genomic selection for improved fertility of dairy …...genomic selection for improved fertility of...
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![Page 1: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Genomic Selection for Improved
Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis
on Cyclicity and Pregnancy
Award # 2012-02115
NIFA AFRI Translational Genomics for Improved Fertility of Animals
http://agrilife.org/afridairycowfertility/
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Monitoring Transition Management with Emphasis on Reproductive Performance
Ricardo C. Chebel
Department of Veterinary Population Medicine
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The Impact of Health Disorders on Reproductive Efficiency
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Incidence in the first 60 days postpartum, %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Digestive
Pneumonia
Lameness
Ketosis
Mastitis
Fever
C. endometritis
Metrits
Calving problem
Healthy
• 5,719 postpartum dairy cows evaluated daily for health disorders from eight experiments in seven dairy farms in the US
Incidence of Health Disorders in the First 60 DIM in High-Producing Holstein Herds
Courtesy: Dr. José E. P. Santos
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Incidence in the first 60 days postpartum, %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Digestive
Pneumonia
Lameness
Ketosis
Mastitis
Fever
C. endometritis
Metrits
Calving problem
Healthy
• 5,719 postpartum dairy cows evaluated daily for health disorders from eight experiments in seven dairy farms in the US
Incidence of Health Disorders in the First 60 DIM in High-Producing Holstein Herds
Courtesy: Dr. José E. P. Santos
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Incidence in the first 60 days postpartum, %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Digestive
Pneumonia
Lameness
Ketosis
Mastitis
Fever
C. endometritis
Metrits
Calving problem
Healthy
• 5,719 postpartum dairy cows evaluated daily for health disorders from eight experiments in seven dairy farms in the US
Incidence of Health Disorders in the First 60 DIM in High-Producing Holstein Herds
Courtesy: Dr. José E. P. Santos
![Page 7: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
50556065707580859095
100
Cyc
lic
cow
s, %
Peripartum Health Disorders are Associated with
Resumption of Cyclicity by 60 DIM
Santos et al. (2010)
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50556065707580859095
100
Cyc
lic
cow
s, %
Peripartum Health Disorders are Associated with
Resumption of Cyclicity by 60 DIM
Santos et al. (2010)
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50556065707580859095
100
Cyc
lic
cow
s, %
Peripartum Health Disorders are Associated with
Resumption of Cyclicity by 60 DIM
Santos et al. (2010)
Heath disorders = 5 a 25% cyclic cows
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6
Peripartum Health Disorders Affect Embryo Quality and Pregnancy Establishment
Bisinotto et al. (2012) Anim. Reprod. 9:260-272
• Data from 5,719 lactating dairy cows evaluated daily for postpartum health disorders in 7 dairies in the USA
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• Quality of 476 d 6 embryos-oocytes from non-superstimulated cows:
– Fertilization
– Embryo quality
– Cell population
6
Peripartum Health Disorders Affect Embryo Quality and Pregnancy Establishment
Bisinotto et al. (2012) Anim. Reprod. 9:260-272
• Data from 5,719 lactating dairy cows evaluated daily for postpartum health disorders in 7 dairies in the USA
![Page 12: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Quality of 476 d 6 embryos-oocytes from non-superstimulated cows:
– Fertilization
– Embryo quality
– Cell population
6
• Data from 145 cows that were flushed 15 d after AI and were classfied according to:
– Pregnancy
– Development of embryos
– Interferon-tau concentration
Peripartum Health Disorders Affect Embryo Quality and Pregnancy Establishment
Bisinotto et al. (2012) Anim. Reprod. 9:260-272
• Data from 5,719 lactating dairy cows evaluated daily for postpartum health disorders in 7 dairies in the USA
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73.4
49.3 51.4 57.5
29.8 34.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Day 6 Day 15 Day 30
Preg
nant
, %
Day after AI
Healthy
Clinical disease
Summary of Estimates of Pregnancy at Different Stages after AI According to Health Status
Bisinotto et al. (2012)
Courtesy: J. Santos
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73.4
49.3 51.4 57.5
29.8 34.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Day 6 Day 15 Day 30
Preg
nant
, %
Day after AI
Healthy
Clinical disease
Summary of Estimates of Pregnancy at Different Stages after AI According to Health Status
Bisinotto et al. (2012)
Courtesy: J. Santos
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73.4
49.3 51.4 57.5
29.8 34.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Day 6 Day 15 Day 30
Preg
nant
, %
Day after AI
Healthy
Clinical disease
Summary of Estimates of Pregnancy at Different Stages after AI According to Health Status
Bisinotto et al. (2012)
Courtesy: J. Santos
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73.4
49.3 51.4 57.5
29.8 34.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Day 6 Day 15 Day 30
Preg
nant
, %
Day after AI
Healthy
Clinical disease
Summary of Estimates of Pregnancy at Different Stages after AI According to Health Status
