tm;r&Sdapumrl rD;awmifrsm;aMumifhvnf; ivQifvIyfEkdifonf/ykyÜg;? atmufcsif;wGif;? 0ef;odk? uAGufESifh ajrmif;jrwdkY&Sd rD;awmifaygufuGJrIrsm;onf ajrjyiftm;jyif;xefpGmvIyf&Sm;apEkdifcJhonf/ odkYaomf þivQifrsm;onf orkdif;rwifrD tvGefa0;uGmaomumvrsm;üjzpfay:cJhMuonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifü bDpD 442 wGif ykyÜg;awmifBuD;rS pkH Ypk H Ywufvmaomtcgr[mivQifBuD;wpfck vIyfcJhonf[kqdkaomfvnf; ykyÜg;awmifonf tcsdefrnfrQMumatmifaygufxGufNyD;rnfonfhtcsdefwGif &yfqdkif;oGm;aMumif;rSwfwrf;r&Sd/

tem*gwf\tvm;tvmtem*gwf\tvm;tvmtem*gwf\tvm;tvmtem*gwf\tvm;tvmtem*gwf\tvm;tvmajrxJyifv,fa'o\ajrmufydkif;rS tD&ef? [dr0EÅmawmifwef;? jrefrmwdkYudkjzwfítif'dkeD;&Sm;xd

&Snfvsm;aom Alpine earthquate belt twGif;ü usa&mufojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHü tem*gwfwGifvnf;ivQifrsm;vIyfrnfhtvm;tvm&Sdygonf/

tiftm;BuD;ivQifvIyfEdkifaoma'orsm;rSm yJcl;rS ysOf;rem;a'o? rEÅav;rS xD;csKdifha'o?[l;aumif;a'oESifh [kr®vif;a'owdkYjzpfonf/ tweftoifhtiftm;BuD;aom ivsifvIyfEkdifonfha'orsm;rSm awmifwGif;BuD;? yk*H-anmifOD;? jyifOD;vGif? 0ef;odka'owdkYjzpfonf/ {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ESifhweoFm&Da'owdkYrSm ivQifvIyf&Sm;rI tenf;qkH;a'orsm;Mujzpfonf

PRECAMBRIAN blrdaA'blrdaA'blrdaA'blrdaA'blrdaA'jrefrmEkdifiHrS Precambrian ausmufrsm;tm; tvGefykHysufí tqifhjrifh toGifajymif;aeaom

t"du gneisses ESifh Schists wdkY\ Archean ausmufrsm;ESifh tenf;i,fomykHysufí toGifajymif;tqifhedrfhaomt"du (metasediment) ausmufwdkY\ Ptroterotozic ausmufrsm;[kcGJjcm;xm;onf/(Archean-

Precambrian tOD;ydkif;umv Proterozoic-Precambian aESmif;ydkif;umv metasediment -

toGifajymif;jcif;\ 'PfudkcHpm;&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;jyaeonfh tenfusausmuf)Archean ausmufrsm; Eastern Kachin metamorphics ESifh Mogok Series wdkYjzpfMuNyD;

Proterozoic ausmufrsm;rSm Chaung Magyi Group wdkYjzpfonf/

EARLY PRECAMBRIANEastern Kachin Metamorphics

þausmufrsm;onf Aef;armfESifh ,leef(w&kwf) wdkY\tMum;ü cefYrSef;acsuDvdkrDwm (130)us,fíSE-NW wef;aeNy D ; jyi f ;xefp GmtoGi fa jymi f ;c H&onf/ ¤i f ;onf Mogok Series \ajrmufbuftqufjzpfNyD; ,leefa'otxd qufoGm;onf[k ,lqxm;onf/ þausmufrsm;ESifhtay:rS oufOD;uyftenfusausmufrsm;\tMum;rSm a'gifhusrSK&Sdonf[kqdkonf/þ basement rock

complex onf banded garnet - biotite gneiss ESifh beds and lenses of amphibolite wdkY jzpfMuonf/diopside forstenite ESifh graphite wdkYrS necessary ygaom saccharoidal calcite \ crystalline

limestone awGu Mum;rSmnSyfaeMuonf/ (Saccharoidal - oMum;aphuJhodkY taphtzGJU) (crystallinelimestone = marble)

- 23 -

MOGOK SERIES

trnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHkLa Touche (1913) ujrefrmEkdifiH\ ywåjrm;wGif;a'o&Sd Archean oufwrf; crystalline lime-

stone bands rsm;ygonfh scapolite - garnet - biotite gneisses rsm;udk Mogok Gneiss

[kowfrSwfcJhonf/ odkYaomf Lyer (1953) u xdk Mogok gneiss ESifh crystalline ausmufrsm;tm;wpfpkwpfaygif;wnf;jzifh Mogok Series [kowfrSwfcJhonf/ (crystalline rock toGifajymif;ausmufESifhrD;oifhausmuff)

wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;Mogok Seires onfoydwfusif;rS rdk;ukwftxdESifh ta&SUajrmufbuf a&TvDa'o txd

a&muf&SdcJhonf/ rdk;ukwf\awmifbufuyfvQufü gneiss wdkYonf ENE wef;vQuf&SdaomZkHtjzpfwqufwnf;wnf&Sdonf/ ¤if;\tay:rS corundum ESifh spinel wdkYygaom marble ESifh calc-silicate

wdkYvdkufvmMuonf/ Tyer (1953) u marble rsm;udk (1) bm;e'fNrdKU&Sd avomawmif Muufez (2)eefYzdwfESifh ypGefqdwfteD; acsmif;BuD;csKdifh0Srf;rS eefYzdwfacsmif;xd (3) rdk;ukwfcsKdifh0Srf;txufydkif;&Sd yif;jrpfrStkef;yif a&xGufawmifESifh tkyfaqmif;awmifxd (4) a&yl\ajrmufrS ysKd;ykHudk jzwfíausmufjyo'f-NrdKifBuD;awmifxd [k &yf0ef;(4)ckjzifh azmfjycJhonf/ calc-silicate ausmufrsm;\ Mum;rSmnyfaeaomquartzite rsm;onf rdk;ukwf-oydwfusOf;vrf;ay:ü a*G;yifESifh ausmufMurf;wdk Y\tMum;wGifawmifcRef;rsm;jzpfaeMuonf/

a&Tbdk-ppfudkif;-rEÅav;a'o&Sd 0g;jzLawmifteD;ü metasediment rsm;\ strike onf E-W

rS N-S eD;yg;okdYauGUoGm;onf/ awmifbufü crystalline rock rsm;onf Inner-Burman Tertiary

\tenfusausmufrsm;xJrS jrifhwufaeMuonf/ yifv,fa'orSmawGU&SdaMumif;vnf;azmfjyxm;Muonf/ppfukdif;awmifrS marble ESifh tjcm;toGifajymif;ausmufrsm;tm;vnf; Mogok Series ESifhtwlwl[kazmfjycJhMuonf/ pusifawmifESif rEÅav;awmifüvnf; ta&SUbufjcrf;wGif granite rsm;wdk;0ifxm;aommarble ESifh gneiss awGU&Sdonf/ ausmufqnfteD;üvnf; gneiss - calc - silicate rock rsm;ESifh marble

rsm;awGU& S d&onf/ rDwå Dvm ESi f h &rnf;oif;c½k di fwd k Yü gneiss ESi f h migmatit wdk YonfoufOD;uyfausmufvTmrsm;\ basement jzpfMuonf/

awmifilESifh oxkHc½kdifwkdYü tqifhedrfhtoGifajymif; schist rsm;tm;¤if;\tay:&Sd clastic

tenfusausmufrsm;ESifh twl Martaban Group [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ (Theobald 1873)u,m;jynfe,fü oHvGifjrpfESifh yGefacsmif;\tMum;wGif abmfvcJ\ta&SUajrmufbufwGif

ay:xGufaeaom chlorite schist, phyllite ESifh marble wdkYygonfh Pawn Chaung Series (Ba Than

Hag & Scarle 1961) onf Precambrian jzpf[ef&Sdonf/

ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOfESif h ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOfESif h ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOfESif h ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOfESif h ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOfESif h ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;þa'oü ywåjrm;ESifh eDvm xGuf&SdaomaMumifh tao;pdwfavhvmrIrsm;vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/

Mogok Series onfajrmufrsm;pGmaom acid, intermediate ESifh basic rD;oifhausmufrsm;rSwdk;0ifxm;aom trsm;pktm;jzifh Pelitic ESifh semi-pelitic gneiss, marble, calc-silicate rocks ESifhquartzite rsm;jzpfMuonf/ (pelitic gneiss = argillaceous (odkYr[kwf) t&G,frIef aluminous

tenfusausmufrsm;rS toGifajymif;í jzpfay:vmaom gneiss)

- 24 -

rdk;ukwfrS crystalline rock rsm;udk lyer (1953) uatmufygtwdkif;azmfjyxm;onf/(11) basic ESifh ultrabasic intrusives

(10) Urtite series

(Urtite - ta&mifajzmhaom nepheline t"duESihf mafic wGif;xGuf 0.30% ygonfhwdk;0ifrD;oifhausmuf)

(9) tourmaline - granite

(8) Kabaing-Granite

(7) Syenite

(6) augite ESifh hornblende granite

(5) quartzite

(4) calc- granulite

(wGif;xGufyg0ifrI\ 10% xufenf;í NydKifwef;aeaom toGifajymif;ausmuf? ¤if;ü tMurf;zsif;gneissose texture jyEkdifonf/)

(3) crystalline limestone ESifh calciphyre

(calciphyre - jrifomonfh calciumsilicate (od k Yr[kwf) mangnesium silicate

wGif;xGufygaom marble)

(2) Khondalite

(khondalite - aluminous tenfrsm;tm;toGifajymif;jcif;jzifhjzpfay:aom garnet quartz -

silimanite rocks ESifh garnetiferous quartzitic, graphite schists ESifh marble)

(1) gneisses : acid veins rsm;wdk;0ifvmonf/ gneiss rsm;onf ae&mtcsKdUü migmatite

odkYajymif;aeMuonf/(migmatite toGifajymif;ausmufESifh rD;oifhausmufwkdYa&maxG;aeonfhausmuf)(Mogok Seires \ausmufrsm;tm; tMurf;tm;jzihf gneisses, marble ,calc-silicate rocks,

syenite ESifh granite rsm;[krSwf,lEdkifonf/

oufwrf;owfrSwfcsufoufwrf;owfrSwfcsufoufwrf;owfrSwfcsufoufwrf;owfrSwfcsufoufwrf;owfrSwfcsufMogok Series rSausmufrsm;onf tdE´d,Edk kifiHawmifydkif;&S d tvTmyg;rsm;rSwvSnfhpD

Mum;nyfaeaom Archean gneisses rsm;ESifh charnockite rsm;ESifh awmfawmfqifwlaeonf[kqdkMuonf/ qufvufí marble, pyroxene ESifh scapolite gneiss, granulite wdkYonf tdEd´,EdkifiHChhindwara &Sd Precambrian Dharwar system rSausmufrsm;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyfwlonf[kvnf;qufpyfEdIif;,SOfMuonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiH Tennevelly &Sdausmufrsm;ESifhvnf;qifwlonf[kqkdMuonf/xdk YaMumifh Mogok Series \oufwrf;tm; Precambrian oufwrf;[kxm;&SdNyD; þa'o\touftBuD;qkH;ausmufrsm;[k ,lqMuonf/ (Charnockite - orthopyrosene ygaom granite)

Clegg (1936-1953) uausmufqnfteD;rS marble rsm;onf Jurassic coal measures (Loi-

an seires) ESifh oufwrf;wlonf/ (odkYr[kwf) uyfvQuftaetxm;t& mesozoic carbonates rsm;ESifhoufwrf;wlonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ rMumao;rSDu Myint Thein et al (1984-1988) Marble ESifh¤if;rStwlwuG&S daom ausmufrsm;onf Cretaceous jurassic Pan laung Formation tm;toGifajymif;xm;aMumif; wifjycJhonf/

- 25 -

rD;oifhausmuftrsKd;rsKd;\ oufwrf;rsm;rSm jyóemrsm;&SdMuonf/ a&'D,dkowåd<uenf;jzifhprf;oyfcsuft& Middle Miocene oufwrf;&Sdaeaom ausmuftcsKdUtm;awGU&onf/

LATE PRECAMBRIAN AND CAMBRIAN

ywå jrm;wGi f ;a'orS Mogok Gneisses rsm;E Si f h & Sr f ; jynfe,fa jrmufy d ki f ;r S½ ky f <uif; <u,fausmufrsm;tMum;&S d awmifuke f;xlxyfonf h ae&mus,fus,fjyef Y jyef Yüausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;rygaom ausmufrsm;u xifxif&Sm;&Sm;&Sdae&m xdkausmufrsm;csnf;eD;yg;&Sdonfhawmifydkife,fudktpGJjyK La Touche onf Taung Peng System [kac:qdkcJhonf/ taemufbufjcrf;ü¤if;onf tay:rSausmufrsm;E Si f h odomaomvTmpOfqufjywf jzi f h c G J jcm;xm;onf/touftBuD;qkH;ausmuftm; atmufwGifxm;í ,lepf (3) ckcGJjcm;cJhonf/

