generalized stratigraphic table for new jersey · generalized stratigraphic table for new jersey. 2...

5
1 Quaternary Tertiary and Quaternary EXPLANATION Glacial, glacial lacustrine and glacio- fluvial deposits; alluvium, colluvium Alluvium, colluvium, saprolite; thin, scattered glacial deposits Alluvium, colluvium, and saprolite Alluvium and colluvium Shoreline and estuarine deposits (Cape May Formation, post-glacial coastal sediments) Alluvial deposits (Beacon Hill, Bridgeton and Pensauken Forma- tions) Figure 1. Predominant surficial materials. Figure 2. Generalized geologic map. e a b f d g h c EXPLANATION Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sediments of the Coastal Plain Mesozoic Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Newark Basin Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic Igneous and sedimentary rocks of the lapetus Ocean and middle Paleozoic interior sea Middle Proterozoic Metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Grenville terrane Beemerville intrusive suite Valley and Ridge Green Pond Mountain region Highlands Jutland klippe Peapack klippe Manhattan prong Trenton prong Features a b c d e f g h New Jersey stratigraphic units are commonly grouped into surficial sediments resulting from coastal, alluvial, colluvial, glacial, and periglacial processes of the past 10 million years (fig. 1) and older, generally thicker units within structural and physiographic regions resulting from major tectonic events of the past 1.6 billion years (fig. 2). The oldest rocks in New Jersey are granulite-facies metamorphic and granitic igneous rocks exposed in the Highlands and Trenton prong (Drake, 1984; Volkert and Drake, 1986). These form the crystalline basement northwest of the limit of highly metamorphosed Paleozoic rocks (fig. 3). They are part of the Grenville terrane, which accreted to older rocks during the Grenville orogenic cycle (table 1) to form the North American craton. Unconformably above the Grenville rocks are sedimentary rocks of the lapetus Ocean, which opened in the Late Precambrian and closed during the Taconic orogeny. Stratigraphic units shown here are from Drake and others (1997), and Markewicz and Dalton (1980). Rocks of the western margin of lapetus are exposed in the Valley and Ridge and in linear belts within the Highlands. The Hardyston Quartzite shows initial clastic sedimentation. Subsequent development of a carbonate platform resulted in deposition of the Kittatinny Supergroup. Contemporaneous deeper-water continental margin and oceanic environments are represented to the east by the Jutland sedimentary units and metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks within the Manhattan and Trenton prongs (Perissoratis and others, 1979; Drake and others, 1997. Change from a trailing margin to a convergent margin in the late Early Ordovician led first to uplift and unconformity, then to submergence and deposition of the shallow marine and submarine slope Jacksonburg and deeper-water Martinsburg. The Taconic orogeny led to closing of the Martinsburg foreland basin, uplift, low-grade metamorphism in northwestern New Jersey, amphibolite facies metamorphism to the east, and to folding and northwestward thrusting. From the Taconic orogeny into the Middle Devonian, shallow marine sediments and alluvial clastics indicate that northwestern New Jersey was near the eastern margin of a shifting interior sea. Middle Paleozoic units shown here are from Drake and others (1997) and Herman and Mitchell (1991). Above these units is an unconformity representing Middle Devonian to Upper Triassic time. The late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogeny, the result of collision between the North American and African continental plates, was expressed in New Jersey through uplift and renewed faulting and folding of Taconic structures (Herman and Monteverde, 1989). Triassic and Jurassic crustal extension and shearing associated with early stages of the formation of the Atlantic Ocean created continental fault-block basins. The Newark Basin was filled with New Jersey Geological and Water Survey Information Circular Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey

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Page 1: Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey · Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey. 2 Figure 3. Geologic cross section through New Jersey. A Valley and Ridge Highlands

1

Quaternary

Tertiary and Quaternary

EXPLANATION

Glacial, glacial lacustrine and glacio-fluvial deposits; alluvium, colluviumAlluvium, colluvium, saprolite; thin, scattered glacial deposits

Alluvium, colluvium, and saproliteAlluvium and colluviumShoreline and estuarine deposits(Cape May Formation, post-glacial coastal sediments)

Alluvial deposits (Beacon Hill,Bridgeton and Pensauken Forma-tions)

Figure 1. Predominant surficial materials.

