genetics do now hand in your karyotyping lab if you haven’t already! take out the video – what...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Genetics Do Now Hand in your Karyotyping Lab if you haven’t already! Take out the Video – What are genes question sheet? Read over the questions so you](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649ed45503460f94be435f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GeneticsGenetics
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Do Now
• Hand in your Karyotyping Lab if you haven’t already!
• Take out the Video – What are genes question sheet?
• Read over the questions so you know what your looking for when your watching the video.
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HeredityHeredity
Lesson 1Lesson 1
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Inheritance of chromosomes• Egg + sperm zygote
egg
sperm
zygote
fertilizationmitosis &
development
meiosis
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Inheritance of genes
• On the chromosomes passed from Mom & Dad to offspring are genes– may be same information– may be different information
eye color(blue or brown?)
eye color(blue or brown?)
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Effect of genes• Genes come in different versions
– brown vs. blue eyes– brown vs. blonde hair– alleles
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Genes affect what you look like
XBBbb
Bb Bb Bb Bb
Where did the blue eyes go??
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Genes affect what you look like…
XBbbb
Bb Bb bb bb
Why did the blue eyes stay??
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Genes affect what you look like…
XBbBb
BB or Bb BB or Bb BB or Bb bb
Where did the blue eyes come from??
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What did we show here?• Genes come in “versions”
– brown vs. blue eye color– alleles
• Alleles are inherited separately from each parent– brown & blue eye colors are separate & do
not blend • either have brown or blue eyes, not a blend
• Some alleles mask others– brown eye color masked blue
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How does this work?
eye color(brown?)
hair color
hair color
eye color
(blue?)
• Paired chromosomes have same kind of genes– but may be different alleles
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In class assignment
• History and Terminology worksheet
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Homework
• Determining your genes worksheet
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Punnett Crosses
• Lesson 2
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Do NowCheck answers from last night’s
homework (& take out last nights homework)
Read over the questions on your sheet so you know what your are looking for in the video.
Video: Where do your genes come from?
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Traits are inherited as separate units
1 from Mom
1 from Dad
• For each trait, an organism inherits 2 copies of a gene, 1 from each parent– a diploid organism inherits
1 set of chromosomes from each parent• diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
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Making gametes
BB = brown eyesbb = blues eyesBb = brown eyes
BB
bb
Bb
brown is dominant over blue
blue is recessive to brown
Remember meiosis!
B
B
b
b
B
b
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How do we say it?
BB = brown eyesbb = blues eyes
Bb = brown eyes
2 of the sameHomozygous
2 differentHeterozygous
BB
B
B
bb
b
b
Bb
B
b
homozygous dominanthomozygous recessive
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Punnett squaresBb x Bb
male / sperm
fem
ale
/ eg
gs
X
BB
Bb bb
BbB
b
B b
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Genetics vs. appearance
• There can be a difference between how an organism looks & its genetics– appearance or trait = phenotype
• brown eyes vs. blue eyes
– genetic makeup = genotype• BB, Bb, bb
2 people can have the same appearance but have different genetics: BB vs Bb
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Genetics vs. appearance
eye color(brown)
eye color
(brown)
eye color(blue)
eye color
(brown)
vs.
BB
B
BBb
B
b
How were these brown eyes made?How were these brown eyes made?
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In class assignmentIn class assignment
• Genetics Practice 1: Basic genetics
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HomeworkHomework
• Basics Punnett SquaresBasics Punnett Squares
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Penny GeneticsPenny Genetics
Lesson Lesson 3
Lab ActivityLab Activity
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2007-2008
Genetics&
The Work of Mendel
Lesson 4
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Do Now
• BrainPop: heredityBrainPop: heredity
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• Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas– used good experimental design– used mathematical analysis
• collected data & counted them
– excellent example of scientific
method
Gregor Mendel
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Pollen transferred from white flower to stigma of purple flower
all purple flowers result
Mendel’s work
?
self-pollinate
• Bred pea plants– cross-pollinate
true breeding parents– raised seed & then
observed traits– allowed offspring
to self-pollinate & observed next generation
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Mendel collected data for 7 pea traits
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2nd
generation
3:175%purple-flower peas
25%white-flower peas
Looking closer at Mendel’s work
Parents
100%1st
generation(hybrids)
100%purple-flower peas
Xtrue-breedingpurple-flower peas
true-breeding white-flower peas
self-pollinate
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What did Mendel’s findings mean?