Bawdwin Volcanic SeriesChuang Magyi SeriesMong Long Mica Schists

La Touche u Mong Laung Mica Schists ESifh tay:rS Chaung Magyi Series wdkY\tMum;üwjznf;jznf;csif;ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k azmfjycJhonf/ ,cktcgü Mong Long Mica Schist rsm;onftay:&Sdausmufrsm;rS toGifajymif;qifhjrifhí jzpfay:jcif;jzpfonf[k,lqNyD; ESpfcktm;aygif;pnf;íChaung Magyi Group [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ xdkYtjyif Chaung Ma Gyi Group onf Upper Precambria

oufwrf;ESifh Bawdwin Volcanic Series onf Cambrian oufwrf;[k ,cktcgü owfrSwfMu&mausmuftrsKd;tpm;rwl,kHru oufwrf;vnf; uGJjym;Muojzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; System wpfckxJürxm;MuawmhaomaMumifh Tawng - Peng System tm;qufvuftokH;rjyKMuacs/

Chaung Magyi Group

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHLa Touche (1907? 1913) urwå&mNrdKUe,f? qnfawmfBuD;a'o&Sd acsmif;rBuD;acsmif;wpfavQmuf

ay:xGufaeaom ausmufrsm;tm; Chaung magyi Series [ktrnfay;cJhonf/

wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;wnfae&mrsm;þausmufrsm;onf tay:rS½kyf<uif;<u,fausmufrsm;\ ydkYcsrIü atmufcHMurf;jyifjzpfcJhonf/

tay:rS ausmufrsm;tm; wdkufpm;cH&aomae&mrsm;ü ¤if;wdkYu ay:xGufaeMuonf/¤if;onf &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh\ taemufbufwGif rwfapmufaom xkH;ausmufacsmufurf;yg;rsm;\

atmufü usOf;ajrmif;aomZkHtjzpf ay:xGufaeNyD;awmifbufokdYa&mufí acsmif;rBuD;acsmif;taemufbufodkY auGUoGm;onfhae&mxd a&muf&Sdonf/ ajrmufbuf,leefe,frS Kao-laing Series

onf¤if;\tqufjzpfonf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd &J&Gm? NrdKUBuD;ESifh yif;w,a'orsm;ü awGU&onf/er®m;ausmufrD;aoG;e,fajr&Sd refq,f\ajrmufbuf vGdKifvefawmifaMum\tv,füvnf;ay:xGufaeonf/ awmifbufü toufi,faom ausmufrsm;\tv,fwGif uRef;rsm;uhJodk YjrifhwufaeMuonf/ rdkif;wkHe,fü vGdKifrefawmifonf ay (6693) jrifhNyD;oHvGifjrpfta&SUbufrS xdkif;EdkifiHxdqufoGm;onf[k ,lqMuonf/

ucsifjynfe,f? axma*gvrf;ay:&Sd rdkifwdkif (64) \tem;üvnf; awGU&onf/ Pyschpat

awmifaMum\tv,fü granite -gneiss wdk;0ifrItao;pm;rsm;ESifh twlwnfaqmufxm;&m Pyschpat

- 26 -

Shale [ktrnfay;xm;onf/ zDarmfvrf;ay:&Sd rdkifwdkif (120) teD;rS zDarmftxdvnf; wqufwnf;ay:xGufaeonf/ awmifbuf zefY½Ivif;awmifMum;vrf;teD;ü ¤if;\tay:wGif Limestone

rsm;uvTmpOfqufjywfjzifh zkH;tkyfxm;onf/ jrpfBuD;em;rS ylwmtkd\tMum;&Sd awmifawGrSmvnf;&SdMuonf/

Lithology

Chaung magyi Grouponfxlxyfí a,bk,stm;jzifh tqifhedrfhtoGifajymif;xm;Muonfhmetasedimentary ausmufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;onf t"dutm;jzif h argillaceous series

jzpfí&GufvTmaexm;&Sdonfh slaty shale, phyllite, grey wacke ESifh tenf;tusOf;tm;jzifh marble

ESifh schist wdkYjzpfMuonf/usK d;yJ hausmufom;qif&S daomausmufrsm;ü a&aemufpD;aMumif; turbidity current

rsm;uvQifjrefpGm edrfhqif;aeaom gepsynclinal basin wGifydkYcsjzpfay:onfh graded bedding , flute

casts, groove - casts ESifh wet - sediment deformational structure rsm;jyaeonf/ Chaung Magyi

Group \tay:ydkif;&Sd Tawngma Siltstone Member üyg&Sdaom Cross-bedded, burrowed siltstone

onf wjznf;jznf;csif; jynfhvmaom basin \a&wdrfywf0ef;usifa'oudk ñTefjyaeonf/ Greywacke

xJrS microcline rsm;u granitoid &if;jrpfausmuf\ taxmuftxm;jzpfNyD; Mogok Belt (odkYr[kwf)taemufbuf&Sd Precambrian ukef;ajrxkrSvm&ef&Sdonf/

Chaung Magyi Group xJodkY tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü granitic ESifh basic rD;oifhausmufrsm;\wdk;0ifrI&Sdonf/ granite rsm;\ab;t0ef;t0dkif;ü Chaung Magyi ausmufrsm;onf rmuspfaomquartzite rsm;ESifh wpfcgwpf&H feldspathic, micaceous slates ESifh phyllite rsm;odkYajymif;aeMuonf/

NrdKUBuD;a'orS Chaung Magyi ausmufvTmrsm;\txltm; ay 15000 [kcefYrSef;cJhonf/ (Maung

Thein et al, 1971) &GmiHa'oü txlay 10000 [kcefYrSef;cJhonf/ (Gerson et. al, 1971)aexm;r sm;½ Iy faxG ; jci f ;E Si f h þausmufr sm ;\ atmufa jctm;rawG U& S dr Iw d k Y a Mumi f htxltwdtus&&efrjzpfEkdifacs/

Tectonics

Chaung Magyi rocks rsm;onfoufwrf;tvGeftdkrif;aeMuNyD;tay:rS ausmufvTmrsm;\ydkYcsrIrcH&rD wpfcsdefNyD;wpfcsdefü vm;&mtrsLd;rsKd;rSoufa&mufaomtm;rsm;aMumifh wGefYacgufjcif;ESifhae&ma&GUjcif; dislocation tBudrfBudrfcHpm;cJh&onf[k qdkMuonf/ aemufqkH;ESifh t"duykHysuffjcif;?¤if;ESifh qufpyfaom toGifajymif;jcif;wkdYrSm Precambrian tqkH;em;rS Charnian Orogeny awmifjzpfpOfüjzpfay:cJhonf[k,lqMuonf/

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;La Touche utmoHjynfe,frS cgpDawmifwef;&Sd Shilong Series ESifh Chaung Magyi

ausmufrsm;tm;EdIif;,SOfcJhonf/ series ESpfckvkH;onf slaty shales ESifh quartzitic rsm;jzpfMuonf/Loveman (1919) u,leefjynfe,fü Coggin Brown trnfay;cJhaom Kao - iang series

(Siniam odkYr[kwf Uppermost Precambiran) tm; Chaung Magyi \tquf[k,lcJhonf/Pascoe (1969) ujrefrmEdkifiHü oufwrf;rowfrSwfEkdifaom touftBuD;qkH;ausmufrsm;tm;

- 27 -

Chaung Magyi \atmufxJrSm xm;avh&Sdonf/ Chaung Magyi [kac:aom tcsKdUausmufrsm;rSmtjcm;oufwrf;rS jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf[k a&;om;cJhonf/

Chaung Magyi ausmufrsm;tm; ykHysufjcif;enf;yg;í ½kyf<uif;rsm;t& Upper Cambrian

oufwrf;&S daom formation rsm;rS a'gif husvTmpOfqufjywfjzif h cG J jcm;xm;onfhtwGuftenf;qkH;oufwrf;udk &&S donf/ ¤if;wkd Yonf jyif;xefpGm yk HysufaeNyD;½kyf<uif;ryg,kHruoufwrf;owfrSwfNyD;onfh tjcm;aom formation rsm;ESifh qufpyfEIdif;,SOfrIt& Chaung Magyi

Group oufwrf;rSm Proterozoic tjzpfEkdifqkH;[k ,lqMuonf/

CAMBRIAN SYSTEM

,cifu&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;ü Bawdwin Volcanic Series tm; Precambrian üxm;íPangyun udk Ordovician üxm;cJhMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf blrdaA'XmerS uGif;qif;tzGJUonf (1970)ckESpfü &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd yif;w,awmifaMumrS Upper Cambrian oufwrf;&Sdaom trilobite rsm;udkawGU&SdcJhonf/ xdkausmufvTmrsm;tm; a'gufwmjrifhvGifodef; (1973) u Molohein Group

[ktrnfay;cJhNyD; Pangyun Group (,cif Pangyun Beds) rsm;ESifh oufwrf;EdIif;,SOfcJhonf/ Bawdwin

Volcanic Formation (,ci f Bawdwin Volcanic Series) onf Pangyun Group

ESifhwvSnfhpDxyfaerIrsm;&Sdonf/ xdYktjyif xdkausmufvTm,lepfESpfckvkH;onf tay:wGif Middle Or-

dovician Naungkangyi Formation xJod k Ytvdkufoif ha&mufoGm;MuaMumif;awGUcJ honf/xdkYaMumifh¤if;wdkY\ oufwrf;rsm;tm; Upper Cambrian rS Lower Ordovician [kjyifqifcJhonf/tvm;wl oufwrf;&SdaomausmufvTmrsm;udk rEÅav;NrdKU\ ta&SUajrmufbuf? NrdKUBuD; \awmifbufESifhrEÅav;NrdKU\ta&SUrS aiGawmifüvnf; xyfrHawGU&SdcJhMuonf/

&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS Cambrian ,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;taemufydkif;taemufydkif;taemufydkif;taemufydkif;taemufydkif; ta&SUydkif; (abmfwGif;a'o)ta&SUydkif; (abmfwGif;a'o)ta&SUydkif; (abmfwGif;a'o)ta&SUydkif; (abmfwGif;a'o)ta&SUydkif; (abmfwGif;a'o)Ngwetaung Group Pangyun Group(Upper Cambrian Lower Ordovician) (Upper Cambrian Lower Ordovician)

Bawdwin Volcanic Formation(possible Middle Upper Cambrian LowerOrdovician)

Bawdwin Volcanic Formation

Tawng Peng System xJrS Bawdwin Volcanic Series (Latouche 1913) (odkYr[kwf) Bawdwin

Rhyolite Series (Brown 1913) wdkYonf rhyolitic tppftrSefrsm;? rhyolitic tuffs trsKd;rsKd;aomtuff tppftrSefrsm;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg volcanic breccia tvTmyg;rsm; tenftusOf;rQaom feldspathic

grit tvTmyg;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ Brinckmann ESifh Hinze (1976) wkdYu Bawdwin volcanic Formation

[ktrnfay;NyD; Bawdwin volcanic Clastics ESifh Bawdwin Rhyolittes [kcGJjcm;cJhonf/ Volcanoclastic

tenfrIefrsm;onf rhyolitic rD;awmifaygufuGJrI\ ydkítoufBuD;aom phase tqifhjzpfNyD; Pangyun

Formation xJrSmwvSnfhpDn§yfaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rhyolitic flow pD;aMumif;rsm;ESifhtwla&atmufüydkYcs&aomrD;awmifusKd;yJhpmrsm;jzpfMuonf/ Bawdwin Rhyolites rsm;onf toufi,faomphase jzpfNyD; Pangyun ausmufrsm;xJodkYomru volcanoclastics rsm;xJodkYygwdk;0ifcJhMuonf/owåK½k dif;jyKaysmf&nf mineralizing solution rsm;aMumif h wpfcgwpf&H tuff ESif h rhyolite

tm;cGJjcm;&efcufcJonf/

- 28 -

tuff rsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg Pangyun ausmufvTmrsm;ESifh qifwlonf/ Carpenter (1964) u,cif tuff [kajymcJhMuaom ausmufrsm;onf Pangyu Beds rsm;tm; a&ylaMumifh ajymif;vJaomhydrothermal alteration \ tuff twkta,mif pseudotuff rsm;omjzpfMuonf[k,lcJhonf/abmfwGif;rdkif;\ atmufbufqkH;ü tuff rsm;onf Chaung Magyi ausmufrsm;\ tay:wGifvTmpOfqufjywfjzifh xdkifaeaMumif;awGU&onf/ ¤if;wdk Yonf Pangyun ausmufvTmrsm;ESif hwvSnfhpDxyfaeonf[k qdkaomfvnf; Brown u conglomeratic coarse grit uykdif;jcm;xm;onf[kqdkonf/ xdkaMumifh Bawdwin Volcanic Formation \ oufwrf;onf Upper Cambrian - Lower

Ordovician [kqdkaomfvnf; Middle Cambrian xda&mufEdkifonf/

Pangyun Group

Sandstone, shale ESifh quartzite wdkYrStrsm;pkESifh conglomerate rS tenf;tusOf;ygaomausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; Maclaren (1907) u Banyan Beds [k rlvutrnfay;xm;cJh&mrS¤if;wdkY\taumif;qkH;ay:xGufydkif;&Sd&m abmfwGif;a'oodkY erf;yef*Rrf;jrpf0Srf;udktpGJjyKí J.C Brown

(1918) u Pangyun Beds [kajymif;vJcJhonf/ Brickamnn ESifh Hinzc (1976) wdkYu formation

owfrSwfcJhonf/ Myint Lwin Thein ESifh Than Naing (1983) wkdYu group [kowfrSwfNyD; formation

