Geography (http://mrunal.org/category/geography) / 2 years Ago /66 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-timber-paper-pulp-fishing-industry-in-northern-hemisphere.html#comments)

1. Prologue

2. overview of factors

3. Types of industries

4. Timber Based industries

1. Factor: raw material

2. Factor: River

3. Factor: River direction

4. Lumbering on commercial scale: Canada

5. commercial lumbering: temperate vs tropics

6. Paper-Pulp Industry

5. Commercial fishing

1. (Europe+America) VS Asia

2. VS Southern Hemisphere

3. Norway

4. Japan

6. Mock Questions

Prologue

UPSC has included certain topics of World Geography in the new syllabus of general studies

(Mains) paper. So, let’s start with one of the less boring topic= the factors responsible for the

location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world

(including India)

In most geography related books (or webpages), the industrial location topic is finished

around a few paragraphs, citing a few clichéd examples of raw material, transport, market

and labor.  But given UPSC’s backbreaking move , such content is neither exhaustive nor

[Location Factors] Timber, Paper & Pulp Industry: why developed inNorthern Hemisphere High Latitudes?

English: SP Bakshi(http://www.flipkart.com/objective-general-

english-2012/p/itmdyuqqgafhtehp?pid=9788183480000&affid=mrunalrugm)

TM

Mrunal (http://mrunal.org/)

sufficient for the Mains level questions. Therefore, I’m compiling some wisdom scattered in

other books/sources viz.

Book chapters

Economic Geography by Truman Hartshorn 4-18

Human and Economic geography by Goh Cheng Leong 3-15

World Geography by SA Qazi 8- 16

Economic and Social geography by R.Knowles (aka Rupa made easy series) 13-15

Indian Geography by Majid Hussain 11

Old NCERT Geography class  11 2-10

ICSE Geography textbook Class 10 8-11

Total Seven articles on industrial location factors:

1. (the present article) Intro, forest, timber, paper-pulp and fishing industry

2. cotton, silk, wool, jute

3. sugar, dairy, Pigs

4. iron-steel, heavy engineering, major industrial regions of the world

5. non-ferrous, petroleum, natural gas, refineries, chemical industries, synthetic fibers

6. transport and labor

7. market, government policies

Disclaimer:

1. I claim no expertise in geography, these articles are mere compilation of some wisdom

and (a few) examples given in those books. Lot of minor places and countries have been

ignored. I haven’t bothered to dig internet much for doing ‘full coverage’ or finding who is

the largest producer as per latest data. It is your job to fill up the details as and where you

feel necessary. And Try to dig examples from your own state- that way it helps even

during UPSC interviews or State PSC exams.

2. Certain topics need to be separately prepared for other parts of syllabus hence, I haven’t

put them here. For example

a. Wheat, rice, tea, groundnut etc. in India. Because they need to be prepared for agro

topic under paper 3.

b. Mica, manganese and variety of minerals because they need to be prepared for

“Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the

Indian sub-continent)” for paper 1.

c. Elaborate coverage not done on Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. for India

because of paper 3.

overview of factors

We’ll examine these factors in detail for each industry, but here is some food for thought:

There are three places you can setup an industry

1. near raw material site

2. near market

3. In between ^them two: depending on transport, energy and labour convenience.

Nature ofraw material

Bauxite=>alumina; Copper ore=>blister copper; Sugarcane=raw sugar.Weight loss is significant, during above processes. So, where should wesetup these factories?

energyDespite having no significant bauxite reserves, Canada and Norway havealuminum refineries, why?

transport

Why is Switzerland famous for wristwatches but not bulldozers?Why doport cities have lot of industries surrounding them?Inland water transporthelped in the development of Great lakes-Pittsburg industrial area in US.Then on the same logic, why is Africa underdeveloped despite having somany rivers?

laborSierra Leone is famous for rough diamonds but not for jewelry, why?Largest assembly for iPhone is in China and not in US, why?

marketdemand

Australia is a major supplier of wool but not major supplier of finishedwoolen garments, why?