• Some traits mask others – purple & white flower colors are separate
traits that do not blend • purple x white ≠ light purple• purple masked white
– dominant allele • functional protein
– affects characteristic
• masks other alleles
– recessive allele • no noticeable effect• allele makes a
non-functioning protein
homologouschromosomes
allele producingfunctional protein
mutant allele malfunctioning
protein
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Genotype vs. phenotype
• Difference between how an organism “looks” & its genetics– phenotype
• description of an organism’s trait
– genotype • description of an organism’s genetic makeup
Explain Mendel’s results using…dominant & recessive …phenotype & genotype
F1
P X
purple white
all purple
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Making crosses
• Can represent alleles as letters– flower color alleles P or p– true-breeding purple-flower peas PP– true-breeding white-flower peas pp
PP x pp
PpF1
P X
purple white
all purple
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Punnett squares
Pp x Pp
P pmale / sperm
P
p
fem
ale
/ eg
gs
PP
75%
25%
3:1
25%
50%
25%
1:2:1
%genotype
%phenotype
PP Pp
Pp pp pp
Pp
Pp
1st
generation(hybrids)
Aaaaah,phenotype & genotype
can have different ratios
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In class assignment
• Simple Genetics Practice Problems
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Homework
• Complete simple genetics practice for homework
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Gene Expression
• Lesson 5
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Do Now
• Directed Reading Activity: Gene Expression
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• Phenotype is controlled by both environment & genes
Color of Hydrangea flowers is influenced by soil pH
Human skin color is influenced by both genetics & environmental conditions
Environment effect on genes
Coat color in arctic fox influenced by heat sensitive alleles
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In class assignment
• Gene Expression
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Homework
• Regents Practice Questions
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2007-2008
Beyond Mendel’s Lawsof Inheritance
Lesson 6
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Do Now
• Gregor Mendel Video: HeredityGregor Mendel Video: Heredity
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Extending Mendelian genetics
• Mendel worked with a simple system– peas are genetically simple– most traits are controlled by single gene– each gene has only 2 version
• 1 completely dominant (A)• 1 recessive (a)
• But its usually not that simple!
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Incomplete dominance
• Hybrids have “in-between” appearance– RR = red flowers– rr = white flowers– Rr = pink flowers
• make 50% less color
RR Rr rr
RR
WW
RW
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Incomplete dominance
true-breedingred flowers
true-breeding white flowers
XP
100%
100% pink flowers1st
generation(hybrids)
self-pollinate
25%white
2nd
generation
25%red 1:2:1
50%pink
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Incomplete dominance
R Wmale / sperm
R
Wfem
ale
/ eg
gs RR
RW WW
RW
25%
1:2:1
25%
50%
25%
1:2:1
%genotype
%phenotype
RR
RW
RW
WW
25%
50%
RW x RW
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Codominance
• Equal dominance– human ABO blood groups– 3 version
• A, B, i• A & B alleles are codominant• both A & B alleles are dominant
over i allele
– the genes code for different sugars on the surface of red blood cells• “name tag” of red blood cell
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Genetics of Blood type
pheno-type
genotypeantigenon RBC
antibodiesin blood
donationstatus
A A A or A itype A antigens
on surface of RBC
anti-B antibodies __
B BB or B itype B antigens
on surface of RBC
anti-A antibodies __
AB ABboth type A &
type B antigens on surface
of RBC
no antibodiesuniversal recipient
O i ino antigens on surface
of RBC
anti-A & anti-B antibodies
universal donor
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Blood donation
clotting clotting
clotting clotting
clotting clotting clotting
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One gene: many effects
• The genes that we have covered so far affect only one trait
• But most genes affect many traits – 1 gene affects more than 1 trait
• dwarfism (achondroplasia)• gigantism (acromegaly)
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Many genes: one trait
• Polygenic inheritance– additive effects of many genes– humans
• skin color• height• weight• eye color• intelligence• behaviors
![Page 54: Genetics Do Now Hand in your Karyotyping Lab if you haven’t already! Take out the Video – What are genes question sheet? Read over the questions so you](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649ed45503460f94be435f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Human skin color
• AaBbCc x AaBbCc – can produce a wide
range of shades– most children =
intermediate skin color
– some can be very light & very dark
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In class assignment
• Genetics Practice 3: Blood Types Genetics
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Homework
• Finish Worksheets
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Sex-Linked Genetics
Lesson 7
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Do Now
• Review Genetics Practice 3 OR practice co dominance and incomplete dominance
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Genetics of sex
• Women & men are very different, but just a few genes create that difference
• In mammals = 2 sex chromosomes – X & Y
– 2 X chromosomes = female: XX
– X & Y chromosome = male: XY
X Y
X X
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Sex chromosomes
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Sex-linked traits
• Sex chromosomes have other genes on them, too– especially the X chromosome– hemophilia in humans
• blood doesn’t clot
– Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans• loss of muscle control
– red-green color blindness• see green & red as shades of grey
X Y
X X
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Sex-linked traits
XH Ymale / sperm
XH
Xhfe
mal
e / e
gg
s XHXH
XHXh
XHY
XhYXHXh
XH
Xh
XHY
Y
XH
XHXH XHY
XHXh XhY
sex-linked recessive
2 normal parents,but mother is carrier
HH HhxXHY XHXh
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Dominant ≠ most common allele
Polydactylydominant allele
• Because an allele is dominant does not mean…– it is better, or– it is more common
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Polydactyly
recessive allele far more common than dominant only 1 individual out of 500
has more than 5 fingers/toes so 499 out of 500 people are
homozygous recessive (aa)
the allele for >5 fingers/toes is DOMINANT & the allele for 5 digits is recessive
individuals are born with extra fingers or toes
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In class assignment
• genetics_xlinked
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Homework
• X-Linked Worksheet
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Variations on a Human Face
• Variations Lab