generators in development projects

7/22/2019 Generators in development projects

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Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits

@dw td i`ddsj, sazj, aestgkk gef usj fajsjk mjejrgtdrs

jidednaigkky.

Yjidef Jfatade.Gprak 8


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Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits

@dw td i`ddsj, sazj, aestgkk gef usj fajsjk mjejrgtdrs jidednaigkky.

Yjidef Jfatade.

Grak 8


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Vd gkk t`dsj w`d suoojr ordn jejrmy pdvjrty.

]j `dpj t`gt t`j odkkdwaem wdrfs wakk hj trgeskgtjf

aetd kavjka`ddf anprdvjnjets odr sdnj do t`jn.

Dur mrgtatufj td gkk t`dsj w`d, farjitky dr aefarjitky, idetrahutjf td t`j ngcaem do tàs

hddc, t`gecs md td2

Avge I. Gngyg ordn \rgngi, odr às aeatagk aetjrjst ae t`j hddc t`gt rjsuktjf ae

t`j spdes`drsàp do tàs trgeskgtade.

Ngry hrdwe gef Eaic Makks odr t`jar prddorjgfaem.

Ypjiagk t`gecs td Yandej I`grrde gef Cajrg Yi`djejngee odr t`jar joodrt gef

ngey summjstades de `dw td anprdvj tàs hddc, gef td Ngxan Odrtae odr às

`jkp.


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AEVXDFZIVADE :

www.gregkai`.idn Vrgaeaem gef Idesuktgeiy odr Fjvjkdpnjet Gaf

Aefjx

Ghdut t`as hddc .............................................................................................. =

V`j anpdrtgeij do mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits .................................. 0

Wuaic gegtdny do g mjejrgtdr ......................................................................... 1

Gvdafaem ideousade grduef t`j ngey fjoaeatades do pdwjr ........................... 77

Ydnj hgsais do jkjitraiaty ............................................................................. 79

7. Jidednai idesafjrgtades 71

Hgkkpgrc oamurjs ............................................................................................. 8 7: c]

Deij t`j pjgc `gs pgssjf at wakk dpjrgtj gt gpprdxangtjky2 7


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:8 Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.

Ygetagmd Gregkai` Gregkai`. ]gtjr gef `ghatgt www.gregkai`.idn

Oam. 8.1 Yjqujetagk stgrt-up do ndtdrs wat`dut jxijjfaem t`j oarst pjgc.

Edt pkgeeaem t`j stgrt-up do g ndtdr ae rjkgtade td dt`jr idesunptades

gitavatajs as g wgstj do rjsdurijs, gs kgrmjr mjejrgtdrs grj ejjfjf t`gt

wdrc aeejooaiajetky gt kdwjr kdgfs.

Oam. 8.7< Ytgrt-up hjkdw t`j pjgc vs. Ytgrt-up dvjr t`j pjgc.


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I@G\VJX 8. Yazaem :9


Yazaem do hgicup odr pdwjr iuts

G hgicup mjejrgtdr as td hj aestgkkjf ae g `dspatgk td `jkp idpj wat`

t`j fgaky pdwjr iuts wài` dotje kgst sjvjrgk `durs. V`j `dspatgk as gt

sjg kjvjk, t`j àm`jst tjnpjrgturj as 98 I gef ùnafaty as vjry kdw.V`j pdwjr idesunptade do t`j ndst anpdrtget `dspatgk jquapnjet

`gs hjje njgsurjf giidrfaem td t`j tanj do fgy wat` t`j odkkdwaem

rjsukts ae c]2

7. Vd sanpkaoy t`j jxjriasj, gssunj t`gt t`j kdgf fastrahutade `gs gkrjgfy hjje

dptanazjf. Odr t`j fastrahutade, at gppjgrs t`gt t`jrj grj twd fastaeit dpjrgtaem

tanjs furaem t`j fgy, dej do àm` idesunptade ordn ? td 7= `durs gef gedt`jr

do kdwjr idesunptade odr t`j rjngaefjr do t`j fgy. Vd `gvj g vjry kgrmj

mjejrgtdr gt kdw kdgf as vjry aejooaiajet, sd `gvaem twd mjejrgtdrs, dej hjgraem

t`j kgrmjst hurfje furaem t`j fgy gef gedt`jr sngkkjr dej td idvjr t`j eam`t,

ngy hj g sdkutade.

8. V`j ngxanun kdgf do t`j mjejrgtdr as 81 c]. ]j igkiukgtj t`j gvjrgmj kdgf

odr t`j mjejrgtdr gssunaem at as 81 c]. Odr jxgnpkj, odr ?2


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:6 Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


9. V`j fjrgtaem odr tjnpjrgturj as t`jrjodrj2 98 I 8: I * 7.6%

V`j pranj pdwjr do t`j mjejrgtdr gotjr t`j fjrgtaem, saeij wj fdet usj t`j stgefhy

rgtaem gs at wakk rue ndrj t`ge 8


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I@G\VJX 8. Yazaem ::


Yazaem do g suppky mjejrgtdr

G mjejrgtdr as hjaem sazjf odr t`j deky `jgkt` ijetrj de dej sngkk

askgef ae Muaejg Hassgu w`ai` `gs g pdpukgtade do =,


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:? Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Qdu `gvj igkiukgtjf t`gt ydu ejjf td stdrj 8.= c] gef t`gt t`j i`grmjr idesunjs 66:

] furaem 0 `durs td i`grmj t`j hgttjrajs.

8. V`j ghdvj pdaets grj idesdkafgtjf de g usgmj si`jfukj ae t`j ndst prgitaigk

wgy pdssahkj. Dej pdssahkj sdkutade wdukf hj t`j odkkdwaem2

V`j kdgf pgttjre do t`j mjejrgtdr gef t`j hgttjry hgec wdukf t`jrjodrj hj t`j

odkkdwaem2

9. ]j nust edw i`jic t`j stgrt-up pjgcs. Edtj t`gt t`j wgtjr punp `gs hjje put

gt t`j hjmaeeaem do t`j sjidef s`aot do t`j mjejrgtdr td ture at de de ats dwe,

odkkdwjf hy t`j t`j rjst do t`j kdgfs. V`j stgrt-up pjgc do g 9 c] punp as 8.=

giidrfaem td t`j tghkj gt Geejx I. V`j naeanun pdwjr rjquarjf odr t`j

mjejrgtdr td stgrt t`j punp as2

9 c] * 8.= > 0.7 c]


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I@G\VJX 8. Yazaem :=


6. Gt t`j tanj do kgrmjst kdgf, 7< GN, ?.8: c] as idesunjf. Gs tàs kdgf as kjss

t`ge t`j punp pjgc, tàs as w`gt fjtjrnaejs t`j mjejrgtdr pdwjr.

:. At as edt ejijssgry td gppky g fjrgtaem odr wdrcaem idefatades. V`j mjejrgtdr t`gt

wj ejjf wakk `gvj 0.7 c] do pranj pdwjr.

?. V`jrj grj 1 C] mjejrgtdrs gvgakghkj kdigkky. V`j gvjrgmj kdgf do dej do t`jsj

mjejrgtdrs, ao aestgkkjf, wdukf hj2

Gk779778

7*61.987*989*01.: 66.17%

=. V`j kgst stjp wdukf hj td fjtjrnaej t`j dpjrgtaem idst ae t`j sgnj wgy gs wgs

sjt dut ae t`j oarst i`gptjr do tàs hddc gef td jvgkugtj ao t`jsj idsts grj

ngegmjghkj.

Dotje, jxpjesjs t`gt grj gt oarst idesafjrjf ejijssgry grj edt goodrfghkj gef

idnprdnasjs nust hj ngfj. Ae sui` igsjs, t`j mjejrgtdr as sazjf hgsjf

de t`j geeugk hufmjt.


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9Yjkjitade gef puri`gsj

Fuj td t`j pjiukagratajs do fjvjkdpnjet idetjxts, hjgr ae naef t`gt2

At as hjttjr td drfjr sanpkj ndfjks gef dptadeswài` grj ndst idnnde ae

ydur grjg gef t`gt ige hj rjpgarjf wat` t`j scakks, tddks gef spgrj pgrts

gvgakghkj kdigkky. Gvdaf àm`ky sdpàstaigtjf ndtdrazgtades wat` fjkaigtj idetrdk

systjns gef sjesdrs, gs wjkk gs mjejrgtdrs wat` pgrts t`gt ige hj

fjprdmrgnnjf.

G puri`gsj drfjr odr ede-stgefgrf ngiàejs dr giijssdrajs ige fjkgy t`j

sjefaem gef rjijavaem do spgrj pgrts hy ngey ndet`s. Ao t`j ejjf odr t`j

mjejrgtdr as truky ejijssgry, at wdukf hj faooaiukt td wgat ndrj t`ge g ojw fgys.


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?< Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Zefjrstgefaem puri`gsj dptades gef spjiaoaigtades

Deij ydu'vj fjtjrnaejf t`j pdwjr rjquarjf odr ydur prdbjit, at as anpdrtget td

fjtjrnaej t`j gvgakghkj dptades hjodrj fjiafaem de t`j hjst mjejrgtdr odr ydur

pgrtaiukgr ejjfs. Vàs i`gptjr rjvajws t`j ngae spjiaoaigtades gef dptades gvgakghkj td

`jkp ydu ngcj ge aeodrnjf fjiasade.

