Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering Then Agriculture – Study of Heredity

Picking the best plants and using those seeds. Animal Breeding

Artificial Selection: Humans determine what animals get to breed

Genetic Engineering Now

Identifying and Manipulating DNA changing gene function or expression

Add, Delete, Change, or Turn Genes On/Off

Genomics Testing for Medical Purposes.

What is a gene A series of nucleotides

that code for a function or structure within the body. Humans have:

3 billion nucleotide pairs 30-40,000 Genes.

Only a small part of DNA codes for proteins

The other parts are still being studied

Current History Started with the discovery of DNA

1935- Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky isolated DNA in the pure state.

1953- James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin identified the structure.

Current History 1966 -The genetic code was "cracked". Marshall

Nirenberg, Heinrich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa Discovered that three nucleotide bases (codon)

determines each of 20 amino acids.

Current History

1972 – 1st Cloning (Twinning)Dolly the sheep

1996

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/

CC the cloned cat (carbon copy)

EggMom

CC

SurrogateMom

Current History 1973 –Transfer of DNA to

another organism Recombinant DNA

Scientists placed human genes into bacteria to make medicines Ex. Insulin, thyroid hormones

Current History 1984 – Alec Jeffreys introduced technique

for DNA fingerprinting. 1985 – 1st court room use of DNA

fingerprinting.

http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/gelelectrophoresis.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/gelelectrophoresis.html

Current History 1989 - Human Genome Research Center

formed $3 billion to map the human genome

1990 – International effort for the Human Genome $13 billion

1997 – Dolly the Sheep 1st nuclear transfer clone

Genetic Engineering Focus 5 major areas of Genetic Engineering today

Stem Cell Research Genetically Modified Organisms

animals and plants for consumption Gene Therapy Cloning – Nuclear Transfer Human Genomics and Medicine

How do scientists manipulate genes?

Stem Cells Basics 2 Types

Embryonic: Can become any cell in the body

Adult: More specific and harder to manipulate This is becoming easier to do

Can insert into the body to replace or repair cells that have been damaged

GMOManipulation of Plant or Crop

DNA

Numbers vary but estimates are 50% to 80% of all crop seeds have been genetically altered:

Increased food productionImmunity to pestsMake the plants more suited to a specific environment

Food Production Cloning

Multiply “ideal” stock Approved by FDA - 2009

Putting genes in other animals such as cows – Transgenic Organisms

Produces and secretes hormones into milk

Manipulating Genes

Gene Therapy Using a virus

Virus injects the DNA into the cell

Becomes part of the host cells DNA

Injected into somatic (will affect person only) or sex cells (germ cells) which will be passed on

Genetically modifiedGlo fish

How do scientists manipulate genes? Cloning

Uses a body cell (Somatic Cell) and an egg cell DNA is extracted from the egg cell The body cell’s DNA is placed into the egg cell This will trigger the cell to start to divide and

create a new organism based on the new DNA

How do scientists manipulate genes? How to clone

Therapeutic Cloning

Creating a clone of an already living individual to be used for

embryonic stem cells In theory could grow

any tissue in the individual which would be an exact genetic match.

Mapping of the DNA sequence of the human DNA – Finished April 2003.

Includes finding and identifying all genes and functions – Working in (NHGRI)

Purpose: Identify genetic problems early so treatment or prevention can start.

Human Genome Project

National Human Genome Research Institute Division of the National Institute of Health

(NIH). Mission is to understanding the structure and

function of the human genome and how it plays a role in human disease.

The Human Genome Mapping

Cost is being reduced exponentially

Today around $1000

Embryo Identification Doctors can now screen embryos before or

after they are inserted for genetic disorders or certain traits. Example – sex, disorders

Genomes for All “Next-generation technologies that

make reading DNA fast, cheap and widely accessible are coming in less than a decade. Their potential to revolutionize research and bring about the era of truly personalized medicine means the time to start preparing is now” By George M. Church Scientific American – January 2006

Future Develop organs without bodies for

transplants

Mouse with human ear scaffold – not genetic, just a mold but mice can grow and then transplant on human.

Rat Heart – grown in University of Michigan Lab without another body

Neo-Bladder – grown in Tengion Lab in Pennsylvania – Replace the human bladder.

Future Used by insurance companies to

identify problems To insure or not?

Identify those with “ideal” genes

Currently there are several laws to attempt to protect, But will they always protect people?

Future

CloningClone endangered species

Future

Extinct species?

Todays News Science News

http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/stem_cells/

Summary Genetic engineering is the future of

medical and scientific discovery. It is up to society to decide what is

acceptable and what is going beyond our ethical and moral boundaries.