Figure 2. Generalized geologic map.

e

a

b

f

d

g

h

cEXPLANATION

Mesozoic and CenozoicSediments of the Coastal Plain

MesozoicSedimentary and igneous rocks of the Newark Basin

Late Proterozoic and PaleozoicIgneous and sedimentary rocks of the lapetus Ocean and middle Paleozoic interior sea

Middle ProterozoicMetamorphic and igneous rocks of the Grenville terrane

Beemerville intrusive suiteValley and RidgeGreen Pond Mountain regionHighlandsJutland klippePeapack klippeManhattan prong Trenton prong

Featuresabcdefgh

New Jersey stratigraphic units are commonly grouped into surficial sediments resulting from coastal, alluvial, colluvial, glacial, and periglacial processes of the past 10 million years (fig. 1) and older, generally thicker units within structural and physiographic regions resulting from major tectonic events of the past 1.6 billion years (fig. 2).

The oldest rocks in New Jersey are granulite-facies metamorphic and granitic igneous rocks exposed in the Highlands and Trenton prong (Drake, 1984; Volkert and Drake, 1986). These form the crystalline basement northwest of the limit of highly metamorphosed Paleozoic rocks (fig. 3). They are part of the Grenville terrane, which accreted to older rocks during the Grenville orogenic cycle (table 1) to form the North American craton. Unconformably above the Grenville rocks are sedimentary rocks of the lapetus Ocean, which opened in the Late Precambrian and closed during the Taconic orogeny. Stratigraphic units shown here are from Drake and others (1997), and Markewicz and Dalton (1980). Rocks of the western margin of lapetus are exposed in the Valley and Ridge and in linear belts within the Highlands. The Hardyston Quartzite shows initial clastic sedimentation. Subsequent development of a carbonate platform resulted in deposition of the Kittatinny Supergroup. Contemporaneous deeper-water continental margin and oceanic environments are represented to the east by the Jutland sedimentary units and metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks within the Manhattan and

Trenton prongs (Perissoratis and others, 1979; Drake and others, 1997. Change from a trailing margin to a convergent margin in the late Early Ordovician led first to uplift and unconformity, then to submergence and deposition of the shallow marine and submarine slope Jacksonburg and deeper-water Martinsburg. The Taconic orogeny led to closing of the Martinsburg foreland basin, uplift, low-grade metamorphism in northwestern New Jersey, amphibolite facies metamorphism to the east, and to folding and northwestward thrusting. From the Taconic orogeny into the Middle Devonian, shallow marine sediments and alluvial clastics indicate that northwestern New Jersey was near the eastern margin of a shifting interior sea. Middle Paleozoic units shown here are from Drake and others (1997) and Herman and Mitchell (1991). Above these units is an unconformity representing Middle Devonian to Upper Triassic time.

The late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogeny, the result of collision between the North American and African continental plates, was expressed in New Jersey through uplift and renewed faulting and folding of Taconic structures (Herman and Monteverde, 1989). Triassic and Jurassic crustal extension and shearing associated with early stages of the formation of the Atlantic Ocean created continental fault-block basins. The Newark Basin was filled with

New Jersey Geological and Water Survey Information Circular

Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey

Page 2: Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey · Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey. 2 Figure 3. Geologic cross section through New Jersey. A Valley and Ridge Highlands

2

Figure 3. Geologic cross section through New Jersey.

A BValley and Ridge Highlands Newark Basin Coastal PlainSea level

-30,000 ft.

Jutla

nd k

lippe

Tren

ton

pron

g

EXPLANATIONMesozoic and Cenozoic uncon-solidated sediments

Mesozoic sedimentary and igne-ous rocks

Paleozoic metamorphic and ig- neous rocks; possibly also accre- ted terranes of uncertain age

Paleozoic igneous and sedimen-tary rocks

Mesoproterozoic metamorphicand igneous rocks. Neoprotero-zoic sedimentary rocks

Fault

Contact

A

B

Line of section

Table 1. Ages of geologic events.