_dktgmj, orjqujeiy gef eunhjr do p`gsjs

Dptades 2 V`rjj-p`gsj dr saemkj p`gsj

V`j vdktgmj gef orjqujeiy grj fjtjrnaejf hy ydur kdigk grjg gef t`j prdfuits ydu grj

ghkj td huy. ]`gt as kjot odr gktjregtavjs (deky ae kdw pdwjr ngiàejs) as w`jt`jr tdpuri`gsj g saemkj dr t`rjj p`gsj mjejrgtdr.

Qdu ige tàec do t`j p`gsjs kacj t`j iykaefjrs do ge jemaej. Ae g saemkj p`gsj systjn,

odr jgi` dsiakkgtade jkjitraiaty vgeas`js gt sdnj pdaet w`jrj at rues dut do pdwjr. Ae

t`rjj-p`gsj systjns, gkt`dum` dej p`gsj wakk vdaf, t`j rjst grj stakk strdem. Vàs njges

t`gt saemkj p`gsj ngiàejs `gvj td hj gfgptjf td hj wat`dut pdwjr odr jgi` iyikj gef

nust `gvj ndrj aejrtag, saeij t`jy `gvj nui` `jgvajr gef ndrj jxpjesavj ndtdrs gef

aestgkkgtades t`gt usj ndrj idppjr.

Yaemkj-p`gsj mjejrgtdrs grj sanpkjr gef gvdaf t`j idnpkaigtade do `gvaem td ngegmj

t`rjj p`gsjs. V`jy ige hj ideejitjf farjitky wat`dut ndfaoaigtade td t`j ejtwdrc do g

huakfaem. Ao t`j kdgf aevdkvjs ngey ndtdrs, t`rjj-p`gsj as g hjttjr i`daij.

Vypj do rjspdesj td t`j kdgf

Dptades2 M7,M8, M9 gef M6

V`j gppkaigtade do kdgfs skdws t`j mjejrgtdr gef vgrajs hdt` t`j orjqujeiy gef t`j

vdktgmj uetak at gfgpts, gs ydu sgw ae ge jgrkajr sjitade. Ydnj mjejrgtdrs `gvj g

quaicjr gef ndrj giiurgtj rjspdesj td t`j kdgfs t`ge dt`jrs, fjpjefaem de t`jar

pkgeejf usj (sjj tghkj hjkdw). Ndst gppkaigtades rjquarj g M8 typj. Odr jxgnpkj, td

ideejit t`j idnputjr t`gt ydu ideejit gt `dnj, ydu fd edt ejjf g M6 typj, g M8

wdukf fd, saeij ydu ideejit ydur idnputjr gt `dnj. ]`je ae fduht, at as hjst td gsc

t`j ngeuogiturjr.

Ydnjtanjs t`j ngeuogiturjr mavjs g rjidnnjefgtade. Odr jxgnpkj, P-rgy ngiàejsusugkky rjquarj t`gt t`j vdktgmj frdp as edt mrjgtjr t`ge 7


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I@G\VJX 9. Yjkjitade gef puri`gsj ?7


Oam. 9.7 Vypjs do rjspdesj giidrfaem td AYD 0:80-7.

Vypj do aesukgtade gef tjnpjrgturj aeirjgsj ae t`j gktjregtdrDptades2 Idnhaegtades do G,H,O gef @

V`j spjiaoaigtades grj rjprjsjetjf hy twd kjttjrs sjpgrgtjf hy g odrwgrf skgs` (sui`

gs O/H, @/O dr @/@). V`j oarst kjttjr rjprjsjets t`j aesukgtade typj gef t`j sjidef kjttjr

rjprjsjets t`j tjnpjrgturj aeirjgsj. V`jrj as mrjgtjr aesukgtade dr tjnpjrgturj

aeirjgsj gs t`j kjttjrs prdmrjss ae t`j gkp`ghjt.

Odr t`j sgnj mjejrgtdr, gktjregtdrs wat` g kjssjr tjnpjrgturj aeirjgsj gkkdw odr g

hjttjr ndtdr stgrt-up, kdwjr vdktgmj frdps gef mrjgtjr ghakaty td giijpt ede-kaejgr dr

uehgkgeijf kdgfs. Gksd, t`j àm`jr t`j typj do aesukgtade dvjr t`gt do t`j tjnpjrgturj,

t`j kdemjr t`j furgtade do t`j aesukgtade. Ae dt`jr wdrfs, @/H as hjttjr t`ge @/@.

Jxiatgtade Vypj

Dptades2 \jrngejet Ngmejt (\NM) dr sjko-jxiatjf

Jxiatgtade typj rjojrs td `dw t`j ngmejtai oajkf ejjfjf odr t`j mjejrgtade do jkjitraiatyas irjgtjf. Ae t`j igsj do g sjko-jxiatjf mjejrgtdr at as t`j gktjregtdr atsjko t`gt prdfuijs

t`j ngmejtai oajkf wàkj t`j pjrngejet ngmejt typj `gs ngmejts t`gt ngaetgae t`j

stghakaty do t`j ngmejtai oajkf.

V`j ouefgnjetgk faoojrjeij as t`gt ae t`j sjko-jxiatjf ndfjks, ao t`j mjejrgtdr i`gemjs

t`j rdtgtade spjjf (odr jxgnpkj gs at skdws fdwe furaem t`j stgrt-up do g ham ndtdr),

tàs fjirjgsj ae spjjf wjgcjes t`j ngmejtai oajkf gef rjfuijs t`j vdktgmj.

Ourt`jrndrj, w`je t`jsj mjejrgtdrs grj turejf doo t`jy fjpjef de g wjgc rjsafugk

ngmejtasn sd t`gt t`jy ige edt stgrt-up wat` g kdgf. ]`je t`jy kdsj t`j rjsafugkngmejtasn at nust hj rjsjt wat` jxtjregk iurrjets.

Vypj Fjsiraptade Jxgnpkjs

M7Gppkaigtades wat`dut ngbdr

rjquarjnjetsKam`taem, `jgtaem wat` rjsastdrs

M8

Kjvjk do rjquarjnjet sanakgr td t`gt do g

ideejitade td t`j utakaty

Kam`taem, punps, gppkageij wat` ndtdrs,

jti. Vàems ydu wdukf ideejit gt `dnj.

M9Gppkaigtades wat` g strait fjngef odr

vdktgmj, orjqujeiy gef wgvj odrn

Ypjiagkazjf tjkjidnnueaigtades

jquapnjet gef t`dsj wat` t`yrastdrs

M6Gppkaigtades wat` jxijptadegkky sjvjrj

fjngefs

Fgtg prdijssaem jquapnjet gef idnputjrs

(aefustragk sigkj)


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?8 Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


De t`j dt`jr `gef, g sjko-jxiatjf mjejrgtdr as sjko-prdtjitjf gmgaest jxijssavj kdgfs

hjigusj t`jsj kdgfs idkkgpsj t`j ngmejtai oajkf gef jef t`j aefuitade. G pjrngejet

ngmejt mjejrgtdr gkkdws iurrjet surmjs do twd dr t`rjj tanjs ats ednaegk kdgf odr up td

tje sjidefs. V`as as vjry usjouk odr stgrtaem up ndtdrs gef ede-kaejgr sdurijs, hut

ejjfs jxtjregk prdtjitades sd gs td edt sjko-fjstruit.

Ndtdr Xjvdkutades

Dptades2 7,:


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Ngeugk idrf stgrt-up systjns grj aestgkkjf ae vjry kdw pdwjr mjejrgtdrs gef

idnprjssjf gar systjns grj dotje ndrj idevjeajet odr ndrj pdwjrouk mjejrgtdrs t`ge

t`dsj idesafjrjf ae t`as hddc. Ytgrt up hy hgttjry as hjttjr cedwe gef ndrj idnnde.

Fuj td t`j frgideage rukjs do sdnj gppkaigtades, sdnj mjejrgtdrs spjiaoy g 7< sjidef

stgrt, g idkf kdgf gef dt`jr gppkaigtades t`gt ige mrjgtky idnpkaigtj gef aeirjgsj t`jjxpjesj do t`j aestgkkgtade.

Ao t`j stgrt-up as sanpkj, idesafjr ao g cjy as ejijssgry dr w`jt`jr g swati` as jedum`.

Xjndtj stgrtaem dr t`j gutdngtai pdwjr ogakurj stgrtaem oueitade rjquarj giijssdrajs

t`gt nust hj drfjrjf.

Mjejrgtdrs wat` ighae

Dptades2 A\ Mrgfj prdtjitade, gidustai prdtjitade, ngtjragk.

V`j ighae as prangraky usjf td prdtjit t`j mjejrgtdr ordn t`j jkjnjets ae g idnpgit

ngeejr gef/dr td rjfuij edasj, hut fdjs edt rjtgae t`j `jgt odr kdem. Ae idefatades

w`jrj idrrdsade as jxpjitjf t`j ighaes ejjf td hj ngfj do gkunaeun. G mjejrgtdr

wat` ighae g s`dukf edt hj aestgkkjf wat`ae ge jeikdsjf huakfaem td gvdaf jxijssavj

rjstraitades do gar okdws.

Oam. 9.8 \rgngi MH]88 mjejrgtdr wat` ighae.


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Oam. 9.9 \rgngi MH]88 mjejrgtdr wat` ighae dpjejf odr ngaetjegeij.

