genetics review honors human anatomy & physiology mr. mazza 2009-10
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Genetics Review
Honors Human Anatomy & Physiology
Mr. Mazza 2009-10
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Why review genetics in a course on anatomy & physiology?
Genes control the layout, make-up and function of the bodies of all organisms. Examples of traits influenced by genes:
• Appearance (hair, skin, eyes, height, etc.)
• Body structure of an organism
• Susceptibility to diseases
• Personality traits
• Behavior (instincts as well as other behaviors)
*Environment interacts with genes to produce the final phenotype (physical trait)
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50% of your genesfrom dad
50% of your genesfrom mom
Where do your genes come from?
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It’s the stuff that genes are made of: DNA
• made of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
• A pairs with T; C pairs with G
• Each gene is a unique sequence of the 4 bases
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CHROMOSOME
DNA
gene
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What information do genes contain?
• Each gene on the DNA is an instruction to build a protein
• Proteins are the main structural components of the body (bones, muscle, skin, hair, nails, blood vessels, organs, etc.) and regulate all chemical reactions in the body
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Human Karyotype
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From Genes to Proteins
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How a protein is made
DNA
ribosomes
mRNA (has copyof DNA information)
Translation(making of a protein)
Transcription (making of RNA)
protein
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Each protein is made of amino acids - every 3 bases is a codon (code) for one amino acid
The Genetic Code
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mutationA change in the genetic code
DNA RNA PROTEIN
MutatedDNA
MutatedRNA
Defectiveprotein
Flow of genetic information in a cell(Central dogma of molecular biology):
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Why is this important?
• Our susceptibility to any disease is affected by the variations of genes we inherit from our parents and/or mutations we get via the environment (i.e. radiation, chemical exposure, etc.)