Governmentpolicy

Pharmaceutical industries that once had shifted from Gujarat/Maharashtratowards Hill states, are now returning back to the original states, why?

CapitalEven after local coal-iron resources are depleted, the steel and heavyengineering industry doesn’t frequently shift its location, why?

How does Canadian winter help in commercial exploitation of timber?

Physicalgeography

Fishing industry more developed in Northern Hemisphere than in SouthernHemisphere, why?How can the dairy products of New Zealand compete inAmerican / Europeans market despite additional transport cost?

Other factors: entrepreneurship, availability of technology, location of competing firms etc.

Each factor has different level of attractiveness for individual industry.

types of industries

PrimaryThey use natural raw material: Hunting-gathering, pastoral activities,fishing, forestry, agriculture, mining and quarrying

Secondary

They make complex products using the material obtained from primaryindustry.

wooden pulp=> rayon

Steel=> automobiles, railway engines

aluminum, copper=> electronics

fibers=> readymade garments

Secondary Industry can be sub classified into

1. Heavy Industries= engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals,

shipbuilding, locomotives

2. Light industries= electronics, plastic, textile, cosmetic etc.

Tertiary

it is not a branch of manufacturing but it sells the product of primaryand secondary industries via transport, wholesale, retailing + providesservices such as:tourism, education, entertainment, advertisements,consultancy, Administration, healthcare etc.Note: for detailedclassification of service sector industries, refer to Page 56 of NCERTClass 12: Fundamentals of Human geography.

Timber Based industries

What are the geographical factors affecting location of this industry?

Factor: raw material

When this wooden logs are processed in the sawmill, significant weight loss occurs. Barely

40% is used and rest discarded as waste.

Therefore most pulp mill and saw-mills are located near the jungles to reduce the cost of

transporting waste matter.

Factor: River

Even in jungles, they’re located near rivers and streams because Logs=bulky and awkward

to transport. Rivers provide cheap and convenient mode of transport. E.g. Myanmar, the

teak logs are floated down the Irrawadi river upto Yangon and then exported.

The paper/pulp mills require clean water free from chemical/pollutants. This is one the

reason why they were setup in forest locations away from polluted rivers.

Factor: River direction

towards market away from market

Southern Canada, Sweden,

Finland, HimalayasUS West Coast, Siberia

rivers flow in general direction

of final market=keeps

production, transport cost low

Rivers flow in the opposite direction from market

areas=higher transport cost.

+ in Russia, rivers remain frozen in winter and

create flood like problems in springtime=makes

difficult to exploit Siberian forest.

Lumbering on commercial scale: Canada

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9350524637/)

In Canada, lumbering is a large-scale organized activity because of following reasons

Rawmaterial

softwood= easy to chop

In coniferous forest, trees of same species are concentrated in one

particular area = mass exploitation easier compared to tropical areas.

Transport

During winter, the Jungle surface is covered with snow= slippery

surface= easier to move logs to rivers.

the forests are comparatively less dense than in tropical areas= easy

to access. Areas connected by railroads

Labour

The winter season in Canada is long = agricultural activities are

limited.

Farmers have plenty of leisure time and there is no work in the field

during winter

During winter, they migrate to northern (coniferous) forests along

with their families => Easy availability of lumberjacks.

Lumbering is highly mechanized with the help of chainsaws,

bulldozers etc = low population-density doesn’t create much problem.

MarketThese forests are close to economically developed regions, where

demand for wood is higher e.g. USA for newsprint paper.

Commercial lumbering: temperate vs tropics

Difference between

temperate: opportunities tropical: challenges

trees of same species concentrated in aparticular area=easy to exploit oncommercial scale

In tropical areas some tree-species are

extremely valuable, but they are scattered

This heterogeneous supply of timber= cost

of gathering is high.

frozen ground helps transporting

logs from jungle/hills up to rivers.

Valuable trees are scattered throughout

jungle, you need some land transport before

logs reach the rivers. But road construction

is difficult due to rain, dense vegetation.

softwood = easy to float down the

river streams

In Amazon and Zaire Basin, some trees are

so heavy, it is difficult to float logs=high

extraction cost

major industrial/urban areas are

near=market

Settlement is sparse, economies are non-

industrialized, away from demand areas (e.g

Africa).