Edasj njgsurjnjets wakk typaigkky hj mavje ae fjiahjks gt g fastgeij do = n. Ae I`gptjr

6, edasj as fjsirahjf ae ndrj fjtgak.

V`j ighae prdtjitade as njgsurjf wat` t`j A\ stgefgrf, j.m. A\98. V`j oarst famat as

prdtjitade gmgaest t`j jetry do sdkafs gef t`j sjidef gmgaest wgtjr.

A\ Jetry do sdkafs gef dhbjits Jetry do kquafs

< Ed prdtjitade Ed prdtjitade7 Odrjame hdfajs wat` g fagnjtjr 5:


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I@G\VJX 9. Yjkjitade gef puri`gsj ?:


Idetrdk \gejk

Dptades2 Gegkdm, famatgk, dt`jr3 Aetjmrgtjf dr sjpgrgtj `dusaem

V`j gegkdm pgejk as t`j dkfjst typj do pgejk gef `gs ejjfkj aefaigtdrs, kacj t`j dej

s`dwe ae t`j aetrdfuitade. V`jrj as usugkky g sanakgr famatgk vjrsade wài` `gs sdnjgkgrn dr jxtrg aefaigtdr gffjf. Dt`jr ndrj gfvgeijf famatgk pgejks (wat` g

nairdprdijssdr dr tdtgk idetrdk) ngy deky hraem prdhkjns ae idetjxts w`jrj t`jy wakk

`gvj g `grf kaoj. ]ài`jvjr pgejk ydu i`ddsj, at nust gkwgys `gvj g rjf jnjrmjeiy

stdp huttde!

Oam. 9.: Aetjmrgtjf gegkdm pgejk, wat` jnjrmjeiy stdp huttde.

Ge gegkdm dr famatgk pgejk wài` as gs sanpkj gs pdssahkj, as prjojrghkj sd gs td gvdaf

`gvaem td tgcj t`j mjejrgtdr td g psyi`dkdmast td sdkvj t`j okddf do m`dst sjesdr

ogakurjs gef td hj ghkj td drmgeazj kdigk rjpgars wat` pajijs do sirgp, gs sjje de t`j

ejxt pgmj.


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?? Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Oam. 9.? Aetjmrgtjf gegkdm pgejk wat` jnjrmjeiy stdp huttde de gedt`jr fgngmjf pgejk.

Vrdpaigkasgtade4

Ydnjtanjs trdpaigkasjf mjejrgtdrs grj doojrjf, wat`dut nui` aeodrngtade dr idesjesus

rjmgrfaem w`gt t`jy aevdkvj dr w`je t`jy grj ejjfjf. Ydnjtanjs t`jsj mjejrgtdrs

`gvj `gf g trjgtnjet gmgaest ouema, ae dt`jr igsjs t`jy aeikufj g geta-`unafaty

trjgtnjet w`ai` ngy gksd hj rjquarjf ae ede-trdpaigk ikangtjs. Gsc t`j suppkajr jxgitky

w`gt ojgturjs trdpaigkasgtade doojrs.


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I@G\VJX 9. Yjkjitade gef puri`gsj ?=


Drfjraem t`j mjejrgtdr gef giijssdrajs

]`je ydu grj ikjgr ghdut t`j pdwjr rjquarjnjets gef t`j hgsai spjiaoaigtades do t`j

mjejrgtdr, at as tanj td tgkc td t`j suppkajrs td sjj w`gt t`jy `gvj gvgakghkj t`gt nam`t

njjt ydur pgrtaiukgr ejjfs.

Fd edt kjgvj t`as trgesgitade sdkjky td ydur idkkjgmujs ordn kdmastais. Qdu'vj

sjje t`gt mjejrgtdrs grj edt gkwgys t`j sgnj fjspatj `gvaem t`j sgnj

pdwjr. V`j puri`gsj praij as edt t`j deky iratjrade gef ige kjgf td ogksj

jidednajs (hammjr as edt hjttjr, ae ogit at as t`j dppdsatj). At wdukf edt hj

t`j oarst tanj g mjejrgtdr ndfjk `gs hjje puri`gsjf sanpky hjigusj at wgs

de sgkj gs t`dum` at wjrj g sgic do pdtgtdjs!

Furaem t`jsj oarst fasiussades wat` t`j suppkajr, at as anpdrtget td hj ikjgr de2

V`j pdwjr rjquarjf.

V`j typj do usj2 pranj dr stgefhy.

V`j vdktgmj, orjqujeiy gef eunhjr do p`gsjs.

Ao t`j mjejrgtdr wakk gvj g ighae dr ao at wakk hj dpje.

V`j wjgt`jr gef tjnpjrgturjs gt w`ai` t`j mjejrgtdr wakk dpjrgtj.

V`j typj do idetrdk pgejk.

V`j kjvjk do tdkjrghkj edasj.

V`j `durs t`gt t`j oujk tgec s`dukf kgst de g fgaky hgsas.

V`j typj do jquapnjet t`gt wakk hj ideejitjf gef t`jar tdkjrgeij td orjqujeiy

gef vdktgmj vgragtades.

V`j stgrt-up kdgf do ndtdrs.

V`j ngxanun kdgf t`gt wakk hj ideejitjf odr jgi` stjp do t`j sjqujeij.

V`j giijssdrajs

Ae gffatade td t`j mjejrgtdr ydu wakk ejjf sdnj do t`jsj giijssdrajs2

Aefjpjefjet hgttjry i`grmjr. Ytgrtaem t`j mjejrgtdr wat` ighkjs as fgemjrdus

hjigusj spgrcs idukf ameatj giiunukgtades do `yfrdmje.

Ae-scaf rjsjrvdar tgec gef/dr jxtjregk tgecs.

Getavahrgtade spraem nduets odr t`j edasj.

Iddkget `jgtjrs ae idkf ikangtjs dr w`je t`j mjejrgtdr nust idnpky wat` g tje

sjidef stgrt stgefgrf.


69/128



Dak iddkaem `jgtjrs ae vjry idkf ikangtjs.

Geta-idefjesgtade `jgtjrs ae idkf dr jxtrjnjky `unaf ikangtjs.

Jx`gust papjs gef t`jar giijssdrajs.

@dt gar fasi`grmj fuit (vjry anpdrtget!).

Vrgesojr swati`. Mrduefaem ngtjragk.

Jejrmy njtjr dr iurrjet ikgnp td uefjrstgef t`j idesunptade do faoojrjet

gppkageijs gef fjiafj `dw td usj t`jn.

Oarj jxtaemuas`jrs (jat`jr ge GHI dr HI typj).

Xjnjnhjr gksd td gsc odr t`j usjr ngeugk gef t`j spgrj pgrts igtgkdmuj!

Jssjetagk spgrj pgrts

I`jic wat` t`j suppkajr odr t`j jssjetagk spgrj pgrts do t`j mjejrgtdr, gef ae pgrtaiukgr

t`dsj t`gt njjt gkk do t`jsj idefatades2

V`jy grj edt pgrt do rjmukgr ngaetjegeij.

V`jy grj ndrj kacjky td ogak.

V`j mjejrgtdr as rjefjrjf usjkjss w`je t`jy ogak.

V`jy grj edt jxpjesavj. At ngcjs ed sjesj td stdrj ge jetarj rjpkgijnjet

gktjregtdr, hut at fdjs ngcj sjesj td cjjp ge jxtrg ousj dr g fadfj de `gef.


70/128



Drfjraem spgrj pgrts

Angmaej t`gt ydu ejjf td drfjr ge `durnjtjr odr g \rgngi Y78


71/128


72/128

6Aestgkkgtade

I`jic t`j kdigk stgefgrfs rjkgtaem td mjejrgtdrs, jspjiagkky hgicup mjejrgtdrs,

rjmgrfaem oarj prdtjitade, oujk stdrgmj gef dt`jrs stgefgrfs t`gt ngy hj gppkaighkj ae

ydur rjmade.

V`j aestgkkgtade do g mjejrgtdr rjquarjs prdojssadegk jkjitraiages t`gt grj

ognakagr wat` t`j wdrc gef w`d cedw t`j kdigk rukjs t`gt nust hj

rjspjitjf.

Ngcj surj t`gt t`j mjejrgtdr, prdtjitades gef gppkageijs gkk wdrc wat` t`j

sgnj orjqujeiy.

\gy spjiagk gttjetade td oukoakkaem gkk t`j rjquarjnjets prjsjetjf ae

t`as i`gptjr ed ngttjr `dw travagk t`jy ngy sjjn td ydu gef ed ngttjr

`dw t`ae ydu grj sprjgf dvjr t`j dt`jr aeoaeatj jnjrmjeiajs gef tgscs t`gt

pkgmuj ydu. Ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits t`jsj rjquarjnjets grj rgrjky

`dedurjf, gef at as dej do t`j ngae rjgsdes t`gt mjejrgtdrs igusj sdnj

anpdssahkj jxpjesjs, `gvj s`drt kavjs gef hrjgc fdwe gkk tdd orjqujetky.

Mavaem spjiagk idesafjrgtade td t`jsj ngttjrs gt t`j stgrt do ydur prdbjit

wakk sgvj ydu jefkjss `jgfgi`js gef idsts kgtjr de.


