geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting …
TRANSCRIPT
GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROGENESIS AND TECTONIC
SETTING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE HARTVILLE
UPLIFT, EASTERN WYOMING
A thesis
presented to
the Faculty of the Graduate School
at the University of Missouri-Columbia
In partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
by
ANTONIO MANJÓN-CABEZA CÓRDOBA
Dr. Peter I. Nabelek, Thesis Supervisor
MAY 2016
The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the
thesis entitled
GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROGENESIS AND TECTONIC SETTING OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS OF THE HARTVILLE UPLIFT, EASTERN WYOMING
presented by Antonio Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba ,
a candidate for the degree of master of science,
and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance.
Professor Peter I. Nabelek
Professor Robert L. Bauer
Professor Mike D. Glascock
To those long video calls…
‘Así como don Quijote entró por aquellas montañas se le alegró el corazón, pareciéndole
aquellos lugares acomodados para las aventuras que buscaba.’
‘As Don Quixote entered between those mountains his heart was filled with happiness,
for he thought those places were suited for the adventures he was seeking.’
Don Quijote de la Mancha I, chapter 23.
- Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra -
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the people that made this work possible. First, my advisor,
Peter I. Nabelek, without whose assistance, teachings and comments I could not have
finished this Master’s thesis, and also for his patience and guidance in the field. The work
of Carol Nabelek with the ICP-OES (department of geosciences, University of Missouri)
and James Guthrie with the ICP-MS (University of Missouri, Research Reactor) where
crucial for the obtainment of the data and their contribution should not go unadvertised.
Last, thanks to Eric S. Nowariak, who not only did help with the preparation of the dilutions
for the analyses, but also spent valuable time with me in the field, in long discussions and
also as a friend.
I also would like to thank the Fulbright Comission of Spain, and the ‘fundación
REPSOL’ (REPSOL Foundation) of REPSOL S.A. for their finantial support. Without
their confidence and help, my studies at the University of Missouri that resulted in this
thesis would not have been possible.
Last, but not least, thanks to the kind landowners that allowed us to work on their
lands and that very kindly informed and assisted us.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………
ii
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………..
iv
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….
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Section
1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………
1
2. GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT ……………………………………………….
The Wyoming Province …………………………………………………..
The Cheyenne Belt ………………………………………………………..
The Trans-Hudson, Black Hills and Dakotan Orogens ………………..
The Hartville Uplift ………………………………………………………
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6
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3. IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE HARTVILLE UPLIFT …………………….
Mafic Rocks ……………………………………………………………….
Granitoids …………………………………………………………………
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12
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4. ANALYTICAL METHODS ………………………………………………
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5. RESULTS ………………………………………………………………….
Mafic Rocks ……………………………………………………………….
Granitoids …………………………………………………………………
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6. DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………..
Mafic Rocks ……………………………………………………………….
Granitoids …………………………………………………………………
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND TECTONIC HISTORY ………………………….
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APPENDIX
1. COMPLETE TABLES OF THE ANALYTICAL RESULTS AND
LOCATIONS ……………………………………………………………...
47
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………. 55
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Regional Map showing the study area (Figures 2a and 2b) relative to other
Laramide Uplifts that expose Precambrian rocks
3
2. Map of the Hartville Uplift
a) Map of the southern part of the Hartville Uplift
b) Map of the northern part of the Hartville Uplift
4
5
3. Photographs of the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt
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4. Photographs of the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt
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5. Photographs of the metadiabase dikes.
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6. Photographs of the Rawhide Buttes granite
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7. Hand samples of the Twin Hills diorite showing stratification
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8. Photographs of the Twin Hills diorite
25
9. Major elements vs. Mg# diagrams for the three basaltic suites
31
10. REE patterns for the three basaltic suites
32
11. Chondrite-normalized ‘Spider’ diagrams for the three mafic suites
32
12. Harker Diagrams for the granitoids of the Hartville Uplift
35
13. REE patterns for the granitoids and metapelites of the Hartville Uplift
36
14. Chondrite-normalized ‘Spider’ diagrams for the granitoids and
metapelites of the Hartville Uplift
37
15. Total Alkalis vs. Silica (TAS) diagram
38
16. Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram
40
17. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for the mafic suites
41
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ABSTRACT
The location of the eastern margin of the Wyoming Archaean Province and its
Proterozoic evolution are still debated. Previous studies have attributed north-south and
east-west directed structures to the Proterozoic Black Hills and Central Plains orogenies,
respectively, but the tectonic details of these orogenies are unclear. I have studied
igneous rocks in the Laramide-age Hartville Uplift (HU), which exposed Precambrian
rocks. At least part of the NNE-trending HU is bisected along its length by the Hartville
Fault (HF) that juxtaposes high-grade metamorphic rocks on its eastern side against
lower-grade metamorphic rocks on its western side. The objective is to use the
geochemical features of the igneous rocks to infer the tectonic settings in which they
formed.
The oldest dated magmatic rocks are 2.6 Ga Archaean Rawhide Buttes and
Flattop Butte granites (SiO2 > 67 wt%; K2O /Na2O wt% > 1; ASI > 1.05). They crop out
only in the northern part of the HU and appear to be of crustal origin. The next magmatic
episodes involved basaltic volcanism. They are represented by the Mother Featherlegs
metabasalt on the eastern side of the HF and the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt on the
western side. Compositions of these basalts are attributed to rifting and a mantle plume,
respetively. The ages of the metabasalts are unknown, thus it is not certain if they are
coeval. However, they may correspond to the ~2 Ga Kennedy dike swarm in the Laramie
Range and amphibolites in the Black Hills that show similar extension and plume-related
chemical characteristics.
In the southern HU, Proterozoic, 1.74 Ga Twin Hills diorite and Haystack Range
granite crop out on the eastern side of the HF. The latter appears to be younger as its
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dikes cut the diorite. SiO2 of ~55 wt % and K2O /Na2O ratios of < 1 suggest a
lithospheric mantle origin for the Twin Hills diorite, whereas SiO2 >69 wt %, K2O/Na2O
> 1, and peraluminous composition indicate a crustal origin for the Haystack Range
granite, specifically melting of schist that occur in the HU.
I suggest that the Archaean granitoids may be related to accretion along the Oregon
Trail Structure in southern Wyoming. The region has subsequently undergone rifting, as
shown by the basalt suites, possibly related to the breakup of the proto-continent
Kenorland. The Twin Hills diorite and the Haystack Range granite appear to be related to
westward subduction and collision (respectively) during the Black Hills-Dakotan
collisional orogeny. Enigmatic migmatitic, tonalitic pods with an age of 1.715 Ga mark the
latest deformation event that is attributed to the terminal collision of Wyoming and
Superior cratonic provinces.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Archean core of the North American continent, Laurentia, was constructed by an
amalgamation of small cratons between 2.0 and 1.7 Ga (Hoffman, 1988; Whitmeyer and
Karlstrom, 2007). The Wyoming Province has been interpreted as one of these
independent Archean cratons (Chamberlain et al., 2003; Mueller and Frost, 2006). On its
eastern margin, the Wyoming Province is bordered by the Black Hills-Dakoran Orogens,
which resulted from the collision of the Wyoming Province with the Superior Province.
In addition, Proterozoic arcs were accreted to the southern margin of the Wyoming
Province along the Central-Plains Orogen to form the Yavapai Province (Hoffman,
1988).
Despite general agreement on broad aspects of the role of the Wyoming Province in
the construction of Laurentia, the scarcity of Archean and Proterozoic outcrops precludes
precise field data to unravel the Precambrian geologic history of the southernmost
Laurentia. The southern border of the Wyoming Province (Figure 1) is marked by the
Cheyenne Belt (Karlstrom and Houston, 1984), a structural lineament attributed to the
Medicine Bow Orogeny ca. 1.78 Ga (Chamberlain, 1998). The influence of the orogeny
on the development of the Wyoming Province is still debated, as evidenced by the
number of models proposed (Karlstrom and Houston, 1984; Chamberlain, 1998; Patel et
al., 1999; Resor and Snoke, 2005; Jones et al., 2010). To the east, the limit of the
Wyoming province remains unresolved (Chamberlain et al., 2003; Sims et al., 2001;
Worthington et al., 2016). Complex deformation associated with the Wyoming-Superior
collision, together with multiple distinct ages in the Black Hills, South Dakota, have
resulted in the differentiation of two events affecting the eastern Wyoming province: (1)
2
the Black Hills orogen, corresponding to initiation of metamorphism ca. 1.76 Ga
(Goldich et al., 1966; Dahl and Frei, 1998) and (2) the Dakotan orogen, corresponding to
felsic magmatism ca. 1.72 Ga (Krugh, 1997; Chamberlain et al., 2002). Nabelek et al.
(1999, 2001) proposed that the metamorphism and magmatism were the products of a
single, protracted collisional event.
To unravel the tectonic regimes associated with construction of Laurentia along the
eastern margin of the Wyoming Province, this work presents a major and trace element
geochemical study of the Precambrian igneous rocks of the Hartville Uplift (Figure 2), a
Laramide uplift (ca. 70 - 35 Ma) that lays near the eastern limit of the Wyoming Province
(Sims et al., 2001), and presumably in a zone that was influenced by the Medicine Bow
orogeny and the Black Hills-Dakotan orogeny.