Triassic

PALE

OZO

ICPR

OTE

ROZO

ICCE

NO

ZOIC

MES

OZO

ICEr

a

HolocenePleistocene

PlioceneMiocene

OligoceneEocene

Paleocene

Cretaceous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Meso-Proterozoic

Neo-Proterozoic

PermianPennsylvanianMississippian

System/Epoch

Time(millions of yearsbefore present)

present-0.0010.001-2.62.6-5.35.3-2323-33.933.9-5656-66

145-201

201-252

299-323323-359

359-419

419-444

485-541

541-1,000

444-485

1,000-1,600

Geologic Events

Postglacial rise of sea level; shoreline, alluvial, and marsh sedimentationCyclic glaciation, associated rise and fall of sea level

Sedimentation on subsiding Atlantic continental margin

Rifting, deformation of Newark basin, opening of Atlantic Ocean basinunconformity

Shear and extension prior to opening of Atlantic

unconformity Alleghanian orogeny

Epicontinental sea to west; clastic sedimentation from east

unconformity Taconic orogenySubmergence of continental margin; carbonate sedimentation (Jacksonburg) followed by deeper-water clasticdeposition (Martinsburg)

unconformity lapetus continental margin changes from passive to convergent

Continental margin sedimentation in west (Hardyston, Kittatinny), deeper-water and oceanic sedimentation toeast (Jutland, protoliths of Manhattan and Wissahickon)

unconformitySedimentation, volcanism (?) (Chestnut Hill)

unconformity Grenville orogenic cycle (metamorphism, plutonism, several phases of tectonism, post-kinematic emplacement of Mount Eve Granite)

Emplacement of protoliths of layered metasedimentary rocks (graywacke, arkose and carbonate)

unconformity

Emplacement of losee protolith (probably dacite, keratophyre and spilite)

Alluvial sedimentation (Beacon Hill, Bridgeton, Pensauken)

252-299

66-145

Jurassic

Basaltic magmatism, sedimentation (Newark Supergroup)

Page 3: Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey · Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey. 2 Figure 3. Geologic cross section through New Jersey. A Valley and Ridge Highlands