73/128

=8 Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Yjkjitaem t`j satj

V`j mjejrgtdr s`dukf hj ae g pkgij t`gt fdjs edt okddf, as edt susijptahkj td fgngmj

ordn fasgstjrs, vgefgkasn, t`jot dr grnjf ideokait gef t`gt giidnndfgtjs twd

praeiapkjs t`gt grj dotje idetrgfaitdry2 td hj gs ikdsj gs pdssahkj td t`j kdgfs td gvdaf

pdwjr kdssjs wàkj hjaem gs ogr gs pdssahkj ordn pjdpkj hjigusj do t`j edasj gef tdxai

mgsjs.

Ydnj dt`jr pdaets td cjjp ae naef2

Fjtjrnaej t`j giijss ydu `gvj odr oakkaem t`j oujk tgec, odr puttaem ae gef

rjndvaem t`j mjejrgtdr gef odr igrryaem dut outurj rjpkgijnjets gef dvjr`guks

ae satu.

Oaef pkgijs t gt wakk edt hj g àefrgeij td dt`jr usjs dr jxpgesades do jxastaem

aeorgstruiturj.

Oaef g satj wat` wjkk-fjoaejf kgef dwejrsàp, w`jrj gkk t`j aestgkkgtades grj

ngfj ae pkgijs t`gt wakk edt idnprdnasj satj giijss dr hj susijptahkj td g

i`gemj fuj td pjdpkjs dpaeades, aestatutades dr ideokaits hjtwjje idnnueatajs.

Ae t`j igsj do hgicup mjejrgtdrs, kddc odr pkgijs gef ideoamurgtades w`jrj gfasgstjr wakk edt goojit t`j ngae gef hgicup aestgkkgtades gt t`j sgnj tanj.

Ngcjs surj t`j mrduefaem as suooaiajetky fastgeijf ordn dt`jr mrduefaems td

gvdaf aetjrojrjeijs (gt kjgst 8< n).

Gvdaf kdigtades t`gt pdsj g oarj `gzgrf dr wdukf jefgemjr pjdpkj ao t`jy ameatj

(odr jxgnpkj, de t`j mrduef okddr ejxt td t`j deky wgy dut do g huakfaem).

Oaef kdigtades t`gt gkkdw odr idesjesus gndem pjdpkj.

Gvdaf prdxanaty td sdurijs do wgtjr t`gt ngy hjidnj idetgnaegtjf wat` dak

gef oujk spakks.

Deij ydu `gvj afjetaoajf sdnj dptades, ngcj g scjti` t`gt sunngrazjs t`j

aestgkkgtade, t`j giijssjs, t`j aekjts gef dutkjts do gar gef mgsjs, t`j edasj gef dt`jr

tàems t`gt ydu wakk sjj kgtjr ae tàs i`gptjr. At as hjttjr td oaef t`j jrrdrs t`rdum` g

scjti` de pgpjr t`ge ae t`j ideirjtj! Deij ydu `gvj fdej tàs, ydu ige md de td sjjc

t`j gpprdvgk do gkk t`j pgrtajs aevdkvjf.


74/128

I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade =9


Vrgespdrt do mjejrgtdrs

]`jt`jr gt t`j hjmaeeaem do t`j aestgkkgtade dr w`je trgespdrtaem t`j mjejrgtdr odr g

i`gemj do satj dr odr ngaetjegeij, rjnjnhjr t`jsj twd pdaets t`gt dotje fgngmj

mjejrgtdrs2

7. Fd edt trgespdrt mjejrgtdrs ae dpje vjàikjs wat`dut oukky

prdtjitaem t`jn wat` g tgrpgukae td prjvjet fgngmj ordn rgae,

fust gef anpgit do aesjits dr sgef.

8. ]`je kaotaem t`j mjejrgtdr wat` g `dast, usj t`j gei`dr pdaets de

t`j hgsj3 t`j mjejrgtdr nust ejvjr hj gttgi`jf hy t`j ndtdr dr t`j

gktjregtdr gei`drs gs t`jy wdukf kdsj t`j gkamenjet hjtwjje t`jn.I`jic t`gt edej do t`j skaems tdui` gey pgrt do t`j mjejrgtdr w`je

ae tjesade sd gs td gvdaf irusàem at. Vàs ige hj giàjvjf wat`

favafjrs t`gt git kacj puppjt straems. I`jic t`gt t`j `dast as gvgakghkj

hjodrj`gef td gvdaf anprdvasaem g hgf sdkutade `gkowgy t`rdum` t`j

bdh!

Ae t`j p`dtd t`j gei`dr pdaets grj hjaem usjf, hut edtaij `dw dej do t`j skaems as

irusàem t`j jx`gust2

Oam. 6.7 @dastaem t`j mjejrgtdr ae Gfgfd, Ydngkag. V`j skaem as idnprjssaem t`j jx`gust.


75/128



V`j mjejrgtdr `dusj

Gotjr sjkjitaem t`j satj, ydu nust fjoaej t`j typj do mjejrgtdr `dusj dr t`j rddn t`gt

wakk `dusj t`j mjejrgtdr. ]`je t`j mjejrgtdr `gs ats dwe ighae gef t`j ikangtj as

suatghkj, ge jkghdrgtj struiturj as edt ejijssgry, bust g s`jktjr td prdtjit at ordn t`j sue

gef rgae, gef ngcj t`j wdrc do t`j dpjrgtdrs ndrj hjgrghkj. V`j ighae wakk gkrjgfy

`gvj tgcje aetd giiduet t`j rjquarjnjets do vjetakgtade, sduefprddoaem, gef sd de.

Oam. 6.8 Idvjraem dvjr g mjejrgtdr wat` ighae ae Egardha, Cjeyg.

Qdu s`dukf edt aestgkk mjejrgtdrs wat` g ighae, jspjiagkky t`jgidustais typj, ae jeikdsjf spgijs fuj td t`j jxijssavj rjstraitade do

garokdw gef aeidnpkjtjky sjgkjf jx`gusts t`gt ige igusj pdasdeaem.

Kacjwasj, ydu s`dukf edt aestgkk dpje mjejrgtdrs ae dpje s`jfs, saeij

t`jy nust hj prdtjitjf ordn t`j jkjnjets, gef jspjiagkky, t`j waef ae graf

gef fusty ikangtjs. V`j fjpdsatjf fust idnprdnasjs t`j iddkaem gef t`j

sgef hkdwe `grf hy t`j waef jrdfjs t`j aesukgtade. V`j mjejrgtdr hjkdw,

odr jxgnpkj, `gs hjje hgfky `dusjf.


76/128

I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade =:


Oam. 6.9 Aegpprdpragtj s`jktjr odr ge dpje mjejrgtdr, ]grmgkd, Ydngkag.

Ydnjtanjs ydu nust gksd pkge g spgij odr stdrgmj dr odr t`j dpjrgtdrs. V`j mjejrgtdr

`dusj s`dukf edt hj usjf td stdrj dt`jr t`aems hjigusj do t`j aeirjgsjf rasc do oarj,

giiafjets gef idrrdsade (odr jxgnpkj, ejgr i`kdraej).

Oam. 6.6 @dusj wat` stdrjrddn ae Nufum, Ydngkag.


77/128

=? Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


V`j huakfaem ae t`j p`dtd ghdvj idukf hj anprdvjf ao t`j fddr, wài` sjrvjs gs t`j gar

aekjt, `gf kduvjrs gef ao t`j rddo wjrj ngfj do g ngtjragk t`gt rgfagtjs kjss `jgt td t`j

mjejrgtdr t`ge t`j idrrumgtjf arde. Ao t`j idrrumgtjf arde rddoaem as gkrjgfy t`jrj, ngcj

`dkjs odr vjetakgtade annjfagtjky hjkdw t`j s`jjtaem de ats àm`jst safj.

Fanjesades

V`j dvjrgkk fanjesades do t`j `dusj gef t`j fddr s`dukf hj kgrmj jedum` sd t`gt ydu

ige tgcj t`j mjejrgtdr ae gef dut gef pjrodrn gkk t`j ngaetjegeij dpjrgtades. Ao at as g

mjejrgtdr wat` g ighae, ngcj surj t`gt t`j fddrs ige hj dpjejf. V`jrj ejjfs td hj gt

kjgst dej njtrj do spgij grduef gkk safjs do t`j mjejrgtdr. \kge g mjetkj rgnp odr jgsy

jetry gef jxat do ngtjragks. Geejx J sunngrazjs t`j tjetgtavj fanjesades do t`jsj

vgradus jkjnjets.

Jx`gust pkgeeaem

V`j jx`gust papj s`dukf hj gs sanpkj, s`drt gef strgam`t gs pdssahkj td jvgiugtj t`j

mgsjs jgsaky. Ao t`j mjejrgtdr `gs jkhdws, t`jy s`dukf hj jkhdws wat` g iurvgturj

rgfaus do gt kjgst sax tanjs t`j fagnjtjr. as t`j jx`gust papj nust hj aestgkkjf gs àm`

gs t`j `dusj gs pdssahkj td `jkp faspjrsj t`j sndcj, gef s`dukf fasi`grmj gwgy ordnwaefdws, fddrs, diiupajf huakfaems, gar aetgcjs dr okgnnghkj ngtjragk. ]`jrj pdssahkj,

t`j jx`gust papj s`dukf gksd hj gkamejf ae ogvdur do t`j prjvgakaem waef farjitade. V`j

aestgkkgtade nust tgcj aetd giiduet t`j jooaiajet trgesat do fasi`grmjs gef mgsjs gs

jxpkgaejf hjkdw.