The main objectives of this work are: (1) to describe the geochemistry of the igneous
mafic and felsic rocks of the Hartville Uplift, (2) to place these rocks within tectonic
regimes in which they were generated, (3) to find relationships between these rocks and
those in other uplifts, including the Laramie Mountains and the Black Hills, and (4) to
develop a tectonic model that can explain the igneous rocks within the context of
previously published work.
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Figure 1. Regional Map showing the Study area (Figures 2a and 2b) relative to other
Laramide Uplifts that expose Precambrian rocks. After Chamberlain et al. (2003),
Karlstrom and Houston (1984). OTS = Oregon Trail Structure. BH-D O = Black Hills -
Dakotan Orogen.
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Figure 2: Map of the Hartville Uplift. a) Map of the southern part of the Hartville Uplift.
After Sims and Day (1999).
5
Figure 2. b) Map of the northern part of the Hartville Uplift. Symbols as in Figure 2a.
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2. GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
The Wyoming Province
The Wyoming Province is one of the Archean cratonic terranes that were accreted
during the Paleoproterozoic era to form Laurentia (Hoffman, 1988; Whitmeyer and
Karlstrom, 2007). Detrital zircon U-Pb ages as old as 3.96 Ga (Mueller et al., 1992)
evidence the antiquity of this province. The study of the geologic history of the Wyoming
Province is complicated by scarcity of outcrops. The existing rock exposures generally
consist of Archean granites and gneisses as old as 3.5 Ga (Mueller et al., 2006) that are
overlain by supracrustal Archean to Proterozoic rocks (see Chamberlain et al., 2003;
Houston, 1993 for a review). Chamberlain et al. (2003) distinguished at least four domains,
which get younger toward the southeast. The domain boundaries are thought to represent
a series of arc accretion. These domains are distinguished by a series of geochronologically
distinct, high-strain lineaments. The most prominent of these lineaments is the Oregon
Trail Structure (Figure 1; Chamberlain et al., 2003). These linear structures are thought to
have played a key role in the localization of the Mesozoic Laramide deformation and uplift.
Only along the southern margin is the limit of the Wyoming Province well defined.
Here the border consist of the Cheyenne Belt (Karlstrom and Houston, 1984). The location
of the eastern margin and its Proterozoic evolution remains unsolved. Sims et al. (2001)
situated it slightly to the east of the Hartville Uplift, based on an aeromagnetic linear
anomaly. Other authors (e. g. Chamberlain et al., 2003; Worthington et al., 2016), interpret
the Hartville Uplift and the Black Hills together as a separated domain that was accreted to
the Wyoming Province during the Proterozoic Black Hills-Dakotan orogeny.
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The Cheyenne Belt
The Cheyenne Belt (Figure 1) is the southern limit of the Wyoming Province
(Karlstrom and Houston, 1984). It represents the accretion front of Proterozoic arcs and
terranes to the Archean Wyoming craton during the Medicine Bow orogeny (Chamberlain,
1998). These Proterozoic terranes are part of the Yavapai and Matzatzal provinces
(Hoffman, 1988; Whitmeyer and Karlstrom, 2007), whereas the Medicine Bow orogeny
corresponds to the Central Plains orogeny that affected all the southern margin of Archean
Laurentia (Sims and Peterman, 1986; Hoffman, 1988; Whitmeyer and Karlstrom, 2007).
The collision that formed this suture is fairly well constrained at ca. 1.78-1.76 (Premo and
Van Schmus, 1989; Resor et al., 1996; Chamberlain, 1998).
The paleo-sense of subduction is thought to have been southward, based on the
absence of subduction-related Proterozoic granitoids north of the Cheyenne Belt
(Karlstrom and Houston, 1984) and the interpretation of the current lithospheric structure
from seismic profiles (Templeton and Smithson, 1994). However, Jones et al. (2010)
suggested an alternative model involving northward subduction based on geochronology
and isotopic compositions of igneous rocks.
Near the Cheyenne Belt the Wyoming Province consists of supracrustal Proterozoic
and Archean rocks that are well exposed in the Medicine Bow and Sierra Madre Mountains
and to a lesser extent in the Laramie Mountains (see Houston, 1993; Houston et al., 1993
for a review). These rocks consist of metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequences that
seem to reflect several episodes of convergence and rifting (Karlstrom and Houston, 1979;
Lanthier, 1979; Graff et al., 1982; Karlstrom et al., 1983; Houston et al., 1992).
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Structurally, the deformation is localized in the form of discrete shear zones
between large, relatively undeformed blocks (Karlstrom and Houston, 1984, Resor and
Snoke, 2005). This style of deformation is well exposed in the Medicine Bow and Sierra
Madre Mountains and it continues at least as far north as the Laramie Peak Shear System
(Resor et al., 1996; Patel, et al., 1999, Resor and Snoke, 2005).
The Trans-Hudson, Black Hills and Dakotan Orogens
The Trans-Hudson orogen is the result of the Proterozoic collision between the
Superior and Hearne Cratons ca. 1.9-1.8 Ga (Hoffmann, 1988; Whitmeyer and Karlstrom,
2007). Because of the lack of continuous outcrop east of the Wyoming Province, the Trans
Hudson Orogen was assumed to continue southward and include the collision between the
Wyoming Province and the Superior Province (Hoffmann, 1988; Whitmeyer and
Karlstrom, 2007).
Geophysical studies supported this interpretation. The North American Central
Plains conductivity anomaly (NACP; Alabi et al., 1975) is a linear conductive feature that
extends from central Saskatchewan (Canada) to the south-eastern Wyoming going through
the Black Hills. This feature has been thought to represent a long stratigraphic marker
related to either sulfide or graphitic layers that continue along the Trans-Hudson Orogen
(e. g. Jones et al., 1997), but a mantellic origin has also been invoked (Alabi et al., 1975;
Jones et al., 2005). In addition, COCORP seismic profiles (Nelson et al., 1993; Baird et
al., 1996) seem to favor these interpretations. However, the profiles add a complication - a
buried micro-continent between the Superior and Wyoming Cratons.
9
The Black Hills mainly consist of Proterozoic deformed and metamorphosed
sedimentary rocks and leucogranites with minor Archean outcrops (Gosselin et al., 1988;
see Redden and DeWitt,2008; Allard and Portis, 2013, for a review). Dahl and Frei (1998)
showed that ages of metamorphism (ca. 1.76 Ga) in the Black Hills are systematically
younger than those of the Trans-Hudson orogen in Canada (ca. 1.83 Ga; Brickford et al.,
1990). To emphasize the younger ages in the Black Hills, Dahl and Frei (1998) proposed
the name of Black Hills orogeny for the collision of the Superior and Wyoming cratons.
Krugh (1997) and Chamberlain (2002) distinguished a younger orogeny circa 1.72 Ga
based on zircon and monzite ages of the Harney Peak granite (Redden et al, 1990) and
pegmatite segregation in metadiabase dikes in the Rawhide Buttes of the Hartville Uplift.
Two interpretations about these two sets of ages were proposed: (1) either the younger age
represents a re-activation of the older collision (Krugh, 1997), or (2) the older age
represents the docking of a microcontinent (maybe the one imaged in the COCORP
profiles) and the younger represents the final collision between the Wyoming and Superior
cratons (Krugh, 1997; Chamberlain, 2002). Nabelek et al. (1999, 2001) ascribed the two
sets of ages to a continuous orogenic process, here called the Black Hills-Dakotan orogeny.
The Hartville Uplift
The Hartville Uplift (Figure 2) is a Laramide-age uplift that exposes a complex
setting of Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks crop out (Sims and Day, 1999). It is an
elongated north-northwest trending uplift that extends approximately from Guernsey
(Platte County, WY) to Lusk (Niobrara County, WY). The most important structure is the
Hartville Fault that crops out in Hell Gap (Goshen County, WY) and juxtaposes relatively
10
low-grade rocks on the western side against high-grade rocks of the eastern side. The
contrast in metamorphic grades has been used to interpret the fault as a major structure that
would extend the entire length of the uplift (Snyder, 1980; Snyder and Peterman, 1982;
Sims and Day, 1999).
Stratigraphically, the Precambrian rocks of the Hartville Uplift consist of a
supracrustal sequence, the Whalen Group (Figure 2; Smith, 1903), and of Archean and
Proterozoic granitoids (Snyder and Peterman, 1982; Sims and Day, 1999). The
metasedimentary rocks consist of metacarbonates and metapelites. They have been
interpreted as either Proterozoic (Sims et al., 1997; Bekker et al., 2003) or Archean (Snyder
and Peterman, 1982; Hoffman and Snyder, 1985; Sims and Day, 1999). Nd model ages for
the Silver Spring Schist are consistent with both interpretations with values between 2.9
and 3.2 Ga (Frost and Frost, 1993).