33

Era

PeriodSe

ries

Stra

tigra

phic

uni

tPr

edom

inan

t lith

olog

yAq

uife

r nam

e or

hydr

ogeo

logi

c ch

arac

teri

stic

s

CENOZOIC MESOZOIC

Quaternary Neogene Paleogene CretaceousHo

loce

ne

Plei

stoc

ene

Plio

cene

Mio

cene

Olig

ocen

e

Eoce

ne

Pale

ocen

e

Uppe

rCr

etac

eous

Low

erCr

etac

eous

Uppe

rTr

iass

ic

Newark Supergroup

Brun

swick

Grou

p

Boon

ton

Form

atio

n

Tow

aco

Form

atio

n

Feltv

ille F

orm

atio

n

Pass

aic

Form

atio

n

Hook

Mou

ntai

n Ba

salt

Prea

knes

s Ba

salt

Oran

ge M

ount

ain

Basa

lt

diab

ase

diab

ase

diab

ase

intru

sives

Lock

aton

g Fo

rmat

ion

Stoc

kton

For

mat

ion

allu

vial

, coa

stal

, mar

sh a

nd e

olia

n de

posit

s

COAS

TAL

AREA

SW

iscon

sinan

allu

vium

,Ca

pe M

ay F

orm

atio

n,co

lluvi

um

INLA

ND, N

ORTH

ERN

NEW

JER

SEY

Wisc

onsin

an a

nd p

re-W

iscon

-sin

an a

lluvi

al, c

ollu

vial

,gl

acia

l, la

cust

rine,

and

eol

ian

depo

sits

Pens

auke

n Fo

rmat

ion

Brid

geto

n Fo

rmat

ion

Beac

on H

ill Gr

avel

Ston

e Ha

rbor

For

mat

ion

Coha

nsey

San

d

Tint

on S

and

Red

Bank

San

dNa

vesin

k Fo

rmat

ion

Mou

nt L

aure

l For

mat

ion

Wen

onah

For

mat

ion

Mar

shal

ltow

n Fo

rmat

ion

Engl

ishto

wn

Form

atio

nW

oodb

ury

Clay

Mer

chan

tville

For

mat

ion

Chee

sequ

ake

Form

atio

n

Mag

othy

For

mat

ion

Rarit

an F

orm

atio

n

Atla

ntic

City

For

mat

ion

Sew

ell P

oint

For

mat

ion

Vinc

ento

wn

Form

atio

nHo

rner

stow

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Shar

k Ri

ver F

orm

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nM

anas

quan

For

mat

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Abse

con

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t For

mat

ion

Belle

plai

n M

embe

r

Wild

woo

d M

embe

r

Shilo

h M

arl M

embe

r

Brig

antin

e M

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r

Kirk

woo

d Fo

rmat

ion

Poto

mac

For

mat

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Unit

3Un

it 2

Unit

1

sand

, gra

vel,

claye

y sil

t

basa

ltsa

ndst

one,

silt

ston

e, s

hale

, con

glom

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tsto

ne, m

udst

one,

san

dsto

near

kosic

san

dsto

ne, s

iltst

one,

sha

le, c

ongl

omer

ate

sand

, gra

vel,

silt,

mud

and

pea

t

sand

, gra

vel

grav

el, s

and

inte

rbed

ded

grav

el, s

and

and

clay

sand

, som

e cla

yey

silt

sand

, gla

ucon

ite s

and

sand

, cla

yey

silt,

som

e gl

auco

nitic

san

dgl

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san

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ty s

and,

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san

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nd, c

laye

y sil

tcla

yey

silt

claye

y sil

t, gl

auco

nitic

san

dcla

yey

silt

sand

, som

e gl

auco

nitic

san

d

claye

y sil

t, fin

e qu

artz

san

d, g

lauc

onite

san

d

sand

, cla

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silt,

glau

coni

tic s

and,

cal

care

nite

glau

coni

te s

and

sand

ston

e, s

iltst

one,

sha

le, c

ongl

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ate

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rcal

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dim

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silt

grav

el, s

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silt

, cla

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, gra

vel,

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(sta

tew

ide)

, till

and

till-l

ike d

epos

its(n

orth

ern

New

Jer

sey)

Wen

onah

-Mou

nt L

aure

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ifer

Mar

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enon

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onfin

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unit

Engl

ishto

wn

aqui

fer s

yste

m

Mer

chan

tville

-Woo

dbur

y co

nfin

ing

unit

Potomac-Raritan-Magothy

aquifer system

uppe

r aqu

ifer

conf

inin

g un

it

mid

dle

aqui

fer

conf

inin

g un

it

low

er a

quife

r

grou

ndw

ater

occ

urs

alon

g be

ddin

g su

rface

s, jo

ints

,fa

ults

, int

ergr

anul

ar s

pace

s, a

nd o

ther

ope

ning

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abas

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composite confiningunit

unde

r wat

er-ta

ble

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ition

s at

mos

t loc

atio

ns

inclu

des

glac

ial v

alle

y-fil

l aqu

ifers

and

Cape

May

aqu

ifer s

yste

m/H

olly

Bea

ch a

quife

r

unde

r wat

er-ta

ble

cond

ition

s at

mos

t loc

atio

ns

Kirk

woo

d-Co

hans

ey a

quife

r sys

tem

conf

inin

g un

itRi

o Gr

ande

wat

er-b

earin

g zo

neco

nfin

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unit

Atla

ntic

City

800

-foot

san

d

GEN

ERAL

IZED

STR

ATIG

RAPH

IC T

ABLE

FO

R N

EW J

ERSE

Y

Pine

y Po

int A

quife

r

Vinc

ento

wn

Aqui

fer

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Bank

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d

Prin

ted

1990

, rev

ised

2017

Low

erJu

rass

ic

Jurassic Triassic

Cont

’d o

n pa

ge 4

Page 4: Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey · Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey. 2 Figure 3. Geologic cross section through New Jersey. A Valley and Ridge Highlands