Bisinotto et al. (2012)
Courtesy: J. Santos
Disease = 20 to 40% fewer pregnant cows
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
• Cows with RFM treated with ceftiofur (2.2 mg/Kg, 5 d; n = 31), or
estradiol cypionate (4 mg once; n = 33), or control (n = 33) (Risco and
Hernandes, 2003)
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
• Cows with RFM treated with ceftiofur (2.2 mg/Kg, 5 d; n = 31), or
estradiol cypionate (4 mg once; n = 33), or control (n = 33) (Risco and
Hernandes, 2003)
− Ceftiofur reduced incidence of metritis: ceftiofur = 13%, ECP = 42%,
control = 42%
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
• Cows with RFM treated with ceftiofur (2.2 mg/Kg, 5 d; n = 31), or
estradiol cypionate (4 mg once; n = 33), or control (n = 33) (Risco and
Hernandes, 2003)
− Ceftiofur reduced incidence of metritis: ceftiofur = 13%, ECP = 42%,
control = 42%
− No benefits to reproductive performance (ECP compromised fertility)
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
• Cows with RFM treated with ceftiofur (2.2 mg/Kg, 5 d; n = 31), or
estradiol cypionate (4 mg once; n = 33), or control (n = 33) (Risco and
Hernandes, 2003)
− Ceftiofur reduced incidence of metritis: ceftiofur = 13%, ECP = 42%,
control = 42%
− No benefits to reproductive performance (ECP compromised fertility)
• Cows at risk treated with ceftiofur 6.6 mg of CCFA/Kg once (n =
317) or control (n = 304) (McLaughlin et al., 2013)
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
• Cows with RFM treated with ceftiofur (2.2 mg/Kg, 5 d; n = 31), or
estradiol cypionate (4 mg once; n = 33), or control (n = 33) (Risco and
Hernandes, 2003)
− Ceftiofur reduced incidence of metritis: ceftiofur = 13%, ECP = 42%,
control = 42%
− No benefits to reproductive performance (ECP compromised fertility)
• Cows at risk treated with ceftiofur 6.6 mg of CCFA/Kg once (n =
317) or control (n = 304) (McLaughlin et al., 2013)
− Reduced number of days with high rectal temperature and reduced
incidence of metritis (CCFA = 29% vs control = 42%)
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Metaphylactic Treatment of Cows at Risk for Uterine Diseases Does not Restore Fertility
• Cows with RFM treated with ceftiofur (2.2 mg/Kg, 5 d; n = 31), or
estradiol cypionate (4 mg once; n = 33), or control (n = 33) (Risco and
Hernandes, 2003)
− Ceftiofur reduced incidence of metritis: ceftiofur = 13%, ECP = 42%,
control = 42%
− No benefits to reproductive performance (ECP compromised fertility)
• Cows at risk treated with ceftiofur 6.6 mg of CCFA/Kg once (n =
317) or control (n = 304) (McLaughlin et al., 2013)
− Reduced number of days with high rectal temperature and reduced
incidence of metritis (CCFA = 29% vs control = 42%)
− No improvements in performance
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Effect of Preventative Treatment of Cows at Risk on Incidence of Metritis
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20
Day of Study
Fa
ilu
re R
ate
, %
CON
CCFA-SS
NTX
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
Day of Study
Fa
ilu
re R
ate
, %
SAL
CCFA-SS
McLaughlin et al. (2010)
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Performance of Cows at Risk for Metritis Treated
Methaphylactically with Ceftiofur
Treatment group
Item Cows (Sites) Control Treated P-value
Culling ≤ 30 DIM,% 358 (9) 6.3 1.8 3.3 1.3 0.23
Cows sold+dead, % 358 (9) 23.6 5.2 22.0 4.9 0.72
305-d ME, Kg 278 (9) 12,037 460 12,145 461 0.74
Total milk production, Kg 289 (9) 8,909 469 9,130 462 0.66
Days in milk 355 (9) 244 10 258 9 0.13
Days open 295 (9) 147 8 143 7 0.63
Inseminations 324 (9) 2.89 0.19 2.71 0.17 0.49
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Immune Function: Importance for Postpartum Health and Association
with Dry Matter Intake
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1 Endothelium
P P
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1 Endothelium
P P
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1 Endothelium
P P
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18 Endothelium
P P
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion
Endothelium
P P
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion Transmigration
Endothelium
P P
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion Transmigration
Endothelium
P P
Phagocytosis
P
Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
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Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion Transmigration
Endothelium
P P
Phagocytosis
P
Oxidative burst Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
![Page 36: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
• Physiological and metabolic changes in the transition period
affect immune function and susceptibility to postpartum
diseases (Goff e Horst, 1997)
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion Transmigration
Endothelium
P P
Phagocytosis
P
Oxidative burst Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
![Page 37: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
• Physiological and metabolic changes in the transition period
affect immune function and susceptibility to postpartum
diseases (Goff e Horst, 1997)
• Neutrophil function is affected by cortisol (Burton et al., 1995) and
NEB (Hammon et al. 2006)
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion Transmigration
Endothelium
P P
Phagocytosis