At least three episodes of deformation are recorded in the Hartville Uplift. The first
(D1) is recognized in overturned sedimentary beds, including overturned stromatolites
(Hoffman and Snyder, 1985; Sims and Day, 1999) near Guernsey. This deformation is
interpreted have produced recumbent folds. No hinges are exposed and the folds have been
traditionally interpreted as north-vergent (Krugh, 1997; Sims et al., 1997; Sims and Day,
1999) but E. S. Nowariak (University of Missouri, personal communication, 2016) has
proposed a west-vergent character based on minor parasitic folds. D2 appears only in the
southwestern part of the uplift, near Guernsey. The corresponding folds are tight to
isoclinal, with westerly striking axial planes that dip steeply to the north (Sims et al., 1997).
The third deformation (D3) appears in all the uplift, except for the zone were D2 is
dominant. To the west of the fault, D3 is very similar to D2 (vertical axial planes, near
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horizontal hinges, symmetric limbs) except for the north-south strike of the axial planes.
To the east of the fault, these axial planes are also nearly vertical and north-south directed,
but the fold hinges dip variably from horizontal to vertical (Krugh, 1997; Sims and Day,
1999). In addition, discrete, narrow, north-south to northeast-southwest directed shear
zones usually mark the contact between granites and rocks of the Whalen group and among
rocks of this group, especially (but not only) in the northern part of the uplift.
The tectonic relationship between the Hartville Uplift, the Wyoming Province and the
Black Hills has not been resolved. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) the Hartville
Uplift and the Black Hills are part of an Archean block, independent of the Wyoming
Province, that was accreted during the Black Hills-Dakotan orogeny (Chamberlain et al.,
2003; Whorthington et al., 2016); or (2) the Hartville Uplift were part of the Wyoming
Province and correspond to the folds and thrusts of the Black Hills-Dakotan orogeny (Sims
and Day, 1999).
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3. IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE HARTVILLE UPLIFT
A preliminary study of the geochemistry of mafic rocks of the Hartville Uplift has already
been published by Sims and Day (1999). Additional key samples were analyzed in the
present work. For granitoids, the published geochemical data are very sparse (Snyder and
Peterman, 1982; Snyder et al. 1989), thus additional data were collected on well-
characterized samples. The collected major and trace element data are used to assess the
geodynamic settings during genesis of the igneous rocks.
Mafic Rocks
Sims and Day (1999) distinguished two metavolcanic suites within the Whalen
Group based on their trace element geochemistry. Previously, the mafic metavolcanics
were grouped together as Mother Featherlegs metabasalt (Snyder, 1980; Snyder and
Peterman, 1982). Sims and Day (1999) divided this group into the Muskrat Canyon
metabasalt and the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt. Although they argue that these two
groups are indistinguishable at the field or in hand samples, some characteristics
distinguish the two groups. In addition, at least two generations of Proterozoic metadiabase
dikes crosscut the rocks of the Hartville Uplift (Sims and Day, 1999).
Muskrat Canyon Metabasalt
The Muskrat Canyon metabasalt crops out only on the western side of the Hartville Fault.
It is characterized by slight enrichment in LREE’s relative to HREE’s (Sims and Day,
1999). In the field, the basalt occurs as volcanic and subvolcanic products together with
minor gabbroic sills. It usually presents very well preserved original volcanic and gabbroic
textures. Near the apparent base of the formation, at Muskrat Canyon, excellent pillow
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lavas are found (Figure 3a), and in the southwestern part of the uplift, there are original
centimeter-scale volcanic layers (Figure 3b). The metamorphic grade ranges from the
greenschist facies to the lower amphibolite facies.
The Muskrat Canyon metabasalt is usually green and lighter in color than the
Mother Featherlegs metabasalt. It commonly presents micrometer to centimeter-scale calc-
silicate nodules (Figure 3c). They have been interpreted to be pseudo-primary (Krugh,
1997) and they point (together with the presence of pillow morphology) to a sub-aqueous
environment of deposition. These nodules are absent in the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt.
The metamorphic minerals in the nodules include grossular garnet, epidote and
chondrodite.
Although no age is available for this metabasalt, it is included in the Whalen group, and
thus Sims and Day (1999) interpreted it as Archean and younger than the Mother
Featherlegs Metabasalt.
Sims and Day (1999) mapped a metagabbro in southwestern Hartville Uplift. The unit, is
identical to the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt; therefore, this unit is grouped together with the
Muskrat Canyon metabasalt.
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Figure 3. Photographs of the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt. a) Pillow lavas exposed at Muskrat
Canyon. b) Original magmatic layering exposed at the southwestern Hartville Uplift. c)
Microphotograph of a calc-silicate nodule in a sample of the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt
(crossed-polarized). Size of the field view = 5 mm.
Mother Featherlegs Metabasalt
This metavolcanic unit crops out on the western side of the Hartville Fault in the
Guernsey Quarry and on the eastern side of the fault in the northern part of the uplift. Sims
a) b)
c)
15
and Day (1999) report nearly flat REE patterns for this metabasalt. As the Muskrat Canyon
metabasalt, in the field the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt takes the form of basaltic flows
and occasional sills. Pillows and original textures are also commonly preserved in this
basalt (Figure 4a). This basalt has been metamorphosed everywhere to the amphibolite
grade.
The Mother Featherlegs metabasalt is usually darker than the Muskrat Canyon
metabasalt and carbonate nodules have not been found. However, micro to macro-scale
quartz-rich veins commonly crosscut the rocks in preferential directions (Figure 4b).
No age is available for this basalt unit, but it is thought to be Archean and older in age than
the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt (Sims and Day, 1999).
Metadiabase Dikes
Proterozoic metadiabases or Fe-tholeiites (Snyder and Peterman, 1982; Day et al.,
1999; Sims and Day, 1999) crosscut the whole uplift and are especially abundant and
evident in the two Rawhide Buttes granites on both sides of the Hartville Fault.
Interestingly, the orientation of the metadiabases is not the same on the two sides of the
fault. Whereas the metadiabases on the eastern side have a north to northeast strike, on the
western side they have a more northwesterly strike.
16
Figure 4. Photographs of the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt. a) Pillow Lavas textures of
the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt. b) Photomicrograph showing abundant quartzitic veins
along preferential directions in the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt. Size of fieldview = 5
mm.
The dikes are ubiquitously metamorphosed to the amphibolite grade and present
week to strong foliation. Some metadiabases present poikioblastic amphiboles and
neoformed chlorite that may indicate a complex history of deformation (Figure 5a). In the
Rawhide Buttes granite, the metadiabases commonly present tonalitic pods in gash fillings
(Figure 5c, see below) that have been dated at ca. 1715 Ma (Krugh, 1997). These gash
fillings have biotite-rich selvages (Figure 5d). Although the biotite crystals are mostly
parallel to foliation, occasionally they can be seen crossing it slightly, pointing toward the
tonalitic pods.
A precise date for these rocks is not published, but the aforementioned age of the
tonalitic pods places a minimum age for them. Because of their foliation and high grade,
they must be older than the metamorphic peak. Their orientation has led some authors
(Krugh, 1997; Sims and Day, 1999) to correlate them with the Kennedy dike swarm (Cox
a) b)
17
et al., 2000) which is ca. 2.01 Ga and crops out in the Laramie Range. However,
Chamberlain et al. (2003) do not include the Hartville Uplift in the area that was penetrated
by these dikes.
Most of my samples of this metadiabase come from the Rawhide Buttes, with minor
representation of outcrops in the Silver Spring Schist. Because the metadiabases appear as
thin dikes, most of the outcrops aren’t depicted in Fig. 2. A complete map of the
metadiabase dikes can be found in Day et al., (1999).
Granitoids
Two main groups of granitoids are found in the Hartville Uplift. Archean Flattop
and Rawhide Buttes granites, and Proterozoic Twin Hills and Haystack Range granites. In
addition, the aforementioned tonalitic fillings occur in the rocks of the Rawhide Buttes.
Also, an older grey gneiss in the Cassa Anticline, near the Hartville Uplift, is also described
in Day et al., 1999. This last rock won’t be an objective of this study.
Ages of these rocks are published in the literature and model ages of sources are also
available. However, comprehensive geochemical data hasn’t been published.
18
Figure 5. Photographs of the metadiabase dikes. a) Microphotograph showing
poikioblastic texture, relict minerals and abundant chlorite in a metadiabase of the
Rawhide Buttes. Size of the fieldview = 5 mm. b) Non-parallel directions of biotite in
metadiabase that evidences post-foliation crystallization. S c) Pegmatitic gash fillings in a
metadiabase of the Rawhide Buttes. d) Pegmatitic gash filling with a dark selvage
consisting mostly of biotite (courtesy of E. S. Nowariak, University of Missouri, 2015).
Rawhide Buttes Granite:
The Rawhide Buttes granite is a foliated to gneissic, light pink to red granite. Bodies
of this granite crop out in the areas of Rawhide Buttes (east of the Rawhide Fault), Rawhide
Creek and Lone Tree Hill (Snyder, 1980; Day et al., 1999, Sims and Day, 1999). In the
a) b)
c) d)
19
area of the Hell Gap, in the center of the uplift, there are granitic rocks at the headwall of
the Hartville Fault (Sims and Day, 1999). They were initially interpreted as part of this
granite (Snyder, 1980; Sims and Day, 1999) but a zircon age younger than 1750 Ga (K. R.