Vd prjvjet idrrdsade hy wgtjr idefjesgtade, t`j jx`gust papj s`dukf hj aestgkkjf wat`

g skam`t aeikaegtade tdwgrfs t`j dutsafj, wat` t`j sakjeijr gs ikdsj td t`j ndtdr gs

pdssahkj gef wat` giijssdrajs odr wgtjr jvgiugtade. V`j jx`gust nust giidnndfgtj

t`j t`jrngk jxpgesade, gef hj ùem sd t`gt ats wjam`t fdjs edt rjst farjitky de t`jndtdr dutkjt. Xjnjnhjr td prdtjit t`j jx`gust wat` g mrakkj td prjvjet harfs ordn

ejstaem ao t`j dutput as `drazdetgk. V`j ndst pdwjrouk sakjeijrs grj vjry hukcy gef

usugkky `gvj spjiagk spgij rjquarjnjets.

Gar Aekjt gef dutkjt.

V`j gar aekjts gef dutkjts s`dukf hj kgrmj jedum` sd gs td edt anpjfj t`j okdw do gar.

Edrngkky t`j aekjt as 7.: td 8 tanjs kgrmjr gef ats s`gpj as ndrj okjxahkj. V`j dutkjt as

gfgptjf td t`j s`gpj do t`j rgfagtdr, gef gs at as g sameaoaiget sdurij do edasj s`dukf hj


78/128

I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade ==


drajetjf sd gs edt td igusj g euasgeij. Ae pkgeeaem, cjjp ae naef t`gt t`j dutkjt s`dukf

`gvj g `dt gar fasi`grmj fuit ordn t`j rgfagtdr td t`j wgkk gs jxpkgaejf kgtjr ae t`j

sjitade Okdws do gar gef mgsjs.

Aestgkkaem kduvjrs as vjry anpdrtgettd gvdaf prjngturj fjtjradrgtade do t`j

mjejrgtdr fuj td fart, waef, sgef gef rgae. Gkt`dum` ae g fjvjkdpnjet

idetjxt at as idnnde td aestgkk hgrs aestjgf do g fddr gs ydu ige sjj ae t`j

paiturj, hjigusj tàs as jgsajr dr i`jgpjr, `dwjvjr tàs s`dukf hj straitky

gvdafjf. Fddrs s`dukf git gs g p`ysaigk sjgk idvjraem t`j fddr dpjeaem gef

edt deky prjvjet giijss do pjdpkj.

Oam. 6.: Hgrs ae pkgij do fddr gef kduvjrjf aekjt, g orjqujet nastgcj ae `dt ikangtjs.

\rdtjitade gmgaest t`j rasc do wgr

Ae grjgs do ideokait at ngy gksd hj ejijssgry td prdtjit mjejrgtdrs wat` sgefhgms watàe

t`j jeikdsurjs do `dspatgks, dooaijs, kavaem grjgs, gef dt`jr pkgijs. V`j hddc Ytgyaem

Gkavjordn t`j AIXI prdvafjs mddf fjtgaks de `dw td fd tàs joojitavjky.


79/128



Oduefgtade

V`j mjejrgtdr s`dukf hj suppdrtjf de g struiturj t`gt as suooaiajetky sdkaf td ngaetgae

t`j gkamenjet hjtwjje t`j ndtdr s`got gef t`j gktjregtdr.

Oam. 6.? Hgfky suppdrtjf mjejrgtdrs fastdrt t`j gkamenjet do t`j s`gots.

V`j ogstjst gef ndst idevjeajet wgy td prdvafj g stghkj oduefgtade odr g mjejrgtdr astd pkgij at de g ideirjtj skgh. V`j waft` gef kjemt` do t`j skgh s`dukf jxijjf t`j

mjejrgtdr hy gt kjgst 8< in de gkk safjs, gef wjam` gt kjgst twd tanjs t`j wjam`t do t`j

mjejrgtdr ae dpjrgtade. Vd giàjvj, tàs ydu ige igkiukgtj t`j tàicejss do t`j skgh

giidrfaem td t`j odrnukg2

V86 waft` ae njtrjs

k > kjemt` je njtrjs

8,6


80/128

I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade =1


V`j mjejrgtdr nust edt hj pkgijf de tdp do gey idnhustahkj ngtjragk.

Ao ydu grj usaem ge jxastaem struiturj, ngcj surj at as ghkj td sustgae t`j

mjejrgtdr, t`j giijssdrajs gef t`j rjsjrvdar tgec.

Ao t`j oduefgtade as mdaem farjitky de t`j okddr, jesurj t`gt t`j okddr `gs t`j

igpgiaty td hjgr t`j kdgf.

V`j oduefgtade ige edt hj farjitky suppdrtjf de rdic, ijnjet dr arde hjigusj

t`jsj ngtjragks trgesnat vahrgtades dvjr mrjgt fastgeijs. Vd gvdaf t`as, t`j

ideirjtj skgh nust hj pkgijf de g kgyjr do sgef do gt kjgst 8< in.

V`j oduefgtade nust hj asdkgtjf ordn dt`jr struiturjs wat` ngi`aejs hjigusj,

w`je t`jsj grj stdppjf, t`jy fd edt `gvj dak prjssurj td kuhraigtj t`j

idnpdejets gef t`j vahrgtades wrjgc `gvdi. V`j pkgtodrn s`dukf hj rgasjf hy gt kjgst 7: in odr jgsy ngaetjegeij

(frgaegmj gef giijss), td prjvjet okddf fgngmj gef td prjvjet wgtjr

idefjesgtade idkkjitaem hjkdw t`gt idukf mjt suicjf ae hy t`j ndtdr dr

gktjregtdr.

Oam. 6.= Oduefgtade fagmrgn.


81/128

0< Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Okdw do gar gef mgsjs

At as anpdrtget t`gt g mjejrgtdr tgcjs ae idkf gar gef jvgiugtjs t`j `dt gar ae dppdsatj

vjets. Xjnjnhjr t`j fjrgtaem do t`j mjejrgtdr fuj td tjnpjrgturj njetadejf jgrkajr

ae t`as hddc4 Ao t`j mejrgtdr `dusj dvjr`jgts t`j mjejrgtdr kdsjs pdwjr gef idesunjs

ndrj fajsjk.

Vd edt drmgeazj t`j gar aekjts gef dutkjts as g sameaoaiget wgstj gef quatj

ghsurf mavje t`gt t`j prjvjetavj njgsurjs grj vjry jgsy gef i`jgp2

Vry td aestgkk t`j aekjts gef dutkjts de dppdsatj safjs, wat` t`j gar

jetry gs kdw gs pdssahkj gef t`j gar jxat gt t`j t`j `jam`t do t`j rgfagtdr

gef ae ogvdur do t`j prjvgakaem waef.

Aestgkk g `dt gar fasi`grmj fuitwat` hjkkdws idnaem dut do t`j rgfagtdr

td gvdaf t`j `dt gar stgyaem ae t`j `dusj. V`j fuit s`dukf hj gt kjgst

7.8: tanjs t`j grjg do t`j rgfagtdr. Aestgkkaem t`as fuitwdrc ae

fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits as gs rgrj gs at as vatgk!

Oam. 6.0 Idrrjit okdw do gar gef jx`gust. Dutkjt wat` `dt gar fasi`grmj fuit.

Ngcj surj t`gt t`j grrgemjnjet do t`j jetrgeij gef jxat odrijs gar

iariukgtade t`rdum` t`j hdfy do t`j mjejrgtdr2


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I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade 07


Oam. 6.0 V`j prdvasades de t`j ram`t fd edt mugrgetjj gfjqugtj iddkaem.

Xjnjnhjr t`j fjrgtaem odr gktatufj fuj td kgic do gar njetadejf jgrkajr ae

t`as hddc4 V`j dutkjt odr t`j jx`gust mgsjs s`dukf gksd hj ogr ordn t`j

aekjt, edt deky hjigusj do t`j tjnpjrgturj hut gksd td prjvjet sndcj

pgrtaikjs ordn rj-jetjraem gef sgturgtaem t`j gar oaktjr prjngturjky. ]at` t`j

gar oaktjr ikdmmjf, t`j idesunptade sdgrs gef pdwjr as rjfuijf.


83/128

08 Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Oam. 6.1 Fjtgak do t`j `dt gar fasi`grmj fuit ae g mjejrgtdr wat` ighae.

Afjgkky t`j gar okdw ae t`j `dusj s`dukf odkkdw t`j prjvgakaem waef farjitade. Ae waefy

kdigtades dr t`dsj wat` vgraghkj waef, w`jrj ydu ige edt prdpjrky drajet t`j mjejrgtdr

giidrfaem td t`j waef dr sanpky fd edt cedw (hjigusj at as sanpkj gef i`jgp td huakf),

ydu s`dukf rgasj g hgrrajr gmgaest t`j waef ae ordet do t`j dutkjt sanakgr td t`gt

fjsirahjf hjkdw odr edasj, gt g fastgeij do gt kjgst dej tanjs (afjgkky t`rjj tanjs) t`j

`jam`t do t`j rgfagtdr.


