gender final 1 - parliament.ge · kosta-rika, kviprosi, cex-eti, dominikis respublika, safrangeti,...

Tbilisi 2006

genderuli pariteti partiaSi, rogorc socialuri konsesusi

winamdebare gamocema momzadebulia gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis - "genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi” - farglebSi.

avtorebi: Tamar bagratia, nino lagvilava.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis mimarTeT:

gaeros ganviTarebis proeqtis "genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi" ofiss Semdeg misamarTze: saqarTvelos parlamentis administraciuli Senoba, rusTavelis gamziri 8, oTaxi 034, Tbilisi 0118; tel/faqsi: (99532) 923662; www.genderandpolitics.ge an gaeros ganviTarebis programis ofiss saqarTveloSi misamarTze: gaeros saxli, erisTavis q. 9, Tbilisi, 0179, saqarTvelotel: (99532) 998558; 251126/28/29/31, faqsi; (99532) 250271/72.

© United Nations Development ProgrammeTbilisi, Georgia, 2006 Printed by GeoArt Ltd

proeqtis Sesaxeb:

gaeros ganviTarebis programis “genderi da politika samxreT ka-vkasiaSi” proeqtis strategiaa demokratiuli ganviTarebis xelSew-yoba politikaSi genderuli Tanasworobis miRweviT da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris regionuli TanamSromlobis ganviTareba

proeqti xorcieldeba gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) mier saqarTvelos parlamentTan TanamSromlobiT SvedeTis saerTaSor-iso ganviTarebis saagentosa (SIDA) da saqarTvelos mTavrobis finansuri mxardaWeriT.

proeqtis amocanebi: Ø saqarTveloSi genderuli politikis ganviTarebis mxardaWera da genderuli Tanasworobis danergva samTavrobo struqturebSi Ø gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze qalTa SesaZleblobebis gazrda politikur procesebSi maTi monawileobis gaaqtiurebis mizniT Ø regionuli TanamSromlobis gafarToeba samxreT kavkasiaSi

proeqtSi xorcieldeba aqtivobebi Semdegi komponentebis mixedviT:1. genderul sakiTxebze momuSave institutiuri meqnizmebis mx-ardaWera da ganviTareba2. genderulad mgrZnobiare erovnuli kanonmdebloba da saxelm-wifo genderuli politikis SemuSaveba 3. erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis mxardaWera qveya-naSi qalTa dawinaurebis da genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad 4. politikur partiebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrda da partiebSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa 5. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRleba genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi6. samxreT kavkasiaSi regionuli TanamSromloba mTavrobebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris 7. genderuli resurs-centris ganviTareba da qalTa ekonomikuri gaaqtiureba regionebSi.

sarCevi

Sesavali 3

genderuli Tanasworoba - ra aris problemis arsi? 4

ra instrumentebi arsebobs barierebis kompensirebisaTvis? 9

genderuli pariteti partiaSi, rogorcsocialuri konsensusi 13

genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisstrategiebi partiebSi 18

daskvna 24

genderuli pariteti partiaSi

Sesavali

demokratizaciis procesebma politikuri meqanizmebis, ekonomikuri sistemebis, institutebisa da marTvis praqti-kis restruqturireba moaxdina. Sesabamisad, am cvlile-bebma sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari monawileobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani gaxada.miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi ukanasknel peri-

odSi momxdarma movlenebma qali politikosebis raodeno-bis zrda gamoiwvia, gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneze qalTa monawileobis done mainc dabalia. amJamad, saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalebi deputatTa saerTo raodenobis 10%-s Seadgenen, xolo 2002 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-bis organoebis arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT qalebs man-datebis mxolod 11,8 %-i aqvT mopovebuli. qalTa monawil-eobis statistika gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs xelisuflebis tipiuri genderuli piramida, sadac qalebi umetesad gadaw-yvetilebis miRebis qveda doneebze arian warmodgenilni, iq sadac Zalauflebis naklebi koncentraciaa da politi-kuri konkurenciac dabalia.2006 wels saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

