GeographyGeographyEarth To write

The study of where and The study of where and why human activities are why human activities are located where they are located where they are

(i.e. religions, (i.e. religions, businesses, and cities)businesses, and cities)

The study of where and The study of where and why natural forces occur why natural forces occur as they do (i.e. climates, as they do (i.e. climates, landforms, and types of landforms, and types of

vegetation)vegetation)

Human Human GeographyGeography

Physical Physical GeographyGeography

•Map-Map- 2 dimensional or flat scale model of the 2 dimensional or flat scale model of the Earth’s surface or a portion of itEarth’s surface or a portion of it

•Place-Place- specific point on Earth distinguished by a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristicparticular characteristic

•Region-Region- area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical featurescombination of cultural and physical features

•Scale-Scale- relationship between the portion of Earth relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a wholebeing studied and the Earth as a whole

•Space-Space- the gap between 2 objects the gap between 2 objects

•Connections-Connections- relationships between people and relationships between people and spacespace

A map could be drawn on the back of a A map could be drawn on the back of a cocktail napkin, computer-generated, or cocktail napkin, computer-generated, or a work of arta work of art

•A map helps us to find the shortest route between two places and to avoid getting lost along the way•Where something is in relation to another place•Ex. atlas or road map

•A map can depict the distribution of human activities or physical features and why they are distributed that way

PtolemyPtolemy: wrote Guide to Geography; first to codify the basic principles of mapmaking

EratostheneEratostheness: first to record

the use of the word geography

AristotleAristotle: first to say earth was spherical

Scale refers to the relationship of a Scale refers to the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth. size on earth.

It is represented in three ways:It is represented in three ways:A ratio or fractionA ratio or fractionA written scaleA written scaleA graphic scaleA graphic scale

A ratio or fraction:This shows the numerical ratio between

distances on the map and Earth’s surface.1:24,000 or 1/24,000 means that 1 unit

(usually an inch) on the map represents 24,000 of the same unit on the ground.

This is also called the RF scale or representative fraction.

Topographic map showing RF scale

A written (verbal) scale:Describes the relation between map and

Earth distances in words. 1 inch equals 1 mile

A graphic scale:Usually a bar line marked to show

distance on Earth’s surface.

Map projection:Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map.

Different projections show distortion in:ShapeDistanceRelative sizeDirection

Pakistan Map of Kashmir

India Map of Kashmir

Types of maps Page IX - X in atlas

Internet use 1996, 2001, 2007, 2015

Maps helps us visualize info

1. Robinson Projection

Pro: Useful in displaying information across oceans along longitude lines

Con: Shows a larger proportion of water to land than actuality

2. Mercator Projection Pro: works for

navigation around the Equator

Con: area is extremely distorted towards the poles

3. Equal Area Projections

Azimuthal and Goode’s Interrupted HomolosinePro: Very little distortion to landmassesCon: Discontinuities in oceanic regions

Types of Maps

Physical maps show elevation, mountains, rivers, deserts etc…

Types of MapsPolitical maps show countries, cities, capitals, counties.

Special purpose mapsMaps designed for a special purpose. Highway maps, population maps, etc…

Maps have four properties. When you take a round globe and “flatten” it, one or more of these properties will be “distorted.”

The properties of maps include:

scale

distance

area

direction

4. Choropleth maps

•Applies distinctive colors to represent different quantities or densities

•Typically on a map of a formal region (political)

5. Dot distribution/Dot Density map

Shows distribution using a concentration of dots

Each dot represents the same quantity

Used for population density

6. Isopleth of Isoline maps •Used to portray

quantities that vary smoothly over a given area

•Joins locations with the same value

•Used for climate variables

7. Proportional symbol map

•Portrays numerical quantities

•Symbols are drawn proportional to the value at that location

8. Cartogram

Deliberately distort map shapes to achieve special effects

Mercator Projection

Robinson Projection

Equal-Area Projection

Azimuthal-Polar

MAP PROJECTIONS3. Draw in these shapes/projections

in your notes… and answer the 3 questions for EACH projection

A. What is distorted?B. What is the map used for?C. How can you recognize this map?

NameName

Name Name

U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785-divided the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land in the West

•Township- square composed of 6 miles/side

•Principle meridians- north-south lines separating townships

•Base lines- east- west lines separating townships

•Section- township is divided into 36 of these, 1 mi by 1 mi

•Quarter-section- .5 mi by .5 mi or 160 acres, considered a homestead to pioneers

• Imaginary lines that run east to west around the globe

• Measure degrees north and south of the Equator

• The Equator is at 0 degrees

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/longlat.html

The imaginary line at 0° latitude, or at 0° on an X Axis

http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/newart/locator/meridian.htm

The steps of a ladder- ladder sounds like latitude- make the latitude lines.

Each degree of latitude and longitude is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute divided into 60 seconds

• Imaginary lines that run from the north pole to the south pole

• Measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian

• The Prime Meridian is at 0° Longitude, or at 0° on a Y Axis

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/longlat.html

The imaginary line at 0° longitude

http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/newart/locator/meridian.htm

If you stretch your body out as LONG as you can make it- this is a longitude line…

Always calculate Latitude FirstNorth and South of the Equator

Then calculate LongitudeEast and West of the Prime Meridian

If you know the latitude and longitude of a place, put one finger on the line of latitude and another on the line of longitude. Bring your fingers together until they meet.

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/longlat.html

Equator

Prime Meridian

North West North East

South East South West

USING AN ATLAS OR TEXTBOOK LOCATE THE COORDINATES AND WRITE DONE THE NAME OF THE CITY.

35 N, 140 E