general aviation safety leaflet about icing
DESCRIPTION
This document helps GA pilots to prevent icing in-flight. It also contains some theoretical and practical background.TRANSCRIPT
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1
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Introd
ThisleaintendeProtect
Infligh
Icewilltemperedgesalessvisi
WaterdIfthereinliquidconvectAlthougproportsuperco
Thesevsupercocompossupercocrystalsbubblin
uction
aflethasbeeedtoprovidionsystems
hticingaf
formonanraturebelowandisgenerible,andaff
dropletsincarenopartdformdowtivecloudwghcumulustionofsupeooledliquid
verityoficinooledliquidsedmainlyoooledliquids,whichappngtopofa
enproducedeguidanceswhomay
fterlandin
naircraftiflwfreezing.rallyeasytofectsmore
cloudwithaticlesonwhnto40C.withtempercloudswithercooleddrodwateratth
ngconditiondwaterandoficeparticdwater.Thupearwispy)growingto
dbytheEutopilotsofencounter
Icingc
ng
iquidwaterAtverylow
osee.Atteoftheairfra
atemperathichtheycaThesesupraturesjusthsignificantoplets,itishetopofst
nsvariesenthedropletcles,itmayusthetopoislikelyto
oweringcum
uropeanGenfNonCompinflightairf
conditionsG
rimpactsawtemperatumperaturesame.
urebelowfanglaciate,percooleddrbelowfreetverticalmalsocommratocumulu
ormously,atsize.Whebepossibleofashowerprovidelessmulus.
neralAviatiplexAeroplaframeicing
eneral
partoftheures,icetensjustbelow
freezingdowaterdropropletsareezingdowntotionusualontofindhuscloud.
anddependeretheclouetoflythrorcloudwhicssevereicin
onSafetyTaneswithou.
airframewndstoformwzero,thei
notnecessapletscanremmostcommtoapproximlycontainthighconcen
dsonthecodataparticughitwithochhasglaciangthanthe
TeamEGASTutmodern
whichhasamclosetolecespreads
arilyturninmainsupercmonlyfoundmately10.thelargestntrationsof
oncentratiocularlevelioutencounated(turneecauliflowe
2
TandisIce
adingback,is
ntoice.cooleddin.
nofisteringdtoiceeror
-
Drysnostick.H
Typicallhail,orHowevethemosfreezin
Effects
Iceonaofattacthrust.theliftprovidewhenic
Pilotsshpitchforegainc
owinflightrowever,im
ly,precipitameltsintorer,ifrainfastsevereicngrain,isa
soficing
anaerofoilcck.IceonaInadditionrequired.Bethenecessceisnotpre
houldalsoborcesasflapcontrol.
representspacticingis
ationstartsrainasitpallsthroughingconditioaclearicety
changesitspropellerb
n,theweighBecauseforsarylift,theesent.The
beawarethpshavebee
Grow
alesssignifslikelytooc
asiceand,assesintoabaninversioonsifitcontypeanddiff
properties,bladereduchtoftheaccragivenairecritical(staStallspeed
haticingonnlowered.
wingcumulu
ficanthazarccuronair
asitfalls,ebovefreezionintosubftactsanairfficulttosee
,reducinglicestheefficcruediceinrspeedtheaalling)angleincreases.
atailplaneAlwaysbe
ustop
rdforairfraintakesand
itherreachngtemperafreezingtemframe.Thiseandbuilds
ftandincreiencyofthecreasestheangleofatteisreached
hasbeenkpreparedt
meicingasdleadinged
eslowerlevaturesatthemperaturessrainice,supveryqu
easingdragepropelleraaircraftweackmustbedatahigher
nowntocaoreversea
itusuallyddges.
velsassnowelowerlevesagain,itpr,alsoknownuickly.
foragivenandreduceeightandtheincreasedrairspeedt
useuncontnyflapsele
3
doesnot
worels.roducesnas
angleeshereforedtothan
trollableectionto
-
StallW
Sinceicnotpro
Tempe
TheeffefrictionasimpleTemper
StaticA
Theordknotsatempericeaccr
Warning
cebuildupoovidewarnin
KnowthePtheyarenoicingairspephasesoffaccidentsoTreatanybLimitmano
erature
ectofadiabisnegligibleexternaltrature(TAT
AirTempera
derofmagnnd4Cat2ratureoftheretion..
