GEOGRAPHY 101LTemperature, Rainfall, and Biome Distribution Lab

In this lab you will investigate the relationship between the amount of rainfall and the variance of temperature and how these two variables influence biomes. Biomes are defined as the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment. If you do not know anything about biomes, before starting this lab you should spend some time reading over the following website: http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes/index.html . We have included below some additional baseline information you should read before completing this lab assignment.

Assignment Objectives:

1. To develop an understanding of the biomes of the world.2. To examine central concepts of physical geography from a

spatial perspective by creating and interpreting maps and graphics.

3. To communicate physical processes using maps and graphics.4. To explain patterns in the physical environment using spatially

informed logic.5. To explore the biome in which you live.

Assignment Specifics:

This lab assignment is divided into three sections. Section I provides a brief review of biomes. In Section II you will explore the use of climographs to understand the differences and similarities between biomes. In Section III, you will review the basic plant adaptations to the biomes of the world and take a closer look at plant adaptations here in Southern California. By the end of this lab, you should have an understanding of where the biomes of the world are located, what they are, and how they are similar and different.

Turn In:

The attached lab assignment with the 3 climographs filled in and all questions answered.

Part I:A Brief Review of Biomes

What is a biome?A biome is a large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment. The climate and geography of a region determines what type of biome can exist in that region. Few geographers agree on exactly how many biomes exist, this is in large part determined by the scale of your research. However, most agree that there are at least 7 major biomes including rainforest, grassland, temperate forests, desert, chaparral (Mediterranean scrub), tundra, and taiga. Each biome consists of many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to the differences in climate and the environment inside the biome.

To understand a world biome, you need to know: What the climate of the region is like. Where each biome is found and what its geography is like. The special adaptations of the vegetation. The types of animals found in the biome and their physical and

behavioral adaptations to their environment.

The first two of these components (climate and location) will be examined in the next section of this lab, the final two components (special adaptations of vegetation and types of animals found) will be examined in Section III of this lab.

Attached below is a map showing the distribution of these 7 major biomes. If you were to look at a world map of precipitation and temperature, you find both of these maps closely correlate with the biome map below. To find out more about biomes, please go to http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes/index.html . On this website, you will find descriptions of each of the biomes. A word of caution, this website is slightly different than the map included in this lab. That is okay, it will give you a sense of how biomes are categorized. On this website, temperate forests are called “deciduous forests”, savannahs are separated into their own category (savannahs are lumped into the “grassland biome” in the map below), and desert scrub is separated out from the “desert” biome. Take some time to explore this website and educate yourself a little about biomes before moving on to the next section!

Figure 1. Seven major biomes of the world.

Part IIWorking with Climographs

You will find below five examples of climograph grids on which averages of precipitation and temperature at a particular location are plotted together. These climographs show variations in only two important climatic factors during a year. Other factors may greatly affect climate, but a climograph does give a rough idea of climate in the location from which the data were obtained.

Biomes are closely associated with climate. You can easily associate the climate of your own locality with the biome found there. Only by extensive travel, however, can the close relationship of particular climates with particular biomes be learned on a worldwide basis. This exercise is a poor substitute for such travel; but if it is carried out thoughtfully and with frequent reference to the description of biomes in the above website or your Geography 101 text, it can help you understand the biological relationships that make up the diversity of the biotic communities found on land.

Purpose:This exercise provides practice in associating climate (as expressed in monthly averages of precipitation and temperature) with biomes. You will also make predictions about the distribution of a biome via altitude and latitude.

Procedure:

1. First, you will see attached on the following pages a series of climographs. The last set of three climographs are blank. Next to each is a table with data. Fill in the climographs for each of the four blank graphs.

2. When finished, you will have 8 climographs, 7 of which represent the biomes found worldwide. One, is a mystery climograph…more on this later. We have also included a map showing the location of each of the cities used for the climographs. When you are done filling in the last three climographs, you can then proceed to the next set of instructions.

CLIMOGRAPHSBelow are a series of climographs. The blue bars represent precipitation (mm), the red lines represent temperature (0C). Review each of these and then fill in the last three on your own with the given data.