Chamberlain, University of Wyoming, personal communication, 2015) suggests that the
granite near Hell Gap is part of the nearby Haystack Range Granite (see below; Houston,
1993; Krugh, 1997).
Published Rb-Sr whole rock ages point to a 2.58-2.66 Ga age (Snyder and
Peterman, 1982; Day et al., 1999). A U-Pb zircon dating on Rawhide Creek outrops
yielded an age of 2.6-2.7 Ga (with some inheritance; K. R. Chamberlain, University of
Wyoming, personal communication, 2016). A Nd model age of 2.60 Ga (Day et al., 1999)
coincides roughly with the age of intrusion. The granite is mainly a biotite granite, although
it can also contain considerable amounts of muscovite, showing that it is peraluminous
(Snyder and Peterman, 1982).
On the eastern side of the Rawhide Fault, the granite is intensely deformed and
locally has migmatitic appearance (Figure 6a). In thin section, inclusion-rich feldspar
grains are abundant. Locally, sillimanite-rich, sheet-like portions of the granite parallel the
foliation (Figure 6b), especially on the western side of the Rawhide Buttes. These were
interpreted by Snyder and Peterman (1982) as high-grade (second-sillimanite) Silver
Spring Schist, which has been used as the criterion for adjudicating an Archean age to the
schists (Snyder and Peterman, 1982). In fact, in thin section these rocks present relict
oriented minerals (mainly biotite, Figure 6c) as inclusions in feldspars that are here
interpreted as a possible relict foliation, suggesting at least a complex deformational and
20
metamorphic history for these rocks. In addition, the granite is crosscut with the
metadiabase dikes described above, also parallel to foliation.
On the western side of the Hartville Fault (near Rawhide Creek), the contact with
rocks of the Whalen Group is marked by an intense shear zone. All our samples of granite
from Rawhide Creek come from that shear zone. An interesting feature is the appearance
of tourmaline (Figure 6d), which is completely absent in the granite at Rawhide Buttes.
- Grey gneiss of the Rawhide Buttes.
This rock crops out at the southwestern side of the Rawhide Buttes. Early
interpretations place this granite as part of the Rawhide Buttes granite (Snyder, 1980;
Snyder and Peterman, 1982). However, Krugh (1997) published U-Pb ages that show this
gneiss to be younger (2.41 Ga). It is a biotite granite and in hand sample it appears to have
a slightly weaker foliation than the surrounding Rawhide Buttes granite (although the
foliation in the latter is variable).
- Tonalitic pods
In the Rawhide Buttes, tonalitic pods in tension gash fillings appear within the
metadiabases (Figure 5b, c, d; Krugh, 1997). These fillings have been dated (U-Pb
zircon) as ca. 1714 Ma. This age has been interpreted as the age of D3 deformation
(Krugh, 1997). Pods consist of feldspar and quartz, with hornblende also present. Krugh
(1997) also reports biotite as an accessory mineral, but no biotite has been found in our
samples.
21
Figure 6. Photographs of the Rawhide Buttes granite. a) Migmatitic texture at the Rawhide
Buttes granite. b) Microphotograph showing sillimanite concordant with foliation
(crossed-polarized). Size of fieldview = 5mm. c) Microphotograph showing relict foliation
inside a big microcline crystal of the Rawhide Buttes granite (crossed-polarized). Size of
fieldview = 1 mm. d) Photomicrograph of a granitic rock from the Rawhide Creek body
showing tourmaline and static (?) biotite. Size of fieldview = 5 mm.
Flattop Butte Granite:
Unfortunately, no access to the Flattop Butte granite was obtained from
landowners. What follows is a summary of previously published descriptions. Samples for
this work were donated by K. R. Chamberlain (University of Wyoming, 2015). This granite
is found between the Hartville and Rawhide Faults and to the northwest of the Rawhide
Buttes granite. It is a two-mica granite with variable foliation (Day et al., 1999; Sims and
a) b)
c) d)
22
Day, 1999). The main criteriium to differentiate the Flattop Butte granite from the Rawhide
Butte granite was the near absence of metadiabase dikes in the former. In fact, only one
dike can be recognized here (Krugh, 1997). In addition, Snyder and Peterman (1982)
obtained an age of 1.98 Ga from an Rb-Sr isochron, but Day et al. has interpreted that age
as deformational and K. C. Chamberlain (University of Wyoming, personal
communication, 2015) has obtained a U-Pb zircon age of ca. 2.65 Ga, similar to that of the
Rawhide Butte granite.
The relationship between the Flattop Butte and the Rawhide Buttes granites is yet
to be clarified. For example, several authors (i. e. Snyder, 1980; Day et al., 1999)
distinguish the two bodies on the basis of their field contexts, but major elements and modal
proportions of minerals do not show clear differences (Snyder and Peterman, 1982; Day et
al., 1999). The Nd model age, between 2.8 and 3.2 Ga for the Flattop Butte granite (Day
et al., 1999), is nearly coincident with model ages for metapelites (Frost and Frost, 1993).
Twin Hills Diorite
The Twin Hills diorite outcrops only in the center of the uplift, on the eastern side
of the Hartville Fault exposure at Hell Gap. In the field it is variable in appearance and
deformation. It is a zoned intrusion (Figure 7), with more mafic composition near the base
and more silica rich (quartz-bearing) rocks at the top. The more dominant composition is
quartz diorite with abundant hornblende and biotite (Figure 8a; Snyder & Peterman, 1982).
It is widely crosscut by dikes of different compositions (from dioritic to granitic; Figure
8b). Deformation is rather localized (Krugh, 1997). This localization of deformation seems
to be especially evident in the Haystack Range granite dikes that cut through the diorite.
Sims and Day (1999) mapped a dike in the Twin Hills diorite as belonging to the Flattop
23
Butte granite. Although this precise dike was not sampled, the dikes are more similar to
the nearby Haystack Range granite that the Flattop Butte granite. The foliation is marked
by chlorite, which suggests a low grade and/or fluid-mediated recrystallization. The
crystals have suffered brittle deformation (Figure 8c). Undeformed pegmatitic dikes are
very abundant at the base of the body (Figure 8d).
Ages published for the Twin Hills diorite include U-Pb ages of ca. 1.74 Ga (Snyder
and Peterman, 1982) and ca. 1744 Ma (Krugh, 1997). Geist et al. (1989) have published a
Nd model age of 2.7 Ga for the source, which has been interpreted as underplated
Proterozoic crust (Geist et al., 1989; Houston, 1993).
24
Figure 7: Hand samples of the Twin Hills diorite showing stratification . Note the transition
from felsic to more mafic compositions from location 22 (a) to location 25 (d). At the
bottom (e) two samples of the Haystack Range granite dikes are shown: 25-3 is an
undeformed dike whereas 25-4 is a deformed dike
25
Figure 8. Photographs of the Twin Hills diorite. a) Microphotograph showing the most abundant
phase of the Twin Hills diorite (quartz diorite). Size of fieldview = 5 mm. b) Numerous dikes
crosscutting the Twin Hills diorite. c) Microphotograph showing chlorite and brittle deformation
in one of the Haystack Range granite dikes. Size of fieldview = 5 mm. d) Undeformed pegmatitic
dike in the Twin Hills diorite (courtesy of E. S. Nowariak, University of Missouri, 2015).
Haystack Range Granite
As in the case of the Flattop Butte granite, no access was obtained from the
landowners and the information on this granite comes from previously published data,
dikes in the Twin Hills diorite and a sample donated by K. R. Chamberlain (University of
Wyoming, 2015). It is a metaluminous to peraluminous biotite granite with occasional
minor muscovite (Snyder and Peterman, 1982; Krugh, 1997).
a) b)
c) d)
26
The main outcrop is located in the southern part of the Haystack Range, where the
granite forms a dome that warps the metapelites and metadiabases around it (Sims and Day,
1999). In the granite, the deformation is almost nonexistent. This granite crops out again
on the other side of the McCann Pass Fault. The deformation gets stronger until it becomes
completely sheared at Hell Gap. The existence of dikes in the Twin Hills diorite suggests
that the granite is younger but the occurrence of both, foliated and unfoliated dikes suggests
that their ages may overlap.
Published ages range considerably. Rb-Sr ages of the granite are ca. 1.72 Ga
(Snyder and Peterman, 1982). U-Pb ages from Krugh (1997) date the granite as ca. 1.68
Ga, but K. R. Chamberlain (University of Wyoming, personal communication, 2015) has
obtained an older ca. 1747 Ma for this granite. Geist (1989) has published a Nd model age
of 2.99 Ga.
27
4. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
One-hundred fifty-five samples representative of the rocks of the Hartville Uplift
were collected. Of those, 34 were selected for whole rock major element analysis and 30
were additionally selected for trace element analysis. To insure representability, the amount
of sample that was powdered was proportional to the grain size of the hand sample.
Each sample was first trimmed of weathering and then crushed to chips. The chips
were cleaned with 5% nitric acid except for the ones containing carbonates. Then they were
powdered using a SPEX Shatterbox.