Theeff
onthewingnginicingc
POH/AFMmotintheLimeeds,add15light,includoccur,butbbuffetorviboeuvringini
baticcompreatairspeetemperatur),whichisa
ature(SAT).
nitudeofdif200knots.eairoutsid
fectofairfra
lowerstheconditions.P
minimumicimitationsse520KIAStodingapproaemindfulobrationasanicingcondit
essiondueedsuptoMeprobe(typatlowspeed
fferencebetTheairframe,whichoff
ameiceonai
stallanglePilotsthere
ngairspeedction.Ifyouoyournormachandlandoftheeffectnimpendintions.
tocompresMach0.2.TpicalinGAdsslightlya
tweenTATmemaytherfersasmall
ircraftperfor
ofattacktheforeshould
dsandtreaturPOH/AFMmaloperatindingwheretonlandinggwingstall
ssibilityandhereforethaircraft)iscabovethe
andSATatreforebeabuthelpfu
rmance
hestallwarnd:
tthemaslimMdoesnotngairspeed.mostsmallgdistancerel.
dthekineticheTemperatclosetothe
higherspeefewdegreelmitigation
ningsensor
mitations,ehaveminim.Thisgoesfairplaneicequired.
cheatingduturemeasueTotalAir
edsis1Caesabovethenagainstthe
4
rmight
evenifmumforalling
uetouredby
t100eeriskof
-
Propel
Ificeacmightn
Aircraf
Theicegeometefficienlowrad
llericing
ccretesonanotbeablet
ftinicing
accretionrtryofthelecyrateaswdiusofcurva
anunprotectoclimbou
condition
rateovertimeadingedgewellasthesature.
Ic
ctedpropelltoftheicin
Iceo
ns
meisnotonsoftheimpspeed.Icete
ceonlowrad
ler,thethrungcondition
onpropeller
nlydependepingedareaendstobui
diusofcurva
ustlostcannsormainta
blade
entontheaashaveagrldfirstonp
atureaerofoi
besosignifainthealtit
atmosphericeatinfluencpartsofthe
ils
ficantthatytude.
cconditionceontheairframew
5
you
s.The
itha
-
Pilotsshthetailpprobeoalsobeicingstaquitesmaerofoi
Theratedifferenaccumuonefligice.Hosignifica
Insever
Aerop
ModernsuchaseffectC.Suchcapabiliaccidenencounconditiosystems
houldlookoplanebeforordoorstopnoticedatartstoformmallaccumuls.
esoficingancesinliquiulationratesghtinvisibleowever,onaanticingpro
reicingcon
laneicep
naeroplaneCS23.1419Thisairplanhcertificatiitytoflyinnts(suchasteredfreezons,suchcestocopew
outforvisurethemainpmaywellsthepropell
montheirpulationsof
accretioncadwaterconsthatvaryemoisturebanotheroccoblem.
ditions,the
protection
eiceprotect9orFAAACneisapprovonwasintrawiderangthelossofzingrain)indertificationwithanyno
alcuesoficplane,andsseethefirsterspinneroarticularairicing.Ami
anbedifficuncentrationbyanorderbelowfreezcasioninap
Flight
eiceaccreti
ncertificat
tionsystemC23.14192.vedforflighroducedbygeoficingcAmericanEdicatethateffectivelyrmalicing
ceaccretionsmallprotuttracesoficorthewindrframe,becillimeterof
ulttopredicn.Conditiorofmagnituzingmaynopparentlysim
invisiblemo
oncanbeco
tion
mscanbece.TheFlighthtinicingcotheFAAinconditionsfoEagleFlightnatureiscaentitlesacrconditions
n.Soitwillfuberanceslicing.Firstshieldframcauseperforiceissuffic
ctandcanvnsthatlookudeormoreotaccumulamilarcondit
oisture
omecritica
ertifiedinacManualwilonditionsas1973andevorsignifican4184nearCapableofgerewtorelylikelytobe
forexamplekeatypicalsignsofice
me.Pilotsshormancecanienttoaffe
varysubstankthesamee.Thisvariateanysignitionsapilot
lwithinafe
ccordancewllcontainasdefinedinvidencesthntperiods.Chicagoin1eneratingevontheantieencounter
etendtofolGAtempeaccretionmouldlearnwnbedegradctsomemo
ntially,becacanbringicabilitymeaificantamotmayencou
ewminutes
withregulatstatementpart25,ApheaircraftsWhilesom1994,anATvenmoreeicingordered.
6
ormonraturemaywhereedwithodern
auseofcensthatuntofuntera
.
tionstotheppendix
meTRthatxtremeicing
-
Bycontine.g.crew.Itcantakthisgui
Preflig
Itisoftebeencoawaytpossiblealwaystheirinttheaircactually
Usuallypossibleaccumualwayswhenic
ThusakpracticafromATexampl
Comparaloftmcanoffecumulif
trast,aircraflighticingctisvitalforetheaircradanceisaim
ghtplanni
enimpractiountered,inhatleavesnetobecerthaveaplantendedroucraftssysteyencounter
thismeansetoclimbaulatedicehabepossiblecingisenco
keyprefligableIFRaltiTCmaybeaearoundb
redtoevenuchmoreaersomeguiformclouds
ftwithouticonditionsrcrewsofsuaftoutoficimedatpilot
ng
caltoplannthesamenopossibilittainexactlynwhichallote,sotheyms,ifany,cred.
saplantodabovetheicasasignificetoclimbabunterediss
htplanningtudes.Aswassumed,busyTMAs.
