geochemical applications in reservoir management: using ... applications i… · rft pressures and...
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Geochemical Applications in Reservoir Geochemical Applications in Reservoir Management: Using Spotfire to Interpret Management: Using Spotfire to Interpret
Reservoir Fluid DataReservoir Fluid Data
R.L. KaufmanR.L. KaufmanChevronTexacoChevronTexaco
Reservoir ManagementReservoir ManagementWhat is it?What is it?
•• Reservoir Management is that Reservoir Management is that segment of petroleum operations segment of petroleum operations concerned with maximizing concerned with maximizing recovery from a reservoir.recovery from a reservoir.
It is concerned with maximizing the It is concerned with maximizing the economic rate of withdrawal.economic rate of withdrawal.It is concerned with maximizing the It is concerned with maximizing the economic ultimate recover.economic ultimate recover.
•• The customers are virtually The customers are virtually everyone involved in the everyone involved in the upstream business.upstream business.
Petroleum Composition is Controlled by Petroleum Composition is Controlled by Geologic ProcessesGeologic Processes
•• GenerationGenerationSource Rock CompositionSource Rock CompositionThermal MaturityThermal Maturity
•• MigrationMigrationPrimaryPrimarySecondarySecondary
•• AccumulationAccumulationTrap GeometryTrap GeometryPVT ConditionsPVT ConditionsSeals and LeaksSeals and Leaks
•• AlterationAlterationBiodegradationBiodegradationWater WashingWater WashingGas FlushingGas FlushingThermal CrackingThermal Cracking
Fluid Properties are Integral to Both Upstream Fluid Properties are Integral to Both Upstream and Downstream Operationsand Downstream Operations
Hydrocarbon Systems
PlayEvaluation
ProspectEvaluation Delineation Development Reservoir
Management
EXPLORATION PRODUCTION
Basin Field Reservoir
SCALE
FLUID PROPERTIES
Bulk Molecular
SURFACE PROCESSES
Facilities Transportation Refining
SUB-SURFACE PROCESSES
Geochemical Projects Use Oil Data from Many Geochemical Projects Use Oil Data from Many Different SourcesDifferent Sources
Chevron DataChevron Data
Industry DataIndustry Data
GeochemicalGeochemical
PVTPVT
Crude AssayCrude Assay
SpotfireSpotfire
ReportsReports
MapsMaps
•• Merge dataMerge data•• InterpretationsInterpretations•• Cluster analysisCluster analysis•• PCAPCA•• Filter variablesFilter variables•• Links to other Links to other
programsprograms
ChartsCharts
LogsLogs
Downhole Downhole PlotsPlots
Crude Oil is Characterized by a Wide Crude Oil is Characterized by a Wide Range of Physical PropertiesRange of Physical Properties
•• GravityGravity•• ViscosityViscosity•• Acid numberAcid number•• Pour Point Pour Point •• Vapor PressureVapor Pressure•• Wax ContentWax Content
•• Flash PointFlash Point•• Cloud PointCloud Point•• SaturatesSaturates•• AromaticsAromatics•• NaphthenesNaphthenes•• AsphaltenesAsphaltenes
Crude Oil is a Complex Natural Product Crude Oil is a Complex Natural Product with Diverse Molecular Propertieswith Diverse Molecular Properties
•• GeochemicalGeochemicalBiomarkers (steranes, terpanes)Biomarkers (steranes, terpanes)Hydrocarbon DistributionHydrocarbon DistributionIsotopesIsotopes
•• Crude AssayCrude AssaySulfur, Nitrogen, MetalsSulfur, Nitrogen, MetalsDistillation CurvesDistillation CurvesComposition of Distillation cutsComposition of Distillation cuts
•• PVTPVTComposition at Reservoir ConditionsComposition at Reservoir Conditions
Crude Oil Value is Dependent on the Crude Oil Value is Dependent on the Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
$/BBL Gravity Viscosity Sulfur Acid Number
$$$ High
$ Low
Oil Gravity Trends for Different Source TypesOil Gravity Trends for Different Source TypesCrude Assay DatabaseCrude Assay Database
I
II, II/III
IISAPI
% Sulfur
Filtered DataFiltered DataInitial DataInitial Data
API
% Sulfur