Approximately 1 g of the powder was heated in a furnace at 900 oC for 60 minutes.
The weight before and after this process was measured to calculate the LOI (lost on
ignition). Of the resulting powder, 200 mg were mixed with 600 mg of lithium metaborate
(LiBO2) and molten at 1050 oC for 20 minutes. After quenching, the glass was digested in
50 ml of 20% reagent grade nitric acid. Distilled water was added to make the volume of
solution to be 100 ml.
For major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K), the solution was once again
diluted in a proportion of 1 to 20. The diluted solutions were analyzed by an ICP-OES at
the Department of Geological Sciences of the University of Missouri. Synthetic standards
were made by addition of analyte elements to blank solutions. USGS standards SDC-1,
DNC-1 and GSP-1 were analyzed for quality control.
For trace elements (and P), samples were diluted in 3% HNO3 also by a factor of 1
to 10. The resulting solutions were analyzed in a high resolution ICP-MS using a VG
28
Axiom at the Research Reactor of the University of Missouri. The same quality control
standards were used.
29
5. RESULTS
Appendix 1 shows location and major and trace element compositions of granitoids,
and some metabasalts and schists (tables A1 to A5).
Mafic Rocks
Analyses of mafic rocks reported by Sims and Day (1999) are presented here
together with analyses done in this study (e.g. Figure 9). In Sims and Day (1999), the
geographic coordinates of some metabasalts do not correspond to those mapped in the field.
Thus, for this work, the basalts are grouped following the map of Sims and Day (1999)
instead of their tables.
Major elements are very similar in all basaltic suites (Sims and Day, 1999). Figure
9 shows major oxides (wt. %) plotted against Mg# [molar MgO/(MgO+FeO)]. Most oxides
present nearly identical trends for the three suites. The Muskrat Canyon metabasalt can be
distinguished because the average of the samples is higher in TiO2 and Na2O. The higher
K2O distinguishes the metadiabase dikes from the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt.
Differentiation trends are only visible for TiO2 and FeO, negatively correlated with Mg#,
and CaO, positively correlated with Mg#.
The main differences between the suites come from trace elements (tables A1 and
A2). Figure 10 shows REE patterns for the three mafic suites (all normalized to chondrites
of McDonough and Sun, 1995). Mother Featherlegs metabasalt presents mainly flat
patterns (Figure 10a). Few of analyses from Sims and Day (1999) presented higher La/Yb
ratios, but in those cases the shape of the trend is rather concave upward and is rare with
respect to the flat trends. The Muskrat Canyon metabasalt (Figure 10b) presents
30
systematically straight patterns with enrichment in LREE’s. Metadiabase dikes (Figure
10c) show flat REE patterns similar to those of the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt. An
exception to this is sample 15-HU-77-01B that is enriched in LREE’s and presents a strong
negative Eu anomaly.
Figure 11 depicts chondrite-normalized spider diagrams for the mafic rocks. They
underscores that the differences between the suites are subtle. Positive Th and U anomalies
can be recognized in some samples.
31
Figure 9. Major elements vs. Mg# diagrams for the three basaltic suites.
32
Figure 10. REE patterns for the three basaltic suites. Shaded areas represent data form
Sims and Day (1999).
Figure 11. Chondrite-normalized ‘Spider’ diagrams for the three mafic suites.
15-HU-77-01B
15-HU-77-01B
33
Granitoids
Major elements for granitoids are reported in tables A3, A4 and A5 (Appendix 1).
Figure 12 shows ‘Harker’ diagrams for the major oxides of the granitoids. The first feature
of these diagrams is that the Twin Hills diorite is compositionally very different from rest
of the granitoids. The tonalitic pods in the metadiabase dikes are easily distinguished by
their higher Na2O and CaO contents, and extremely low K2O. The Haystack Range granite
and the Flattop Butte granite are very similar, showing inverse correlations with SiO2 for
most elements. The sillimanite-baring phase of the Rawhide Buttes granite is effectively
indistinguishable from rest of the Rawhide Buttes granite. Anomalous compositions are
those of the grey gneiss phase of the Rawhide Buttes granite, which plots systematically
low with respect to the main phase of the Rawhide Buttes for all oxides except K2O.
Figure 13 shows REE patterns for the granitoids of the Hartville Uplift. The
Rawhide Buttes granite (Figure 13a) presents very steep slopes and moderate anomalies in
Eu. 15-HU-28-01 is a sample of the sillimanite-bearing phase of the Rawhide Buttes
granite. It has more elevated heavy REE’s. 15-HU-33-02 is a sample from the grey gneiss
of the Rawhide Buttes, its shape is very similar to the rest of the Rawhide Buttes samples,
with a pattern similar to 15-HU-28-01. The tonalitic pods of the metadiabases (Figure 13b)
have the lowest abundances in REE of all the granitoids and present high positive Eu
anomalies. The Twin Hills diorite samples (Figure 13c) range for nearly flat REE patterns
to moderately steep patterns with enrichment in LREE’s and moderate negative Eu
anomalies. The Flattop Butte granite (Figure 13d) and the Haystack Range granite (Figure
13e) are very similar, with moderate slopes and high negative Eu anomalies.
34
The REE patterns of most granitoids resemble very strikingly the patterns of the
metapelites (Figure 13f). Exceptions to this are one Twin Hills diorite sample, dikes of the
Haystack Range granite within the Twin Hills diorite, and the tonalitic pods within the
Rawhid Buttes metadiabases, which present positive Eu anomalies.
Spider diagrams (Figure 14) confirm the similarities between high-K granites
(Rawhide Buttes granite, Flattop Butte granite and Haystack Range granite) and the
metapelites of the Whalen group. They also show how different these rocks are from the
mafic portions of the Twin Hills diorite and the tonalitic pods.
35
Figure 12. Harker Diagrams for the granitoids of the Hartville Uplift.
36
Figure 13. REE patterns for the granitoids and metapelites of the Hartville Uplift.
15-HU-28-01
15-HU-33-02
37
Figure 14. Chondrite-normalized ‘Spider’ diagrams for the granitoids and metapelites of
the Hartville Uplift. Elements ordered by Ionic Radius.
38
6. DISCUSION
Mafic Rocks
Despite similarities, differences are evident between the series. In the TAS diagram
(Figure 15), it can be seen that the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt is more alkaline, which is
consistent with the higher contents in TiO2 (Figure 9). The flatter REE patterns of the
Mother Featherlegs metabasalt (Figure 10) is also an important difference. It was used by
Sims and Day (1999) to distinguish between the two suites.
Figure 15. Total Alkalis vs. Silica (TAS) diagram. After LeBas et al (1986). Line separating
Alkaline from Subalkaline fields after Irvine and Baragar (1971).
39
The metadiabases are a singular case: in all major and trace elements they plot close
to the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt; however, they show a clear enrichment in K2O
(Figure 15), where they plot with the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt. This K2O enrichment
could be secondary due to crustal contamination. As stated above, the metadiabase dikes
have tonalitic pods in gash fillings (Figure 5c). Around these pods, concentrations of biotite
are visible (Figure 5d). I suggest that the tonalitic pods are melts extracted from the
metadiabase leaving biotite crystals behind. Some metadiabase dike samples (e.g. 15-HU-
32-01B) don’t show these pods. When they do, they present abundant chlorite and
poikilioblastic textures (Figure 5a), suggesting recrystallization. I suggest that when they
were emplaced, the metadiabases were geochemically indistinguishable from the Mother
Featherlegs metabasalt, and that the current differences are due to assimilation of K from
the crust or the host granite during ascent and emplacement.. Sample 15-HU-77-01B is
probably an exception. The negative Eu anomaly, the steep REE pattern, and elevated Ba
and Rb concentrations suggest that this rock either (a) came from a different source, (b)
has undergone a differentiation process that other diabases did not, or (c) assimilated
different crustal rocks during transport.
Discrimination diagrams are used here to infer the tectonic setting of the mafic
suites. Only diagrams with elements considered immobile in fluids are used due to the
metamorphic processes that these rocks have suffered. This is clearly evidenced in the Th
and U anomalies of the spider diagrams (Figure 11) and signature of the crustal
assimilation in Figure 16.
40
Figure 16. Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram. After Pearce (2008). Notice that despite the apparent
crustal contamination in both basaltic suites they remain clearly distinct. The N-MORB
characteristic of the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt and the E-MORB characteristic of the
Muskrat Canyon metabasalt are consistent with discrimination diagrams in Figure 17.
Figure 17 shows two different discrimination diagrams. Mother Featherlegs metabasalt
falls within the fields of N-MORB / Ocean Floor Basalt. This is consistent with the flat
REE patterns (Figure 10a) and low alkali concentrations (Figure 15) that characterize N-
MORB’s (Sun and McDonough, 1989). Muskrat Canyon metabasalts coincide roughly
with the fields of Within Plate Tholeiite and Within Plate Basalt, with is consistent with
more fractionated REE’s, more elevated alkalis (Figure 15), and higher Nb/Y and Th/Y
41
rations (Figure 16). The metadiabases tend to fall in the same field that the Mother
Featherlegs metabasalt.