(5) ckcGJcJhonf/t"duausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm Purple shales, thinly-bedded sandstone hard greyish -

green, chocolate - coloured micaceous quartzites ESifh fine grained speckled grit wdkYjzpfMuonf/(specked - tpuftajymufrsm;ygaom)

rMumcP cross- bedding aexm;&Sdaom sandstone ESifh quartzite wdkYonf urf;½dk;wef;a'orSmjzpfay:cJh[ef&Sdonf/ Mitchell ESifhtzGJU (1977) wdkYu Mum;rSmnyfaeaom dolomite rsm;uurf;OD;a&wdrf marine shelf tm;ñTefjyaeNyD;/ tBuD;pm; cross bedding ESifh mudsflake cast

&THUjym;rsm;ygaom quartzite rsm;onf jrpfacsmif;a'oü ydkYcsaMumif; ñTefjyaeonf[k ,lqMuonf/þausmufxyfvTmrsm;xJü trilobite \ genal spine [kxif&aom ½kyf<uif;tydkif;tpom

&&SdcJhonf/ þ Pangyun ausmufvTmwdkYonf atmufbufrS Bawdwin Volcanic Formation ESifhtay:rS½kyf<uif;<u,f Lower Naungkangyi Series wdkYESifhtvdkufoifh&Sdonf[kqdkum ,cifu Ordovician

xJrSmxm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf Myint Lwin Thein (1973) u Upper Cambrian oufwrf;&Sdaom&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;rS Molohein Group ESifh correlate jyKvkyfcJhonf/xdkYaMumifh Pangyun Group

\oufwrf;tm; Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovician [kowfrSwfxm;onf/

Ngwetaung Group

La Touche (1913) urEÅav;\ ta&SUbuf (15) rd ki ftuGm&S d aiGawmifwef;uGufuGufwpfckwnf;üom ay:xGufaeaom &Hzef&HcgESpfbuf½I; Limestone tvTmyg;rsm;ygonfhcoarse - grained brown sandstone rsm;tm; Ngwetaung Sandstones [kxm;cJhonf/ atmufrSChaung Magyi ausmufrsm;ESif h qufpyfyk HrSmrxif&Sm;bJ Devonian limestone ESif hvnf;jywfa&GUcHaeonf[k azmfjyí Ordovician System \atmufqkH;rSm xm;cJhonf/

Hla Myint (1984) u þausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; formation (2) ckcG Jí group

[kowfrSwfcJhonf/

- 29 -

(2) Taunggyun Sandstone tay:ydkif;ü sericite phyllite ESifh siltstone tvTmyg;rsm;ygíbuff to chocolate brown micaceous ferrugenous sandstones tawmftoifh½kyf<uif;<u,fonf/Naugkangyi ausmufxyfvTmrsm;ESifh conformable jzpfonf/

(1) Si-baing Orthoquartztie - purplish, micaceous sandstone tcsKdUrS Mum;n§yfaeaomgreyish white orthoquartzites tufaMumif;rsm; rsm;onf/

t"dutm;jzifh Taungyun Sandstones xJrS atmufyg½kyf<uif;rsm;&onf/Brachiopods : Orthis (Dalmanella) testudinaria Dalman

Nanorthis sp, Billingsella sp.Trilobites : Saukiella sp, Pagodia sp, Thailanddium sp

Agnostus sp, Wethernia sp, Cosella spEchinoids : Echinospaerltes sp.

Thaw Tint ESifh Hla Wai (1974) wdkYuþ½kyf<uif;tpkta0;onf Upper Cambrian

(Trempealeauan) rSoufwrf;tm;ñTef jyaeonf[k qd kc J h Muonf/ Ngwetaung Group

tm;½Srf;jynfawmifydkif;rS Molohein Group ESifh correlate vkyfcJhMuonf/

&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd Cambrian unit rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;&Sd yif;w,awmifaMum\ tv,fydkif;ESifh ajrmufydkif;wdkYü Chaung Magyi

ausmufrsm;\tay:wGif a'gifhusvTmpOf qufjywfESifhxdkifNyD; Middle Ordovician ausmufvTmrsm;odkYu l ;ajymi f ;oGm;aom ausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; awGU& S dc J honf/ avmufaqmuf Nr d K Ue,frd k;vdk[def;awmifxdyftm; tpGJjyKí Molohein Group [ktrnfay;cJ honf/ ausmufrJESif h&wemod*Ðüvnf;awGU&onf/ [J[dk;\ajrmufbuf abmfqdkif;awmifMum;wGif [ufoif;awmifjzpfay:onf/ ¤if;\atmufajcü Chaung Magyi rSvmaom quartzite tptersm;ESifh conglomer-

ates rsm;&Sdwwfonf/ Myint Lwin Thein (1977) uwpfckESifh wpfck tvdkufoifhaexm;&Sdonfh for-

mation (2) ckxyfcGJcJhonf/(2) Myetye Formation t"dutm;jzifh Pinkish (odkYr[kwf) reddish brown micaceous sand-

stones tcsKdUrSm orthoquartzitic subgreywacke, gritty sandstone, phyllite, dolomite ESifhlimestone

(1) Pandung Formation t"dutm;jzifh white, purplish (odkYr[kwf) pinkish orthoquartzites

atmufajcrSm conglomerate tvTmrsm;qifridkawmifxdyfüay:xGufaeaom Myetye Formation xJrSao;i,faom saukiid trilo-

bites awGtajrmuftjrm;awGU&onf/Sauklella funla (Walcott) var A. Winstone 8 Nico 1967Sauktella sp.AEosaukla buravasal Kobayashi 1967Drumapsls texana Resser 1942

½kyf<uif;rsm;u Trempealeauan (Upper most Cambrian) oufwrf;tm;ñTefjyaeonf/Molohein Group tm;&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS Ngwetaung Group - Pangyun Group wdkYESifh

correlate vkyfonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH Tarutao uRef;\ taemufbuf urf;ajcrS Tarutao Group ESifhvnf;correlate vkyfonf/

- 30 -

ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;ESifh ajrmufydkif;ESpfckvkH;ü Cambrian ausmufvTmrsm;\ txufrS Or-

dovician ausmufvTmrsm;utvdkuftvsm;oifhvdkufvmMuonf/ ydk YcsrIwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaomfvnf; ausmuftrsKd;tpm;uGJjym;rIt& ydkYcsrIpHuGJjym;onf/ Cambrian sandstone rsm;onf stable

shelf üydkYcscH&NyD; Ordovician limestone ESifh siltstone wdkYonf ouf&SdvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;aom aEG;onfhyifv,fa&wdrfwGif ydkYcscJhonf/ Ordovician umvü jrefrmEdkifiHta&SUydkif;onf Burmese- Malayan

Geosyncline\taemufbuf shelf a'oü&SdcJhNyD; Naungkangyi stage \rDwmaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomta&miftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfh t&G,frIef clastics rsm;ESifh carbonate rsm;ydkYcscJhonf[k La Touche (1913)u,lqcJhonf/

Ordovician System onf Cambrian System uJhodk Yr[kwfbJ &Srf;jynfüae&mtESH Ywnf&SdMuonf/ La Touche u Plateau Limestone NyD;vQif 'kwd,trsm;qkH; ausmufrsm;[k qdkcJhonf/

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&Sd Ordovician ,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;La Touche (1913) u Orodovician ausmufvTmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif;cGJjcm;cJhonf/Nyaungbaw LimestoneHwe Mawng Purple ShaleUpper Naungkangyi stageLower Naugkangyi stageNgwetaung Sandstone

,cktcg Ngwetaung Sandstone tm; Upper Cambrian odkYydkYcJhonf/ Hwe Mawng Purple

shale ESifh Upper Naungkangyi stage wdkYütxl;ojzifhwlnDaom trilobite Pllomera ingsangensls

wdkYyg&SdMuojzifh Hwe Mawng onf Upper Naungkangyi \ Lower shaly horizons rsm;ESifhoufwrf;wlonf[k La Touche uazmfjycJhonf/ Nyaungbaw Limestone tm;,cktcg Lower Si-

lurian wGifxm;ojzifh &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;ü Naungkangyi ausmufvTmrsm;omusefawmhonf/,cktcg Naungkangyi ausmufvTmrsm;tm; group tqifhowfrSwfcJhonf/ (Hla Myint. 1984)

Naungkangyi ausmufvTmrsm;\pHjywnfae&m type area jzpfaomjyifOD;vGifNrdKU\ajrmufbufaemifcrf;BuD;&GmteD;ü ausmufvTmay:xGufrIraumif;aomfvnf; ¤if;trnfudkomqufvufokH;pGJcJhMuonf/

La touche (1913) u Naungkangyi stage tm; Lower ESifh Upper [líESpfydkif;cGJcJhaomfvnf;rEÅav;wuúodkvf*kPfxl;wef; uGif;qif;tpD&ifcHpm (1983) u Naugkangyi Group \ Lower tm;Sitha Formation ESifh Upper tm; Kyaingtaung Formation [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ Mitchell (1977)uausmufrJ\ ajrmufbufü Lower Naungkangyi tm; Taungkyun Formation ESifh Upper

Naungkangyi tm; Lilu Formation [kcGJjcm;cJhonf/

Sitha Formation

(,cif ,cif ,cif ,cif ,cif Lower Naungkangyi Stage)

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHþ Formation tm; jyifOD;vGif\awmifbuf (10) rdkkifcefYtuGm&Sd pD;om&Gmtrnfudk

tpG J jyKíac:qd konf/ pD;omESi f h oajyusif;& Gmwd k YteD;ü aumif;p Gmay:xGuf Muonf/

- 31 -

qnfawmfav;blwm\ ta&SUbuf rEÅav; - vm;½Id;rD;&xm;vrf;\ yxrESifh wwd,vGef;xdk;tMum;awmifuRef;a'oESifh ausmufacsm&Gm\ajrmufbufausmufacsmawmifüvnf; ay:xGufydkif;aumif;aumif;rsm;&S donf/ MuufarmufcsK dif h0Srf;\txufbuf *kwfxdyfacsmufurf;yg;ESif herf;yef*Ref;csKdifh0Srf;wdkYüvnf; aumif;pGmay:xGufMuonf/ þ Formation onf&Srf;ukef;jyifjrifhay:üae&muGufMum;jzifh ae&mtESHYay:xGufaeMuaomfvnf; vm;½Id;\ta&SUbufwGifrawGU&ay/

Lithology

þ Formation üt"dutm;jzifh medium to thick bedded (trsm;tm;jzifh 1-3ft txl) grey

ESifh dark grey blue limestone rsm;jzpfNyD;Mum;rS buff-coloured compact siltstones ESifh marls

rsm;unyfaeMuonf/ marly beds rsm;onfrlv limestone bed rsm;tm;Owkacszsufíjzpfay:vm[ef&Sdonf[k ,lqMuonf/ buff-coloured siltstone tuGufrsm;ESifh ESpfbuf½I;rsm;udktawGU&rsm;onf/ ¤if;wd k Yonf ,cifua&owå0gwd k Y\wGi f;ayguf&m worn burrows

rsm;jzpfcJh[efwlojzifh þ Formation tm;rMumcP burrow limestone [kokH;pGJcJhMuonf/ siltstone

bed rsm;onf tay:ydkif;wGifydkrsm;onf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;þ Formation onf½kyf<uif;aygrsm;onf/ atmufrS½d k;wHrygaom cystid jzpfonfh

Aristocystls udkae&mwumawGU&onf/ ¤if;onf Orodovician \ta&;ygaom ½kyf<uif;wpfaumifjzpfonf/ Ordovician \pHerlemaumifjzpfonfh bryozoa jzpfaom Diplotrypa \ species

ESpfckudkqnfawmfrSmawGU&onf/ tjcm; brachiopod jzpfaom Schizotreta rSmvnf;ta&;ygonf/þausmufxyfvTmrsm;\ xl;jcm;csufrSm oD;jcm;taumifwpfckonf oD;jcm;ae&mwpfckpDwGif&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/Cystidea : Aristo cystls dagon

Hellocrinus (sp rsm;pGm)

Caryocrinus (sp rsm;pGm)Bryozoa : Diplotrypa sedavensls

D westonlRhinldletva sp

Brachipoda : Raflnesquia imbrexR subdeltoldeaSchizotretalaptaena ledatensisorhis irravadicaO chaungzonensis

Trilobites : Calymene birmanicaCheirurus dravidicusAsaphus of devexuxPhocops sp

(cf = ½kyf<uif;ESpfckonf eD;eD;pyfpyf&Sdaomfvnf; twlwlr[kwf)½kyf<uif;tpkta0; assemblage t&t"dutm;jzifh Middle Ordovician oufwrf;jzpfonf/

- 32 -

Kyaingtaung Formation

(,cif (,cif (,cif (,cif (,cif Upper Naungkangyi Stage)))))trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykH

pD;om&Gm\ajrmufbuf (2) rkdifcefYtuGm&Sd usKdif;awmif udktpGJjyKí ac:qdkchJonf/vTmwGefYckH;aexm;&Sdaom usKdif;awmifawmif½dk;\ xdyfydkif;wavQmufESifh ta&SUbuf&Sd tif;BuD;&GmwdkYteD;ütaumif;qkH;ay:xGufonf/ aemifcef;BuD;teD;rS bk&m;awmifESifh jyifOD;vGif\ ta&SUawmifbuf&SdwAGufawmifwdk Yüvnf; awGU&onf/ la Touche u &Srf;jynfü Plateau limestone NyD;vQif'kwd,us,fus,fjyef Y jyef Yay:xGufonf[k a&;cJ honf/ txludkrlay (7000) rS (10000)[kcefYrSef;cJhaomfvnf; xdkxufydkifEdkifonf/