Well Test Data from Three Different DatasetsWell Test Data from Three Different Datasets
DST 2DST 2
DST 1DST 1Color by DSTColor by DST
Color by DSTColor by DST
RFT PressureRFT Pressure PVT Saturation PressurePVT Saturation Pressure Distillation YieldDistillation Yield
Gas Chromatography Indicates Low Oil Gas Chromatography Indicates Low Oil Gravity Due to BiodegradationGravity Due to Biodegradation
Marked Data PointMarked Data Point
High Gravity Oils are UnalteredHigh Gravity Oils are Unaltered
Reservoir ManagementReservoir ManagementSomeSome Geochemical ApplicationsGeochemical Applications
•• Reservoir ContinuityReservoir Continuity•• Characterization of Reservoir FluidsCharacterization of Reservoir Fluids
OilOilGasGasWaterWater
•• Identification of Reservoir Tars and BitumensIdentification of Reservoir Tars and Bitumens•• Production MonitoringProduction Monitoring
Gas Chromatography is a Common Gas Chromatography is a Common Technique for Oil FingerprintingTechnique for Oil Fingerprinting
Sample 1506
n-C10
n-C15
n-C20
n-C25
n-C30
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
RFT Pressures and Oil Fingerprinting RFT Pressures and Oil Fingerprinting Identify Reservoir CompartmentsIdentify Reservoir Compartments
UDT 2 BlockUDT 2 Block
Main BlockMain Block
8X Block8X Block
Cluster DistanceCluster Distance
0.00.0 0.50.5 1.01.0 1.51.5 2.02.0
18001800 20002000 22002200 24002400 26002600 28002800 30003000 32003200
24002400
29002900
34003400
39003900
44004400
49004900
54005400
59005900
64006400
Pressure (psi)Pressure (psi)
Dep
th (f
tD
epth
(ft -- t
vdss
)tv
dss)
Oil Fingerprint DataOil Fingerprint Data
After Kaufman (1999)After Kaufman (1999)
Structure Map of the IagifuStructure Map of the Iagifu--Hedinia FieldHedinia Field
Oil Groups Correspond to Individual Fault BlocksOil Groups Correspond to Individual Fault Blocks
After Kaufman (1999)After Kaufman (1999)
Selective Filtering and Color Coding Selective Filtering and Color Coding Simplifies RFT Pressure InterpretationSimplifies RFT Pressure Interpretation
Initial DataInitial DataColor by WellColor by Well
Filtered DataFiltered Data
Gas Column
Oil Column
Water Column
Color by Fluid TypeColor by Fluid Type
Oil Fingerprint Data Can Be Displayed Oil Fingerprint Data Can Be Displayed Using the Profile ChartUsing the Profile Chart
RFT Pressure DataRFT Pressure Data
Oil Field AOil Field A
Oil Field BOil Field B
Oil Fingerprint DataOil Fingerprint Data
Oil Field AOil Field A Oil Field BOil Field B
Chromatography Peak Height RatiosChromatography Peak Height Ratios
Displaying Data in Mapview is Essential Displaying Data in Mapview is Essential to Reservoir Management Activitiesto Reservoir Management Activities
Public Domain MapsPublic Domain Maps
ChevronTexaco MapsChevronTexaco Maps•• CADCAD•• ZMAPZMAP•• StratworksStratworks•• ArcviewArcview
ARCIMSARCIMS(Shape Files)(Shape Files) SpotfiireSpotfiire
All Visible Records MappedAll Visible Records Mapped
Oil Fingerprint DataOil Fingerprint DataPeak Height RatiosPeak Height Ratios
Oilfield A Wells MappedOilfield A Wells Mapped
Selected RecordsSelected Records
Field AField A
Oilfield B Wells MappedOilfield B Wells Mapped
Selected RecordsSelected Records
Field BField B
ConclusionsConclusions
•• Spotfire provides an efficient mechanism to Spotfire provides an efficient mechanism to load and interpret reservoir fluid data from load and interpret reservoir fluid data from multiple databases.multiple databases.
•• Different reservoir fluid properties and Different reservoir fluid properties and reservoir compartments can be readily reservoir compartments can be readily identified using selective filtering and color identified using selective filtering and color coding.coding.
•• Crude oil fingerprint data can be dynamically Crude oil fingerprint data can be dynamically interpreted with the results displayed in map interpreted with the results displayed in map view.view.