4

Pred

omin

ant l

ithol

ogy

VALL

EY A

ND

RID

GE

GRE

EN P

ON

D M

OU

NTA

IN R

EGIO

N

Stra

tigra

phic

uni

tPr

edom

inan

t lith

olog

y

Deck

er F

orm

atio

nBo

ssar

dville

Lim

esto

nePo

xono

Isla

nd F

orm

atio

n

Wiss

ahick

on F

orm

atio

n

Era

Period

Seri

esPROTEROZOIC

Devonian Siurian Ordovician Cambrian

Mes

o-Pr

oter

ozoi

c

Ordo

vicia

n an

dCa

mbr

ian

Mid

dle

Devo

nian

Low

erDe

voni

an

Uppe

rSi

luria

n

Mid

dle

Silu

rian

Uppe

rOr

dovi

cian

Mid

.Ord

ovici

an

Low

erOr

dovi

cian

Uppe

rCa

mbr

ian

Mid

dle

Cam

bria

nLo

wer

Cam

bria

n

Kittatinny Supergroup

Beek

man

tow

nGr

oup

Low

er

Scho

harie

For

mat

ion

Esop

us F

orm

atio

n

Orisk

any

Grou

pHelderberg

GroupRi

dgel

y Sa

ndst

one

Shriv

er C

hert

Glen

erie

Lim

esto

nePo

rt Ew

en S

hale

Min

isink

Lim

esto

neNe

w S

cotla

nd F

orm

atio

nKa

lkbe

rg L

imes

tone

Coey

man

s Lim

esto

neM

anliu

s Lim

esto

neRo

ndou

t For

mat

ion

calca

reou

s sil

tsto

nesa

ndst

one

sand

ston

esh

ale,

silt

ston

e, c

hert

limes

tone

calca

reou

s sh

ale,

silt

ston

elim

esto

ne, c

alca

reou

s sh

ale

calca

reou

s sil

ty s

hale

limes

tone

limes

tone

, san

dsto

ne, c

ongl

omer

ate

limes

tone

limes

tone

, cal

care

ous

shal

e, d

olom

iteca

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ous

sand

ston

e, li

mes

tone

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llace

ous

limes

tone

calca

reou

s sh

ale,

dol

omite

shal

e, s

iltst

one

sand

ston

e

Onte

laun

eeFo

rmat

ion

Eple

r For

mat

ion

Rick

enba

ck D

olom

ite Man

hatta

n Sc

hist

serp

entin

ite

Ches

tnut

Hill

Form

atio

n

Brya

m In

stru

sive

Suite

, Lak

e Ho

patc

ong

Intru

sive

Suite

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ount

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Gra

nite

Lose

e M

etam

orph

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ite

sand

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iltst

one,

sha

lesh

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silt

ston

e

cong

lom

erat

ic sa

ndst

one,

silts

tone

sand

ston

e

cong

lom

erat

ic qu

artz

ite

Bellv

ale

Sand

ston

eCo

rnw

all S

hale

Kano

use

Sand

ston

e

Esop

us F

orm

atio

n

Conn

elly

Con

glom

erat

e

Skun

nem

unk

Cong

lom

erat

eco

nglo

mer

ate

Berk

shire

Val

ley

Form

atio

nca

lcare

ous

silts

tone

, dol

omite

Poxo

no Is

land

For

mat

ion

Long

woo

d Sh

ale

calca

reou

s sh

ale,

dol

omite

shal

eco

nglo

mer

atic

quar

tzite

, silt

ston

e

intru

sive

and

extru

sive

alka

lic ig

neou

s ro

cks

slate

, gra

ywac

ke

limes

tone

dolo

mite

, lim

esto

ne

dolo

mite

shal

e, li

mes

tone

,ch

ert (

Jutla

nd)

grou

ndw

ater

occ

urs

alon

g be

ddin

g su

rface

s, jo

ints

,fa

ults

, int

ergr

anul

ar s

pace

s, s

olut

ion

cavi

ties,

and

othe

r ope

ning

s

grou

ndw

ater

occ

urs

alon

g be

ddin

g su

rface

s, jo

ints

,fa

ults

, int

ergr

anul

ar s

pace

s, s

olut

ion

cavi

ties,

and

othe

r ope

ning

s

Gree

n Po

nd C

ongl

omer

ate

Jutla

nd k

lippe

uni

ts(n

ot p

art o

f the

Ki

ttatin

nySu

perg

roup

)

