The Explorer Islamabad: Journal of Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2411-0132, ISSN (P): 2411-5487 Vol-1, Issue (7):255-263 www.theexplorerpak.org

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GENERAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE WOMEN POLICE Adnan Jamil , Anwaar Mohyuddin

Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Corresponding Author: Anwar Mohyuddin Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad unwaar@gmail.com Abstract: The present study aims to have an anthropological research on women who work as police officers

in Islamabad. These female officers face several social, personal, and psychological problems due to numerous reasons, including insufficient transportation and infrastructure facilities. Furthermore, they are less in number and new recruitment has also been stopped. Discriminatory behavior by low and high profile officers is also witnessed among them. Such discriminations are visible in facilities, control over transportation, and insufficient power in self-governing. These all factors are restrictions towards better performance as compared to their counterpart. Beside these the women police are incompetent to meet the challenges due to lack of physical and military training i.e. usage of weapons. In addition the women as police officers are incapable of taking independent decisions in time due to their dependency on male seniors. This research was conducted in Islamabad. In the territory of the Islamabad only one police station is operational. This police station is situated in the sector G-7 Sitara Market. Qualitative anthropological techniques were used to collect empirical data. Key Words: Police, Facilities, Problems, Transportation, Accommodation, Staff, Recruitment, Shelter, Training, Authority INTRODUCTION According to the 7th UN survey in 2000, the representation of women officers in the police of 13 countries that provided data in the Asia region vary between 2.2 to 19.1 percent. There is no information concerning the ranks held by these women or their duties (Natarajan 2012). This quotation has raised concerns about the availability of the data which is inadequate. On the other hand, we have not enough literature related to police women. A research study by Natarajan (2012) indicated that an exhaustive review of the research published in English on women policing in Asia found relatively few empirical studies which includes (Aleem 1991; Banks 2001; Bhardwaj 1991; Boni and Circelli 2002; Natarajan 1996a, 1996b, 2001, 2003, 2005; Prenzler and Hayes 2000; Prenzler 1995, 1998, 2004; Vishnoi 1999; Wilkinson and Froyland 1996; Amos-Wilson 1999; Yang 1985). The term POLICE stands for “Protection Organization for Life and Investment in Civil Establishment”. The word police has been derived from the Greek word “POLITIA” means the condition of a state or Government. Police is generally defined as the civil force responsible for maintaining law and order without which there can be no development of

civilization. The police organization, which at present is known as the police department, is meant and constituted for the proper maintenance of law and order to perform the different functions relating to criminal administration. Law enforcement occupations have traditionally been dominated by males. However, with more and more females entering the workforce and more emphasis being placed on equal opportunity hiring, there has been a vast increase in the number of women becoming police officers. Women faced discriminating behavior, not only within their department, by their colloquies. They also face discrimination by society as well. This discrimination can be observed at all places. It could be observed either by studying institutions of high profile, or a in a small police station in the developing country. In policing “gender integration and the opportunity for women to participate in forming police policy has been strongly resisted” (Pagon 1996). An article published 1996 on Polish women police stated that "Sometimes it happens that they (female police officers) are scarcely tolerated" (Trzcinska and Pachlewski 1986) . In addition to this, women also faced various other problems

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during their services. “Women police officers, even in exclusively female stations, are unable to register a case without clearance from their Male superiors and have no powers of investigation” (Crisis Group Asia 2008) . As our society has been male dominating, women were influenced in each body of work, and the same situation has been found in the police profession also. As in comparing with other societies, Pakistani society is more strict regarding women, so in this context, it is very essential for them, how they can work in such a challenging atmosphere, where they have to face this situation on a daily basis. “Research has shown that women in policing are not easily accepted by their male peers, their supervisors, or their own police department. Women are viewed with skepticism or worse by their male counterparts in spite of the fact that women have been doing police work for over one hundred years. The public is, however, considerably more positive and frequently welcoming of their presence. In recent years acceptance by the public has grown as women police have been seen more frequently on the street on patrol and in uniform” (Price 1996). However, in policing, gender integration and the opportunity for women to participate in forming police policy has been strongly resisted. “Police organizations, typically inbred and fraternal in spirit, emphasizing male values of dominance, and use of force, assertion of authority, generally are not hospitable to women even if good-faith efforts are made to integrate them” (Fairchild 1987). As talking about the police woman’s functions during the job, a female police officer discussed in an article as “Indecently”, you will find out, that policewomen function with equal competence in police community related work. As a female representative, of the police agency she is less burdened by public resentment of her authority. As a woman, the female police officer tends to project the social consciousness and is hereby essential to the dialogue of the police workforce community, and the understanding of each other (Melchionne 1967). The Police Service in Pakistan was still overwhelmingly male in composition, even after initial steps taken in 1976, but in the October 1993 Benazir Bhutto took some bold steps in response to international pressure of Gender Equality and attempted to assist