P
Oxidative burst Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
![Page 38: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Effectors of Innate Immunity and Transition Cows
• Physiological and metabolic changes in the transition period
affect immune function and susceptibility to postpartum
diseases (Goff e Horst, 1997)
• Neutrophil function is affected by cortisol (Burton et al., 1995) and
NEB (Hammon et al. 2006)
rolling L-selectin
L-selectin receptor ICAM-1
CD-18
Firm adhesion Transmigration
Endothelium
P P
Phagocytosis
P
Oxidative burst Adapted from L. G. D. Mendonça
![Page 39: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Neutrophil Activity: Association with Dry Matter Intake and Metritis
-1 0 1 2 3 4 8
Weeks Relative to Calving
0
24
48
72
96
120
Mye
l. Pe
rox. (%
Con
trol
)
Hammon et al. (2006)
Dry matter intake:
Above median
Below median
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Neutrophil Activity: Association with Dry Matter Intake and Metritis
-1 0 1 2 3 4 8
Weeks Relative to Calving
0
24
48
72
96
120
Mye
l. Pe
rox. (%
Con
trol
)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 8
Weeks Relative to Calving
0
24
48
72
96
120
Mye
l. Pe
rox. (%
Con
trol
)
Hammon et al. (2006)
Dry matter intake:
Above median
Below median
Health status:
Healthy
Mild metritis
Severe metritis
![Page 41: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and
Reduced Milk Yield
![Page 42: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
![Page 43: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
![Page 44: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
![Page 45: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
![Page 46: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
![Page 47: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
![Page 48: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c
![Page 49: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c
= false -
![Page 50: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false -
![Page 51: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false - = false +
![Page 52: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false - = false +
PPV = a a+b
![Page 53: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false - = false +
PPV = a a+b NPV = d c+d
![Page 54: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
– Monitor group rumination/activity: alterations in TMR, feed and water
availability, stocking density
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false - = false +
PPV = a a+b NPV = d c+d
![Page 55: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
– Monitor group rumination/activity: alterations in TMR, feed and water
availability, stocking density
– Monitor herd level prevalence of diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false - = false +
PPV = a a+b NPV = d c+d
![Page 56: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Possible uses of rumination/activity monitors:
– Individual cow test to diagnose diseases
– Monitor group rumination/activity: alterations in TMR, feed and water
availability, stocking density
– Monitor herd level prevalence of diseases
– Averages may NOT be used to diagnose diseases
Case
Case+ Case-
Test Test+ a b
Test- c d
Sensitivity = a a+c Specificity = d b+d
= false - = false +
PPV = a a+b NPV = d c+d
![Page 57: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 58: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 59: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
• Rumination and activity (SCR) determined from -17 to 17 d relative to
calving (n = 300)
– Rumination determined by a microphone (minutes rumination every 2 h)
– Activity determined through an accelerometer (3D moviment)
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 60: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
• Rumination and activity (SCR) determined from -17 to 17 d relative to
calving (n = 300)
– Rumination determined by a microphone (minutes rumination every 2 h)
– Activity determined through an accelerometer (3D moviment)
• Metabolites (NEFA and BHBA) and haptoglobin concentration
determined weekly from -21 to 21 d relative to calving
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 61: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
• Rumination and activity (SCR) determined from -17 to 17 d relative to
calving (n = 300)
– Rumination determined by a microphone (minutes rumination every 2 h)
– Activity determined through an accelerometer (3D moviment)
• Metabolites (NEFA and BHBA) and haptoglobin concentration
determined weekly from -21 to 21 d relative to calving
– Ketosis = BHBA > 1,000 µmol/L between 0 and 21 d relative to calving
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 62: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
• Rumination and activity (SCR) determined from -17 to 17 d relative to
calving (n = 300)
– Rumination determined by a microphone (minutes rumination every 2 h)
– Activity determined through an accelerometer (3D moviment)
• Metabolites (NEFA and BHBA) and haptoglobin concentration
determined weekly from -21 to 21 d relative to calving
– Ketosis = BHBA > 1,000 µmol/L between 0 and 21 d relative to calving
• Total Ca concentration determined on d 0, 1, 2, or 3 relative to calving
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 63: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