Figure 18. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for the mafic suites. Symbols as in figure 2
(no Nb data for the metadiabases was available from Sims and Day, 1999). a) After
Meschede (1986). WPA = Within Plate Alkali basalts; WPT = Within Plate Tholeiitic
basalt; VAB = Volcanic Arc Basalt. b) After Pearce and Cann (1973). LKT = Low K
Tholeiites; OFB = Ocean Floor Basalt; CAB = Calc Alkali Basalt; WPB = Within Plate
basalt.
The following tectonic explanation is proposed for these basalts. Whether they are
related or not, the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt represents an older basalt, related to the
melting of a plume source (or at least a more fertile mantle; Sun and McDonough, 1989),
whereas the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt is related to a rifting process where the basalts
were sourced from an asthenospheric mantle. Because more similarities than differences
are found between the metadiabases and the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt, I propose that
the metadiabases are plutonic equivalents of these metabasalts.
The relationship of these basalts to those in nearby Laramide uplifts is complicated.
The lack of modern geochemical studies for basalt suites in these ranges makes a direct
42
comparison difficult. However, some similarities occur. The Muskrat Canyon metabasalt
is relatively undeformed and presents very well preserved basaltic flows and pillow lavas
(Figure 3a, b). Well preserved pillow lavas have been found as well in the Medicine Bow
and Sierra Madre mountains (Houston et al., 1992) and the Laramie Range (Graff et al.,
1982), and Allard (2003) found amphibolites with calc-silicate pods (as in the Muskrat
Canyon metabasalt, Figure 3c) in the Laramie range. A common feature of these rocks is
that they have been classified as Archean, although there is discussion on whether they are
older (Houston et al., 1992; Allard, 2003) or younger (Graff et al., 1982) than the 2.6
granites (see below). Van Boening and Nabelek (2008) have found rocks with a very
similar REE geochemistry to the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt in the Black Hills
(Pactola-Rushmore amphibolite and/or Bear Mountain amphibolite). If these rocks are
related with the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt, it would mean that the age of this suite is
Proterozoic, as opposed to the probable Archean age of the Muskrat Canyon metabasalt.
Granitoids.
All granites of the Hartville Uplift have similar major and trace element
compositions (Figure 12). Flattop Butte and Haystack Range granites are nearly identical
and share a Nd model age. Although the Rawhide Buttes granite presents steeper REE
patterns, it also includes the sillimanite-bearing phase (15-HU-28-01) that has identical
REE patterns to the Flattop Butte and Haystack Range granites and a more peraluminous
composition (Figure 12 through 14).
The reason for the occurrence of sillimanite in these rocks is their high ASI
(Aluminum Saturation Index; Appendix 1, Table A4) with respect to other Rawhide Buttes
samples (15-HU-73-02A, 15-HU-77-01 and 15-HU-85-02). The grey gneiss of the
43
Rawhide Buttes, having a very high K2O/Na2O ratio, is an enigmatic phase and may have
a different origin from rest of the Rawhide Buttes granite (e.g. Krugh, 1997).
Because of intense alteration, shearing and metamorphism (e. g. Figure 6), the use
of trace element discrimination diagrams for the granitic rocks of the Hartville Uplift is not
prudent, but tectonic inferences can still be done on a geochemical basis. The Rawhide
Buttes, Flattop Buttes and Haystack Range granites are nearly identical in major elements
and most trace elements. Their REE and spider diagrams are strikingly similar to the
metapelites. This characteristic, together with high K2O and ASI, point toward melting of
metapelites as the source for the granites of the Hartville Uplift. Steep REE patterns are
consistent with crustal melting of metapelites that occurs during continental collisions
(Nabelek and Bartlett, 1998). In fact, Nd model ages are nearly identical for the granites
and the metapelites (3.0 Ga; Day et al., 1999; Frost and Frost, 1993; Snyder and Peterman,
1982), indicating that they have a common crustal history.
The Rawhide Buttes granite has a slightly younger Nd model age (2.6 Ga), but it is
based on a single sample (Day et al. 1999). The Sm/Nd ratio in the Rawhide Buttes granite
is variable, so a range of model ages can be obtained from homogeneous 143Nd/144Nd ratios.
In fact, more peraluminous compositions (e. g. the sillimanite-bearing phase of the
Rawhide Buttes granite) crop out mainly in the western part of the Rawhide Buttes (Snyder
and Peterman, 1982), which indicates a possible compositional zoning in the Rawhide
Buttes granite. I suggest that the western part of the Rawhide Buttes granite represents the
top of a magmatic chamber (pluton) where later melts (more peraluminous, higher
abundances of incompatible elements) crystallized. These rock are equivalent to the
composition of the Flattop Butte granite (which has been described as being more
44
peraluminous than the Rawhide Buttes granite). In fact, both granites share identical ages
within error, which suggests that they can be considered a result of a single collisional
event.
The Haystack Range granite presents two dike samples within the Twin Hills
diorite that have positive Eu anomalies. These samples are interpreted here as plagioclase-
K-feldspar cumulates (in feeder dikes?), which is consistent with their REE patterns.
Major and trace elements of the Twin Hills diorite are completely different from
granites in the uplift. Major elements, including low Na2O/K2O ratios (Appendix 1, table
A3), reflect a mafic igneous source. REE patterns range from nearly flat to moderately
steep (Figure 13c). All these characteristics point toward a subduction-related origin.
Because no other subduction-related pluton of ca. 1.74 Ga is found to the north of the
Cheyenne Belt, the most likely associated process is a westward subduction beneath the
uplift related to either the Black Hills-Dakotan orogeny, in accord with Geist et al. (1989)
who have suggested the possibility of underplating of Proterozoic crust to explain the
isotopic composition of the Twin Hills diorite.
The last felsic plutonic rock to appear are the tonalitic pods of the metadiabases of
the Rawhide Buttes. Bear and Lofgren (1991) proved that tonalitic melts can be produced
by melting of amphibolites and that the Na2O/K2O ratio was a function of both, the original
composition of the rock and the pressure. In fact, the REE patterns are very similar to those
found in leucosomes of migmatites from the Black Hills (Nabelek, 1999) which are
supposed to have attained solid-state equilibrium with the melanosome. This, together with
the ‘neoformed’ appearance of the biotite (Figure 5b) and the dark haloes around the pods
45
(Figure 5d), points toward an in-situ melting of the metadiabases during shearing at ca.
1.72 Ga.
As opposed to the mafic rocks, the comparison with nearby uplift is very
straightforward. The K2O rich Archean Rawhide Buttes and Flat Top granites of the
Hartville Uplift show a 87Rb-87Sr age between 2.5 and 2.6 Ga. Only one U-Pb zircon age
of ca. 2.66 has been obtained for the Rawhide Buttes granite on the west side of the
Hartville Fault. Condie (1969) described a K2O rich granite in the Laramie Range (Figure
1), that has a 87Rb-87Sr age of 2.55 Ga (Johnson and Hills, 1976) and an U-Pb age of 2.61
Ga (Snyder et al., 1998). Additionally, a granitic phase with a 87Rb-87Sr age of ca. 2.55 Ga
(Peterman and Hildreth, 1978) and zircon U-Pb age older than 2.6 Ga (Ludwig and
Stuckless, 1978; Langstaff, 1995) also occurs in the Granite Mountains (Figure 1). These
granites crop out along the Oregon Trail Structure (Chamberlain et al., 2003) that has been
interpreted as a ca. 2.65 Ga structural belt by Grace et al (2006). The Hartville Uplift is
located only slightly to the south of the projection of the Oregon Trail Structure (Figure 1).
I propose that the Rawhide Buttes and Flattop Butte granites are part of this system of
granites related to a ca. 2.65 Ga collision. This precludes the conclusion that the Hartville
Uplift was part of the Wyoming province at that time.
46
7. CONCLUSIONS AND TECTONIC HISTORY
The following conclusions can be inferred from the petrographic and geochemical
data presented in this work:
The Hartville Uplift became part of the Archean Wyoming Province at least as late
as ca. 2.6 Ga. This is evidenced not only by the Rawhide and Flattop Buttes
granites, which may be related to the Oregon Trail Structure, but perhaps also by
the Archean (?) Muskrat Canyon metabasalt.
During the Paleoproterozoic, extension and rifting took place, as evidenced by the
metadiabase dikes, the Mother Featherlegs metabasalt and (probably) the Muskrat
Canyon metabasalt. Pillow structures in this basalt suggest eruption on an ocean
floor during rifting that preceded subsequent tectonic events. Since exposure of this
metabasalt is limited by faults and has not been dated, establishing its relationship
to tectonic events in the region is complicated.
In the Paleoproterozoic, east-west subduction followed by collision (Twin Hills
diorite and Haystack Range granite) took place ca. 1.74 Ga, which places them
between the ca. 1.76 Black Hills orogeny and the ca. 1.72 Dakotan orogeny. The
apparent continuity of ages suggests that the Black Hills and Dakota orogenies were
parts of one continuous collisional event.
A late product of deformation is the tonalitic fracture-fillings within Rawhide
Buttes diabase dikes whose chemical compositions suggests that they were
produced from the dikes during tectonic shearing or decompression.