Pakistani Women in their problems in an efficient way. Thus it was in January 1994, when Benazir announced the opening of Pakistan's first all-female police station. The objective was to provide a relief to the women victims who were reluctant to approach the male dominated police stations with their complaints.1 On the other hand, female work is underpaid and undervalued. It often involves emotional danger and calls less for physical strength than for physical stamina. Female work is an extension of women’s role in the home. Men have traditionally not welcomed women who want to work in masculinized occupations. There have been a number of arguments advanced for this (Niland 1996). Women police officials do not have proper accommodations/hostels. They even do not a get pick and drop service, which make them face a lot of problems. “Women police officers in Pakistan are not equipped with powers to make self-governing decisions” (Niazi 2013). The police department in Pakistan has always a lot of criticism from the society, due to different reasons. The police system in Pakistan is still working with a command and control model, where the males are dominating the overall structure (Niazi 2013). There are also some reasons behind the factor that female joins this occupation as one Indian author described that, They work for a variety of reasons, including the need to feel useful and important. But they work mainly in order to earn money which they do not absolutely need. However, in India most of the women seek outside jobs to a great extent due to economic necessity, the female economic empowerment is absolutely essential for raising their status in society (Srinivasan and Ilango 2013). METHODOLOGY This research study is based on qualitative research methods by using anthropological skills. For the very purpose triangulation of the research method has been adopted to create the notion of reliability and confidentiality with the data of this research study of women working as a police. Sampling technique was based on the systemic random sampling. A list of 40 policewomen was arranged alphabetically and the same quantity of chits was enclosed. The selection of respondents was based on

1 "Islamabad Capital Territory Police". Retrieved 2009-10-03

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chits without seeing the numbers in lottery method. The data collection methods used were participant observation and in-depth interviews. Participant observation was used by getting familiar with the pattern of women police station and develop rapport among them. This method helped to pave the way for In-depth Interviews which are very essential. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study shows the inadequacy of data and literature on women police in Asia. Available evidences indicate discrimination against the women in the police force in high and low profile ranks. It was until 1994 in Benazir Bhutto’s regime when for the first time all-female police stations were constituted to deal with the women victims and prisoners. (IPGPK) However, the women officers face several problems due to poor facilities. Such poor facilities are transportation problems, lack of proper accommodations/hostels and so on. Beside these problems they face discrimination within and out of the department from their colleagues and society. Such discriminations are visible in facilities, control over transportation, and insufficient power in self-governing (Ahmad, et al. 2012). The problem faced by the women police is the co-police station who would share the same office simultaneously. These women police, especially married who reside with their families often had problems on a daily basis because they had no picked and drop facilities. They often get late after the discharge of their duties and as a result, they have to pay heavy fares for their travels to and off their duties. Furthermore, the late arrival of policewoman at their residency often leads to doubt and quarrels with husbands and senior family members. It is further problematic for married policewoman with children because they cannot concentrate on their duties. Along with this, it is observed that there is a lack of schedule of duties and the police woman often were called in an emergency. General Problems A proper transport facility was not provided to the female police officials, except in emergences or strikes, etc., due to which the female police officer was facing great difficulties, whilst coming to the police station from far flung areas and back to their homes late in the evening. The transport was provided only in the emergency environment only for

