PowerPoint Presentation

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODSPresented By : Saritha Sadanandan Pillai 2nd MSc Biotechnology SAS SNDP Yogam College, Konni

THINK FOR A WHILE.

What do you mean by Genetically Modified ?

Containing a genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS

Genetically modified (GM) foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has modified in a way that it does not occur naturally by introduction of a gene from a different organism.

It does not occur naturally.

GM foods are described in many different names:

Genetically Engineered cropsTransgenic or Biotech cropsGenetically modified organism (GMO)

ARTIC FISH

DNA

How the Genes are Modified ?

By Recombinant DNA Technology Steps- Restriction enzymes used to cut DNA segments from a desired genome.DNA ligases are used to paste the DNA segments on to the other genome.Thus, we get a recombinant genome.

History1988- first genetically modified enzymes.1990s- Approval of first recombinant enzyme- Chymosin (rennet preparation)1994- first genetically modified food Flavr Savr Tomato, developed by Calgene.1995- first pesticide producing crop- Bacillus thureingenesis Potato (Bt Potato) USA2006- Palmer amaranth weed that competes with cotton.2015- first genetically modified animal- Aqua advantage Salmon The salmon were transformed with a growth hormone and a promoter from an ocean pout enabling it to grow year round instead of only during spring and summer.

ProcessGMOs are generated and tested in the laboratory for desired qualities.Modification- add, removed, expression is increased or silenced or number of copies of a gene is increased or decreased.Satisfactory strains produced are applied for regulatory approval to field- test them (Field release). Approved specimens (seeds, cuttings, breeding pairs etc.) are cultivated and sold to farmers.The farmers cultivate and market the new strain.

Manipulating the dnaThe whole process of genetic modification consists of Manipulating the DNA.It allows certain genes to be identified, copied and brought into other organisms in more specific ways.Modifying Plants and AnimalsPlasmid is taken out from the bacteria and the clone gene is replaced with a restriction enzyme.For animals this is done by injecting millions of copies of the gene into the nucleus of a fertilized egg.Modifying foodsCertain genes and chemicals are injected into food such as Bananas, to make it larger & for stay riper longer Cisgenesis genes are artificially transferred.

How are animals and plants targeted ?

Animals - MicroinjectionThe microinjection method uses a fine needle to inject a solution of DNA into a developing embryo

Plant- Agrobacterium that normally infects plants with disease is used to infect plant with gene of interests .

A particle gun is used to shoot small bits of metal coated with the gene into the plant.

Examples:Golden Rice genetic engineered crop It is capable of producing Beta- Carotene- precursor of vitamin ADeveloped by Ingo Potrukus (Sweden) and Peter Beyer (Germany)Two daffodil genes and one bacterial gene that carry out the synthesis of Beta- carotene from Geranylgeranyl di phosphate (GGDP), transferred to rice callus.Plants regenerated from such callus produce golden riceIt contains all enzymes responsible for synthesis of beta carotene from GGDP.Endosperm synthesizes.DE husked rice appears golden brown color- golden riceConsumed- synthesis of vitamin AWill reduce deficiency in people suffering from under nutrition.Reduce diarrhea, respiratory problems and measles.

Process:

VIDEO NO: 1

benefits of gm foods Easing of world hungerDevelopment of crops that can be grown in marginal soil.Reduced strain on non-renewable resourcesDevelopment of drought resistant cropsDevelopment of salt-tolerant cropsDevelopment of crops that make more efficient use of nitrogen and other nutrients Reduced use of pesticides and herbicidesDevelopment of pest resistant cropsReduced herbicide use is better for the environment and reduces costs for farmers

Contd.

Improved crop qualityDevelopment of frost resistant cropsDevelopment of disease resistant cropsDevelopment of flood resistant crops

Improved nutritional qualityDevelopment of foods designed to meet specific nutritional goals

Who makes sure that gm foods are safe?

Government agencies regulate gm foods

GM foods in US are required to be labeled only if the nutritional value is changed or a new allergen is introduced.

possible risks.

Insects may provide resistance to pesticide producing GM cropsHerbicide tolerant crops may cross-pollinate weeds, resulting in super weedsCertain gene products may be allergens, thus causing harm to human healthThere may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

ALLERGENICITY

In India, hundreds of laborers picking cotton and working in cotton ginning factories developed allergic reactions when handling the BT cotton. This didnt happen with the non-Bt varieties. (investigation reports)

Hospital records: Show that victims of itching have increased massively within years and all of them are related to BT cotton farming

Video no 2.

LabelingGM Food labeling was introduced to give consumers the freedom to choose between GMOs and conventional products.Essentially, if a foodstuff is produced using genetic engineering, this must be indicated on its label. Labeling empowers the buyer.In orderto choose between products with or without genetically modified organisms, consumers need transparent, controllable and straight forward labeling regulations.Labeling requirements: for neutral information only - not for warning

Video no. 3

ConclusionGenetically modified foods can potentially solve many hunger malnutrition problems in the world, as well as help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yields and replacing, reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. However it is important to proceed with caution to avoid unfavorable consequences for the surroundings and our health, considering that genetic engineering technology is very powerful.

Video no 4

What's your decision ?