Alle

ntow

n Do

lom

ite

High

Poi

nt M

embe

rRa

mse

ybur

g M

embe

rBu

shki

ll M

embe

rJa

ckso

nbur

g Lim

esto

ne

grou

ndw

ater

occ

urs

in jo

ints

, fau

lts, f

olia

tion

surfa

ces,

solu

tion

cavi

ties,

and

oth

er o

peni

ngs

Stra

tigra

phic

uni

t

dolo

mite

, cal

care

ous

shal

e

arko

sic q

uartz

ite, c

ongl

omer

ate

schi

st, m

etag

rayw

acke

, am

plib

olite

, alte

red

ultra

maf

ics(W

issah

ickon

);sil

lman

ite-g

arne

t-mus

covi

te-b

iotit

e sc

hist

(Man

hatta

n); s

erpe

ntin

item

etas

edim

enta

ry a

nd m

etav

olca

nic

(?) r

ock

gran

ite, q

uartz

sye

nite

, sye

nite

, mon

zoni

te a

nd g

rano

dior

ite

met

ased

imen

tary

rock

s in

cludi

ng F

rank

lin a

nd W

ildca

t Mar

ble

high

ly s

odic

gnei

ssic

and

gran

itoid

rock

s; a

mph

ibol

ite

Neo-

Prot

eroz

oic

dolo

mite

Hyd

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Page 5: Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey · Generalized Stratigraphic Table for New Jersey. 2 Figure 3. Geologic cross section through New Jersey. A Valley and Ridge Highlands

Banner Photos (left to right):Looking across Kittatinny Valley (Cambrian and Ordovician, 444 to 541 million

years old, carbonate rock and sandstone, siltstone and shale) from Kittatinny Mountain (Silurian, 419 to 444 million years old, quarzite and quartz-pebble conglomerate) to the New Jersey Highlands (Middle Proterozoic, 1,000 to 1,600 million years old, metamorphic rock), Sussex County. Photo by R. Witte

Basal contact of the Orange Mountain Basalt (Triassic, basalt, approximately 201 million years old) with the Passaic Formation (Triassic, sandstone, siltstone and shale, 201 to 217 million years old) in the Chimney Rock Quarry, Somerset County. Photo by D. Monteverde

Sand and gravel pit (Cohansey Formation, Middle Miocene, sand, silt and clay, 14 million years old) overlain by Bridgeton Formation (Miocene, sand, gravel, 8 to 5 million years old), Monmouth County. Photo by P. Sugarman

Printed 1990. Revised by Francesca Rea, 2017Comments or requests for information are welcome.

Write: NJGWS, P.O. Box 420, Mail Code 29-01,Trenton, NJ 08625

Phone: 609-292-1185

Visit the NJGWS website at http://www.njgeology.org/

This information circular is available upon written request orby downloading from the NJGWS website.

New Jersey Geological and Water SurveyJeffrey L. Hoffman, State Geologist

STATE OF NEW JERSEYChris Christie, Governor

Kim Guadagno, Lieutenant GovernorDepartment of Environmental Protection

Bob Martin, Commissioner

PEDJN

1835

NEW

JER

SEY

GEOLOGICAL AND WATER SU

RVEY

5

REFERENCES

Drake, A.A., Jr., 1984, The Reading Prong of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania: an appraisal of rock relations and chemistry of a major Proterozoic terrane in the Appalachians: Geological Society America Special Paper 194, p. 75-109.

Drake, A.A., Jr., Volkert, R.A., Monteverde, D.H., Herman, G.C., Houghton, H.F., Parker, R.A. and Dalton, R.F., 1997, Bedrock geologic map of northern New Jersey: Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Series Map I-2540-A, scale 1:100,000.