their safety but very rare. The government plans to evolve a national security plan with the help of police to deal with terrorism, but the majority of police stations in the city lacks even the basic facilities such as sweepers, backup power, drinking water and cooks, greatly inconveniencing the staff (Asghar 2013). During field duty that was usually in emergency circumstances, the women police officials have to arrange their own conveyance while returning to the police station or to their homes by paying heavy charges to the taxi or rickshaw drivers from their own pocket without any re-imbursement, that was an alarming situation not only for the police station managers but also for the higher police authorities. “While the relative financial status of the policeman varies, he is economically working class inasmuch as he is dependent on the sale of his labour power” (Reiner 1978). Respondent shared: “Hum nay duty kya khak kerni hay emergency main anay janay kay hei 500-1000 denay par jaty hain” (How can we perform our duties, in case of emergencies we have to pay Rs.500 to 1000 from our own pockets). Moreover, after completing their duties, they were seen standing on the road looking for a lift, which is a dangerous and threatening situation for the women. They could lead to having to face critical situations, due to security compulsions. Similar was the condition whilst the female police officers, were on night duty, they have to travel alone in the late night to their homes either by taxi or rickshaw or by paying high conveyance charges from their meager salary. While talking to the researcher, few of the lady constables told the researcher that they have to face a lot of problems, whilst going home after their late night duties. And this was clearly caused by lack of public transport or other means of transportation. The second problem noted, was a shortage of vehicles and fuel. At the G-7 police station, there were only three vans for the transportation purposes available, and these vehicles were not properly utilized, due to fuel shortage. The previous government was providing 500 liters of petrol to the police station, for running their vehicles per month. The quantity of fuel was reduced gradually to 300 liters, which was not up to the requirements of the police station. So therefore

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the available fleet was not properly functioning, and was creating several problems for women police officials in discharging their duties. “Now we get less fuel, which has affected our response time. We get 10 liter petrol for the patrolling of 8 hour shift. We should also get a risk allowance because we face and arrest criminals, but we don’t get it” (Dawn 2013). The third problem witnessed was the “buttering” of male staff. The female officials were not permitted to use official transport, as it was used by the male officers and senior staff. The buttering of male duty officers, ASI and head constable was the only way out to avail the transport even for private purposes. It was observed by the researcher that the major use of transport was availed by the male officers and officials because they were frequently seen coming and leave the police station sitting in the official vehicles. The fourth problem recorded was problems of married policewomen. The police station, though, was functioning well, but there were some basic discrepancies as a result of the dual presence of male and female police in a combined police station, that had created many problems for the women police especially the married policewomen. “Women officials always give their kids and household responsibilities as an excuse for not doing their job properly. They get the same training which is for men so they should understand that they have to give proper time to their jobs” (Dawn 2013). As there were two categories of women inducted into the police force:

1. Married 2. Unmarried

The unmarried women were not facing that many problems, as the married women do. Unmarried women mostly have their residence within the police station, while the married women were residing outside the police station even in the far flung areas, their coming and going back to homes was a problematic daily basis activity that was due to non-provision of pick and drop facility by the police department. The police women after discharging their duties even in the late evening have to travel by public transport, if available, or by costly taxi service which was not easily available everywhere, they have to wait for a reasonable time to get a conveyance to reach their homes, which was creating problems between the wife and

husband and also other senior family members who kept on waiting for their arrival for hours. Moreover, the rearing of children and many important household tasks were affected due to their absence from the households which was another dilemma they were facing. Most of them were observed fed-up from that kind of department and were planning to change their service structure or to leave the police department. There were numerous misunderstandings and suspicion amongst the family members, for their leaving early and coming back home very late, which was unbearable for them as it was affecting them physically and psychologically. Moreover, they were exhausting a major part of their salary on their transportation, which was upsetting their household economy. The fifth problem observed, was the handling of emergency calls, and a lack of proper working schedules. A major problem that was observed by the researcher during his frequent visits to the female police station, was the lack of proper planning of keeping a viable duty schedule-the police force was supposed to be ready every time as and when called on duty in emergent circumstances. The uneven schedule of the police station was almost upsetting not only their households, but their personal life too, while the unseen expenses of their travelling were also disturbing their budget limitations because of having no official conveyance facility. According to the women police respondents, they were losing their authority, even on the children because of the service upheavals, while their frequent mobility was making them suspicious among other family members. The sixth problem these police women faced, was the lack of proper facilities like shelters, which would protect them from scorching sun and heavy rain. Beside this, there was no facility for washrooms for the policewoman, while on duty. Policewoman Hostels were insufficient to place them. There is complete insufficiency of transportation, vehicles and fuel. As a result, these women police officials often counter several problems. During research it was reported that women performing their duties at “out station” faced the issue of shelter. As, most of the time they do not have proper shelter. A similar study conducted in India, indicated that ‘those places where policewoman have no proper shelter