nadecadeaccurately.idanceonthscananddo
ceprotectioormoderauchaircraftngconditiotsofthesea
aflightinawaythatittyforanenwheresuchwsthemtomusthavecancopew
descendintocinglayer.cantlypooreboveanicinsimplytore
gcheckistowithothersutterrains
ago,aviationNotetherehepresenceoriseintola
on,andthoateicingcotocreateaonsificingisaircraft.
waythatleisimpractic
ncounterwithacloudwooavoidflyinaplantoavith,andtoe
owarmeraHowever,aerperformanglayer.Aeversecours
ocomparetsortsofhazaafelowerle
nforecastselativehumeofcloud.ayersofthe
osecertifiedonditionsoacontingencsencounter
eavesnopocaltoplanathcumulonouldform.gintoathuvoidicingcoescapefrom
ir,butinsoanaircraftwancethanaAnunderusesebacktoc
hefreezingardousweaevelsmayn
canpredictidityatplanHowever,ieatmosphe
toearlystaffernosuchcyplanthatredduringf
ossibilityforaflightonanimbus,becBut,justasunderstormonditionsmmanysuch
omecircumswhichhasalcleanairfraedbuteffecconditionst
levelwithmather,someotalwaysb
ttemperatunnedcruisinnanunstabrewithlow
andardsforhguaranteetguaranteeflight.Ther
ricingcondiaconvectivecauseitisnesacrewmuthatappea
moresevereicingthatis
stancesitmlreadyame,soitmctivemanoethatwereic
minimumecooperatibeavailable
uresandwingaltitudesbleairmass,werhumidity
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rflightetotheestheyrestof
itionstoedayineverustarsonthans
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IcingCohandlin
Deicingprevent
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otstaticsysandstaticd
thatalltheastemssuffepedininflatggear/prope
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hisguidancalthattheaantlyreduceMaintainthe
ontaminationgandcontr
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ononaircraroldifficulti
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ftsurfaceses,perform
emovessnoost/ice/sno
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dwindscreeayprovefauonthetailpheyallinfla
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mingthepit
ddressgroufreeofallimance.Snopt
mustberemancelosso
ow,frostanowforalimi
temperat
rwhichcanyareandho
ensystemsultywhenreplane(duetoteproperly
tchRepairs
canaccumu
totheadb
nddeicingcebeforeflowwillnot
movedbefoormechanic
dslushfromitedperiod
turesaloft
freezeandowtouseth
areoperatiequired.Leaostonesthr.
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butdon'tbu
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fticingsce
alscenariofnanunstaboufacethebletoseetmindhoweieldislikely
uidsareava
icingonly),V(antiicingefluidtofodisintende
sed,increasckforces.
enarios
foricingenleday.Ifypotentialfohemitmayeverthatthytolimitthe
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gfluids),cormathickeedforaircra
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F
countersisyourcruisingoricing.Whybepossibleisrequiresveoptionsfo
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convectiveglevelisabherethecoetoavoidtvisualcondorfurthervi
udsmaybea
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sticthickeninexternalaspeed.
ncreasedta
gupthrougezingleveloudsareweheassociateanyiceaccuance.
ally
ingagent,waircraftsurfa
keoffdista
ghthefreezbutbelowtellscatterededicingconumulationo
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whichaces.
ance
zingthedanditditions.onthe
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Flightinwarmfrbuildupexperie
Climbindescendtheangislimite
psofstratoctrationsofscontinuous
ncoldairberontorocclpveryrapidencedinsub
ngthroughadingthrouggleofattackedbytheai
cumulusclosupercooles,andonlya
elowpreciplusion,islikdlyandbedbzerotemp
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athinlayerghone.Intkexposesmrcraftsperf
ouds,especidliquidwatalevelchan
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itatingcloukelytoexpodifficulttoseperatures,le
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conditionssh
nditionsisgpeedisusuawingtopotandrateofc
lowaninveignificanthviderelieff
dsahead
erairaboveafttothehaorthetemponditionsim
houldbeavo
generallymoallylowerstentialiceaclimbprogr
ersion,oftenorizontalexromtheicin
,asforexamazardofraineraturegau
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oided
oreproblemotheairfraccumulatioessivelyred
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mpleundernice,whichuge,andifr
maticthanmeiscoolen.Verticalducesasice
11
ighsthatns.
rahcanrainis
erandlspeedeforms,
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increasiaccuratwhend
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ingthetimetethanontescending.
gh,inprinciraturesbeloteredonaedfuelcon
espentinthhelevelof
ple,accumuowfreezing,climbtoclesumption,w
heicinglayecloudtops,
ulatedicing,suchaproearairabovwhichshou
er.Informasothedep
gcanberemocessisgenevecanleadtldbecarefu
ationonclothoftheici
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oudbaseisuinglayerism
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inclearairelamountsoerformanceflightplann
12
ectable
eveninoficingeanding.
-
SUMMAction
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