84/128



Oujk tgecs

Dotje mjejrgtdrs idnj wat` t`j oujk tgec huakt aetd t`j hgsj ae w`gt as igkkjf g fgy

tgec. V`j tgec s`dukf hj kgrmj jedum` td suppky t`j mjejrgtdr furaem t`j pjradf do

wdrc mavje t`gt t`j mjejrgtdr s`dukf edt hj rjoujkjf wàkst `dt dr wàkj rueeaem (gef at

as skdw td iddk fdwe!), gef t`gt ydu `gvj td wgat odr t`j pgrtaikjs gef t`j wgtjr td

sjttkj gmgae gotjr rjoujkaem. Vàs as t`j ndst idnpgit grrgemjnjet odr t`j tgec gef

t`j dej t`gt rjquarjs t`j kjgst wdrc.

Oam. 6.7< Fjtgak do g fgy tgec huakt aetd t`j hgsj.

V`j dt`jr twd gktjregtavjs grj ge aefjpjefjet tgec ae idnhaegtade wat` g fgy tgec drge aefjpjefjet tgec de ats dwe. ]`je tàs aefjpjefjet tgec jxasts, at mdjs dutsafj t`j

`dusj odr jgsy oakkaem gef ngaetjegeij.

Mjejrgk idesafjrgtades

Zsj hkgic stjjk papjs gef oattaems. Edej do t`j pgrts do t`j oujk systjn ige

hj mgkvgeazjf, hrgss, idppjr dr zaei, gkk do wài` igtgkyzj fjidnpdsatade do

t`j oujk.

V`j aekjt nust hj :< nn ghdvj t`j hdttdndo t`j oujk tgec td gvdaf suicaem

ae sjfanjet, fart gef wgtjr.

V`j oujk tgec nust `gvj g hdttdn frgae vgkvjtd rjndvj wgtjr gef sjfanjet.

Oujk tgecs s`dukf edt hj idnpkjtjky oakkjf. Zsugkky ghdut ?% as ejjfjf odr

t`jrngk jxpgesade.


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V`j fduhkj-wgkkjf tgecs sjrvj td idetgae kjgcgmj ae t`j jvjet t`gt t`j oarst wgkk

as pueiturjf.

V`j pkgij w`jrj t`j tgec gef papjs grj s`dukf edt hj tdd wgrn, tdd idkf,

dr `gvj suffje tjnpjrgturj i`gemjs. Fajsjk jxpgefs wat` `jgt gef ordn=7 I igusjs g sameaoaiget kdss do jemaej pdwjr. =7 I as edt `grf td rjgi` odr

g fgrc papj jxpdsjf td t`j sue. Ao at's tdd idkf, mjkaoaigtade do t`j fajsjk diiurs

gef wat` tdd ngey i`gemjs do tjnpjrgturj, wgtjr idefjesjs wat`ae t`j tgec.

Oakkaem g oujk tgec usaem g wgtjr sjpgrgtaem oaktjr prjvjets fgngmj td t`j

aebjitdrs gef t`j aebjitade punp.

Ae t`j igsj do ge aefjpjefjet tgec2

V`j papj rue s`dukf hj gs s`drt gs pdssahkj, mjejrgkky kjss t`ge ?n.

V`j papj ideejitaem td ge aefjpjefjet tgec nust hj jqugk td dr mrjgtjr ae

fagnjtjr t`ge t`j papj ordn t`j fgy tgec, mjejrgkky mrjgtjr t`ge " odr t`j

pdwjrs idesafjrjf ae t`as hddc.

V`j oujk papj nust hj prdtjitjf ordn vahrgtade, gef s`dukf hj ogr gwgy ordn

jkjitraigk ighkjs, jx`gusts dr `dt pgrts.

V`j oujk dutkjt wakk afjgkky hj gt g `jam`t hjtwjje t`gt do t`j jetry do t`j

aebjitade punp gef t`gt do t`j aebjitdrs, sd gs td rjijavj oujk hut sd t`gt at fdjs

edt dvjrokdw aetd t`j rjture kaejs ordn t`j jemaej.

V`j pgt` nust hj skdpjf idetaeudusky ordn t`j tgec td t`j mjejrgtdr td ojjf hy

mrgvaty gef igrj nust hj tgcje td gvdaf grjgs t`gt ige trgp huhhkjs do gar.

V`j tgec nust hj vjetjf td rjkajvj jxijss prjssurj gef td gkkdw at td hj

jnptajf wat`dut irjgtaem g vgiuun.


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I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade 0:


Edasj rjfuitade

Fajsjk mjejrgtdrs grj edasy, vjry edasy. ]`akj ydu ngy edt ejjf gey gttjeugtade

(fgnpjeaem) td idetrdk t`as edasj ae sdnj satugtades, ae dt`jrs at as vjry anpdrtget. Ae

t`j ngbdraty do t`jsj igsjs, ge gttjeugtade do 9:-6< fjiahjks (fH) as suooaiajet. Ae

gffatade td t`j edasj kjvjk, t`j tdej gksd ngttjrs. V`j 9,


87/128

0? Mjejrgtdrs ae fjvjkdpnjet prdbjits.


Ydurijs do edasj gef gttjeugtade strgtjmajs

Xjmgrfkjss do t`j sdurij, t`j i`jgpjst gef jgsajst wgy td rjndvj edasj as td ndvj at

ourt`jr gwgy. Jvjry tanj t`j fastgeij as fduhkjf, ge gttjeugtade do ghdut ? fH diiurs.

V`j aetjrjstaem t`aem ghdut t`as strgtjmy as t`gt ndst do t`j gttjeugtade diiurs ae t`joarst ojw njtrjs do fastgeij, sd g kattkj ourt`jr ige md g kdem wgy ae t`j gttjeugtade.

Oam. 6.78 Edasj gttjeugtade vs. fastgeij.

G. Jx`gust edasj. At as dej do t`j ndst prdedueijf edasjs, hut as jgsaky rjsdkvjf

wat` t`j aestgkkgtade do sakjeijrs. Yakjeijrs grj typaigkky ngeuogiturjf wat` odur

kjvjks do gttjeugtade2

Aefustragk2 rjfuitade do 78 td 70 fH. Xjsafjetagk2 70 td 8: fH.

Irataigk2 8: td 9: fH.

Yupjr-irataigk2 9: td 68 fH

V`j ndst joojitavj sakjeijrs ige hj vjry kgrmj, sd ydu s`dukf oarst ngcj surj

t`gt t`jy wakk oat ae t`j mjejrgtdr `dusj. Edtj t`gt ndvaem g mjejrgtdr 6


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I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade 0=


kastjejr, sd at as idnnde td usj ideirjtj hkdics oakkjf wat` idnpgitjf sgef dr

ndrtgr ae t`j idestruitade do mjejrgtdr `dusjs dr wgkks odr sduef hgrrajrs.

Gey mrddvjs, irgics gef giijss fddrs t`gt sjgk pddrky grj jsigpj rdutjs odr

t`j edasj gef sd at as anpdrtget td idrrjit t`jn. V`jrj grj sduefprddoaem aekjtgef dutkjt kduvjrs wài` ige gssast wat` tàs.. Gkt`dum` at as pdssahkj td kaej t`j

aesafj do t`j `dusj wat` sduef-aesukgtaem ngtjragk tàs as usugkky quatj

jxpjesavj. Gedt`jr sdkutade as td puri`gsj gttjeugtjf ighaes, wài` grj

jxpjesavj hut ige gvdaf `gvaem td huakf g sdkaf `dusj.

Oam. 6.79. Ngaetjegeij do g mjejrgtdr ae ge gttjeugtjf ighae. V`j sduefprddoaem ngtjragk as

vasahkj de t`j fddrs.

I. Xjoramjrgtade edasjs grj t`dsj ngfj hy t`j rgfagtdr gef oge. Gkt`dum` ydu

ige gkkjvagtj t`jsj hy usaem dvjrsazjf rgfagtdrs dr ndvaem t`j rgfagtdr gwgy,

t`j ndst prgitaigk njt`df ae g fjvjkdpnjet idetjxt as prdhghky td sanpky

idestruit g sduef hgrrajr do oakkjf hkdics. Ngcj surj t`gt t`j fastgeij as gt

kjgst 7.: njtrjs ordn t`j dutkjt sd gs td edt idnprdnasj t`j iddkaem prdijss.

F. Edasj vahrgtade. V`jsj grj t`j ndst i`gkkjemaem edasjs td fjgk wat`, gef grj

mjejrgkky trgesnattjf t`rdum` t`j struiturjs dvjr kdem fastgeijs. Edasj igusjf

hy vahrgtades grj fjgkt wat` hy aesukgtaem t`j mjejrgtdr ordn t`j struiturjs,

pgrtaiukgrky t`j hgsj. Ytgefgrf nduets t`gt idnj wat` mjejrgtdrs ogak td


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giàjvj kgrmj gttjeugtades. Ypraems idnhaejf wat` pgffaem giàjvj mddf

aesukgtade. Ae sjasnai zdejs, spraem suppdrts s`dukf gvdaf faspkgijnjets.

Oam. 6.76. Getavahrgtade spraem gssjnhky.

]`je g kgrmj gttjeugtade odr àm`ky irataigk gppkaigtades as ejijssgry, ge aejrtag

hgsj as pkgijf hjtwjje t`j okddr gef t`j mjejrgtdr gef t`j jkjnjets hjtwjje

t`jn grj ideejitjf wat` spraems. V`j aejrtag hgsj as usugkky g ideirjtj skgh do

gt kjgst 7.: tanjs t`j ngss do t`j mjejrgtdr.