Lithology

ydkYcsaom facies uGJjym;rIt& Lithology (2) rsKd;uGJjym;onf/ vm;½dI;\taemufbufüt"dutm;jzifh argillaceous jzpfí ta&SUawmifaMumrsm;ü t"dutm;jzifhawmufyaom purple

claystone rsm;onf &Hzef&HcgtvGef calcareous jzpfMuonf/taemufbuf&Sd ta&mifrsKd;pkH&Sdaom shale - claystone series onf teDa&mif? vdar®mfa&mif?

t0ga&mifESifh c&rf;jyma&mif&SdMuNyD; Sitha ausmufrsm;ay:ü tvdkufoifh zkH;tkyfaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonftawmftwef'Pftm; dynamic stress cHpm;&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh slaty cleavage aMumifhbedding plane aysmufaewwfonf/ ½kyf<uif;rsm;\ &GJUapmif;rIvnf;awGU&onf/ tay:qkH;üaytenf;i,fxlao purple shale rsm;vdkufvmNyD; ¤if;\ta&mifESifh us,fus,fjyeYfjyefY&SdrIuxl;xl;jcm;jcm;jrifomonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;La Touch uausmufcJtm;zJh,lvdkufvQif tenf;qkH; crinoid (odkYr[kwf) cystidean

wpfaumif\½dkk;wHrygaom ausmufcJr&Sdojzifh þumvü yifv,fjyifwGif taumiftajrmuftrsm;aexdkifcJhrnf[k azmfjycJhonf/ ae&mwpfckpDü oD;jcm;taumifrsm;omawGU&ojzihf a'owpfckESifh wpfckwdwdususEdIif;,SOf&efrjzpfEkdifbJ þodkYjzpfay:jcif;onf ywf0ef;usiftajctaeay:wGifvkH;0rwnfrSDaMumif; rSwfom;xdkufonf/ brachiopods rsm;tm; calcareous sandy beds rsm;xJüawGU&NyD;trilobite rsm;tm; argillaceous shale rsm;xJrS&onf/ La touch uþausmufvTmrsm;onfyifv,f\ydkwdrfaomtykdif;ü a&pD;'PfcHcJh&onf[k aumufcsufqGJcJhonf/ ausmufxyfvTmrsm;\tzsm;½I;jcif;ESifh taumifrsm;\ oD;jcm;wnfae&mrsm;aMumifhjzpfonf/

Cystidea : Heliocrinus sp, Caryocrinus of susuroraEchinocrinus ef aurora

Bryozoa : Diplotrypa palineneslsRhopalonaria asiatica

Brachiopoda : Othis (Dal Manella) testudinaria var shanensisPlectambonites sericea, Rafinnesquina subdeltoldea

Bivalves : Shanla vlastoidesGastropoda : Hyolithes (Orthotheca) IrravadicusCephalopods : Trocholites spArthropoda : Calymene birmanica, Cheirurus submitis.

- 33 -

Lichas sp, Phacops (Pterygometopus) dagonIllaenus Illuensis, Pliomera (Eucrinurella) insangensis

faunal assemblage t& Upper Ordovician oufwrf;jzpfonf/ J.C Brown (1913) u½kyf<uif;ESifhausmufwlnDrIt& Naungkangyi Series tm;,leefrS Pu - pjao Beds ESifh correlate vkyfcJhonf/

Hwe Mawng Purple Beds

Hwe Mawng Purple Beds onfvm;½dI;\taemufbufae&m uGufuGufü Uper Naungkangyi

Stage \a&mifpkH&Sdaom shale claystone series \xdyfqkH;ü wpffrDwmtxlwnDwnmwnf;&Sdonfhdark purple shale jzpfonf/ ¤if;ü Naungkangyi beds rsm;ESifh wlnDaom½kyf<uif;rsm;ygojzifhoufwrf;wlNyD; Interal facies tajymif;tvJ[k,lqonf/

&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ Naungkangyi ,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;,lepfrsm;J.C Brown u&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd Orodovician rsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;cJhonf/

(3) Pindaya Beds

(2) Orthoceras Beds

(1) Mawson Series

Brown (1913) ESif h Brown and Sondhi (1933) wd k YuxdkausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif;xyfrH cGJjcm;cJhonf/

yif;w,awmifwef;yif;w,awmifwef;yif;w,awmifwef;yif;w,awmifwef;yif;w,awmifwef; armfqkHawmifwef;armfqkHawmifwef;armfqkHawmifwef;armfqkHawmifwef;armfqkHawmifwef;(,ckabmfqdkif;awmifwef;)

Silurian U.P Tentaculites BedsMidLr Wabya Graptolite band Mibayataung Beds

Graptolite BedsOrodovician Orthoceras Beds

Pindaya Beds Mawson Series

¤if;wdkYESpfOD;u Pindaya Beds ESifh Mawson Series wkdYonf tenf;qkH;tcsKdUt0uftm;jzifhwpfckukdwpfcktpm;xkd;aeMuonf[k ,lqchJonf/ Myint Lwin Thein (1973) u¤if;wdkYESpfcktm;,lepfwpfckxJatmufü xm;Edkifonf[k,lqNyD; xdkausmuf,lepfrsm;onf yif;w,awmifaMumwGif ydkíaumif;pGmay:xGufojzifh Pindaya Group [ktrnfay;cJhonf/

Orthoceras Beds xJü silurian graptolite jzpfaom Monograptus awGU&Sd&ojzifh Myint Lwin

Thein u Lin We Formation [ktrnfopfay;um Silurian xJodkYydkYcJhonf/Myint Lwin Thein u&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;rS Ordovician ,lepfrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif;

cGJjcm;cJhonf/Pindaya GroupTanshauk MemberNan - on Formation

Upper Orodovician

Wunbye FormationLokepyin Formation

Lower - Middle Orodovician

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Lokepyin Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykH&GmiHNrdKUe,f? NrdKif&Gm\ajrmufbuf (4) rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd vkyfjyif;&Gmtm;tpJGjyKí trnfay;cJhonf/

awmifbuf rJe,fawmifESifh ajrmufbuf y'kHudkif;ajrmuf&Gm qyfwJ? odrfukef;ESifh tif;BuD;&GmwdkYxdus,fjyefYonf/ abmfqdkif;awmifwef;\ [ufoif;awmifaMumrsm;üvnf; ay:xGufonf/ Type Lo-

cality ü txl (1500) ay cefY&Sdonf/

Lithology

Medium to thick bedded, grey to buff, soft to indurated micaceous siltstone rsm;jzpfMuonf/Orthid brachiopod rsm;yg&Sdonf/

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;pepfwusavhvmjcif;rjyK&ao;ojzifh ¤if;rSoufwrf;owfrSwfEkdifjcif;r&Sd/ odkYaomf

Wunbye formation \oufwrf;rSm Lower Ordovician jzpfaMumif;owfrSwfEkdifojzifh þ forma-

tion \ stratigraphic position ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOft& Lower Ordovician [k,lqxm;onf/

Wunbye Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykH&GmiHNrdKUe,f? vif;a0;&Gm\ taemufawmifbuf (2) rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd 0rf;jynfhawmiftm; tpGJjyKí

trnfay;cJhonf/ type locality ütxlay (5390) &Sdojzifh Orodovician ,lepfrsm;xJü txlqkH;jzpfNyD;ae&mtESHYvnf;awGU&onf/ yif;w,awmifwef;\ ta&SUbufESifh taemufbufawmifaMumESpfckvkH;awmifcarmuf? ,rf;wGif;ESifh aemif0dk;a'orsm;ü toufykdBuD;aom Molohein Group ay:wGifae&muGufMum; outliers rsm;tjzpfawGU&Sd&onf/ abmfqdkif;awmifwef; wpfckvkH;rSmvnf; t"dutm;jzifhWunbye Formation \ausmufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ [J[kd;\awmifbufxdvnf; a&mufonf/awmifBuD;awmifwef;\ taemufbufurf;yg;,H rkHw0*lESifh usD;jzLuefwdkYwGifvnf; &Sdonf/

Lithology

thick - bedded limestone ESifh tenf;tusOf;rSm siltstone ESifh dolomite wdkYjzpfMuonf/ Lower

Naungkangyi unit ESifh ausmufrsm;wlonf/ Limestone rSmt"dutm;jzifh fine - grained, bluish

grey &S d Ny D ; wpfcgwpf&H oolitic ESi f h dolomite jzpfonf/ buff - coloured siltstone

tuGuftajymufrsm;ygonf/ burrow structure onfae&mrsm;pGmwGif odomonf/ siltstone ESifhdolomite subunit rsm;onfab;wdkuftm;jzifh a0;a0;xdra&muf/ Wunbye Formation onfwpfae&mrSwpfae&modkY ausmuftajymif;tvJrsm;onf/ Rhyolitic tuff ESifh volcanic ash layers rsm;rSmvnf;Mum;n§yfaeonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;Orthid brachiopods rsm; Actinoceras, Ormoceras, Armenoceras, Endoceras,

Receptaculies, Lophospira, Helicotoma ESifh stromatoporids rsm;awGU&onf/ Stoppel (1974)u ae&m (3) ckrS concodont rsm;awGU&SdNyD; trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;chJonf/

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oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;Myint Lwin Thein (1973) u Wunbye Formation \ stratigraphic position t&ESifh Lower

Naungkangyi unit ESifh correlation jyKvkyfNyD; Lower to Middle Ordovician [kowfrSwfcJhonf/Stopped (1974) u Condont rsm;jzifh Lower Ordovician [kowfrSwfcJhonf/

Nan - on formatoin

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykH&GmiHNrdKUe,f? em;tGef&Gmtm; tpGJjyKítrnfay;cJhonf/ ae&mus,fus,fjyefYjyefY r&Sd/ odkYaomf

yif;w,awmifaMum\ ta&SUydkif;rSm tawmftwef&Sdonf/ abmfqdkif;awmifwef;&Sd opfwufukef;?anmifudkif;? NrdKUqdk;ESifh qifacsmif;a'orsm;wGifvnf;awGU&onf/ Type locality rSm txlay (440)cefY&Sdonf/

Lithology

yellow to buff (odkYr[kwf) light orange, thin to medium bedded siltstone, sandstone ESifhmarlstone awGjzpfMuonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;þ formation onf½kyf<uif;tvGef<u,fonf/ orthid brachiopods, bryozoans, sponges ESifh

trilobites rsm; (Illaenous ESifh Sphaerocarypha) wdkYyg&Sdonf/

oufwrfoufwrfoufwrfoufwrfoufwrf;Upper Naungkangyi Stage (Kyaingtaung Formation) ESifh correlate vkyfNyD; Upper Ordovi-

cian [kowfrSwfcJhonf/

Tanshauk Member

Nan on Formation \tay:qkH;rS member wpfckjzpfonf/ &GmiHNrdKUe,f? em;tGef&Gm\ awmifbuf(2) rkdifcefYtuGm wef;a&Smuf&GmudktpGJjyKí trnfay;cJhonf/ purple (odkYr[kwf) pink, laminated,

thin to medium - bedded siltstone, calcareous shale ESifh calcareous mudstone wdkYjzpfMuonf/Hwe Mawng Purple Shale ESifh correlation jyKvkyfcJhonf/

tjcm;,lepfrsm;tjcm;,lepfrsm;tjcm;,lepfrsm;tjcm;,lepfrsm;tjcm;,lepfrsm;Garson ESifh tzGJU (1976) u&GmiHa'oü Ordovician oufwrf;&Sdí ay (9000) cefYxlaom

t"duausmufvTmrsm;tm; Mawson Group [kpkpnf;cJhonf/ ¤if;tm; formation (3) ckcGJcJhonf/Kinle Siltstone FormationDoktoye FormationNgwetaung Formation

Garson \ Ngwetaung Formation rSm ,cktcg Cambrian odkYa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/

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Doktoye Limestone Formation

[efjrifhrdk&f - &GmiH vrf;ay:&Sd 'kwfwdka&&Gmudk tpGJjyKíac:cJhonf/ trsm;qkH;ay (6000) cefY xlísandstone rsm;uMum;nyfaeonfh blueish grey limestone jzpfonf/ atmufbuf Ngwetaung

Formation odkYr&yfem;bJ ul;ajymif;cJhonf/ ausmufxyfvTmrsm;aumif;NyD; ¤if;tm; tvsm;vdkufESifhuefYvefYjzwfí auGUaumufaeaom burrow rsm;&Sdonf/ brachiopod rsm;jzpfMuaom Aegiramena

ESifh Leptellina, trilobite rsm;jzpfMuaom Basilicas ESifh Neseuretus of birmancicus (REED)

wkdYygonf/ Ordovician oufwrf;aocsmí Caradocian jzpfEkdifonf/ (Caradocian Middle

txufydkif;ESifh Upper atmufydkif; Ordovician)

Kinle Siltstone Formation

yef;avmifjrpfxJodkYpD;0ifaom cifv,facsmif;udk tpGJjyKíac:onf/ ay (300) rS (1500) cefYtxdxlaom tvGefOwkacszsufcHxm;&onfh yellow brown (odkYr[kwf) buff - coloured shale ESifh marl,

laminated siltsotne ESifh cross - laminated calcareous silty sandstone wdkYjzpfMuonf/ crinoid rsm;brachiopod rsm;ESifh bryozoan rsm;t& Ordovician oufwrf;&SdNyD; Caradocian [k,lq&onf/