• Rumination and activity (SCR) determined from -17 to 17 d relative to
calving (n = 300)
– Rumination determined by a microphone (minutes rumination every 2 h)
– Activity determined through an accelerometer (3D moviment)
• Metabolites (NEFA and BHBA) and haptoglobin concentration
determined weekly from -21 to 21 d relative to calving
– Ketosis = BHBA > 1,000 µmol/L between 0 and 21 d relative to calving
• Total Ca concentration determined on d 0, 1, 2, or 3 relative to calving
– Sub-clinical hipocalcemia = Ca < 8.55 mg/dL
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 64: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• Experiment conducted at a 2,700 lactanting cow herd
• Rumination and activity (SCR) determined from -17 to 17 d relative to
calving (n = 300)
– Rumination determined by a microphone (minutes rumination every 2 h)
– Activity determined through an accelerometer (3D moviment)
• Metabolites (NEFA and BHBA) and haptoglobin concentration
determined weekly from -21 to 21 d relative to calving
– Ketosis = BHBA > 1,000 µmol/L between 0 and 21 d relative to calving
• Total Ca concentration determined on d 0, 1, 2, or 3 relative to calving
– Sub-clinical hipocalcemia = Ca < 8.55 mg/dL
• Cows evaluated pre and post-partum for diseases, BCS, and LS
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 65: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Correlation: r = 0.63 (P < 0.01) Partial correlation: r = 0.65 (P < 0.01)
Association between Prepartum and Postpartum Rumination
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 66: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Retained Placenta
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 13.2% (39/296)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
RFMRFM – P = 0.69 Day – P < 0.01
RFM x day – P < 0.01
![Page 67: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
Metritis
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Metritis
Metritis – P = 0.16 Day – P < 0.01
Metritis x day – P =0.22
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 21.2% (62/293)
![Page 68: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
Metritis
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Metritis
Metritis – P = 0.16 Day – P < 0.01
Metritis x day – P =0.22
Criteria calculated 72 h post-partum: Sensitivity = 75% and specificity = 93.1%
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 21.2% (62/293)
![Page 69: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
Metritis
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Metritis
Metritis – P = 0.16 Day – P < 0.01
Metritis x day – P =0.22
Criteria calculated 72 h post-partum: Sensitivity = 75% and specificity = 93.1%
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 21.2% (62/293)
Under treating metritic cows
![Page 70: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Association among Rumination and Metabolites Concentrations
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Correlation: r = -0.27 (P < 0.01) Partial correlation: r = -0.27 (P < 0.01)
Correlation: r = 0.23 (P < 0.01) Partial correlation: r = 0.15 (P = 0.03)
![Page 71: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCK
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Ketosis
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 12% (30/249)
![Page 72: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCK
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Ketosis
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 12% (30/249)
sensitivity = 62.5% specificity = 67.3%
![Page 73: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Association between Rumination and Total Ca Concentration from 0 to 3 d Postpartum
Partial correlation: P = 0.003 r = 0.18
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 74: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCHC
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
SCHC: P = 0.46 SCHC x day: P < 0.01
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
![Page 75: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCHC
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
SCHC: P = 0.46 SCHC x day: P < 0.01
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 37% (94/249)
![Page 76: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCHC
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
Diagnosis must occur < 0 DIM
SCHC: P = 0.46 SCHC x day: P < 0.01
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 37% (94/249)
![Page 77: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCHC
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
Diagnosis must occur < 0 DIM
1st criteria: sensitivity = 66.7% and specificity = 61.3% 2nd criteria: sensitivity = 82.7% and specificity = 49.6%
SCHC: P = 0.46 SCHC x day: P < 0.01
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Incidence = 37% (94/249)
![Page 78: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Healthy
SCHC
Pattern of Rumination of Cows with Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
Diagnosis must occur < 0 DIM
1st criteria: sensitivity = 66.7% and specificity = 61.3% 2nd criteria: sensitivity = 82.7% and specificity = 49.6%
SCHC: P = 0.46 SCHC x day: P < 0.01
Liboreiro et al. (2014)
Over treating normal cows
Incidence = 37% (94/249)
![Page 79: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Association between Daily Milk Yield and Daily Rumination
Correlation: P < 0.01 r = 0.37
Partial correlation:
P < 0.01 r = 0.23
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Low25%
High75%
Pattern of Rumination according to Milk Yield in the first 90 d Postpartum
All mature cows: n = 205
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Pattern of Rumination according to Milk Yield in the first 90 d Postpartum
Healthy mature cows: n = 64
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Rum
inat
ion
(min
/d)
Days relative to calving
Low25%
High75%
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Utilizing Average Rumination Time to Identify Subpar Milk Yield
• Cows classified as the lowest 25
percentile milk yield up to 90 DIM
• Prepartum rumination time: not a
good predictor of reduced milk
yield
• Postpartum rumination time < 408
min/d: sensitivity = 53.1% and
specificity = 84%
– PPV = 51%, NPV = 85%
• Pre and postpartum rumination
time < 481 min/d: sensitivity =
75.5% and specificity = 54.5%
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Utilizing Average Rumination Time to Identify Subpar Milk Yield
• Cows classified as the lowest 25
percentile milk yield up to 90
DIM, no twins, no diseases
• Prepartum rumination time: not a
good predictor of reduced milk
yield
• Postpartum rumination time < 384
min/d: sensitivity = 47.1% and
specificity = 93.6% – PPV = 72%, NPV = 83%
• Pre and postpartum rumination
time < 433 min/d: sensitivity =
47.1% and specificity = 87.2%
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Ketosis
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Ketosis
y = -0.2975x + 18.554
R² = 0.0289
02468
101214161820
15 20 25 30
Preva
lenc
e o
f S
CK
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Ketosis
y = -0.2975x + 18.554
R² = 0.0289
02468
101214161820
15 20 25 30
Preva
lenc
e o
f S
CK
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Ketosis
y = -0.2975x + 18.554
R² = 0.0289
02468
101214161820
15 20 25 30
Preva
lenc
e o
f S
CK
Prepartum rumination pattern
y = 1.4044x - 16.778
R² = 0.8754
02468
101214161820
15 20 25 30Pr
eva
lenc
e o
f S
CK
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
y = 1.2122x + 12.154
R² = 0.2287
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15 20 25 30
Preva
lenc
e o
f S
CH
C
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
y = 1.2122x + 12.154
R² = 0.2287
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15 20 25 30
Preva
lenc
e o
f S
CH
C
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Sub-clinical Hypocalcemia
y = 1.2122x + 12.154
R² = 0.2287
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15 20 25 30
Preva
lenc
e o
f S
CH
C
Prepartum rumination pattern
y = 3.4233x - 44.188
R² = 0.9817
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15 20 25 30Pr
eva
lenc
e o
f S
CH
C
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Stillbirth
y = -0.0201x + 6.4512
R² = 0.0004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15 20 25 30
Preva
lanc
e o
f D
OA
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Stillbirth
y = -0.0201x + 6.4512
R² = 0.0004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15 20 25 30
Preva
lanc
e o
f D
OA
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and Prevalence of Stillbirth
y = -0.0201x + 6.4512
R² = 0.0004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15 20 25 30
Preva
lanc
e o
f D
OA
Prepartum rumination pattern
y = 0.8143x - 10.872
R² = 0.5777
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15 20 25 30Pr
eva
lanc
e o
f D
OA
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and 90 d Milk Yield
y = -0.0987x + 101.25
R² = 0.0124
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
15 20 25 30
90
d M
ilk
yield
, lb
/d
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and 90 d Milk Yield
y = -0.0987x + 101.25
R² = 0.0124
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
15 20 25 30
90
d M
ilk
yield
, lb
/d
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Association Among Patterns of Rumination and 90 d Milk Yield
y = -0.0987x + 101.25
R² = 0.0124
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
15 20 25 30
90
d M
ilk
yield
, lb
/d
Prepartum rumination pattern
y = -0.417x + 110.17
R² = 0.9441
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
15 20 25 309
0 d
Milk
yield
, lb
/d
Prepartum rumination pattern
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Use of New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Postpartum Diseases and Reduced Milk Yield
• More experiments are necessary to determine animal, nutrition,
ambient, management factors associated with rumination of
transition cows
– Animals = parity, breed, twining, BCS
– Dieta = NDF, peNDF, ADF, lignin, feed sorting
– Ambient = Heat stress, stocking density, water availability
• Utilization of rumination and activity data for diagnosis of disease
– The population is different than the individual
– It is OK to say that in a population that has had rumination > “X” a drop
in rumination time may indicate a problem
– To diagnose a disease, rumination of the animal has to be compared to its
rumination immediately before the disease occurs
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Suggested Use of Rumination Information
• Continue your routine of fresh cow evaluation
• Daily pull out list of low rumination cows = these cows must have a full physical exam
– Treat according to diagnosis and DVM protocol
– If no disease is identified = supportive therapy (e.g. drench, Ca boluses)