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cannot perform their duty accordingly’ (Gupta 2004). Lack of Facilities There was a lack of several basic facilities to be noticed. These included shelter, insufficient accommodation, and even staff, because fresh recruitment has stopped. They were not provided with proper shelter at their duty places to protect them from scorching heat and rainfall. The female police officers did not have official umbrellas whilst on duty, and therefore they had to stand under the open sky, the exposure to sun leads to different types of skin problems, while in rainy season, the female officers would suffer from different diseases. Due to the poor conditions of their work places, like for example the non-provision of washrooms at the work place, most of them could not concentrate properly on the work that had to be done. The proper accommodation for the persons performing duties of sensitive nature is an essential requirement for their physical and mental stability, but the importance was not kept in mind by the Islamabad police elite as in the women police station, the accommodation provided to the officials was consisting of small two filthy and unhygienic rooms. They have even to share the accommodation with their needy police fellows in acute need coming called for duty from far flung areas like Attock, Jhelum, Gujranwala, Gujar Khan, Wah Cantt, Faizabad that was creating problems for all of them. The serving SHO admitted the fact and said that she also has not given the proper residence capable of accommodating the whole family, she stressed that the female officials if called for emergency duty should be provided with proper accommodation. It was also told by the constables that the due share of closed holidays was also not allowed to them to take care of their personal and household issues, but in very emergent circumstances they were permitted to avail 15 days leave against their entitlement of 30 days leave per annum. The female police station was facing acute shortage of staff; the available staff was quite insufficient to deal with the law and order situation of the whole city of Islamabad under the jurisdiction of the police station. The staff strength was 41 including the SHO, admin members and the constables, therefore the staff was overburdened. There is not enough recruitment of women as police officers and

therefore there is a lack of staff. These limited staff has to perform various duties such as patrolling, janitorial services and surveillance and guarding in the station. For the last couple of years the recruitment of fresh women police officials has been stopped at all. According to the SHO, the patrolling was curtailed to the shortage of staff and insufficient funding for fuel. For janitorial services, there was a provision for a single sweeper that was also not filled to take care of the whole building consisting of two separate setups, therefore, usually the detainees were asked to clean the police station either by force of by request. For extraordinary work, the station was hiring the services of sweepers working in other police stations. In an informal discussion with the policewoman staff, it was observed that the government was not considering the fresh recruitment for the policewoman in Islamabad, while thousands of young and educated women were desirous to join the profession. There was a dire need of new recruitment to improve the efficiency of the women police force to eliminate the ongoing daily basis crimes within the capital city’s territory. “The need for more and fully functional female police stations and complaint cells is especially acute” (Crisis Group Asia 2008). The researcher were also surprised, that the police station was not very clean, and still there were vacant positions for sweepers, that could not be filled due to unknown reasons. When enquired by the SHO, she replied that there was an emergent need of a sweeper, but in spite of repeated requests, the vacancy could not be filled, they arrange sweeper from the secretariat on personal request once or twice in a week, while the constables told that they were maintaining the cleanliness of the police station by themselves. Improper Patrolling Schedule There was no pre-planned patrolling schedule adopted by the women police station authorities, therefore the patrolling was very rare, but once in a month in some of the specified areas like sector F-8/3 and the post office area. The reason of insufficient patrolling was explained by some of the responsible police officials which were the outcome of insufficient funding for procuring fuel. The exact expression of the duties of policewomen,

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in forms other than patrolling, has always been somewhat vague and undefined (Higgins 1950). Moreover, morally they were not able to patrol very frequently, especially after the sunset because of the criticism for travelling with the male drivers. The prostitution, theft and car snatching was growing day by day due to lack of proper and frequent patrolling in different areas of Islamabad. The policewomen were not properly trained to use the weapons in case of emergency, while they even does not know to handle the weapons provided to them. Their posting at check posts has been discouraged by the higher authorities for want of their security and having no proper skills of using weapons, etc.. Moreover, the provision of the washrooms for lady police constables was not possible for the authorities, therefore they were denied to perform check post duties. Improper Physical and Military Training Another important problem witnessed that these women were not physically and militarily trained properly, as a result, they are often physically unfit and they lack the capability to use the weapons. They are also not allowed to carry their weapons while on duty. These women who are recruited as police also face psychological and mental depressions and their social and personal lives are often disturbed