Thapanbin Sponge Bed

ozef;yif&Gmtm; tpGJjyKíac:qdkonf/ Kinle Siltstone Formation \ tay:ydkif;rS trsm;qkH;(6) ayxlaom ESpfbuf½I;vTmjzpfonf/ sponge genera jzpfaom Aulocoplum ESifh Calathlum

wdkjzifh ausmufvTmtm; wnfaqmufxm;onf/

SILURIAN SYSTEM

½kyf <uif;<u,f0aom Silurian ausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; &Srf; jynfe,f\ oGm;vm&efvG,fulaoma'orsm;ü awGU&SdcJhMuonf/ Burmese Malayan Geosyncline \ shelf reagion wGiffine clastics ESifh carbonate ydkYcsrIrsm;onf Ordovician rSqufí Silurian xd&yfem;cJhjcif;r&Sd/&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS Nyaungbaw Limestone (La Touche) ESifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;rS Orthoceras

Beds (Brown) wdkYrSmrlvu Ordovician [koufwrf;owfrSwfcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg Silurian

odkYajymif;vJcJhonf/

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS ,lepfrsm;&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS ,lepfrsm;&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS ,lepfrsm;&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS ,lepfrsm;&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS ,lepfrsm;jyifOD;vGifESifh er®wla'oü Silurian units rsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif;cGJjcm;cJhonf/

Upper Namhsim of Konghsa Marl

(3) Namhsim formation Up.SilurianLower Namhsim Sandstone

(2) Pamghsa - pye ShaleLlandoverian

(1) Nyaungbaw Formation

(Silurian tm;atmufbufrStay:odkY Llandoverian, Wenlockian ESifh Ludloverian [k Stage

(3)ck cGJxm;onf/)La Touche (1913) u Silurian Unit rsm;xJü Zebingyi Stage tm;xnfhxm;cJhaomfvnf;

¤if;\oufwrf;rSm Upper Silurian rS Lower Devonian jzpfojzifh Devonian odkYydkYcJhonf/

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Nyaungbaw Formation

trnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHktrnfrSnhfac:yHkrEÅav;-jyifOD;vGifum;vrf;ay:&Sd anmifabm&GmrS (1) rdkiftwGif;ü tay:buf Plateau Lime-

stone odkYul;ajymif;oGm;aom a thin band of limestone rsm;tm; Noething utaemufbufrSMandalay Limestone ESifh aygif;pnf;í Pyintha Limestone [k trnfay;cJhonf/ La Touche uþlimestone (2)ckonf oufwrf;rwlaMumif; awG&SdcJhí Camerocrinus asiaticus ygaom limestone

tm; Nyaungbaw Limestone [kac:qdkcJhonf/ odkYaomfxkd Nyaungbaw Limestone xJü shale

rsm;rSm tawmfrsm;rsm;ygaeojzif h Nyaungbaw Formation [kjyifqifcJ honf/ ¤if;onfjyifOD;vGifwpfNrdKUe,fvHk;ü us,fus,fjyefYjyefYay:xGufaeonf/ atmufrS Naungkangyi Formation

ESifh conformable jzpfonf/

Lithology

¤if;onf red brown, purple to blue-grey limestone - claystone series jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonfred clay bands rsm;ESifh wvSnfhpDxyfaeNyD; limestone xJüvnf;trsm;tm;jzifh argillaceous matter

trsm;tjym;yg0ifjcif;aMumifh xl;jcm;odomonfh tzsm;ESpfbuf½I; lenticular structure jzpfay:ojzifhphacoidal structure rSmxif&Sm;onf/ þ Formation tm; predominantly shaly unit ESihf Lower

predominantly limestone unit [kcGJjcm;Edkifonf/ Limestone rsm;rSm bedding aumif;aomwackestone packstone rsm;jzpfNyD; tawmftoifheufaom yifv,fa&eufykdif;ü ydkYcscJhonf[k,lq&onf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;Camarocrinus asiaticus . Lingula quadrata,Orthis irravadicus . Plectambonites repanda

Stratigraphic position ESihf Camarocrinus asiaticus ½kyf<uif;yg0ifrIaMumihf Nyaungbaw Lime-

stone onf Uppermost Ordovician oufwrf;[k xm;cJhMuNyD; Upper Naungkangyi Stage \ spe-

cial facies [k ,lqcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf Hla Thein (1991)u jyifOD;vGifteD;ü phacoidal limestone

wdkY\Mum;rSnyfaeonfh ½kyf<uif;<u,f white to buff shale xJrS Monograptus cyphus, M pridon

ESifh tjcm;½kyf<uif;rsm;tm; awGU&SdcJhonf/ þ ½kyf<uif; assemblage t& Lower Silurian (Llandoverian)

oufwrf;xm;NyD; &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;rS Linwe Formation ESifh correlate vkyfcJhonf/(wackestone - carbonate rock jzpfNyD; 10% grains rsm;tm; mud matrix u support vkyfxm;onf/

packstone = carbonate rock jzpfNyD; ¤if;\ grains rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfckxdpyfí support vkyfaeonf/calcareous mud matrix tcsdKUygonf/

Panghsa - pye shale

trnfrSnfhac:yHktrnfrSnfhac:yHktrnfrSnfhac:yHktrnfrSnfhac:yHktrnfrSnfhac:yHkLa Touche (1913)u oDayg\ taemufbuf (8)rd kifcef YtuGmrS er®wlcs d Kif h0Srf;xJ&S d

yef;oajy&Gmtm;tpGJjyKí Panghsa - pye Graptolite Band [k trnfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;onfatmufbufrSm trilobiteband &Sdaom graptolite band jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf Hwe - Maung Purple

Shale (odkYr[kwf) Upper Naungkangyi Bed rS &yfem;jcif;r&SdbJ tay:rSzHk;tkyfxm;onf/

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Lithology

¤if;onf txlay (50)xufrydkaom fine white shale jzpfNyD; graptolite awGtrsm;BuD;ygonf/ae&mtcsdKUü atmufydkif;wGif trilobite awGygaom yellow sandy shale rsm;awGU&ojzifh lower

(odkYr[kwf) trilobite unit ESifh Upper (odkYr[kwf) graptolite unit [k ESpfydkif;cGJxm;onf/ (Reed, 1915ESifh Pascoe 1915) wpfcgwpf&Hü graptolite rsm;onf black carbonaceous shale xJü yg&SdMuonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;Graptolites Diplograptus (Orthograptus) vesiculosus

Diplograptus (Mesagraptus) modestuxDiplograptus (Glyptograptus) ef persulptusClimacograptus Medius C tarnquistiC. regtangularis, Monograptus cyplus var minorM. millepedia, M. triangularis, M. gregarious

Arthropoda Phacops hastingsi, Acidaspix shanensisBollia alexandri

Brachiopoda Orthis (Dalmanella ) elegantulaStrapheodonta feddeni, Plevctambonites sp

tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;yef;oajya'otjyif er®wlcsKdifh0Srf;\ae&mtESHUtjym;üvnf;awGU&onf/ ozef;awmifay:&Sd

i,fxdk;&GmteD;üvnf; aumif;pGmjzpfxGef;onfh graptolite rsm;&&Sdonf/ erf;yef;*Ref;acsmif;ESifher®wljrpfqkH\ txufbuf (1) rdkifcefYtuGmwGifvnf;&Sdonf/

ta&SUyd kif;a'owGif Hwe Mawng Beds \tay:ü Graptolite Band rsm;&S donf/vm;½dI;\ta&SUbuf yef;rkd&Gm\ ENE 21/2rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd vGdKifvifawmifwef;\awmifbufqifajcavQmay:ü awGU&onf/ þae&mü graptolite rsm;onf purple bed \xdyfydkif;wGifomru¤if;ESifhxyfaeaom white shale xJrSmvnf;&Sdonf/

refq,f\ta&SUawmifbuf (1) rkdifcefYtuGmerf;[efawmif urf;yg;jywfüvnf; graptolite

rsm;awGU&onf/

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;Graptolite rsm;\yg0ifrIjzifh Silurian \ Llandoverian oufwrf;[kxm;&SdNyD; Monograptus

millepedla ESifh M triangularls wdkYudktwlwuG awGU&Sdjcif;aMumifh Llandoverian \ gregarluos

zone xJodkYxnfhoGif;onf/

Namhsim Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHLa Touche (1913) u Hwe Mawng purple shale ESifh older deposits rsm;\tay:ü

vTmpOfqufjywfjzif h zk H ;tkyfaeaom a group of sandstones and marls wdk Ytm; stage

wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfNyD; erf&Sif;acsmif;urf;yg;ü ay:xGufjcif;aMumifh Namhsim Beds [kac:qdkcJhonf/aemufydkif;ü tay:ydkif;rS marly beds ESifh atmufydkif;rS sandy beds wdkYtm; upper ESifh lower stages

rsm;[kcGJcJhonf/

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Lithology

Lower Namhsim ausmufvTmrsm;ü sandstone rsm;onf coarse (odkYr[kwf) fine grained

rsm;jzpfMuNyD; rmaMumMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hü ¤if;\atmufajcwGif Chaung Magyi quartzite

rsm;rSvmaom coarse conglomerate rsm;awGU&onf/ conglomerate rsm;r&Sdaomae&mrsm;üatmufajcwGif sandstone rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh coarse - grained jzpfMuonf/ La Touche

utxlay 2000 tenf;qkH;&Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;cJhonf/ ¤if;\txufESifh atmufrSausmufrsm;onf soft

shales ESifh marls rsm;jzpfMujcif;aMumifh cHEkdif&nf&Sdaomþ Lower Namhsim rsm;onfajrjrifhrsm;ESifhawmifwef;BuD;rsm;jzpfay:Muonf/ ¤if;xJrS ½kyf<uif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfMuonf/Brachiopoda : Mimlus aunglokensls, Orthis spMollusa : Orthodonta (?) spectabllis

Orhoceras alf tenulannudatumArthropoda : Proetus sp, Enerinurus konghsaensl,

Calymene blumenbachiCheirurus ef. bimucronatusPhacops (Dalmanltes) longlcaudatus,Illaenus namhsimersis

þ½kyf<uif;rsm;t& Reed (1906) u Wenlockian [kowfrSwfcJhonf/Uppper Namhsim ausmufvTmrsm;tm; &Srf;ukef; jyif jrif h\taemufbufecrf;ü

jyifomawmifwef;wGif yxrqkH;pwifawGU&S d&onf/ ½kyf<uif;<u,faom þausmufrsm;udkausmufrJblwm\ temufbuf (1) rkdifcefYtuGm&Sd ukef;om&GmteD;rS rD;&xm;vrf;ab;wGifawGU&jcif;aMumifh Konghsa Marl [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ (La Touche 1913) LowerNahmshim Sand-

stone rsm;onf ta&SUydkif;a'orsm;ü vkH;0aysmufuG,faeaMumif;awGU&Sd&ojzifh þtydkif;onfurf;ajcrStvGefa0;aomaMumif h y d k Yc sc J h jci f;r&S d[k,lqcJ honf/ xd k Ya Mumif h sandstone rsm;onfurf;ajcESifheD;aomae&mrsm;ü ydkYcsí marl rsm;onf ydkeufaomtydkif;ü ydkYcsjcif;jzpfNyD; ¤if;wdkYESpfckonffacies equivalent rsm;jzpfonf[k,lqcJhonf/ konghsa Marl xJüatmufyg½kyf<uif;rsm;awGU&onf/Bryozoa : Fenestella spBrachiopoda : Leptacena rhombidalis

Straphomena corrugatellaOrthis (Bilobites) biloaOrhis (Dalmanella) elegantulaOrhis (Platystraphia) biforatPentamerus ablongusAtrypa reticularla sp

Konghsa Marl \oufwrf;tm; Upper Ludlovian stage [kowfrSwfcJhonf/Namhsim stage wpfckvkH;\½kyf<uif;trsm;pkrSm Wenlock [koufwrf;owfrSwfaomfvnf;

¤if;ü Landoverian ESifh Ludlovian oufwrf;rsm; a&maxG;aeaMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/

&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;\ Silurian units rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;Brown ESifh Sondhi (1933) wdkYu &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd Landoverian oufwrf;&Sdaom grap-

tolites rsm;\taMumif;udk atmufyga'orsm;rS azmfjycJhonf/

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Wabya Graptolite Bed (yif;w,awmifwef;)Kyawkyap Graptolite Bed ([J[kd;\ajrmufbuf 9 rkdifcefYtuGm&Sd ausmufMurf;bk&m;\ta&SUbufqifajcavQm)Graptolite Beds of Mebayatuang ([J[dk;\awmifbuf 9 rkdifcefY)Panghkawkno Graptolite (vGdKifvifa'o)

MIBAYATAUNG GROUP

Myint Lwin Thein (1973) u &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;&Sd Silurian rsm;tm;pkpnf;í Mibayataung

Group [kac:qdkcJhonf/ [J[dk;\awmifbuf (9) rkdifcefYtuGm&Sd rdbk&m;awmiftm;tpGJjyKíac:qdkcJhonf/ ¤if;udkatmufygtwdkif; ,lepfrsm;jzifh cGJcJhonf/(3) Taungmingyi Member