47
APPENDIX 1: COMPLETE TABLES OF THE ANALYTICAL RESULTS AND
LOCATIONS
Sample
15-HU -32-
01B
15-HU -73-
01
15-HU -73-
03
15-HU -77-
01B
15-HU -80-
01
15- HU-85-
01
Latitude 42o33’15”N 42o34’56”N 42o34’56”N 42o34’43”N 42o35’37”N 42o35’46”N
Longitude 104o30’26”W 104o29’43”W 104o29’43”W 104o30’08”W 104o28’29”W 104o28’50”W
Unit Metadiabase Metadiabase Metadiabase Metadiabase Metadiabase Metadiabase
SiO2 49.35 49.31 48.16 52.06 50.89 47.66
TiO2 1.61 1.36 1.35 1.29 0.74 1.97
Al2O3 11.66 13.35 13.99 13.23 14.39 13.86
FeO* 13.38 14.13 13.77 12.94 9.49 14.31
MnO 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.18 0.22
MgO 9.92 7.47 7.99 7.21 6.21 5.89
CaO 8.63 9.13 9.24 8.60 9.89 9.63
Na2O 0.76 2.87 3.00 2.81 2.63 2.60
K2O 1.33 1.16 1.30 1.26 0.87 1.01
P2O5 0.11 0.09 - 0.05 0.04 -
LOI 2.45 0.85 0.88 0.67 2.77 1.69
Total 99.42 99.97 99.96 100.37 98.10 98.83
Mg# 0.57 0.49 0.51 0.50 0.54 0.42
V 310 339 - 5.38 249 -
Cr 451.4 129.4 - 20.8 222.4 -
Co 58.1 50 - 1.99 43.5 -
Ni 343 70 - 5.2 57.7 -
Cu 96.8 67.2 - 4.69 65.3 -
Zn 49.9 88.8 - 11.8 60.2 -
Rb 31.2 26.3 - 120 13.8 -
Sr 30.7 98.6 - 87.5 151.5 -
Y 34.9 25.6 - 34.8 16.6 -
Zr 96 79.5 - 165 36 -
Nb 4.03 6.65 - 17.6 1.4 -
Sn 1.62 0.99 - 0.96 0.5 -
Ba 1500 212 - 857 98.5 -
La 10.4 7.4 - 36.6 2.58 -
Ce 25.7 19.3 - 80.4 6.23 -
Nd 19 13.9 - 34.2 6.38 -
Sm 5.61 4.17 - 8.19 1.46 -
Eu 2.27 1.3 - 0.659 0.633 -
Gd 7.65 4.35 - 7.51 2.65 -
48
Tb 1.31 0.734 - 1.21 0.418 -
Dy 8.08 5.16 - 7.58 2.97 -
Yb 2.79 3.1 - 3.12 1.87 -
Lu 0.365 0.392 - 0.325 0.363 -
Ta 0.273 0.528 - 0.56 0.128 -
Pb 3.42 17.4 - 31.9 7.3 -
Th 1.02 0.606 - 49.2 0.31 -
U 0.544 0.306 - 3.93 0.315 -
Table A1.
Sample
15- HU-51-
01
15-HU -39-
01
15-HU -47-
01
15-HU -70-
01
15- HU-89-
02
15- HU-93-
01
Latitude 42o39’44”N 42o33’49”N 42o39’10”N 42o34’00”N 42o41’50”N 42o18’43”N
Longitude 104o30’54”W 104o36’09”W 104o31’12”W 104o34’27”W 104o31’22”W 104o42’22”W
Unit Meatadiabase
Muskrat
Canyon
Mother
Featherlegs
Muskrat
Canyon
Mother
Featherlegs
Muskrat
Canyon
SiO2 50.24 51.93 56.56 46.67 45.22 45.69
TiO2 2.39 0.93 1.16 1.47 0.80 1.32
Al2O3 12.17 11.72 13.78 15.17 12.35 14.86
FeO* 15.11 8.15 11.56 13.24 12.15 11.88
MnO 0.26 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.21
MgO 4.19 6.97 5.86 6.54 12.83 7.13
CaO 7.65 9.40 9.71 5.31 8.34 11.35
Na2O 3.16 3.99 1.46 4.28 1.34 2.37
K2O 0.28 0.24 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.17
P2O5 0.20 0.14 0.07 0.18 0.06 0.09
LOI 2.56 4.67 0.29 5.12 4.48 3.08
Total 98.20 98.31 100.77 98.26 97.95 98.16
Mg# 0.33 0.60 0.47 0.47 0.65 0.52
V 448 203 310 263 221 294
Cr 13.7 602.4 136.4 167.4 148.4 90.4
Co 41.3 35 42.2 53 60.7 54.6
Ni 9.1 154 67.1 111 237.4 82.4
Cu 13.2 24 28 12.6 62.9 83
Zn 120 62.6 74.2 116 88.4 92.8
Rb 4.57 3.09 2.85 1.71 3.42 1.37
Sr 282.5 165.5 67.1 128.5 75.7 182.5
Y 37.2 15.5 19.5 27.4 14.5 15.2
49
Zr 115 75 56 150 40.5 69.3
Nb 3.49 5.18 2.84 7.73 1.92 8.06
Sn 1.66 1.03 0.69 1.37 0.514 0.914
Ba 44 133 168 55.8 35.4 166
La 6.43 7.54 3.16 16.8 2.06 7.53
Ce 19.2 16.3 8.13 40.6 6.15 19.5
Nd 16.3 9.4 7.39 24.4 5.01 12.3
Sm 4.51 2.79 2.39 5.46 1.37 3.15
Eu 1.6 0.937 1.16 1.38 0.664 1.14
Gd 6.54 3.29 2.94 6.13 1.98 2.62
Tb 1.02 0.453 0.594 0.852 0.414 0.509
Dy 7.3 3.21 3.91 5.56 2.57 3.52
Yb 4.47 1.58 2.32 2.58 1.75 1.73
Lu 0.663 0.254 0.319 0.423 0.265 0.213
Ta 0.264 0.35 0.203 0.526 0.142 0.506
Pb 9.2 5.59 1.54 3.51 2.68 7.98
Th 1.29 2.7 0.28 2.12 0.198 0.759
U 0.863 0.452 0.171 0.351 0.106 0.132
Table A2.
Sample
15-HU -96-
02
15- HU-96-
01C
15-HU-22-
02
15-HU-24-
01
15-HU-25-
02
15-HU-25-
04
Latitude 42o18’42”N 42o18’42”N 42o23’58”N 42o23’58”N 42o23’58”N 42o23’58”N
Longitude 104o42’21”W 104o42’21”W 104o34’05”W 104o34’09”W 104o34’09”W 104o34’09”W
Unit
Muskrat
Canyon
Muskrat
Canyon Twin Hills Twin Hills Twin Hills
Haystack
Range?
SiO2 44.10 46.94 52.90 51.03 - 65.97
TiO2 2.14 0.52 1.44 0.91 - 0.43
Al2O3 12.51 11.38 15.04 12.69 - 12.76
FeO* 13.94 8.12 8.91 10.57 - 2.83
MnO 0.25 0.84 0.13 0.19 - 0.04
MgO 5.83 7.03 3.12 6.07 - 0.64
CaO 6.83 10.37 6.44 8.35 - 1.13
Na2O 3.65 2.10 2.93 2.67 - 2.61
K2O 0.17 0.86 2.02 0.34 - 4.80
P2O5 0.06 0.47 0.07 - 0.09
LOI 9.32 9.99 3.93 4.67 0.50 4.95
Total 98.75 98.21 97.33 97.56 - 96.26
ASI 0.43 0.61 0.80 0.64 - 1.11
50
V - 95.4 162 282 224 34.2
Cr - 168.4 36.1 177.4 17.4 14.1
Co - 21.5 22.8 47.1 23.9 5.32
Ni - 65.9 12.3 109.4 6.9 8.7
Cu - 6.72 18.5 108 16.3 4.18
Zn - 84.1 94.3 70.5 112 29.9
Rb - 33.4 62.5 8.27 71.1 107
Sr - 100.5 529.5 151.5 403.5 308.5
Y - 20.1 36.5 16.2 50 5.16
Zr - 98.8 429 53.9 353 363
Nb - 8.44 27.1 3.07 29.4 7.74
Sn - 2 1.51 0.65 1.27 0.45
Ba - 615 1120 115 1600 1790
La - 28.2 75.8 4.24 77 48.3
Ce - 57 163 10.6 188 72
Nd - 23 72.8 7.72 88.1 17.7
Sm - 4.14 11.5 2.26 16.4 1.83
Eu - 0.9 2.76 0.91 3.21 1.74
Gd - 3.73 9.3 3.06 13.8 1.47
Tb - 0.53 1.33 0.527 1.78 0.163
Dy - 3.51 8.16 3.62 10.5 1.11
Yb - 2.24 3.64 1.84 4.89 0.482
Lu - 0.31 0.629 0.27 0.776 0.124
Ta - 0.742 1.49 0.228 1.58 0.396
Pb - 10.3 24.9 1.91 14.6 19.6
Th - 11.1 11 0.407 9.2 38.9
U - 1.69 1.99 0.101 2.02 2.41
Table A3.