(Exception) Malaysian timber= finds ready-

made market in Japan and Australia.

replantion programs, silviculture,

strict government regulation on

lumbering= jungles regenerate =

lumbering is continuous economic

acivity.

Lax regulations, slash-n-burn type

agriculture, jungles are permanently

destroyed. (+people like Veerppan given

political patronage)

Paper-Pulp Industry

Canada is one of the largest newsprint producer of the world.

Its Québec and Ontario provinces= largest concentration of paper-pulp industries, Why?

Geographical factors affecting location of Paper industry

Rawmaterial

Forest area is large enough to supply timber on a constant basis.

Transport Ideal location for mill= riverside. It minimizes transportation problems.

Energy

one ton of newsprint may require 2000 kW hours of electricity

Canada has mountainous terrain + fast flowing rivers= Cheap hydroelectric

Power available.

Labour

Paper and pulp mills are highly mechanized and require little manpower.

(again cheap hydroelectricity helps running the machines)

they can be located in remote regions with an without experiencing labor

shortage

MarketUSA has highest paper consumption in the world, provides a ready-made

market for the paper pulp industry of Canada.

Britain

Rawmaterial

Its timber output is negligible but still a major paper-producer thanks to pulp-imports from Sweden and Canada..

Transport

Mills located @coastal areas, to process imported material (=less transport

cost) Example Mill near Thames estuary, Manchester Ship canal.

(In later articles, we’ll see that Manchester canal was developed to turn

Manchester into a port for textile business but then Manchester textile

industry declined due to competition from Cheaper Asian garments.).

Norway, Sweden, Finland

Factors more or less the same:

1. cheap hydro electrical power,

2. mechanized operations to make do for lack of laborers,

3. Rivers flow towards ports=easy for transport.

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9350524913/)

South East Asia

Malaysia,Philippines

Forests found on islands/peninsulas @no point very distance from sea,Hence can be extracted easily.hardwood much in demand by Australia andJapan

Myanmar,Thailand

Best wood found inland, has to be transported through rivers towards

coast.

India: Timber industry

Notable locations

near rawmaterial

Dependent on bamboo, softwood. E.g. South Gujarat, Odisha, MP

nearmarket

Kolkata: raw material brought from North Eastern States, cheap labor,

coal, water available.

Lucknow: Depend on bagasse (from sugarmills), rags, wheat bran. Sabai

grass brought from Terrai region.

In the next article, we’ll see the location factors affecting fishing industry Click me

(http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-commercial-fishing-industry-america-

europe-norway-japan.html) and then simutelnously mock question related to both industries.

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14-Sep: AIIMS Jodhpur (http://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/index.php?vr=facultyrecruitment)

10-Sep: Delhi Pharma (http://dipsar.ac.in/news/2015082714463385.pdf)

09-Sep: NIPER A'bad (www.nipergn.ac.in/announcements.htm)

Uniform

29-Sep: Jharkhand Constable (http://www.jssc.in/)

24-Sep: Bihar Prison Warden (http://csbc.bih.nic.in/)

18-Sep: Bihar Police (Female) (http://csbc.bih.nic.in/)

10-Sep: ITBP (http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/index.html)

B.Com,CA,HR,MBA

11-Sep: UPSSSC Account (http://upsssc.gov.in/)

Specialists

20-Oct: Bihar Agro (http://bausabour.ac.in/Job_Vacancy.aspx)

15-Oct: HAL (PWD) (http://www.hal-india.com/)

12-Oct: Uttarakhand infra (http://www.usidcl.gov.in/)

10-Oct: Chemical Tech

(http://www.iictindia.org/(S(gdo40xz1ox3kbw55wdg0lsam))/default.aspx)

01-Oct: NIT Surathkal (http://www.nitk.ac.in/news-announcments-tenders/special-

recruitment-drive-persons-disabilitypwd)

30-Sep: KGMU Lucknow (http://kgmu.org/job-opportunities.php)

