general: power quality presentation

Power Quality Products and Applications

The Impact of Power The Impact of Power ProblemsProblems

$120-$180 Billion/yr. = cost of power outages and disturbances in U.S. economy 1

8 hrs, 45 minutes/yr. = typical utility grid downtime (99.9% reliability) in U.S.1

$41,000/hour = cost of downtime, cellular communications 2

$100,000/minute = lost sales, datacom/networking end user 3 $8,000 = cost of voltage sag event -- average for all business 5

$11,000 = cost of momentary outage event -- average for all business 5

30% of equipment insurance claims are due to electrical problems 6

68% of plant engineers and specifiers state that “solving P.Q. issues is a very important challenge” 7

1 - EPRI -- Primen Study: The cost of Power Disturbances to Industrial and Digital Economy Companies2 - 2001 U.S. DOE Distributed Energy Resource Program and Strategic Plan3- Venture Development Corporation Survey

4 - Energy Conservation News5 - 1996 Duke Power Survey6 - Hartford Steam Boiler 7 - EC&M Survey

Power Quality Tutorial

The Causes of Power The Causes of Power ProblemsProblems

From Outside the Facility (approximately 30%)

Environmental problems Environmental problems affecting grid reliability -- affecting grid reliability -- e.g., lightning, weather e.g., lightning, weather extremes, animal intrusion, extremes, animal intrusion, resulting in:resulting in:

Electrical outages, disruptions

Voltage sags and surges Transients and over-

voltages Frequency or Harmonic

problems

Operational Issues, Operational Issues, including de-regulation, including de-regulation, affecting grid reliability:affecting grid reliability:

Aging Transmission System

Demand / Supply (e.g. Calif..)

Reduction in Maintenance

Consolidations / Mergers

Financial ConcernsPower Quality Tutorial

The Causes of Power The Causes of Power ProblemsProblems

From Inside the Facility (approximately 70%)

Aging building infrastructure or equipmentAging building infrastructure or equipment Building not designed for electronic loadsBuilding not designed for electronic loads New equipment and processes do not include mitigation solutions New equipment and processes do not include mitigation solutions Improper wiring and groundingImproper wiring and grounding Outdated electrical systemOutdated electrical system Equipment failuresEquipment failures Improper maintenanceImproper maintenance Overloaded circuitsOverloaded circuits Non-coordinated circuit protection and/or electrical loadsNon-coordinated circuit protection and/or electrical loads


Problem DistributionProblem Distribution

75%

20%5%

Surge / Over-Voltage Transient Blackout

EPRI Study


What is a Power Quality What is a Power Quality Problem?Problem?

Any occurrence manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations, which result in failure of end-user equipment.

Defined by IEEE 1159


Voltage VariationsVoltage Variations

Event Cause Corrective Equipment

Instantaneous Sag/ Swell 0.5 – 30 cycle

Motor Starts System Faults

UPS CPS

Momentary Sag/Swell30 cycles – 3 seconds

Fault Recovery Distribution Capacity

+ Tap changer (30 cycles for max correction)

Temporary Sag/Swell 3 seconds – 1 minute

Fault Recovery Distribution Capacity

+ VT Regulator (2–2.5 sec. for max correction)

Long Duration Sag/Swell – Longer than 1 min

Utility Capacity Distribution Capacity

Any

Interruption (any duration)

Generation Switchgear Distribution

UPS

Definitions


Waveform DistortionsWaveform Distortions

Event Source Corrective Equipment

Harmonic (integer multiple of the fundamental frequency)

Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD)

Switch-mode Power Supplies (SMPS)

Arcing Devices

Isolation Transformer (triplen only)

UPS CPS Filters (Active & Passive)

Notching (current commutation)

Switching SCR

UPS CPS

Noise (200kHz) Any UPS (Iso Tx) CPS

Definitions


Frequency / VoltageFrequency / Voltage

Event Source Corrective Equipment

Voltage Imbalance

Poor load balancing

Single-phase equipment start-up currents

CPS UPS Staco Regulator (MVR)

Tap-changerFrequency Variations

Engine Generator Utility

CPS UPS

Definitions


Other Power EventsOther Power Events

Voltage Fluctuatio

ns (Flicker)

Waveform DistortionsDC OffsetInterharmonics

Transients


Some Causes of Power EventsSome Causes of Power Events

Animals Equipment Failure

LightningBirds


SolutionsSolutionsPower Quality Continues to Grow in

Importance

Aging electrical infrastructure Decreasing surplus generating capacity

equipment Increasing reliance on computer and

uninterruptible loads Increasing energy costs due to poor power

factorPower Quality Tutorial

SolutionsSolutions

What Power Quality Equipment Solves Which Problems?


Where Do I Start?

The Power Quality PyramidThe Power Quality PyramidRelative CostHigh $/kVA

Low $/kVA

Uninterruptible Power (UPS; ATS; Flywheel; Gen)

Voltage Regulation (Tap Changer, Sag Correction, Ferro’s, DVR)

Harmonic Correction (Active/Passive Filters; K-Factor, Phase Shifting)

TVSS/PFC (AC,DC,Dataline) Grounding/Bonding

(ground rods, fittings, lightning system)The P.Q. Pyramid: Start with Grounding; add other mitigating

products when required.Power Quality Tutorial

SolutionsSolutions

SolutionsSolutionsCost of Purchase/OwnershipCost of Purchase/Ownership

0123456789

10

SurgeProtectionDevice

NeutralBlockingFilter

IsolationTransformer

Power FactorCorrection

HarmonicCancellationTransformer

ActiveHarmonic

Filter

VoltageRegulator -

VT

VoltageRegulator -Inverter

VoltageRegulator -Tap Changer

UPS

general: power quality presentation

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