geog 2007a an introduction to geographic information systemsfall, 2004 c. earl geographic...
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C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
Geographic Information- what is it?Geographic Information- what is it?
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
Geographic Information:Geographic Information:
• location - where something is
• attribute - what is at a place
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
location - where something is
• geographical co-ordinates
• standard rectangular co-ordinates (UTM or MTM)
• street addresses
• postal codes
• census areas
• landmarks
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
• where are particular features found?
• where have changes occurred over a given time period?
• where do certain conditions apply?
After Heywood et al. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems (2002)
location - where something is
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
• soil type
• language
• elevation
• temperature
• average income
attribute - what is at a place
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
• what features are found at particular locations?
• what are their characteristics - qualities or magnitudes?
• what geographical patterns exist?
attribute - what is at a place
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems
A Geographic Information System is a special purpose Information System where the information is geographic information: what (attribute) is where (location) on the Earth’s surface.
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
Components of a GIS
A GIS is a set of tools:
1. a database
2. co-ordinate or map data
3. a functional linking of 1. and 2.
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
GIS functionality consists of tools such as:
• display
• edit/transform
• measure
• combine and sets of operations such as:
• query and analysis
• building of models/maps
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
Activity Application
Socio-economic/ Healthgovernment Local government
Transportation planningService planningUrban management
Defence agencies Target site identification
Commerce Market share analysisand business Retail site location
Utilities Network managementService provision
Environmental Landfill site selectionmanagement Pollution monitoring
Natural hazard assessment
Resource managementEnvironmental impact
assessment
Application areas for GIS Heywood et al. Table 1.1
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
Example:
soil erosion analysis
Problem:
1. farmers need to know where their land is vulnerable to erosion so that they can use effective conservation measures and
2. government agencies need information to administer grants and subsidies and to set aside vulnerable land for the protection of the environment
C. Earl
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004
sample data needed:
• drainage
• wetlands
• soils
• elevation
• slope
• land cover
• land ownership
• zoning
• agricultural operations
these variables are the factors in soil erosion and can be combined using a GIS for analysis