– Cows with no diagnosis = monitor rumination and examine the following day if rumination remains low
• Group evaluation
– Monitor variability in rumination of close-up and fresh animals
– Monitor rumination when changing diets, silage, and other important feed stuff
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Long Term Effect of Reproductive Performance on Health
and Vice-Versa
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
• Data from 8,989 lactations from 6,183 multiparous Holstein
cows
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
• Data from 8,989 lactations from 6,183 multiparous Holstein
cows
• Calving from 01/02 to 11/08 in two CA dairies
– Dry lot and free stall dairies
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
• Data from 8,989 lactations from 6,183 multiparous Holstein
cows
• Calving from 01/02 to 11/08 in two CA dairies
– Dry lot and free stall dairies
• Cows scored for BCS at dry-off and calving
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
• Data from 8,989 lactations from 6,183 multiparous Holstein
cows
• Calving from 01/02 to 11/08 in two CA dairies
– Dry lot and free stall dairies
• Cows scored for BCS at dry-off and calving
– Conventional dry cow diets (far-off and close-up)
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
• Data from 8,989 lactations from 6,183 multiparous Holstein
cows
• Calving from 01/02 to 11/08 in two CA dairies
– Dry lot and free stall dairies
• Cows scored for BCS at dry-off and calving
– Conventional dry cow diets (far-off and close-up)
• Planned dry period = 60 d (30 to 90 d dry period)
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Association among BCS loss during the Dry Period and Performance
• Data from 8,989 lactations from 6,183 multiparous Holstein
cows
• Calving from 01/02 to 11/08 in two CA dairies
– Dry lot and free stall dairies
• Cows scored for BCS at dry-off and calving
– Conventional dry cow diets (far-off and close-up)
• Planned dry period = 60 d (30 to 90 d dry period)
• Prepartum stocking density varied from 80 to 100%
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
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Correlation between BCS at dry-off and Probability of BCS Loss in the Dry Period
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
Highly dependent on reproductive performance and milk yield
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0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Prob
abilit
y of
BC
S los
s
Body condition score at dry-off
30
60
90
Correlation between BCS at dry-off and Probability of BCS Loss in the Dry Period
Mendonça and Chebel (unpublished)
Dry period (d):
> -0.25 unit
> -0.75 unit
Highly dependent on reproductive performance and milk yield
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Incidence of Health Disorders according to BCS Change during the Dry Period
BCS Change
> +0.25 (n = 1.384, 15%)
0 (n = 3.852, 43%)
-0.25 a -0.5 (n = 3.551, 40%)
< -0.75 (n = 202, 2%)
P
RFM 3.0a,A 3.4a,A 5.5b 7.4B < 0.01
Metritis 10.0a 12.3a 15.7b,A 20.8b,B < 0.01
GI disorders 2.6a 2.4a 4.8b 9.9c < 0.01
Removal by 30 DIM 3.0a 2.8a 5.1b 12.9c < 0.01
Removal by 60 DIM 5.1a 4.5a 7.6b 15.4c < 0.01
Culling rate (AHR and 95% CI)
0.88a (0.77, 1.01)
Referencea 1.14b (1.04, 1.25)
1.73c (1.36, 2.19)
< 0.01
Mendonça and Chebel, 2011
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
• Data from 30 multiparous Holstein cows from the UofM
dairy
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
• Data from 30 multiparous Holstein cows from the UofM
dairy
– Cows scored for BCS at -25 and 0 d relative to calving
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
• Data from 30 multiparous Holstein cows from the UofM
dairy
– Cows scored for BCS at -25 and 0 d relative to calving
– Classified as having lost or gained/no change BCS
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
• Data from 30 multiparous Holstein cows from the UofM
dairy
– Cows scored for BCS at -25 and 0 d relative to calving
– Classified as having lost or gained/no change BCS
– Diets: NDF = 40 to 42% and NEL = 1.47 to 1.51 Mcal/kg
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
• Data from 30 multiparous Holstein cows from the UofM
dairy
– Cows scored for BCS at -25 and 0 d relative to calving
– Classified as having lost or gained/no change BCS
– Diets: NDF = 40 to 42% and NEL = 1.47 to 1.51 Mcal/kg
– Blood sampled weekly from -14 to 21 d relative to calving
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Association between BCS loss during the Dry Period and Innate Immunity
• Data from 30 multiparous Holstein cows from the UofM
dairy
– Cows scored for BCS at -25 and 0 d relative to calving
– Classified as having lost or gained/no change BCS
– Diets: NDF = 40 to 42% and NEL = 1.47 to 1.51 Mcal/kg
– Blood sampled weekly from -14 to 21 d relative to calving
• NEFA, cortisol, IGF-1, PMNL activity
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Cortisol and IGF-I Concentrations According to BCS loss in the Close-up Period
Chebel et al. (2012)
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Cortisol and IGF-I Concentrations According to BCS loss in the Close-up Period
Chebel et al. (2012)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-7 0 7 14
Cor
tiso
l, n
g/m
L
Days relative to calving
HL
HNC
BCSL – P < 0.01 Day – P < 0.01
BCSL x Day – P < 0.01