(Kern and Lundman 2012) . The physical and military training for the police force is the prerequisite of their induction into a sensitive service structure; the women recruited to the police were not provided with proper physical training. Moreover, they were also not properly trained to use the weapons at the time of need, to keep them safe, while encountering the criminals. Due to inefficiency on the part of the higher police authorities, the reasons were best known to them. But non-provision of proper physical training on the excuse of being women was not logical enough. The lack of training has resulted that they were not even capable of carrying their helmets and protectors which they had to use during violent protests, thus they were kept away from hectic duties. “During these years, little attention was given to formal training; when such training did appear, it had low priority and reflected the department's military conception of organization” (Haller 1976) . The researcher was told that the women police was not permitted to carry weapons while on

duty in spite of little weapon training. It was witnessed during the visits to the police station that there was no weapon seen as the part of their uniform, which was probably not provided by the authorities for the reasons best explained as incapable to handle weapons. Higher Authorities’ Pressure Though the women’s police station was an independent entity, it was facing external pressure of higher authorities in most of the case, especially with regard to registering and submitting the FIRs as it was not made independent to deal with its affairs. The staff was bound to follow the senior’s instructions otherwise they have to face consequences. The SHO was agreed with the researcher’s observation, but some of the sub-inspectors denied the fact and said that they were working independently without any pressure from their seniors. However, the notion of pressure from the senior seemed logical due to the prevailing culture of favoritism and nepotism in the government institutions. Police women often complain of interference of high pressures from their seniors in the matter of their case and FIRs registration. As a result, they are restricted to perform their duty properly. Disturbed Personal and Social Life The staff at the women’s police station was leading a disturbed life, as it was complained by most of the sub-inspectors and constables that they were not enjoying a proper social life due to hectic 24 hours duty, dealing with criminals. It was obvious that they could not spare time for their families. Moreover, the security arrangement made to safeguard the police workers was not adequate, for which they always feel threatened and insecure. According to the female police respondents, they could avail four days leave after every two months, but due to the burden of work, their right to avail leave has also been denied, whilst the maternity leave was not easy to avail. The pregnant policewomen were compelled to perform their outdoor duties as per the fixed schedule without any relaxation endangering their lives, while they perform their duties under the open sun in scorching heat without any shelter that also affects their health. While talking to the respondents, they mentioned that the SHO was kind enough and was taking care of the pregnant women, but within her official limits and provide maximum relief for

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them but at organization level there was no relaxation for them. Wearing a veil was not permitted according to the duty manual, on an enquiry made by the researcher, the fact was established but according to the respondents, they use veil or gown during their traveling from home to the police station and back to home, while some of them were of the view that they were feeling more comfortable in uniform without wearing veil or gown as there was no external threat for a uniform policewomen, while without uniform and in veil they were treated as ordinary women during travelling. The staff of the women police station shared the problem of menstruation with the researcher, so that even during that specific period they were bound to perform their internal and external duties without any break, while taking of leave was also not permissible, because the policewomen feel uncomfortable for performing their hectic outdoor duties especially during the training and parade. One of the respondents said once during the physical training when she complaint to her male senior he said “ye khawateen k khowamukhwa k chonchley hain” and further added when they were getting equal pay to the male policemen, they have to work like a male. Due to personal and social disturbance many police women face symptoms of depression. Most of the staff members told the researcher that they become psychologically depressed, when they counter household and societal disturbances. Furthermore, accidents, and terror activities mentally disturb the police women on duty. When any major incident, like bomb blasts, or terrorist attacks take place, resulting in killing innocent civilians, and they were confronted with having to look at blood and body parts, these images throw deep impacts on their minds and emotional stability. But there were no arrangements at the highest level to provide psychological counseling to the affected police force to reduce the depression. CONCLUSION There are several problems these policewomen are facing. On and off duty. And as a result, they fail to perform their duties properly. If these matters are taken seriously and problems are resolved, then the chances to increase their performance would be better. The first thing that has to be considered, is a proper check, and to create a balance by the higher law

enforcement department. The second consideration would be the allocation of appropriate budget, so that female police officers meet their transport (pick and drop services), and infrastructure (accommodation, shelter, washrooms and etc.) facilities. The third consideration is recruitment of fresh and energetic women who have passion and will to join the department. The fourth consideration which is important to be taken is the non-interference from their male seniors and they get self-governing capabilities. The last important consideration is a proper and fit physical and military training, provided to these policewomen so that they meet any challenge in emergency same as on any ordinary day. It is suggested that when the above mentioned considerations are taken seriously and resolved on time, then there is more chance of improvement for the female police performance in the city. REFERENCES Aleem, Shamim 1991 Women Police ` and Social Change. New Delhi: Ashish Punlishing House. Amos-Wilson, Pauline 1999 The Women in Blue Shalwar- Kameez, Women in Management Review 14(4): 128-135. Ahmad, Gulmina Bilal, Yahya Ahmad, and Sundas Syeda

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