30-Sep: PHYSICAL LAB (http://nplindia.org/careers)

30-Sep: BHU Varanasi (http://www.bhu.ac.in/racbhu/)

30-Sep: Central Railway PWD (http://www.rrccr.com/Modules/Home/Home.aspx)

30-Sep: Pt. Ravishankar Univ. (http://www.prsu.ac.in:8010/Univ_Req.aspx)

28-Sep: FCI Aravali Gypsum (http://fagmil.nic.in/index.php/en/services/careers)

28-Sep: NCR Railways Sports (http://14.102.4.99/rrc/Default.aspx)

27-Sep: Engineers India (http://recruitment.eil.co.in/)

25-Sep: SAIL (http://182.18.164.62/ISSCoV15/frmJobDetailsS1V4.aspx)

25-Sep: Guru Gobind univ. (http://ipu.ac.in/establish/advrecruitment/advteach060511.pdf)

24-Sep: ISRO Driver (http://isro.gov.in/recruitment-of-light-vehicle-drivers-lvd-heavy-

vehicle-drivers-hvd-and-staff-car-drivers-scd)

23-Sep: BEML Ltd (http://bemlindia.com/Job_KP_S_03_2015.php)

22-Sep: SCTIMST Kerala

(http://www.sctimst.ac.in/Recruitment/Online%20Recruitment%20-%20SSSC/)

21-Sep: RITES ltd (http://rites.com/vacancy/)

21-Sep: SSC Eastern Regional (http://www.sscer.org)

21-Sep: National Projects (http://www.npcc.gov.in/writereaddata/others/GMF.pdf)

21-Sep: MP HC Stenographer (http://www.mponline.gov.in/portal/)

20-Sep: National Mental Health (http://nimhans.ac.in/nimhans-invites-applications-

following-vacant-posts)

20-Sep: Company Secy. Inst. (http://www.icsi.edu/career/)

18-Sep: TNPL Trichy plant (http://www.tnpl.com/Careers.aspx)

18-Sep: NIRD&PR Hyderabad (http://nird.org.in/jobvacancy.aspx)

17-Sep: Bharat Petroleum (http://bpclcareers.com/careers-bpcl.aspx)

17-Sep: GAIL India (http://www.gailonline.com/final_site/current_opening.html)

16-Sep: NTPC-SAIL Power (http://jobapply.in/nspcl/)

15-Sep: HMT (http://www.hmtindia.com/pdf/MBX_ER_25082015.pdf)

15-Sep: BPS Women's Medical (http://bpsgmckhanpur.ac.in/recruitment.aspx)

15-Sep: HPCL (http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/careeropportunities)

14-Sep: Bharat Coal (http://205.147.110.48/BCCL08/View/Index.aspx)

11-Sep: Mangalore Refinery (http://mrpl.co.in/careers)

11-Sep: EESL (http://www.eeslindia.org/User_Panel/CareersView.aspx)

11-Sep: Kerala Electronics (http://swg.keltron.org/Resume/index.php)

11-Sep: RSRTC (http://rsrtc.rajasthan.gov.in/index.php/recruitment)

11-Sep: Central Electrical (http://www.cecri.res.in/jobs/advt.htm)

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1. Online Form Part-I stops few days before deadline, so don't wait till last date. Dont

forget reg.id & roll no.Note'em in Google Drive (https://www.google.com/drive/)

2. I usually update vacancies every Monday.Purple link= newly added,Blue= existing.Last

updated Sept 07, at 9:21 PM

10-Sep: UPSC (http://upsc.gov.in/recruitment/advt/2015/Advt.11-2015.pdf)

09-Sep: Chhattisgarh PSC (http://psc.cg.gov.in/htm/OA_SO2015.html)

09-Sep: SAIL Medical (http://182.18.162.54/basailv15/frmjobdetailss1v3.aspx)

09-Sep: NIPER A'bad (www.nipergn.ac.in/announcements.htm)

08-Sep: National Seeds (http://indiaseeds.com/current-career.html)

08-Sep: National Electronics (http://www.nielit.gov.in/recruitments.aspx)

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