Geothermal EnergyA Seminar Report ONHydroelectric PowerHydroelectric PowerBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYInElectricalEngineeringSubmitted toSubmitted b! "r# S$NIL BANSAL"OH%# "ANN&AR 'A((t# pro))# E#N#* E# N# T+ird Year Batc+, -./0,/11Geothermal EnergyBHARAT INSTIT$TE OF TECHNOLOGY2 "EER$T 'A))iliated to $#3#T#$#2 Luc4no5*CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled Hdroelectric 3o5er6is submitted by "OH%# "ANN&ARbearing Roll No 1212821035 in !Tech "#N$ %&semester! Super7i(or "r# S$NIL BANSAL 'A((t# pro))# E#N#*2Geothermal EnergyCONTENTS/* INTRO%$CTION-* SO$RCES OF EARTH8S INTERNAL ENERGY-#/ %i))erent Geot+ermal Energ Source(9* %IRECT $SES OF GEOTHER"AL ENERGY IS A33RO3RIATE FOR SO$RCES BELO& /1..C9#/Ho5 %irect $(e( &or40* GRO$N% HEAT COLLECTERS0#/ Bore+ole Heat E:c+ange1* GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY;* HOT %RY ROC* GEOTHER"AL8S 3OSITI?E ATTRIB$TES@* GEOTHER"AL HEAT 3$"3S/.* A?AILABILITY OF GEO THER"AL ENERGY//* HIGH TE"3ERAT$RE SYSTE"S/-* LO& TE"3ERAT$RE SYSTE"S/9* A%?ANTAGES/0* CONCL$SION/1* REFERENCES/;* BIBILOGRA3HY/# INTRO%$CTION3Geothermal EnergyThe centre of #arth is belie'ed to be 5(500 degrees )elcius *hich is almost as hot asthesurfaceofthesun!+eothermal"*hichliterallymeansEarthHeat$energyisenergy*hichista,enfrominsidethe#arthandusedbyus! #'enacoupleofmilesdo*nthetemperature of the #arth can be o'er 200 degrees )elcius! Therefore there is an enormousamount of energy to be tapped into Thetop15metres of the#arth-s surface ha'earelati'elyconstant temperaturethrough all of the seasons! Therefore one of the commonest uses of geothermal energy is+eothermal .eat /umps! /ipesburiedintothegroundcirculatefluidthroughthe*armground e0tracting energy and using it to heat buildings 'ery efficiently! &n the summer heatfrombuildingscanbetransferedbac,intothegroundbythesameprocesscoolingthebuilding! +eothermal heat pumpscanbeusedalmost e'ery*hereonthe#arth-ssurface!1ften used in agriculture to heat greenhouses( geothermal heat pumps cut electricity bills byup to 802! +eothermal heat can also be used directly in 'olcanic locations around the *orld! 3ore0ample(in &celand *ater is heated by being pumped do*n into the ground and bac, upagain! &n those locations *ith e0treme geothermal heat close to the surface "e!g! natural hotsprings$ it is e'en possible to generate electricity using turbines dri'en by the steam to po*ergenerators!+eothermal po*er stationsare 'ery clean emitting only steam and a fe* tracegases( and they ta,e up 'ery little space compared to fossil fuel po*er stations!-# SO$RCES OF EARTH8S INTERNAL ENERGY4Geothermal Energy5 602comes fromthe decayof radioacti'e nuclei *ithlonghalf li'es that areembedded *ithin the #arth5 Some energy is from residual heat left o'er from #arths formation!5 The rest of the energy comes from meteorite impacts!-#/ %i))erent Geot+ermal Energ Source(! .ot 7ater Reser'oirs8 9s the name implies these are reser'oirs of hot underground*ater!There is a large amount of them in the :S( but they are more suited for spaceheating than for electricity production! Natural Stem Reser'oirs8&n this case a hole dug into the ground can cause steam tocome to the surface!This type of resource is rare in the :S! +eopressuredReser'oirs8 &nthistypeofreser'e( brinecompletelysaturated*ithnatural gas in stored under pressure from the *eight of o'erlying roc,!This type ofresource can be used for both heat and for natural gas! Normal +eothermal +radient8 9t any place on the planet( there is a normaltemperaturegradient of ;300) per ,mdug intotheearth! Therefore( ifone digs20(000 feet the temperature *ill be about 1*ater is as a heat sin, or source for air conditioning or heating /ipesembeddedintheearthcarryrefrigerant or*aterandconduct heatfromthehotter to cooler substance Since the earth "or *ater$ has a high specific heat in comparison *ith air( there isgood thermal transfer &n*inter(heat ise0tractedfromtheearthbythechilledrefrigerant( *hileinthesummer( the hot refrigerant conducts heat to the earth .ousesha'ebeenbuilt partiallyundergroundtomoderatethe*interandsummertemperatures5 =ennis 7ea'erbuilt an#arthshipEhouse*ithusedtires( aluminumcans(and stucco1