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-7 0 7 14
IGF
-I, ng
/ml
Days relative to calving
Cortisol and IGF-I Concentrations According to BCS loss in the Close-up Period
BCSL – P = 0.17 Day – P < 0.01
BCSL x Day – P < 0.01
Chebel et al. (2012)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-7 0 7 14
Cor
tiso
l, n
g/m
L
Days relative to calving
HL
HNC
BCSL – P < 0.01 Day – P < 0.01
BCSL x Day – P < 0.01
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NEFA Concentrations and PMNL Activity according to BCS loss in the Close-up Period
Chebel et al. (2012)
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NEFA Concentrations and PMNL Activity according to BCS loss in the Close-up Period
Chebel et al. (2012)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-14 -7 0 7 14 21
NE
FA
, m
mol
/l
Days relative to calving
NoLoss
Lost
BCSL – P < 0.01 Day – P < 0.01
BCSL x Day – P < 0.01
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40
50
60
70
80
90
-7 0 7 14
PMN
L P
A+O
B+,
%
Days relative to calving
NEFA Concentrations and PMNL Activity according to BCS loss in the Close-up Period
BCSL – P = 0.07 Day – P < 0.01
BCSL x Day – P = 0.05
Chebel et al. (2012)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-14 -7 0 7 14 21
NE
FA
, m
mol
/l
Days relative to calving
NoLoss
Lost
BCSL – P < 0.01 Day – P < 0.01
BCSL x Day – P < 0.01
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Association between Somatotropin Treatment and Immune Parameters
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Association between Somatotropin Treatment and Immune Parameters
• GH deficient humans treated with somatotropin had a 50%
increase in PMNL population
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Association between Somatotropin Treatment and Immune Parameters
• GH deficient humans treated with somatotropin had a 50%
increase in PMNL population
• Weaned piglets have GH e IGF-1 = similar endocrine pattern to
transition cows in negative energy balance
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Association between Somatotropin Treatment and Immune Parameters
• GH deficient humans treated with somatotropin had a 50%
increase in PMNL population
• Weaned piglets have GH e IGF-1 = similar endocrine pattern to
transition cows in negative energy balance
• Treatment of weaned and transported piglets with GH:
– IGF-1 concentration on the day after weaning
– IgM concentration on the day after weaning
– PMNL count and concentration
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Association between Somatotropin Treatment and Immune Parameters
• GH deficient humans treated with somatotropin had a 50%
increase in PMNL population
• Weaned piglets have GH e IGF-1 = similar endocrine pattern to
transition cows in negative energy balance
• Treatment of weaned and transported piglets with GH:
– IGF-1 concentration on the day after weaning
– IgM concentration on the day after weaning
– PMNL count and concentration
• Cows that lose BCS during the dry period have IGF-1
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Effects of Peripartum rbST Treatment on Immune and Metabolic Responses
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Effects of Peripartum rbST Treatment on Immune and Metabolic Responses
• Holstein cows (255 ± 3 d of gestation) allocated to 1 of 3
treatments:
– 87.5 mg of rbST every 7 d = 12.5 mg/d (n = 53)
– 125 mg of rbST every 7 d = 17.9 mg/d (n = 54)
– Controle = no rbST (n = 52)
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Effects of Peripartum rbST Treatment on Immune and Metabolic Responses
• Holstein cows (255 ± 3 d of gestation) allocated to 1 of 3
treatments:
– 87.5 mg of rbST every 7 d = 12.5 mg/d (n = 53)
– 125 mg of rbST every 7 d = 17.9 mg/d (n = 54)
– Controle = no rbST (n = 52)
• Cows BCS > 3.75 and locomotion score < 2
– Previous studies demonstrated that fat cows (> 3.75) had reduced
IGF-1 between 7 and 14 d postpartum
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40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21
IGF
-1, ng
/mL
Days relative to calving
Control
rbST125
Effect of rbST Peripartum Treatment on IGF-1 concentration of Holstein Cows
TRT – P = 0.02 Day - P < 0.01
TRT x Day – P = 0.01
Silva et al. (2014)
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Effect of Peripartum rbST Treatment on PMNL intensity of Oxidative Burst
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
-14 -7 0 7 14 21
Inte
n. B
urst
Oxid
., G
MF
I x 1
03
Days relative to calving
TRT – P = 0.07 rbST50 vs. CON - P = 0.02
Silva et al. (2013)
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Effect of rbST Peripartum Treatment on IgG concentration of Holstein Cows
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21
IgG
con
cent
rati
on, O
D x
1,0
00
Days relative to calving
P = 0.09 rbST50 vs Con – P = 0.03
P = 0.83
Silva et al. (2013)
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200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
-21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21
BH
BA
, µm
ol/L
Days relative to calving
Effect of Peripartum rbST Treatment on BHBA concentration
P = 0.89
P = 0.12 rbST50 vs Con – P = 0.08
Silva et al. (2013)
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Effect of rbST Peripartum Treatment on Incidence of Metritis of Holstein Cows
0
5
10
15
20
25M
etri
tis,
%
Control
rbST50
TRT – P = 0.09 Control vs rbST – P = 0.04.