Tundra (Barrow, Alaska)

Taiga (Yakutsk, Russia)

Temperate Forest (Memphis, Tennessee)

Tropical Rainforest (Iquitos, Peru)

Middle latitude desert (Yuma, AZ)

350                        

20

300                        

15

250                        

10

Prec

ipit

atio

n (m

m)

200                         5

Tem

pera

ture

(0 C

)

150                         0

100                         -5

50                        

-10

0                        

-15

J F M A M J J A S O N DMonth

Grassland (Bismarck, North Dakota)

JanFeb Mar Apr

May Jun Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Avg. Precip (mm) 11.4 13

21.6

37.1

56.4

65.8

65.5

54.6

40.9

32.5

17.8

11.2

Avg. Temp (0C)

-12.1

-7.7 -1.3 6.3

13.3

18.2

21.3

20.6

14.3 7.3

-2.2

-9.3

350                        

20

300                        

15

250                        

10

Prec

ipit

atio

n (m

m)

200                         5

Tem

pera

ture

(0 C

)

150                         0

100                         -5

50                        

-10

0                        

-15

J F M A M J J A S O N DMonth

Mediterranean Scrub (San Francisco, CA)

Jan Feb

Mar Apr

May Jun Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Avg. Precip (mm)

113

101.9

82.8 30 9.7 2.8 0.8 1.8 5.1

26.4

63.2

73.4

Avg. Temp (0C)

9.7 11.3

12.2

13.4

14.8

16.3

17.1

17.6

17.7

16.1

12.6 9.7

350                        

20

300                        

15

250                        

10

Prec

ipit

atio

n (m

m)

200                         5

Tem

pera

ture

(0 C

)

150                         0

100                         -5

50                        

-10

0                        

-15

J F M A M J J A S O N DMonth

Mystery Biome

JanFeb

Mar Apr

May Jun Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Avg. Precip (mm)

75.7 79 61 16 6.1 2 0.8 3.6 6.6 9.1

28.7

45.5

Avg. Temp (0C)

13.9

14.4

14.6 16

17.3

19.1

20.7

21.5

21.2

19.4

16.4

14.2

Bismarck, ND

Memphis, TNSan Francisco, CA

Yuma, AZ

Barrow, AK

Yakutsk, Russia

©2007 Google – Map Data ©2007 Europa Technologies

Iquitos, Peru

Now, answer the following questions:

1. Which of the known biome climographs closely resembles San Francisco?

a. In what ways were they similar?

b. In what ways were they different?

c. Would you consider them to truly be the same biome? Explain?

d. During the thirty year period used for the figures in the San Francisco climograph there were four drought periods. How would this effect the appearance of the climograph?

2. How are the Tundra and Desert similar? Different? Explain why the are the same and different.

a. Similar

b. Different

3. How are the Tropical Rain and Tropical Deciduous Forests similar? different?

a. Similar

b. Different

4. San Francisco, CA and Nashville, TN occupy similar latitudes (San Francisco is slightly higher in latitude). Why is one found in chapparal (Mediterranean) biome and the other in a forest biome?

5. Which biome has the: a. most rainfallb. least rainfallc. the highest average temperatured. the lowest average temperaturee. most consistent year round temperaturef. most variable year round temperature

6. Take a guess as to what biome the mystery biome belongs to! Please explain why you think this is the case.

Part IIIPlant Adaptations and the Southern California Biome

Biomes are specialized ecosystems with climate, plant life, soil, and animals that make them unique. Some biomes have a great diversity of plants and animals where others have limited numbers of different species that can survive there.

Plants and animals have developed a variety of adaptations that allow for them to survive in a particular biome. Do some online research (or read your 101 text) and identify at least two plant adaptations for the biomes listed below.

Tundra

Taiga

Temperate Forest (including deciduous forests)

Tropical Forests

Grasslands

Desert

Chaparral (Mediterranean shrubland)

Self Guided Field Trip:

In Southern California, we live in the Chaparral (Mediterranean shrubland) biome. This biome is characterized by mid-year rainfall and a deficit of water in late summer and early fall. Unknown to many people living in Los Angeles is the fact that we live in one of the worlds most diverse biomes, particularly with regard to plants. In fact, coastal Southern California has been identified as one of the top biodiversity hotspots in the world. Biodiversity refers to the number of plant and animal species. As such, conservation is a big issue in this environment.

For this portion of your assignment, you will need to go to a local park that is still in its natural form (i.e., golf courses do not count). This is a real opportunity for you to observe the tremendous biodiversity where we live. There are several local parks you may visit, some of them are listed below. Spend about 20 minutes observing the plants and animals at this park then answer the following questions:

1. What park did you visit?

2. What adaptations to the climate can you observe in the local plants (please list at least three).

3. What do you think is the greatest environmental impact to this park?

4. Would the plants at this park survive well in a desert? Why or why not?

5. Choose one animal that lives in our biome, what adaptations allow for it to live here? Given the fast pace of development in Southern California, would you expect this animal to survive over the next 100 years? Why or why not?

6. Finally, how do you think global warming will impact the natural environment of Southern California?

Some Suggested Parks to Visit:You can look up other parks or download directions and trail maps to these parks by going to the following website: http://www.lamountains.com/index.asp

O’Melveny Park, 17300 Sesnon Blvd., Granada Hills Michael D. Antonovich Regional Park at Joughin Ranch, 16100

Browns Canyon Road, Chatsworth Tapo Canyon Regional Park, 4651 Tapo Canyon Road, Simi Valley