Sample
15-HU-25-
03
KC-HU-92-
17
15-HU-09-
01
15-HU-19-
01
15-HU -88-
02 FTB
Latitude 42o23’58”N * 42o25’57”N 42o25’38”N 42o24’14”N *
Longitude 104o34’09”W * 104o37’43”W 104o37’57”W 104o38’22”W *
Unit
Haystack
Range?
Haystack
Range
Haystack
Range
Haystack
Range
Haystack
Range Flattop Butte
SiO2 - 74.24 73.46 78.23 72.81 73.74
TiO2 - 0.25 0.27 0.01 0.25 0.21
Al2O3 - 13.44 13.33 12.56 11.35 13.62
51
FeO* - 2.71 2.48 0.56 1.74 1.79
MnO - 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.02
MgO - 0.42 0.44 0.04 0.12 0.55
CaO - 1.13 0.90 0.03 0.34 0.42
Na2O - 3.08 2.81 3.57 2.45 2.95
K2O - 5.14 5.24 4.85 4.52 5.24
P2O5 - 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.08
LOI 0.07 0.06 1.07 0.37 3.82 1.12
Total - 100.59 100.10 100.23 97.42 99.73
ASI - 1.06 1.12 1.12 1.19 1.21
V 31.7 16.1 17.5 3.53 - 44.2
Cr 15.8 16.8 19.9 15.9 - 24.5
Co 4.231 3.28 2.21 0.2 - 1.56
Ni 4.2 11.7 6.4 3.6 - 7.7
Cu 3.39 3.25 5.48 3.37 - 4.68
Zn 23.6 34 36.2 19.6 - 24.9
Rb 91.7 248 198 354 - 234
Sr 236.5 160.5 111.5 48.6 - 94.5
Y 10.3 30.5 39.8 66.6 - 28.7
Zr 234 238 292 142 - 208
Nb 9.87 29.4 22.1 44.8 - 24.5
Sn 0.522 3.15 16.5 2.31 - 8.76
Ba 1280 911 826 81.7 - 823
La 22.5 78.9 117 12.8 - 76.3
Ce 45.6 150 230 52.3 - 153
Nd 19.3 51.4 80.9 15.4 - 57.5
Sm 2.95 7.07 13.1 4 - 10.4
Eu 1.32 1.05 1.23 <LOD - 0.869
Gd 2.61 5.74 9.46 5.87 - 7.34
Tb 0.426 0.839 1.38 1.51 - 1.13
52
Dy 1.93 5.35 7.49 11.5 - 6.79
Yb 1.12 3.88 4.4 11.8 - 2.99
Lu 0.217 0.57 0.597 1.87 - 0.443
Ta 0.43 2.24 2.1 7.52 - 3.11
Pb 15.4 26 23.2 17.1 - 42.6
Th 5.77 44.8 56 67.8 - 56.9
U 1.39 5.75 6.07 6.59 - 3.28
Table A4. * = sample provided by Kevin Chamberlain (University of Wyoming, 2015).
Sample
KC-HU-94-
01
15-HU-33-
02
15-HU-28-
01
15-HU -67-
01
15-HU -73-
02A
15-HU -77-
01
Latitude * 42o33’15”N 42o33’25”N 42o34’52”N 42o34’56”N 42o34’43”N
Longitude * 104o30’27”W 104o30’24”W 104o34’42”W 104o29’43”W 104o30’08”W
Unit
Flattop
Butte
Rawhide
Buttes
Rawhide
Buttes
Rawhide
Buttes
Rawhide
Buttes
Rawhide
Buttes
SiO2 75.18 74.76 71.41 71.18 72.89 72.53
TiO2 0.14 0.09 0.21 0.33 0.24 0.17
Al2O3 13.58 9.67 13.04 12.39 12.74 12.22
FeO* 1.09 0.37 2.06 2.83 1.66 0.94
MnO 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
MgO 0.43 0.37 0.69 0.34 0.84 0.69
CaO 0.39 0.61 0.21 0.04 0.65 0.32
Na2O 3.24 1.22 2.81 0.16 3.87 3.45
K2O 6.16 5.51 5.86 7.29 4.15 4.74
P2O5 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.02 0.05
LOI 0.72 3.87 2.13 3.47 1.75 2.72
Total 101.00 96.55 98.53 98.06 98.87 97.79
ASI 1.07 1.06 1.15 1.51 1.06 1.07
V 6.43 20 15.2 22.9 14.1 -
Cr 12.3 20.6 18 25 25.1 -
Co 1.52 2.52 2.24 3.75 3.55 -
Ni 3.6 4.1 4.1 8.8 4.4 -
Cu 3.36 15 19.5 62.6 57.7 -
Zn 17.2 4.6 18.5 19.9 20.6 -
Rb 243 185 194 219 80.3 -
Sr 65.2 60.4 93.5 60.4 64.9 -
53
Y 44.1 22.9 55.9 14.4 7.45 -
Zr 112 146 228 206 186 -
Nb 17.6 15.6 19 8.74 8.19 -
Sn 5.8 1.9 3.91 2.13 0.975 -
Ba 590 862 862 1540 1220 -
La 38.3 59.6 80.9 61.9 27 -
Ce 74.6 109 164 115 54.8 -
Nd 28.1 43.2 62.3 42 21.8 -
Sm 6.23 8.28 10.5 6.28 3.98 -
Eu 0.511 1.45 0.93 0.858 0.718 -
Gd 5.78 5.87 8.38 4.36 2.61 -
Tb 1.11 0.862 1.25 0.616 0.327 -
Dy 7.25 4.35 8.93 2.9 1.72 -
Yb 4.5 2.46 5.36 1.14 0.569 -
Lu 0.664 0.413 0.838 0.181 0.099 -
Ta 1.63 1.67 1.03 0.553 0.162 -
Pb 38.8 21.7 33.4 23.6 135.5 -
Th 33.8 35.5 53.3 60.3 35.2 -
U 2.77 4.16 7.08 3 2.51 -
Table A6. * = Sample provided by Kevin Chamberlain (University of Wyoming, 2015).
Sample
15-HU -85-
02
15-HU -73-
01 POD
15-HU -73-
03 POD
15-HU-65-
02
KC-HU -92-
15
15-HU -34-
01
Latitude 42o35’46”N 42o34’56”N 42o34’56”N 42o34’52”N 42o34’52”N 42o35’11”N
Longitud
e 104o28’50”
W 104o29’43”W 104o29’43”W 104o34’46”W 104o34’46”W 104o31’24”W
Unit
Rawhide
Buttes Tonalitic Pod Tonalitic Pod Metapelite Metapelite Metapelite
SiO2 73.68 74.64 70.14 63.62 61.50 62.21
TiO2 0.20 0.16 0.25 0.44 0.69 0.80
Al2O3 12.79 12.25 13.43 13.66 16.61 18.26
FeO* 0.75 0.88 1.79 4.81 7.00 7.60
MnO 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.13
MgO 0.57 0.52 0.95 0.98 2.31 2.39
CaO 0.28 3.01 3.71 0.13 0.60 0.73
Na2O 3.65 3.92 4.11 1.54 1.30 0.78
K2O 5.24 0.49 0.56 5.51 6.06 5.56
P2O5 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.11 0.24
LOI 1.67 2.29 2.75 - - -
Total 98.84 98.20 97.75 5.37 2.88 1.96
54
ASI 1.05 0.98 0.95 1.57 1.70 2.12
V - 22.9 43.2 80 97.8 107
Cr - 26.6 45.2 13.1 105.4 108.4
Co - 7.07 8.84 11.1 14.8 18.2
Ni - 11.1 19.7 9.7 41 31.2
Cu - 47.2 36.6 5.67 33 50.2
Zn - 13 20.2 39.5 118 108
Rb - 11.7 16.5 154 217 216
Sr - 197.5 203.5 76.6 116.5 71.4
Y - 1.56 3.58 23.3 23.6 25.1
Zr - 28.5 44.9 70.5 151 177
Nb - 0.604 1.39 13.2 13.9 14.8
Sn - 0.299 0.245 11.9 3.1 4.7
Ba - 158 156 913 1200 1120
La - 1.34 1.89 27.4 39.9 42.8
Ce - 2.13 3.32 49.9 81.8 90.7
Nd - 0.922 1.82 20.7 36.2 41.1
Sm - 0.289 0.364 3.94 6.47 7.62
Eu - 0.27 0.357 0.661 1.89 1.02
Gd - 0.238 0.786 3.38 5.19 5.84
Tb - 0.039 0.085 0.559 0.695 0.964
Dy - 0.391 0.617 3.98 4.46 4.8
Yb - 0.183 0.456 2.5 2.45 2.58
Lu - <LOD 0.053 0.408 0.36 0.395
Ta - 0.037 0.109 1.92 0.955 1.03
Pb - 23.8 25.4 12.9 33.2 16.5
Th - 0.142 0.131 13.5 14.8 13.9
U - 0.082 0.092 1.39 3.59 3
Table A7.
55
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