At as gksd ejijssgry td aesukgtj dt`jr suppdrt pdaets t`gt ige trgesnat vahrgtadesaeikufaem papj rues, jx`gusts, papj suppdrts gef ighkj suppdrts. ]`je oaxaem

dr suppdrtaem papjs, grrgemj t`j suppdrts gef hrgicjts arrjmukgrky td `jkp

fgnpje t`j vahrgtades2

Oam. 6.7:. V`j suppdrts oaxjf gt arrjmukgr aetjrvgks fgnpje t`j vahrgtades.


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Oaegkky, at as anpdrtget td `gvj g idnprj`jesavj gpprdgi`. V`jrj as kattkj pdaet aestgkkaem

vjry mddf sakjeijrs ao ydu grj `grfky mdaem td tdui` t`j rjngaeaem idnpdejets t`gt wakk

idetaeuj td jnat g kdt do edasj!

Oam. 6.7?. Yunngry do sduef aesukgtade njgsurjs.


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Jkjitraigk prdtjitade

Jkjitraigk wdrc nust hj anpjiighkj. Vgcj edtj de w`jt`jr t`j

aestgkkgtades grj prdojssadegk dr grj oukk do spkaijs, orgyjf warjs gef

jxpdsjf `dusaems gs ae t`j paiturj. Fd edt gkkdw odr aestgkkgtades do t`as

typj t`gt jefgemjr pjdpkj gef ngi`aejs!

Oam. 6.7=. \grt do t`j aestgkkgtade do g mjejrgtdr wat` 90< _ (!) ighkjs jxpdsjf.

Mrduefaem

Gkk mjejrgtdrs, aeikufaem pdrtghkjs, nust hj mrduefjf td prjvjet

giiafjets gef td prdtjit gppkageijs.


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Mrduefaem as g vjry sanpkj gef aejxpjesavj aestgkkgtade

odr prdtjitade gmgaest jkjitrdiutade. At prdvafjs g vjry kdw

rjsastgeij pgt` sd t`gt, ao kjgcgmj diiurs, jkjitraiaty wakk

`gvj ge jgsajr pgssgmj t`rdum` t`j systjn t`ge t`rdum`

g pjrsde. Oax t`j mrduefaem hjodrj igrryaem dut geydpjrgtadegk tjsts!

G mrduefaem aestgkkgtade usugkky idesasts do dej dr ndrj

njtgk hgrs hurajf gef ideejitjf td t`j jkjitraigk systjn

t`rdum` g mrjje gef yjkkdw ighkj. Ae mjejrgtdrs at mdjs td

ejutrgk ao t`jrj as edt g mrduefaem ideejitade, `dwjvjr

odkkdw t`j ngeuogiturjr's aestruitades. Gkk njtgk `dusaems

gef njtgk jkjnjets nust hj ideejitjf. I`jic t`gt t`jrj

as ed dt`jr mrduefaem pdaet watàe 8< njtrjs td gvdaf

aetjrojrjeij hjtwjje t`jn.

Mrduef ogukt Aetjrruptjr

Aestgkkgtades nust `gvj g mrduef ogukt aetjrruptjr td prjvjet pjdpkj hjaem

jkjitrdiutjf gef sjradusky aeburjf dr cakkjf.

Vàs prdtjitade as gssurjf wat` g MOA (mrduef ogukt

aetjrruptjr) gksd cedwe gs XIF (rjsafugk iurrjet fjvaij)

t`gt hrjgcs t`j iariuat w`je at fjtjits g kjgc ae at (wài` as

w`gt `gppjes w`je g pjrsde as jkjitrdiutjf).

V`j MOA as jgsaky rjidmeazjf hjigusj t`jy usugkky `gvj g

huttde wat` g "V" odr tjst. Vd prdtjit pjdpkj, t`j sjesatavatynust hj gt kjgst 9< nG.

\rdtjitade gmgaest dvjrkdgfs

Ao t`j prdtjitade as edt aeikufjf wat` t`j mjejrgtdr, at as mddf prgitaij td oat g

ngmejtdt`jrnai hrjgcjr gt t`j mjejrgtdr dutput td prjvjet dvjrkdgf. G rjidnnjefjf

vgkuj as idnndeky 77:% prdtjitade.


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]`gt prdtjitade s`dukf hj oattjf gt t`j dutput do jgi` p`gsj do g

88


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Vrgesojr Ywati`js

Ae ats sanpkjst odrn, g trgesojr swati` gkkdws ydu td i`ddsj t`j sdurij do jkjitraiaty t`gt

wakk rjijavj t`j kdgf gef jesurjs t`gt t`j twd sdurijs grj ejvjr ideejitjf

sanuktgejusky.

Angmaej ge aestgkkgtade t`gt rjijavjs jkjitraiaty ordn t`j ngaes suppky gef `gs g

hgicup mjejrgtdr odr w`je t`j pdwjr mdjs dut2

Oam. 6.70. Yi`jngtai fagmrgn do g trgesojr swati` sjtup.

]`je t`j swati` as ae pdsatade A, t`j kdgf rjijavjs jkjitraiaty ordn t`j mjejrgtdr. ]`je

t`j swati` as ae pdsatade


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Ydnj trgesojr swati`js grj ghkj td i`gemj hjtwjje sdurijs vjry quaicky. V`j ogstjr

t`j trgesatade hjtwjje sdurijs, t`j ndrj idnpkjx t`j jquapnjet td syei`rdeazj t`j

wgvjs. Ydkaf stgtj swati`js, odr jxgnpkj, ige ngcj t`j trgesojr ae kjss t`ge g iyikj

(: nakkasjidefs). Ae t`jsj igsjs, at as vjry anpdrtget t`gt t`j wgvjs grj syei`rdeazjf

hjodrj ngcaem t`j i`gemj.

Hjigusj trgesojr swati`js grj ogarky spjiagkazjf jquapnjet gef hjigusj do t`j

pdssahakaty do ngbdr fgngmj ao t`jy ogak, at as prdhghky g mddf afjg td deky usj td twd

typjs do trgesojrs2

Gutdngtai trgesojr swati`, wài` sjefs g samegk td stgrt t`j mjejrgtdr gef

trgesojrs t`j kdgf.

Ngeugk trgesojr swati`, ae wài` t`j trgesojr as ngfj hy `gef gkkdwaem odr t`j

mjejrgtdr td stgrt gef wgrn up wat`dut kdgf. At usugkky `gs g huakt-ae aefaigtdr

kam`t t`gt as kat w`je t`j jkjitraiaty `gs idnj hgic de2

Oam. 6.71. Vrgesojr swati`. V`j mrjje pakdt aefaigtjs t`j rjture do t`j jkjitraiaty.

Ae hdt` igsjs ydu ige aestgkk g sngkk idnputjr Z\Y odr jquapnjet t`gt nust edt kdsj

pdwjr furaem t`j i`gemj (sui` gs idnputjrs, tjkjidnnueaigtades jquapnjet dr dt`jr

sjesatavj jquapnjet). Ao ydu stakk ejjf ndrj sdpàstaigtjf trgesojr swati`js, t`j

ngeuogiturjr wakk hj ghkj td `jkp wat` tàs.


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I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade 1:


Oam. 6.8


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Hgkgeiaem t`j kdgfs

Ae t`rjj-p`gsj mjejrgtdrs at as vjry anpdrtget td fastrahutj t`j kdgfs jvjeky hjtwjje

t`j faoojrjet p`gsjs. Vd fd tàs, ydu `gvj td pkge t`j jkjitraigk aestgkkgtade sd t`gt t`j

iariuats do jgi` p`gsj igrry gs sanakgr g kdgf gs pdssahkj. ]`je ge gppkageij as t`rjj-

p`gsj, at idesunjs ae g hgkgeijf ngeejr. Edt idesunaem ae g hgkgeijf wgy igusjs

dvjr`jgtaem gef kdss do jooaiajeiy. Ae prgitaij, gs tàs as faooaiukt td giàjvj rjkamadusky ae

sngkk ejtwdrcs, at as anpdrtget t`gt ydu hjgr ae naef t`j odkkdwaem twd pdaets2

V`j kdgf do gey p`gsj ngy edt jxijjf t`j dutput do t`j mjejrgtdr. Bust

hjigusj sdnj p`gsjs igrry g kam`tjr kdgf fdjs edt njge t`gt dej ige md dvjr

t`j rgtaem.

V`j mrjgtjr t`j tdtgk kdgf do t`j mjejrgtdr, t`j ndrj hgkgeijf t`j p`gsjs

s`dukf hj. V`j fagmrgn hjkdw prdvafjs typaigk tdkjrgeij ngrmaes do

uehgkgeijf kdgfs ae mjejrgtdrs do kjss t`ge 8


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I@G\VJX 6. Aestgkkgtade 1=


]`gt as t`j ngxanun kdgf do g p`gsj de g 7


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Anprdvaem jxastaem aestgkkgtades

Edw t`gt ydu cedw t`j hgsai rjquarjnjets, tgcj g kddc gt t`j odkkdwaem angmj odr g

ndnjet gef tàec ghdut w`gt ejjfs td hj anprdvjf2

Oam. 6.88. Aestgkkgtade wat` sjradus ejjf do anprdvjnjet.