(2) Wabya Formation

(1) Linwe Formation

Linwe Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykH&GmiHNrdKUe,f? vif;a0;&GmudktpGJjyKíac:onf/ ¤if;onfrlvu Ordovician rSmxm;cJhaomfvnf;

graptolite rsm;t& Silurian odkYydkYaqmifcJhaom Orthoceras beds ESifhtwlwljzpfonf/ ¤if; Ordovi-

cian Pindaya Group ay:ütvdkufoifhzkH;vTrf;aeNyD;tay:rS Wabya Formation \ graptolite ygaomshale xJodkYul;ajymif;oGm;onf/

Lithology

purple, pink ESifh grey coloured, phacoidal limestone, argillaceous limestone, calcare-

ous mudstone ESifh shale wdkYjzpfMuonf/ txlay (1750) cefY&Sdonf/ Garson (1967) u Linnwe

Formation onfab;wdkuftm;jzifh txltajymif;tvJ&Sdonf[kazmfjycJhonf/ ¤if;uatmufbufüRed Shale Member ESifhtxufbufü Sandy Marl Member [kcGJjcm;cJhonf/

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;Myint Lwin Thein u&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS Nyaungbaw Limestone ESifh correlate jyKvkyfonf/

Wabya Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHyif;w,awmifwef;rS 0g;jym;awmiftm; tpGJjyKítrnfrSnfhcJhonf/ Brown (1933) \ Wabya,

Kyawkyah ESifh Mebayataung Graptolite Beds rsm;tm;pkpnf;í wnfaqmufxm;onf/

Lithology

Light grey, soft to subindurated, micaceous or non- micaceous shale ESifh silty shale

wdkYjzpfMuonf/ black slaty shale, shale, bentonitic and volcanic ash beds tenf;tusOf;ygonf/ae&mtcsKdUü antharcitic coal rsm;&Sdonf/ txl (890) aycefYjzpfonf/

- 41 -

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;Monograptus cyphus, M. Incommodus, M andersanl, Orthograptus vesiculosus,

Climacograptus medius, C rectagularis, Glyptograptus tamariscus var incertus,Orthograptus mytabills, Cllmacograptus Innostatus, Monograptus gemmatus, M.sedgwlekl.

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;Myint Lwin Thein (1973)u Michelinoceras ESifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom Monograptus ESifh

Climacograptus rsm;t& Lower Silurian (Llandoverian) [k oufwrf;owfrSwfcJhonf/½kyf<uif;rsm;u Llandoverian \ Monograptus cyphus zone, M.gregarious zone, M.convolutus,

M.sedgwicki zone wdkYudk ñTefjyaeonf/

Taungmingyi Member

&GmiHNrdKUe,f? jrif;Mum'dk;&Gm\ ta&SUbuf (18)rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd awmifrif;BuD;&Gmtm; tpGJjyKíemrnfay;xm;aom þ Member onf Wabya Formation \toufti,fqHk; x&aA'tydkif;jzpfonf/ ay(300)cefYxlí fine-to medium grained, very poorly cemented, massive qurartzite,

sandstone ESifh shale wdkYjzpfMuonf/ Wabya Formation \ upper section &Sd Shale xJrSmtzsm;ESpfbuf½I; sandstone awGrSm nyfaeMuonf[k Myint Lwin Thein (1973)u azmfjycJhonf/

tjcm;ausmufvTmrsm;tjcm;ausmufvTmrsm;tjcm;ausmufvTmrsm;tjcm;ausmufvTmrsm;tjcm;ausmufvTmrsm;Silurian graptolites rsm;tm; vdGKifaumfa'orSvnf;owif;&&Sdonf/ Loikaw Beds

(Hobson.1941) \ deep-red mudstone ESifh Holland ESifh tzGJU (1956) uazmfjycJhaom bDvl;acsmif;\Limestone ESif h calcarcous mudstone awGxJrSmawGU&onf/ Ba Than Hag ESif h Searle

(1941)wdkYuvnf; cJrjzL-armfcsD;um;vrf;ay:&Sd rdkifwdkif(14)rS Mawchi Series xJrSm awGUcJhMuonf/Clegg (1953) u azmfjycJhaom oxHkc½dkif ta&SUydkif;rS ausmufrsm;onf Linwe Formation ESifhqifwlojzifh Lower Silurian oufwrf;jzpfEdkifonf/

DEVONIAN SYSTEM

Devonian ½kyf <uif;[k wdwdususajymEd ki fonf h ausmufvTmay:xGufyd ki f;rsm;rSmtenf;i,fom&Sdonf/ &Srf;jynfrS carbonate rsm;tm; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY dolomitization jzpfaomtcg½kyf<uif;trsm;pkrSm ysufpD;oGm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ ½kyf<uif;t& Devonian [kajymEdkifaomausmufrsm;udk 0uf0H-ydawmufyifa'o? usm;wGif;a&oHowåKwGif;\ ta&SUbuf? &wemod*F Da'orScJqif;acsmif;teD;wGifawGU&onf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;avmufaqmufa'o&Sd xef;wyif&Gm\ta&SUbufwpfrdkiftuGmüvnf; Middle Ordovician ½kyf<uif;rsm;&SdMuonf/

La Touche (1908) u&Srf;jynf\ae&mtrsm;tjym;tm; zHk;vTrf;aeonfhxlxyfaom carbonate

ausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; Plateau Limestone [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;onf atmufbuf&Sd dolo-

mitic jzpfaomtydkif;tm; Lower Plateau Limestone (Devonian) oufwrf;ESifh tay:buf&Sd cal-

citic jzpfaomtydkif;tm; Upper Plateau Limestone (Permo-carboniferous) oufwrf;[kESpfydkif;cGJcJhonf/ Brunnschweiler (1963)u Devonian oufwrf;&Sdaom Shan Dolomite ESifh Per-

mian oufwrf;&Sdaom Tonbo Limestone [k tpm;xdk;cJhonf/

- 42 -

jrefrmEkdifiHüus,fus,fjyefYjyefYtm;jzifh Silurian rS Devonian okdYwqufwnf;ul;ajymif;aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;r&Sdaomfvnf; Zebingyi Beds \ Lower Devonian graptolite shale facies,

Middle Devonian Padaukpin Beds ESifh Upper Devonian Wetwin Shale wdkYu a'owcsKdUwGif Sil-

urian rS Devonian okdYwqufwnf;ydkYcsrIrsm;&SdaMumif; ñTefjyaeonf/

Zebingyi Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHrEÅav;-vm;½dI; rD;&xm;vrf;ay:&Sd jyifOD;vGifodkYra&mufrD ZD;yifBuD;blwm\tem;rSm

uyfvQuf&Sdaom a group of limestone and shales rsm;txJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;jzifh graptolite

rsm;awGU&onf/ ¤if;wdkY\xl;jcm;odomaomoGifjyifvu©PmaMumifhatmufrS Namhsim stage rScGJjcm;íZebingyi stage [k La Touche utrnfay;cJhonf/ rD;&xm;vrf;wpfavQmufü jyifOD;vGifokdYa&mufonftxd ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif rSefrSefay:xGufaeMuonf/

Lithology

Grey thin - bedded limestone xJü shaly - carbonaceous layers rsm;Mum;wGifnyfaeonf/¤if;\aemufrSm black shale rsm;ygaom black limestone rsm;uvdkufvmonf/ aemufqkH;ü flaggy,

white, thin-bedded limestone rsm;wxyfBuD;a&mufvmonf/ (flaggy- txyfvdkufuGJxGufaeaom)usm;wGif;a&\ta&SUajrmufü Zebingyi Beds awGESi f h Wetwin Shale [k,lq&aomausmufxyfvTmrsm;\ tMum;wGif orthoquartzite wpfckuMum;nyfaeonf/

Zebingyi Beds rsm;onf ajrmufbufodkYedrfhqif;aeaom 0if½dk;&SdonfhvTmwGefYcsKdifhwpfcktjzpfauG;ñTwfaeMuonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;Graptolites : Monograptus atopus, M, hereynicusBrachiopoda : Stropheodanta comltans var

Atrypa marglnalls, Meristina sp, Pentamerus spBivalves : Modlalapsls shanensls, Vlasta sp

Lumulleardlum alf amabllePteropoda : Tentaculltes elegans, T, Ornauts, Stllyollna spCephalopoda : Orthoceras alf commutatumArthropoda : Phacops (Dalmanltes) swlnhoel. P. shannensls

Entomls pelagla

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;ajrmufrsm;pGmaom graptolite rsm;aMumifh Silurian oufwrf;[kowfrSwfcJhonf/ odkYaomf

Tentaculites elgans tajrmuftrsm;yg0ifrIu Lower Devonian oufwrf;udkñTefjyaeaMumif;a&;om;cJhMuonf/ La Touche rS azmfjycJhaom jyifom&Gm\ Monograptus ef. M riccartonensis

rsm;udk Anderson ESifhtzGJU (1969) Berry ESifh Boucot (1972) wdkYu M hercynicus tkyfpkrSjzpfaMumif;ESifhM.dubius rSm M atops rsm;jzpfaMumif; xyfrHcGJjcm;vdkufaomtcg Zebingyi Beds rsm;onf Lower

Devonian (Siegenian - Emsian) oufwrf;jzpfaMumif; aocsmapcJhonf/

- 43 -

Padaukpin Limestone

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykH0uf0HrD;&xm;blwm\ ta&SUawmifbuf (1) rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd ydawmifyif&Gmtaemufbufü

ay:xGufaeaom tvGef½kyf<uif;<u,fonfh Limestone ESifh argillaceous limestone rsm;tm; La

Touche u Padaukpin Coral Reef [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ ay:xGufydkif;rSm tvGefao;i,fNyD; La Tou-

che ut&Snfudkuf (50) ESifh txl (6) ayxufrydkaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;brachiopods rsm; conodont rsm;ESifh corals (tetracorals ESifh tabulates) rsm;tjyif sponges,

stromatoporoids, lamellibranchs, gastropods, tentaculities, cephalopods, annelids, ostracods,

crinoids, blastoids ESifh echinoids tajrmuftrsm;awGU&onf/ ta&;BuD;aom ½kyf<uif;rsm;rSmRetlcularipsis eifeliensis, Devonica minuta, Plectospira ferita, Cimicrinoides struvel,

Indospirifer, Alatifarmia, Calceola sandalina wkdYjzpfMuonf/

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;Cowper Reed (1908) utxufazmfjyyg½kyf<uif;rsm;t& Middle Devonian (Eifelian)

odYkr[kwf Calceola stage [kowfrSwfcJhonf/ okdYaomf¤if;u ydawmufyifteD;rS tvm;wl lime-

stone xJü coral Philipsastrea ESifh brachiopod Douvillina udkaygrsm;pGmawGUjcif;aMumifh Upper

Devonian ausmufvTmrsm;ygaeonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ xdkae&mü Calceola rawGU&/usm;wGif;a&oHowåKwGif;\ta&SUbuf qwfayG;ykHü Win Win Kyi (1980) u Phillipsatrea

sp stylidophyllum sp ponfwdkYyg0ifaom Middle Devonian ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;azmfjycJhonf/

Wetwin Shales

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHLa Touche ujyifOD;vGif\ ta&SUbuf (12) rdkifcefYtuGmESifh ydawmufyif&Gm\ WSW

wpfrdkifcefYtuGm&Sd 0uf0H&GmteD;rS ½kyf<uif;<u,f0aom Shale rsm;tm;trnfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;uydawmufyif\ Calceola beds rsm;ESifhwpfrkdifausmfausmfrS rdkif0uftuGmta0;xd þausmufvTmrsm;\ay:xGufydkif;rsm;tm; awGU&SdcJhonf/ ¤if;wdY kESpfck\ qufpyfrIudk twdtusrod&aomfvnf;½kyf<uif;rsm;\toGifvu©Pmrsm;u Padaukpin xufydkí txufydkif;usaomwnf&SdrIudk ñTefjyaeonf/

Lithology

Shale rsm;onftvGef argillaceous jzpfírmaMumNyD;tcsyfvdkufuGJaom Fuller's earth ESifhqifwlonf/ trsm;tm;jzif h yellowish buff colour &S d NyD;yef;a&mif (od k Yr[kwf) cyfrJrJtpuftajymufrsm;pGef;xif;aeonf/ (Fuller's earth tvGeft&G,frIefaom obm0jzpf clay (odkYr[kwf)clay ESifhwlaom 0wåKypönf;jzpfí t&nfudkpkyf,ltm;aumif;onf/)

½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;½kyf<uif;rsm;xJü pelecypod awGtvGefrsm;NyD; Padaukpin ½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifhtvGefuGJjym;onf/

þausmufvTmrsm;onf yifv,f[if;vif;jyifESifh tenf;i,fomqufpyfaeonfh urf;uyfxkH;tdkifLagoon xJüydkYcscJh[ef&Sdonf/

- 44 -

oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;oufwrf;Givetian (Middle Devonian) rS Frasman (Upper Devonian) [k½kyf<uif;rsm;t& REED

uowfrSwfcJhonf/

Devonian ausmufvTmrsm;\ tjcm;a'orsm;ausmufvTmrsm;\ tjcm;a'orsm;ausmufvTmrsm;\ tjcm;a'orsm;ausmufvTmrsm;\ tjcm;a'orsm;ausmufvTmrsm;\ tjcm;a'orsm;Maymyo Dolomite Formation (Amos, 1975) onfxlxyfaom Upper Paleozoic rS Lower

