GEOG 352: Final Exam Review

Housekeeping Items• I will hand back the last of the presentation

evaluation sheets.• I have a survey asking for your opinions on the

course. It also has a self-evaluation section to fill out. Please fill out both parts. That will help guide me with the participation part of your mark.• We may hear from Mohammed and Kala today.• We will do the review for the final today. Everyone

knows where and when it is, right?• It will be comprised of short answers and essays,

and possibly some multiple choice/ T-F, which will be differentially weighted. You will have a choice in most categories, so don’t answer more than you have to!

Housekeeping Items• The answers – especially on the essay questions –

will be evaluated based on how thoroughly you answer the questions (I will indicate minimum lengths), on how coherently and well-structured your answers are, the originality of your analysis where that is called for and, to a much less degree, on the quality and legibility of your hand-writing.• You will be asked to write on both sides of the paper

of the exam booklets.

Do better than this!

Exam Review• What are some examples of defensive expenditures?• List four things that are counted as part of Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) that should be subtracted in order make it a more accurate measure of social well-being.

• What are some alternatives to GDP, where do they come from, and how do they work?

• Are we self-interested rationalists seeking maximum utility?• Briefly describe three core human needs that, in your view,

cut across cultures.• Give an example of a “satisfier” – a way of fulfilling a human

need – that may do more harm than good. Bonus points if you define the difference between needs and satisfiers, or needs and wants.

• What does the enclosure of the commons refer to?

Exam Review• What two criteria define the informal economy? Give

examples.• What is community economic development, and what are

a couple of examples?• What is economic democracy and what are examples?• What are examples of an alternative ownership

structures?• What is the social or solidarity economy?• What are examples of change agents?• What are some ways to achieve a more equal distribution

of wealth, how would you go about it?• What is the whole economy and what are its sectors

(name at least three) with examples?

The ‘Whole Economy’

• Typically we think of the economy in fairly narrow terms – big business (i.e. corporations), some small businesses, and a modest (and somewhat declining) role for government. Ross and Usher’s model, first introduced in 1986, is far more nuanced.• It consists of: ·big business ·the public sector

·small business ·collectives and cooperatives ·community enterprises ·voluntary activity ·barter and skills exchanges (one could probably add here community currencies) ·mutual aid and ·household activity.

The ‘Whole Economy’

• They also offer a matrix for classifying the economy. First they divide it into big and small, and then into having a commercial purpose vs. a social purpose. The small and social aspects of the economy tend to be more on the informal side vs. formal side of the economy.• What would be examples of:• Large and commercially-oriented organizations?• Small and commercially-oriented organizations?• Large organizations with a substantially social

purpose?• Small organizations with a social purpose?

Exam Review• There are many economic alternatives developing

throughout the world. Some have compared them to people “building the new world in the vacant lots of the old.” However, we are still ruled by the old mega-structures. Are there ways of building a new economic order?• Given all the conflicting trends brought on by globalism

and neo-liberalism, how are these likely to play out in the next 10-20 years? What are the dangers and opportunities?• How do we provoke a process of cultural transformation

so that people in the developed world are no longer satisfied with status quo values and lifestyles?• What is the source of our disconnect from nature?

A Possible Program for Change…