GENOCIDE IN GENOCIDE IN RWANDA RWANDA

International Security Study on Rwanda

Presented By:

Topics

• Background

• Causes of the Conflict in Rwanda

• Political and Cultural

• “CNN Effect”

• U.S. Involvement

• U.S. Instruments of Power

• Recommendations

Background• 1300s - Tutsis migrate into what is now Rwanda, which was already inhabited by the Hutu peoples.

• 1600s - Tutsi King Ruganzu Ndori subdues central Rwanda and outlying Hutu areas.

• Late 1800s - Tutsi King Kigeri Rwabugiri establishes a unified state with a centralized military structure.

• 1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda.

• 1923 - Belgium granted League of Nations mandate to govern Ruanda-Urundi, which it ruled indirectly through Tutsi kings.

• 1957 - Hutus issue manifesto calling for a change in Rwanda's power structure; gave them a voice commensurate with their numbers; Hutu political parties formed.

• 1959 - Tutsi King Kigeri V and thousands of Tutsis, forced into exile in Uganda following inter-ethnic violence.

• 1961 - Rwanda proclaimed a republic.

• 1962 - Rwanda becomes independent with a Hutu leader

• 1963 - Some 20,000 Tutsis killed following an incursion by Tutsi rebels based in Burundi.

• 1973 - President Gregoire Kayibanda ousted in military coup led by Juvenal Habyarimana.

• 1978 - New constitution ratified; Habyarimana elected president.

• 1990 - Forces of the rebel, mainly Tutsi, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invade Rwanda from Uganda.

• 1993 - President Habyarimana signs a power-sharing agreement with the Tutsis in the Tanzanian town of Arusha, signaling the end of civil war; UN mission sent to monitor the peace agreement.

Causes of Conflict in Rwanda

• Political

• Arusha Accord could have

ended 4 year Civil War

• Plane shot down by Hutu

extremists killing Presidents

Habyarimana (Rwanda) and

Ntaryamira (Burundi)

• Rwanda armed forces and

militia retaliate against Tutsi

Causes of Conflict in Rwanda

• Cultural

• Hutu and Tutsi Feud origins

• Feud reaches boiling point in 1994

• Hutu massacre 800,000 Tutsi in 100

days

• 10% slain, millions fled to

neighboring countries

• Killings devastated mostly

agricultural based economy

“CNN Effect”

• 10 U.N Peacekeepers killed

protecting Prime Minister

• Hutu used 1993, U.S. and Somalia

conflict, as leverage

• Clinton Administration/UN:

“Withdrawal…leave Rwanda to it’s

fate”

•Source: Frontline: The Triumph of Evil: Interviews: Philip Gourevitch h

ttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/interviews/gourevitch.html)

U.S. Involvement

• U.S. stance was not to get

involved

• U.S. Intel on conflict given to top

administration before day 2 of

killings

• Media Attention got US and UN

involved in conflict after 100 day

massacre was over

• U.S. used its military and economic

IOPs to assist Rwanda in aftermath

U.S. Instruments of Power

• Military (Source: http://www.udayton.edu/~rwanda/articles/usrole.html )

• Unstable Rwanda = Unstable Central Africa

• U.S. Military trained Rwandan participants (Tutsi)

• Combat, Military Mgt, Disaster Relief, etc.

• U.S. sought greater military involvement in

African nations

• “Vietnamization”

U.S. Instruments of Power

• Economic (Source: www.cnn.com)

• U.S. gives humanitarian aid to African nations

• Mostly Financial

• President Bush pledges $674 Million in aid to Africa

(Rwanda to receive also)

• G8 to forgive $55 Billion debt for 18 poor African

Nations

Recommendations

• U.S Should Continue to Support Financially and

Militarily • Region is showing to be breeding ground for terrorist

organizations Source: (http://countrywatch.com/cw_topics.aspx)

• Ex.) 1997- ALIR

• Much needed ally on “Global war on terrorism”

• A stronger Rwanda + Robust Rwanda Military = More

Stable Central Africa

Summary

• Background

• Causes of the Conflict in Rwanda

• Political and Cultural

• “CNN Effect”

• U.S. Involvement

• U.S. Instruments of Power

• Recommendations

QUESTIONS???

RWANDA

Video???

http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hotel_rwanda/trailers.php