Mesozoic carbonates rsm;jzpfNyD; ¤if;wdkYxJüvnf; Devonian ½kyf<uif;rsm;ygonf/avmufaqmufe,f xef;wyif&Gm\ta&SUbuf wpfrkdifausmfcefYtuGm&Sd tvTmxyfaumif;pGm

jzpfxGef;aom Limestone, shale ESifh sandstone rsm;xJrS Padaukpin Limestone xJrSmawGU&onf/Fenestellac, brachiopods, gastropods ESifh trilobites rsm;&&Sdojzifh Middle Devonian oufwrf;jzpfonf/

ydawmufyif&Gm\ (4) rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd *Ja&mifacsmif;\vufwufwpfckrS Limestone xJwGifLower late Devonian Phillipsastrea assemblage ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;awGU&onf/

Mitchell ESifhtzGJU (1977) u&wemod*Ða'o cJqif;teD;rS Devonian oufwrf;[k,lq&aom½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;azmfjycJhonf/ pinkish - grey dolomitic limestone xJrSoEÅm½kyf<uif;rsm;xJüThamnospora sp (Silurian - Permian) ESifh Coenites sp (Silurian - Devonian) wdkYyg0ifMuonf/

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM

oufOD;uyf\ xlxJonfh flysch ESifhwlaomusKd;yJhpmtenfusausmufrsm;onf rav;&Sm;rSxdkif;EkdifiHESifh jrefrmEkdifiHta&SUawmifbufydkif;udkjzwfí &rnf;oif;\ta&SUbuftxd ZkHtvdkuf&SdcJhonf/þ flysch ESifhwlaom tenfusausmufrsm;onf oufOD;uyf\aESmif;ydkif;ü Burmese - Malayan

Geosyncline \tenfusywf0ef;usifwGifxl;xl;jcm;jcm;jzifh twdwfyx0D0if aexm;ajymif;vJcJhaMumif;ñTef jyaeonf/ ae&mtcsK d Uü wd kufpm;rIaMumif h aexm;uG JvG J jcif;rsm;rSm (Ordovician)

xda&muf&SdaMumif;awGU&aomfvnf; Devonian rS Permian xdwqufwnf;aom carbonate ydkYcsrIudkBurmese - Malayan Geosyncline \ shelf region jzpfMuonfh rav;&Sm;? xdkif;? vmtdkESifh ,leefwdkYwGifawGU&onf/

Carboniferous ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm; jrefrmEkdifiHta&SUajrmufa'orSr&&Sd/ Thaw Tint (1972) uxkda'oü carboniferous ausmufvTmrsm;&Sdonf[k azmfjycJhonf/ ¤if;u Limestone formation (6)cktm;trnfay;cJhNyD; ¤if;wdkYxJrS (2) ckrSm Ordovician xJrSjzpfonf/ ¤if;ESpfck\txufrSm uyfvQuf&SdaomTaung Ta lone Limestone rSm Devonian oufwrf;jzpfonf/ Ohn-hne-ye Limestone ESifh Sitha

Limestone wdkYrSm Lower ESifh Middle Carboniferous toD;oD;jzpfMuonf/Dattawtaung limestone

rSm Middle rS Upper Permian [ka&;om;cJhonf/jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif;ü tvGefxlxyfonfh usKd;yJhpmtenfusausmufrsm;jzpfMuaom Lebyin

Group, Taungnyo Series, Mergui Series ESifh Mawchi Series wdkYtm; Permian Moulmein lime-

stone utay:rSzkH;tkyfxm;ojzifh tm;vkH;udk Carboniferous xJrSmxm;aomfvnf; tcsKdUtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf Lower Paleozoic txdqif;Ekdifonf/

- 45 -

Mergui Group

T. Oldham (1856) uweoFm&Dwdkif;ü ae&mtESHYay:xGufNyD; ausmufxyfvTmtpDtpOft&Moulmein Limestone \atmufrSm&Sdaom argillite, curshed shales greywacke, agglomerates,

conglomerates, limestone ESifh quartzite wdkYtm; Mergui Series [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;u red-

dish, weakly calcareous sandstone ESifh shale ausmufxyfvTmrsm;xJrS corals, gastropods, bra-

chiopods ESifh Crustacea rsm;ygaom Carboniferous ½kyf<uif;rsm;&cJhonf/ þ½kyf<uif;rsm;rSmaysmufqkH;cJhonf/ (agglomerate t&G,fBuD;aom rD;awmifjymausmuf)

Taungnyo Group

Leicester (1930) uarmfvNrd Ki f Nr d K U\awmifbuf awmifndKawmifwef;rS rDwmaxmifaygif;pGmxlonfh argillite, quartzite ESifh Sandstone ausmufvTmpktm; Taungnyo Series

[ktrnfay;cJhonf/ zm;tH\awmifbuf ZGJuyifawmifwef;&Sd Taungnyo Series \ calcareous sand-

stone rsm;xJrS gastropods, brachiopods, bryozoa, corals ESif h ostreacod awGygaomUppercarboniferous ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm; Brunnschweiler (1970) uawGU&SdcJhonf/ Opik u¤if;wdkYxJrSProductid genus Dictyoclostus ESifh chonctid genus Mesolobus [ktrsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;ay;NyD;oufwrf;owfrSwfay;cJ honf[k Brunnschweiler xJüazmfjyxm;onf/ þ½kyf<uif;rsm;udkausmuf,lepf\tay:ykdif;rS &&Sdojzifh Taungnyo Group onf Lower Carboniferous (odkYr[kwf)Devonian xdqif;Ekdifonf[k ,lqMuonf/

Mawchi Group

Hobson (1914) u u,m;jynfe,f vGdKifaumfNrdKU\taemufbufü ay:xGufaeMuaommudstone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate ESifh Limestone rsm;tm; Mawchi Series

[ktrnfay;cJhonf/ atmufbufrStay:bufodkY Biya Limestone Series, Namphe Beds, Red

Beds, Limestone ESifh normal Mawchi Rock Series [kcGJjcm;cJhonf/ ¤if;\þ,lepfonf Mergui

Series \u,m;a'orS ausmufvTmrsm;[k ,lqNyD; Mergui, Mawchi ESifh Chaung magyi

wdkYonftwdtusr[kwfaomfvnf; oufwrf;wlonfh homotaxial [kxm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf Clegg

(1953) u Hobson \Mawchi [kxm;cJhaom ausmufxJrS Spirifer schellwieni jzifh uppermost

Carboniferous xm;cJhonf/ Mawchi xJrS&aom graptolite rsm;u silurian tydkif;udkkjyaeonf/atmufqkH;rS Biya Limestone udkvnf; Silurian Nyaungbaw Formation ESifh correlate vkyfMuonf/

Lebyin Group

&rnf;oif;\ta&SUbuf&Sd flysch ESifhwlaomausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; Lebyin Group

[ktrnfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;onf&Srf;jynfrS Plateau Limestone ESifh taemufbuf ajredrfha'orSrD;oifhausmufESifh toGifajymif;ausmufrsm;\ tMum;rSm&Sdaom Slate, quartzite, greywacke ESifh¤if;wk d Y Mum;rSmnyfaeMuaom conglomerate ESif h limestone wdk Y jzpf Muonf/ ¤if;onfajrmufbuftxdqufoGm;NyD; uif;wm;a'oü Jurassic - Cretaceous Pan Laung Formation

\tay:rSm vTmpOfqufjywfjzif hxdkifaeonf/ ¤if;onftenf;i,ftoGifajymif;jcif;cH&NyD;taemufbufü medium to high - grade toGifajymif;ausmufrsm;odkY wjznf;jznf;ajymif;oGm;Muonf/aysmfbG,fa'oü Tun Soe (1986) uþausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; group tqifhowfrSwfNyD; forma-

- 46 -

tion (5) ckcGJcJhonf/ Chonetes sp, Archimedes sp ESifh Syringopora sp rsm;t& Lower Carbonif-

erous oufwrf;owfrSwfcJhonf/

Taungnyo, Mergui ESifh ESifh ESifh ESifh ESifh Mawchi Group rsm;\ oufwrf;jyóemrsm;\ oufwrf;jyóemrsm;\ oufwrf;jyóemrsm;\ oufwrf;jyóemrsm;\ oufwrf;jyóemtay:rSa'gif husí zkH;vTrf;aeaom Permian carbonates (Moulmein Limestone)

aMumifhþausmufxyfvTmrsm;onf pre - Permian jzpfaMumif;aocsmapcJhonf/ tvm;wl xlxyfaomusKd;yJhpm Chaung Magyi ESifh lithofacies ESifh toGifajymif;jcif;t&EdIif;,SOfNyD; Late Precambrian rSEarly Paleozoic oufwrf;[kxm;cJhbl;onf/ odkYaomf Taungnyo Series ESifh Lebyin Group rsm;xJrS½kyf<uif;rsm;u Upper ESifh Lower carboniferous oufwrf;rsm;jycJhonf/ Taungnyo Series

\atmufydkif;onf Lower Carboniferous (odkYr[kwf) Devonian xdqif;Ekdifonf[k Brunnschweiler

(1970) urSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/Lyer (1938) ESifh Pascoe (1959) wkdYu Taungnyo ESifh Mergui wdkYonf homotaxial

jzpfMuonf[k,lqNyD; tenf;qkH; Mergui tcsKdUtydkif;rsm;onf Carboniferous jzpfEkdifonf[kwifjycJhMuonf/

xdkif;EdkifiH &aemif;ESifh befqmzefa'o&Sd Tanaosi Group xJrS Devonian ESifh Carboniferous

½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;&&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkYonf Mergui Group ESifhqufaeMuonf/rav;&Sm;EdkifiH Perlis ESifh Laungkawi uRef;ay:&Sd clastic, Upper Devonian ESifh Carbonifer-

ous tenfusausmufrsm;onf Mergui Group \a,bk,s strike twdkif;awmifbuftqufae&mrSmwnf&Sdonf/ xdka'oü Mergui Group uJhodkYyif Singa Formation tm;tay:rS Permian lime-

stone jzpfaom Chuping Formation uzkH;xm;onf/Mergui Series ESif h xkdif;Ed kifiH Thong Pha Phum a'orS turbidite facies awGu

ausmuftrsKd;tpm;qifwlMuonf/ tvm;wl Mawchi Series rS normal rock series ESifh Red Beds

awGuvnf; xkdif;EdkifiH\ Devonian ESifh Lower Permian ausmufxyfvTmawGESifh tcsKdUt0ufwlMuonf/Thong Pha Phum a'orS Koch (1978) \ Silurian rS Permian oufwrf;tenfus

ausmufxyfvTmrsm;onf Mergui, Taungnyo ESifh Moulmein ausmufvTmrsm;&Sdonfhae&mrsm;xdqufvuf0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/

Mawchi Group \atmufajcrS Biya Limestone Series tm; Silurian Nyaungbaw Lime-

stone ESifh Correlate vkyfcJhonf/ vGdKifaumfa'o&Sd Mawchi Group xJrS Silurian graptolite

rsm;&cJhojzifh ¤if;xJü Silurian tydkif;awGygaMumif;odomonf/

PERMIAN SYSTEM

jrefrmEdkifiHta&SUYydkif;ü &Srf;ajrjrifha'o\ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif Lower Paleozoic

ausmufxyfvTmrsm;tm; ayaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmxlaom limestone ESifh dolomite rsm;uzkH;tkyfae&mLa Touche (1913) u Plateau Limestone [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;uþ carbonate ausmufxyfvTmtxlBuD;tm; t"dutm;jzifh Shattered dolomite rsm;\ Devonian section ESifh Crystalline lime-

stone \ Permo- Carboniferous (odkYr[kwf) Anthracolithic section [k,lepfESpfckcGJcJhonf/(Shatter= tpdwfpdwftrTmrTmuGJonf/)

La Touche (1913) \ausmufrJa'orS ½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh Sahin (1933) \ ecef;a'orS

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½kyf<uif;rsm;t&ESihf Brown & Sondhi (1933) wdkY\ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ü correlation rsm;t& Pla-

teau Limestone tm; Lower (Devonian) ESifh upper (Triassic) dolomitic portion [kcGJjcm;EdkifNyD;¤if;wdkY\tMum;ü Permo-Carboniferous calcareous portion rScGJjcm;xm;onf[k Pascoe (1959)u,lqcJhonf/

½kyf<uif;topfawGU&SdrIrsm;u þpepftm; jyKjyifcJhonf/ rlvu Permo Carboniferous

xJrSmxnfhxm;aom carbonate rock sequence rsm;tm; owfrSwfxm;aom Plateau Limestone

trnfudk pGefYvTwfcJhMuonf/ ayaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmxlaom carbonate rsm;tm; Amos (1975) uShan Dolomite Group [ktrnfay;cJhNyD; Devonian ESifh Carboniferous (?) Maymyo Dolomite

Formation ESifh Permo-Trassic Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation [kcGJjcm;cJhonf/

Thitsipin Limestone Formation

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHGarson ESifh tzGJUonf (1976) u &GmiHNrdKUe,fopfap;yif&GmteD;ü Lower Paleozoic

ausmufxyfvTmtrsKd;rsKd;\ y&rf;ywmwdkufpm;cHrsufESmjyifay:wGif a'gifhusvTmpOfqufjywfcHízkH;tkyfxm;aom ay (2400) cefY&Sdonfh Limestone ESifh dolomite rsm;tm;trnfay;cJhonf/