Herman, G.C., and Mitchell, J.P., 1991, Bedrock geologic map of the Green Pond region, Dover to Greenwood Lake, New Jersey: New Jersey Geological Survey Geologic Map 91-2, scale 1:24,000.

Herman, G.C., and Monteverde, D.H., 1989, Tectonic framework of Paleozoic rocks of northwestern New Jersey: Bedrock structure and balanced cross sections of the Valley and Ridge province and southwest Highlands area: in Grossman, I.G., ed., Paleozoic geology of the Kittatinny Valley and southwest Highlands area N.J., Proceedings Geological Association N.J. annual meeting (6th), p. 1-57.

Johnson, M.E., 1950, Geologic map of New Jersey: N.J. Geol. Survey State Atlas Sheet 40, scale 1:250,000.

Manspeizer, W., and Cousminier, H.L., 1988, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic synrift basins of the U.S. Atlantic Margin: in Sheridan, R.E., and Grow, J.E., eds., The Atlantic Continental Margin: Geol. Society America, The Geology of North America, v. 12, p. 197-216.

Markewicz, F.J., and Dalton, R., 1980, Lower Paleozoic carbonates, Great Valley: in Manspeizer, Warren, ed., Field studies of New Jersey geology and guide to field trips, New York State Geol. Society annual meeting (52nd), p. 54-68.

Newell, W.L., Powars, D.S., Owens, J.P., Stanford, S.D., and Stone, B.D., 2000, Surficial geologic map of central and southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2540-D, scale 1:100,000.

Owens, J.P., and Minard, J.P., 1979, Upper Cenozoic sediments of the lower Delaware Valley and the northern Delmarva Peninsula, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1067-D, 47 p.

Owens, J.P., Sugarman, P.J., Sohl, N.F., Parker, R.A., Houghton, H.F.,Volkert, R.A., Drake, A.A., Jr., Orndorff, R.C., 1998, Bedrock geologic map of central and southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2450-B, scale 1:100,000.

Perissoratis, C., Brock, P.W.G., Breuckner, H.K., Drake, A.A., Jr., and Berry, W.B.N., 1979, The Taconides of western New Jersey - New evidence from the Jutland klippe [summary]: Geol. Society America Bulletin, v. 90, p. 10-13.

Stone, B.D., Stanford, S.D., and Witte, R.W., 2002, Surficial geologic map of northern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2540-C, scale 1:100,000.

Volkert, R.A., and Drake, A.A., Jr., 1986, Some Middle Proterozoic rocks of the New Jersey Highlands: in Geology of the New Jersey Highlands and Radon in New Jersey: Proceedings Geological Association N.J. annual meeting (3rd), p. 1-17.

clastic fluvial and lacustrine sediments, and basalt and diabase magma. During final separation of the North American and African continental plates, the Newark Supergroup rocks were tilted to roughly their present attitude (Manspeizer and Cousminier, 1988). Coastal Plain sediments, predominantly deltaic, shallow marine, and continental shelf clastics, record several major transgressive cycles. Units are generally thicker and reflect deeper water to the southeast. The units shown here are from Owens and others (1998), and Johnson (1950). Surficial deposits of New Jersey are generally no more than a few feet, rarely as much as 300 feet, thick. The Bridgeton and Pensauken reflect a persistent drainage pattern: to the southwest along the inner margin of the Coastal Plain, then to the southeast parallel to the Delaware River (Owens and Minard, 1979). Pleistocene and Holocene deposits record fluctuating conditions related to cyclic glaciation. Alluvial, coastal and estuarine deposits of the Cape May Formation record rise and fall of sea level due to changes in global ice volume (Newell and others, 2000). Northern New Jersey glacial deposits record at least three ice advances (Stone and others, 2002). Colluvial, residual and eolian deposits formed most rapidly under periglacial conditions, but also date from interglacial and postglacial times. Postglacial sediments include lake and marsh deposits (most extensive in areas of glacially-disrupted drainage), estuarine and shoreline deposits post-dating rapid sea-level rise, alluvial sands and gravels, and anthropogenic materials.