Silva et al. (2013)
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Effects of Peripartum rbST Treatment on Immune and Metabolic Responses
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Effects of Peripartum rbST Treatment on Immune and Metabolic Responses
• Treatment with 125 mg of rbST vs control:
– IgG anti-ovalbumin prepartum
– Tendency to increase hepatic glycogen 7 d prepartum
– Metritis incidence (7.8 vs 23.1%)
– Numerical increase in milk yield (~ 1.7 kg/d)
– Tendency to decrease BCS from 28 to 90 DIM (0.25 unit)
– Tendency for offspring to be ~ 5.5 lb heavier
![Page 138: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Effects of Peripartum rbST Treatment on Immune and Metabolic Responses
• Treatment with 125 mg of rbST vs control:
– IgG anti-ovalbumin prepartum
– Tendency to increase hepatic glycogen 7 d prepartum
– Metritis incidence (7.8 vs 23.1%)
– Numerical increase in milk yield (~ 1.7 kg/d)
– Tendency to decrease BCS from 28 to 90 DIM (0.25 unit)
– Tendency for offspring to be ~ 5.5 lb heavier
• Will periparturient treatment with rbST:
– Benefit thinner cows
– Reduce the incidence of infectious and metabolic diseases
– Increase milk yield
– Affect the offspring
![Page 139: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
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Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
![Page 141: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
![Page 142: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
– Will not prevent BCS loss but BCS loss will be more gradual, which is
likely to minimize its impact on health
![Page 143: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
– Will not prevent BCS loss but BCS loss will be more gradual, which is
likely to minimize its impact on health
– Questions regarding economics???
![Page 144: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
– Will not prevent BCS loss but BCS loss will be more gradual, which is
likely to minimize its impact on health
– Questions regarding economics???
• Monensin supplementation = propionate = gluconeogenesis =
improve liver function = ketosis
![Page 145: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
– Will not prevent BCS loss but BCS loss will be more gradual, which is
likely to minimize its impact on health
– Questions regarding economics???
• Monensin supplementation = propionate = gluconeogenesis =
improve liver function = ketosis
• rbST treatment peripartum
![Page 146: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
– Will not prevent BCS loss but BCS loss will be more gradual, which is
likely to minimize its impact on health
– Questions regarding economics???
• Monensin supplementation = propionate = gluconeogenesis =
improve liver function = ketosis
• rbST treatment peripartum
– IGF-1 prepartum = innate and adaptive immunity = metritis (21 vs
7%)
![Page 147: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Managing the Obese Dairy Cows
• Aggressive reproductive program = pregnancy rates
• Extend the dry period offering low energy/high NDF diet during the
far-off
– Will not prevent BCS loss but BCS loss will be more gradual, which is
likely to minimize its impact on health
– Questions regarding economics???
• Monensin supplementation = propionate = gluconeogenesis =
improve liver function = ketosis
• rbST treatment peripartum
– IGF-1 prepartum = innate and adaptive immunity = metritis (21 vs
7%)
– BHBA = possible benefits to hepatic lipid metabolism
![Page 148: Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy …...Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Award # 2012-02115 NIFA AFRI](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071019/5fd2a5c44e0b921bd8170444/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Thank you!!! Ricardo C. Chebel Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Minnesota
www.cvm.umn.edu