geog 2007a an introduction to geographic information systemsfall, 2004 c. earl geographic...

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C. Earl GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Systems Fall, 2004 Fall, 2004 Geographic Information- what is it?

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Page 1: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

Geographic Information- what is it?Geographic Information- what is it?

Page 2: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

Geographic Information:Geographic Information:

• location - where something is

• attribute - what is at a place

Page 3: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

location - where something is

• geographical co-ordinates

• standard rectangular co-ordinates (UTM or MTM)

• street addresses

• postal codes

• census areas

• landmarks

Page 4: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

• where are particular features found?

• where have changes occurred over a given time period?

• where do certain conditions apply?

After Heywood et al. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems (2002)

location - where something is

Page 5: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

• soil type

• language

• elevation

• temperature

• average income

attribute - what is at a place

Page 6: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

• what features are found at particular locations?

• what are their characteristics - qualities or magnitudes?

• what geographical patterns exist?

attribute - what is at a place

Page 7: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems

A Geographic Information System is a special purpose Information System where the information is geographic information: what (attribute) is where (location) on the Earth’s surface.

Page 8: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

Components of a GIS

A GIS is a set of tools:

1. a database

2. co-ordinate or map data

3. a functional linking of 1. and 2.

Page 9: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

GIS functionality consists of tools such as:

• display

• edit/transform

• measure

• combine and sets of operations such as:

• query and analysis

• building of models/maps

Page 10: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

Activity Application

Socio-economic/ Healthgovernment Local government

Transportation planningService planningUrban management

Defence agencies Target site identification

Commerce Market share analysisand business Retail site location

Utilities Network managementService provision

Environmental Landfill site selectionmanagement Pollution monitoring

Natural hazard assessment

Resource managementEnvironmental impact

assessment

Application areas for GIS Heywood et al. Table 1.1

Page 11: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

Example:

soil erosion analysis

Problem:

1. farmers need to know where their land is vulnerable to erosion so that they can use effective conservation measures and

2. government agencies need information to administer grants and subsidies and to set aside vulnerable land for the protection of the environment

Page 12: GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl Geographic Information- what is it?

C. Earl

GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsGEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Fall, 2004Fall, 2004

sample data needed:

• drainage

• wetlands

• soils

• elevation

• slope

• land cover

• land ownership

• zoning

• agricultural operations

these variables are the factors in soil erosion and can be combined using a GIS for analysis