Lithology

þ formation tm; facies (3) ckcGJcJhonf/ massive limestone facies, massive cherty lime-

stone facies ESifh well-bedded calcareous facies wdkYjzpfMuonf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü dolomitized

jzpfojzifhjyif;xefpGm brecciation 'PfcH&onf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;Garson (1976) u foraminifera rsm;\tay:ü tajccHíoufwrf;owfrSwfcJhonf/

txl;ojzifh Thitsipin Formation \ dolomitic section rS&aom Pseudoschwagerina,

Pseudofuslina ESifh parafusulina cf kattaensis rsm;u Lower Permian oufwrf;ñTefjyaeonf/tay:ydkif; Section rS&aom Yangehienia, Schubertella, Verbeckina, Parafusulina

wdkYESifhtwl Plathyploia kattaensis u Upper Permian oufwrf;udkñTefjyonf/

ydk YcsrIywf0ef;usifydk YcsrIywf0ef;usifydk YcsrIywf0ef;usifydk YcsrIywf0ef;usifydk YcsrIywf0ef;usifGarson ESifh tzGJU(1976)u Thitsipin Limestone onfyifv,fa&wdrf[if;vif;jyif

ywf0ef;usifü ydkYcsonf[k,lqcJhMuonf/ tBudrfrsm;pGmü ¤if;onfjrifhwufí uRef;i,frsm;tjzpfay:xGef;aeMuaom ydkítoufBuD;onfhausmufrsm;tm; 0dkif;ywfxm;Muonf/ (Brown ESifh Sondhi

1933) uae&mtcsKdUü reef (odkYr[kwf) bioherm rsm;onf touf&SifaepOfu &yfwnfaeaomaexm;twdkkif;awGU&onf/ bedded limestone rsm;onf reef ESifheD;aom facies jzpf[ef&Sdonf/&Hzef&HcgawGU&aom cross - bedding rsm;rSmae&musOf;usOf;uav;ü a&pD;oefcJhaMumif;tm; ñTefjyaeNyD;cherty limestone rSma&Nidrfa'orSm jzpfay:[ef&Sdonf/

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Nwabangi Dolomite Formation

½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;jrefrmEdkifiHta&SUajrmufa'orS Permian ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm; &&SdcJhMuonf/ er®wlcsKdifh0Srf;a'orS

Namun fauna [kac:onf/ ½kyf<uif;rsm;xJü bryozoa \ genera jzpfaom Polypora ESifh Fenestella,

brachiopods rsm;\ genera rsm;jzpfMuaom spiriferina, streaptorhynchus, Productus ESifhChonetes wkdYyg0ifMuonf/ þa&at;a'oywf0ef;usif aexdkifrI&Sdaom brachiopod rsm;ESifhtwlfusulinid jzpfonfh Polydiexodina elongata rsm;t&oufwrf;owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ Pascoe (1959)utjcm; Permian ½kyf<uif;rsm;&&SdcJhMuaom rEÅav;\ta&SUawmifbuf (12) rdkifcefY&Sd xkH;bkd?oDay:\awmifbuf er®wlcsKdifh0Srf;xJ&Sd wkHtrf; ul;wdkYqdyf? erfhvefESifh vm;½dI;\ta&SUbuf (10) rdkiftuGm&Sd vGdKifvefawmifwef;wdkYtaMumif;udk azmfjycJhonf/

Tonbo Limestone - Datta (1900) u&Srf;ukef;jrifh\ taemufbufawmifajcwGif limestone rsm;tm;Tonbo Beds [ktrnfay;cJhNyD; Lower Silurian oufwrf;[kowfrSwfcJhonf/ dark algal micrites

rsm;xJrS Waagenophyllid corals, brachiopod rsm;jzpfMuaom Spirigerella, Leptodus Notothyris

ESifh fusulinid genus polydiexodina wdkYawGUcJhNyD; Permian oufwrf;[kjyifqifcJhonf/ Diener (1911)Brunnschweiler (1970) u Tonbo Limestone [ktrnfay;cJhNyD; Permian oufwrf;owfrSwfcJhonf/

&wemod*Ða'oü carbonate ausmufrsm;onf Naugkangyi Formation \tay:a'gifhusrIajyjypfaom vTmpOfqufjywfjzifhzkH;tkyfxm;NyD; ausmufrJ? avmif;awmufEdka'oü Silurian Namhsim

Formation ay:wGifzkH;vTrf;aeonf/ Bronnimann ESifhtzGJUu dolomite sequence\tay:ydkif; sec-

tion rS Triassic Foraminifera genera rsm;jzpfMuaom Glomospira ESif h Glomospirella

wdk YudkawGU&S dcJ hojzifh Permo - Triassic Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation xJrSjzpfonf[kowfrSwfcJhonf/ odkYaomf Mitchell ESifhtzGJU (1977) uatmufrSm þ dolomite rsm;\zkH;vTrf;aeaomLower section &SdEkdifonf[k,lqNyD; Devonian vnf;ygEkdifí Maymyo Dolomite Formation

xJrSjzpfonf[kqdkMuonf/&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ü ½kyf<uif;<u,faom Upper plateau Limestone rsm;xJrS permian

½kyf<uif;rsm;udk (1911) uwnf;uodxm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtxJwGif aus;oD;rHpH\ taemufawmifbuf(1) rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd erf;[efjrpfteD;ü Fusulina elongata ygaom dark thin - bedded fusulinid

limestone xJrS productid ½kyf<uif;rsm;jzpfonfh Kehsi Mansam Fauna awGygonf/ awmifBuD;rSrkdif;yGefvrf;a[mif;wpfavQmuf&Sd Limestone awGxJrS ½kyf<uif;rsm;pGmudk Middlemiss uaumuf,lcJhNyD;Diener (1911) utrsKd;tpm;cGJcJhonf/ xefqef;rS J.C. Brown aumuf,lcJhaom ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;Reed (1933) uazmfjycJhonf/ marl awGuMum;nyfaeaom tvGef½kyf<uif;<u,fonfh dark, thin -

bedded limestone xJrS &&SdcJhNyD; brachiopod rsm;jzpfMuaom Streptorhynchus, Orthotetes,

Schuchertella semiplana, Chonetid rsm;jzpfMuaom Krotovia hanus, Notothyris exilis, Lyttonia,

bryozoa rsm;jzpfMuaom Fenestella ESifh Polypora, coral rsm;jzpfMuaom sinophyllum, Michelinia

wdkYygMuonf/&GmiHa'oü Thitsipin Limestone Formation tm; Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation

uzkH;vTrf;aeonf/ (Garson ESifhtzGJU 1976) þ formation onfjyif;jyif;xefxef dolomitized

jzpfxm;aom shattered ESifh brecciated carbonate sequence jzpfonf/ thin bedded foraminiferal

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limestone facies, laminated and turbiditc limestone facies, sedimentary breccia facies ESifhLight and dark grey, fine - granied limestone facies [kcGJjcm;cJhonf/ dolomitization jyif;xefojzifh½kyf<uif;tenf;i,fom&onf/

Garson ESifhtzGJU (1976) urEÅav;\ SSE &Sd ae&m (2) ckrS late Permian Foraminiferal

fauna rsm;tm;azmfjycJhonf/ Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation \atmufydkif;rS&onf/ Foraminfera

rsm;xJrS Shanita amosi, Paraglobivalvulina mira, Hemigordius reichelis, Bisalina pulchra,

Pachyphloian cukurkpyi, Nankinella sp rsm;ESifh calcareous algae rsm;jzpfMuaom Mizzia

veleloitana, Permocalculus wdkYjzpfMuonf/ Permian tay:qkH;tydkif;udk ñTefjyaeonf/Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation \tay:ydkif;ü Triassic ½kyf<uif;rsm;ygaeojzifh Permian

tenfusrIonf &yfem;jcif;r&SdbJ Triassic ½kyf<uif;rsm;ygaeojzifh permian tenfusrIonf&yfem;jcif;r&SdbJ Triassic tcsdefxdqufvufwnf&SdaeaMumif; ñTefjyaeonf/

Moulmein Limestone

trnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHtrnfrSnfhac:ykHweoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;ü sandstone ESifh clays wdkYygaom limestone rsm;\ group BuD;onf

Archean system \ gneisses rsm;ESifh Mergui Series \ argillites rsm;\tay:üzkH;tkyfae&m¤if;wdkYtm;wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;jzifh Oldham (1856) u Moulmein group [ktrnfrSnfhcJhNyD; ½kyf<uif;tBuD;pm;rsm;jzif h Carboniferous (odk Yr[kwf) Permo-Carboniferous oufwrf;xm;onf/atmufbufrS ay(6000) eD;yg;xlonfh Sandstone ESifh marl wdkYonfydkí toufBuD;aom oufOD;uyfrSjzpf&ef&Sdojzifh tay:rSay (1100) cefY&Sdonfh limestone rsm;tm;cGJxkwfí Moulmein Limestone

Series [kaemifü trnfay;cJhMuonf/ Brunnschweiler (1970) uarmfvNrdKif - zm;tH a'oüTaungnyo Series \ Upper Carboniferous ausmufxyfvTmrsm;\tay:rS a'gifhusvTmpOfqufjywfcHízkH;tkyfxm;aom reef limestone rsm;tm; Moulmein Limestone [kazmfjycJhonf/

ausmuftrsK d;tpm;ausmuftrsK d;tpm;ausmuftrsK d;tpm;ausmuftrsK d;tpm;ausmuftrsK d;tpm;coarse - crystalline massive black limestone jzpfonf/ þ limestone wpfckxJrS

ae&mtESH Ytm;zkH;vTrf;aeonf/ ¤if;wdk Yonf rwfapmufaomeH&H&S donfh xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aomawmifwef;rsm;ESifh awmifukef;rsm;jzpfay:aeMuNyD; ab;rSajrEkrsm;u 0dkif;&Hxm;aom &JwdkufBuD;rsm;uJhodkYwnf&SdMuonf/ tus,ft0ef;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfh vdIPf*lrsm;vnf; aygrsm;onf/

Reef limestone \atmufbuf section rSm biostromal, well bedded limestone jzpfíwpfcgwpf&H¤if;\atmufcHausmufrS ajrrsufESmoGifjyifa[mif;rsm;tm; 0ifjznfhxm;jcif;jzpfonf/¤if;xJrS Artinskian (Upper Permian fusulinids) rsm;&cJhonf/ (Brunnschweiler 1970) tay:ydkif;ümassive, unbedded biohermal limestone &Sdonf/ Rau (1933) uweoFm&Dwdkif;\awmifydkif;üajrrsufESmoGifjyift& ZkH(3)ckcGJcJhonf/

½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh oufwrf;om&bGif\ taemufajrmufbuf ausmufawmifrS P.N Bose aumufcJhaom ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;

Noetling utrsKd;tpm;cGJcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYxJü Schwagerina oldhami, Lonsdaleia salinaria,

Lithostrotion sp, Prouducts cf sumatrensis wdkYygMuonf/ Waagenophyllid corals ESif h

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Guadalupian productid brachiopod wpfaumifjzpfaom Tyloplecta sumaternsis udk Gobbett(1973)utrsKd;tpm;cGJcJhNyD; Upper Permian oufwrf;tm;ñTefjyaeonf/

Martaban Beds - Moulmein limestone \tay:ydkif;ü zkH;tkyfae[ef&SdNyD; rkwår\ajrmufbufrdkif(40) ausmfxdwqufwnf;&Sdaom sandstone ESifh shale wkdY\ ausmufxyfvTmwpfckudk Pascoe (1959)u Martaban Beds [ktrnfay;cJhonf/ trsKd;tpm;rcGJjcm;Ekdifonfh tyif½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh twl rkwårrD;&xm;blwm½kHteD;&Sd carbonate shale rsm;xJrS&aom a&csKd? a&iHpyf molluscs rsm;jzpfonfhpalaeoanodonta okenisis ESifh P subecastar wdkYu Upper Permian oufwrf;rS Triassic

atmufqkH;ykdif;xd ñTefjyaeonf/

Yinyaw Beds - vGdKifaumf\taemufbufü silicified tvTmyg;rsm;u Mum;rSnyfaeaom shales

ESifh Argillites wdkY\ ausmufxyfvTmBuD;wpfckjzpfonf/ Hobson (1941) u Permian (Plateau Lime-

stone) ESifh wvSnfhpDxyfaeonf[k azmfjycJhonf/ Reed rStrsKd;tpm;cGJay;cJhaom Permian

½kyf<uif;rsm;tm; Hobson (1943) uazmfjy&mü brachiopod rsm;jzpfMuaom Marginifera, Prod-

ucts, Spirifer ESifh Martinia wkdYyg0ifonf/ Gobbett u¤if;½kyf<uif;rsm;onf Tonbo Fauna rsm;ESifhwlnDonf[kñTefjycJhonf/

tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;tjcm;a'orsm;{&m0wDjrpf\taemufbuf&Sd umrdkif;a'o? rJZmjrpf0Srf;atmufydkif; (xD;csKdifh\ taemufbuf)

ESifh Zif;awmif (waumif;\ taemufawmifbuf) wdkY\ limestone rsm;xJrS Permian ½kyf<uif;rsm;tm;&&SdcJhMuonf/

usrf;udk;pm;&if;1/ F. Bender (1983), Geology of Burma

2/ H. L. Chhibber (1934) , The geology of Burma

3/ Geology Department, Yadanabon University (2008), Geology of Myanmar

vSjrifh (cifOD;NrdKU)vSjrifh (cifOD;NrdKU)vSjrifh (cifOD;NrdKU)vSjrifh (cifOD;NrdKU)vSjrifh (cifOD;NrdKU)

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