@jrj grj t`j t`rjj ndst dhvadus i`gemjs t`gt s`dukf hj ngfj2

7. V`j jx`gust as aesafj t`j rddn. Kddc gt t`j stgae de t`j wgkk gef angmaej w`gt t`j gar oaktjr as kacj.

V`j farty gar oaktjr wdrsjes idnhustade gef ngcjs t`j mjejrgtdr uestghkj3 ae gffatade, okuj mgsjsgrj àm`ky tdxai!!

8. V`j gar okdws grj uedrmgeasjf. V`j `dt gar rjngaes ae t`j rddn gef t`j mjejrgtdr wdrcs

dvjr`jgtjf.

9. Ydnjdej tddc t`j hgttjry! Vàs dotje `gppjes ae satugtades w`jrj t`j hgttjrajs td bunpstgrt dt`jr

ngiàejs gef vgradus dt`jr sjrvaijs. V`j hgttjry as edt deky ouefgnjetgk odr t`j stgrt-up, t`j

mjejrgtdr gksd ejjfs at td oueitade gef sdnj idnpdejets sui` gs t`j i`grmjr gef t`j vdktgmj

rjmukgtdr ige mjt fgngmjf ao at as ghsjet.


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:Dpjrgtade gef ngaetjegeij

Mjejrgtdrs s`dukf wgrn up odr odur td oavj naeutjs hjodrj t`j kdgf as gppkajf sd t`gt

t`j orjqujeiy gef vdktgmj stghakazjs. V`jsj oavj naeutjs ige hj usjf td rjidrf t`j oujk

kjvjk, t`j mgumjs gef td i`jic t`gt jvjrytàem as wdrcaem prdpjrky.

Yanakgrky, t`jy s`dukf gksd hj gkkdwjf td iddk fdwe wat`dut kdgf odr gedt`jr oavj

naeutjs hjodrj tureaem t`jn doo idnpkjtjky. Vàs pjradf ige gksd hj usjf td rjidrf

dpjrgtaem pgrgnjtjrs.

Ngey dt`jr anpdrtget fjtgaks wakk hj jxpkgaejf ae ydur mjejrgtdrs aestruitade ngeugk,

wài` ydu s`dukf rjgf t`drdum`ky hjodrj ydu jvje tàec ghdut aestgkkaem t`j mjejrgtdr!

Vàs i`gptjr odiusjs de assujs t`gt t`j ngeugk as uekacjky td idvjr.


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7


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I@G\VJX :. Ngaetjegeij 7


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7 A * 9 * _ * ids

Odr g pdwjr ogitdr (ids ) do A * _ * 7.906 > 71.8 * 90< * 7.906 > 7


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Dpjrgtade ae gfvjrsj idefatades

_jry idkf jevardenjets

G mjejrgtdr, t`j aestgkkgtade gef ats dpjrgtade ejjf td hj gfgptjf odr vjry idkf

ikangtjs. Vry td kjgre ordn kdigk jxpjrajeij w`gt typiagk prdhkjns nam`t hj, gef `dw td

oax t`jn. V`j odkkdwaem grj sdnj do t`j prdhkjns ydu ige jxpjit gef t`jar sdkutades.

Aestgkkgtade prjigutades2

Ao t`j mjejrgtdr grravjs furaem vjry idkf wjgt`jr, kjt at gfbust td t`j rddn

tjnpjrgturj odr 86 `durs hjodrj rjndvaem t`j pgicgmaem gef prdtjitade tdprjvjet idefjesgtade.

Mjejrgtdrs ndvj g sameaoaiget vdkunj do gar furaem dpjrgtade gef sd ao at as vjry

idkf, aestgkkgtades ae t`j sgnj huakfaem ige quaicky orjjzj. Hj igrjouk do t`aems

t`gt ngy hj sjesatavj td orjjzaem.

Fajsjk mjkkaoajs wat` t`j idkf. V`j aestgkkgtade wakk prdhghky rjquarj sdnj

njt`df do `jgtaem t`j oujk kaejs.

Idesafjr t`j joojits do idkf de t`j ighkjs, prdtjitades gef dt`jr sjesatavj

pgrts.

\rjvjet aij gef sedw ordn ikdmmaem t`j gar vjets hy usaem prdtjitdrs dr ikdsaem

kduvjrs.

Vd prjvjet t`j gar oaktjr ordn orjjzaem, t`j aekjt gar ige hj naxjf wat` wgrn gar

ordn g `dt gar fuit t`rdum` g rjmukgtjf rjiariukgtade kddp.

V`j ngmejtdt`jrnai iariuat hrjgcjrs ejjf ndrj iurrjet td gitavgtj w`je ats

idkf. Yd g swati` t`gt iuts dut gt 7: G odr 6< I, wakk iut dut gt 7= G odr 8: I.

]at` vjry kdw tjnpjrgturjs t`j t`rjs`dkf aeirjgsj ige hj vjry anpdrtget.

Jx`gust papjs w`ai` grj oattjf wat` g rgae igp ngy stakk orjjzj ae g ikdsjf

pdsatade.

\rjigutades furaem dpjrgtade2


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Fajsjk hjidnjs ikdufy wat` t`j idkf gef ige ikdm t`j oujk oaktjr. Ae t`as igsj

usj fajsjk suatghkj odr t`j idkf3 fajsjk typj Ed. 7-F fdjs edt ikduf uetak -8? I

w`akj t`j Ed. 8-F fdjs gt -? I.

Gvdaf tureaem t`j mjejrgtdr de gef doo tdd orjqujetky td prjvjet wjgr geffgngmj td t`j vgkvjs fuj td igrhde fjpdsatade.

Gff getaorjjzj ae t`j prdpdrtades rjidnnjefjf hy t`j ngeuogiturjr wat`dut

jxijjfaem :


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V`j ighaes gef pgrts do t`j jeikdsurj s`dukf hj mgkvgeazjf, gkunaeun dr

pgaetjf wat` sgkt-rjsastget pgaet.

Fry gef graf jevardenjets

Ae fry gef graf jevardenjets, prdhkjns grj dotje igusjf hy t`j fust gef sgef. Ydnj

prjigutades t`gt ngy hj `jkpouk grj2

Aestgkk t`j mjejrgtdr sd t`gt at as prdtjitjf ordn hkdwaem sgef. V`j sgef igrrajf

hy t`j waef ige wjgr fdwe t`j pgaet gef aesukgtade igusaem sjradus fgngmj.

V`j iddkaem oaes gef t`j rgfagtdr s`dukf edt hj ikdsj tdmjt`jr, td gvdaf

trgppaem fart gef sgef.

Dvjrsazaem do t`j iddkaem igpgiaty td 77:% as rjidnnjefjf.

\rjvjet idetgnaegtade do t`j fajsjk hy sgef dr fust.

G `am`jr ikgss do aesukgtade ige prjvjet prjngturj fjtjradrgtade do t`j

aesukgtade ordn dvjr`jgtaem do pgrts wat` fart gef fust t`gt fd edt fassapgtj `jgt

gs joojitavjky.

Ae vjry `dt ikangtjs, aestgkk jx`gusts wat` t`jrngk aesukgtade. Gs ge jxgnpkj,

jgi` njtrj do 9" jx`gust papj jnats : c] do `jgt. Ge jx`gust do deky twd

njtrjs as jquavgkjet td `gvaem oavj 8 c] `jgtjrs rueeaem gt oukk pdwjr!

Gt `am` gktatufj

Ae gffatade td fjrgtaem do t`j mjejrgtdr, sdnj idnpdejets sui` gs iariuat

hrjgcjrs wakk gksd rjquarj fjrgtaem.

V`j rgfagtdr hjidnjs kjss jooaiajet fuj td t`j kdwjr fjesaty do t`j gar. I`jic

t`gt t`j rgfagtdr ordn t`j ogitdry as suatghkj odr t`j gitugk gktatufj w`jrj t`j

mjejrgtdr wakk hj aestgkkjf.

V`j gar okdw rgtj ejjfs td hj aeirjgsjf hy 1% pjr 7


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Vd jemgmjidesuktaem sjrvaijsodr mjejrgtdrs gef rjejwghkj jejrmy, wratj td

idetgitLgregkai`.idn.


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116/128

Geejxjs


117/128



G. IGKIZKGVADE DO GI \D]JX

V`j pdwjr njgsurjf ae c_G, w`jrj _ as t`j vdktgmj, gef A as t`j iurrjet, as2

Yaemkj-p`gsj systjn2

c_G >7


118/128

Geejxjs 77=


H. ZYJOZK KAOJ DO G MJEJXGVDX

Mjejrgtdrs ae giijptghkj wdrcaem idefatades gef wat` prdpjr ngaetjegeij mjejrgkky

kgst hjtwjje 8


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I. MXZEFODY YZHNJXYAHKJ \ZN\Y YVGXV-Z\ \JGC

Jkjitrai ndtdrs `gvj g pjgc idesunptade furaem stgrt up. V`j punp ngeuogiturjr wakk

tjkk ydu w`gt t`as pjgc idesunptade as. ]`je t`jrj as g kgic do fgtg usj g ogitdr do 9.

Gs g muafj, t`jsj grj t`j ogitdrs rjidnnjefjf hy Mruefods, Ypgae.

Ndtdr pdwjr dot`j punp

Naeanun pdwjrdo t`j mjejrgtdr

@\ c] c] c_G Ogitdr6 9 0 7< 8.=

:.: 6 7< 78.: 8.:

=.: :.: 78.: 7:.? 8.97< =.: 7: 70.0 8.

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