arCevnebi gaimarTeba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba re-formirebuli, axali modelis principebiT ganxorcieldeba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis axali administraciul-ter-itoriuli safuZveli da saarCevno sistema mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs qalTa warmomadgenlobas da minimumamde dai-yvans qalis rols adgilobrivi politikis formirebaSi. politikur partiebs, warmoadgenen ra politikuri procesis umTavres subieqtebs, mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT qalTa politikuri gaaqtiurebis saqmeSi. swored am mimarTulebiT saqmianobis warsamarTavad gamoadgebaT partiis liderebs winamdebare publikacia.publikacia “genderuli Tanasworoba, rogorc socialuri

konsesusi” gankuTvnilia politikuri partiebisaTvis da politikur procesebSi genderuli problematikiT daintere-sebuli sazogadoebisaTvis. masSi moTxrobilia partiaSi genderuli Tanasworobis arsze da mizanze, im politika-ze, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi politikurma partiebma awarmoes genderuli balansis misaRwevad da im Sedege-bze, rac zogadad paritetis princips, kerZod ki, genderul Tanasworobas moaqvs sazogadoebis sakeTildReod.

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genderuli Tanasworoba - ra aris problemis arsi?

Teoriuli kamaTi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanaswori uflebebis Sesaxeb XVII saukuneSi daiwyo. kamaTma yvelaze mwvave forma swored qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis ganxilvis dros miiRo, Tumca, XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde genderul gansxavebebs iSviaTad miiCnevdnen politikurad sainteresod an mniSvnelovnad. Tu qalTa da mamakacTa sruliad gansxvavebul, ekonomikur da politikur rolebs mci-rediT mainc iTvaliswinebdnen, isini bunebrivad da Sesabamisad, gardauvlad miiCneoda.

Tavis cnobil traqtatSi jon stiuart mili calsaxad aRniS-navda, rom Tanasworuflebianobis gareSe sazogadoebis inteleq-

tualuri ganviTareba SeuZlebelia. 1850-ian wlebSi da 1867 wels TemTa palatam uaryo jon sti-

uart milis mier wardgenili pirveli winadadeba qalebisaTvis saarCevno xmis uflebis miniWebis Taobaze.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saxelmwifoTa 95%-ma qa-

lebs demokratiis ori mniSvnelovani, fuZemdebluri ufleba mianiWa – pasiuri da aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba. pirvelad xmis ufleba qalebma axal zelandiaSi

moipoves 1893 wels, xolo fineTSi 1906 wels qalebs erTdroulad rogorc pasiuri, aseve aqtiuri saar-Cevno ufleba mianiWes. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1907 wels Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi qalebma fineTis parlamentis 10% Seadgines. Tanasworuflebianoba demokratiuli saxelmwifos

safuZvels warmoadgens. qalTa da mamakacTa Tana-bari monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis pro-cesSi zustad asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas da Sesabamisad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis samar-Tlianobas, politikis xarisxis gaumjobesebas da de-mokratiis ganmtkicebas ganapirobebs.qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari monawileobis uzrun-

velyofa mravali saerTaSoriso organizaciis saqmi-anobis prioritets warmoadgens.


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konvencia “qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb” gaeros generalurma asambleam 1952 wlis 20 dekem-bers miiRo da ZalaSi 1954 wlis 7 ivliss Sevida.konvenciam deklarireba gaukeTa qalTa uflebas,

monawileoba miiRon yvela saxis arCevnebSi, gaxd-nen erovnuli kanoniT gansazRvruli nebismieri saxis arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mflobelebi, daikavon saxelmwifo samsaxurSi nebismieri posti mamakacebis Tanasworad, diskriminaciis gareSe.es iyo pirveli dokumenti, romelmac qalTa politi-

kur uflebebi saerTaSoriso doneze ganamtkica.saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri

uflebebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1966 wlis 16 dekembers) avaldebu-lebs wevr saxelmwifoebs uzrunvelyon qalTa da mamakacTaTvis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobis Tanaswori ufleba. nairobis strategia da pekinis konferencia aseve aregulirebs qalTa politikur uflebebis realizaciis sakiTxs. zemoT CamoTvlili dokumentebi iTxoven konkretuli valde-bulebebis Sesrulebas qalTa socialuri statusis amalebisa da sqesTa realuri Tanasworobis uzrun-velsayofad.gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciis “qa-

lTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Ses-axeb” (miRebul iqna 1979 wels) mixedviT, muxli 7, saxelmwifoebi qalebisaTvis, mamakacebis Tanasworad, uzrunvelyofen uflebas: a) monawileoba miiRon yvela saxis arCevnebsa da

referendumSi, arCeul iqnes nebismier arCeviT or-ganoSi;b) monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo politikis

formirebasa da ganxorcielebaSi da daikavos saxelm-wifo Tanamdebobebi, agreTve ganaxorcielos nebism-ieri funqciebi saxelmwifos marTvis yvela doneze;

evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis mier SemuSavebuli paritetuli demokratiis koncefciis mixedviT, `genderuli ba-lansi WeSmariti demokratiis umTavres pirobasa da princips warmoadgens.“

"qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworoba kanonis uzenaesobaze da-fuZnebuli, samarTliani da demokratiuli sazogadoebis mniS-vnelovani elementia."

(evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia, moskovis konferencia, 1991 w.)

evrokavSiris struqturebi aRiareben, rom politika-Si sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis principebis gatare-ba demokratiis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa. 1999 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebam daavaldebula evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi daZlios diskrimi-nacia da daamyaros Tanabaruflebianoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris.

faqtorebi, romlebic aucilebels xdis qalTa politikuri gadawyvetilebis procesSi monawileobas

egalitarizmi, sqesTa Tanasworobapolitikuri mowyobis legitimizaciainteresebis gansxvavebapolitikis koncefciis gansxvavebuli xedvaadamianuri resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba

•••••

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, saerTaSorisod aRi-arebuli principebis Sesabamisad, srulad aris dacu-li sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebisaTvis Tanasworobis standartebi, Tumca SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba sakmaod problematur sakiTxs warmoadgens. de-iure qalTa politikuri uflebebi daculia, xolo de-faq-to arcTu ise saxarbielo tendenciebi SeiniSneba. realurad, qalebi kvlav rCebian diskriminirebul so-cialur-demografiul jgufad. rac ZiriTadad politi-kuri uflebebis realizaciis dros vlindeba. zogadad, politikuri procesi ar aris genderulad neitraluri, rac qalTa diskriminaciis struqturuli (qalTa so-cializacia) situaciuri (genderuli rolebi) da kul-turuli (sazogadobaSi arsebuli stereotipebis da Sexedulebebi) faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli.


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cx. 1. saqarTvelos mier ratificirebuli saerTa-Soriso dokumentebi

15.09.1991 "adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia"

25.01.1994"samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSor-iso paqti"

25.01.1994"ekonomikur socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti"

22.09.1994"qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencia"

29.05.1996"mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb"

#1472-RS,18.05.2002

"qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-mofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis damatebiT oqmTan SeerTeis Sesaxeb"

#1674-IS,27.09.2002

"qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-mofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesworebis ratificirebis raobaze"

16.06.05 "qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb" konvencia

arCevnebze moqmedebs e.w. "genderuli cenzi," rac vlindeba partiis mier kandidatTa SerCevis meqa-nizmebSi, saarCevno kampaniis dafinansebaSi, masme-diis saSualebebiT qali kandidatebis reklamireba-Si, razec aseve negatiur gavlenas mizanmimarTuli sainformacio politikis ararsebobas axdens.

Tanasworobis da Sesabamisad, WeSmariti demokra-tiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi warmate-bebs is saxelmwifoebi aRweven, romlebic genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxs afaseben ara rogorc "margin-alizirebul qalTa" jgufis sakiTxs, aramed rogorc Tanaswori uflebebis uzrunvelyofis problemas

Tanasworobaa is, rodesac TiToeul adamians ganurCevlad sqesisa, SeuZlia ganviTardes individu-aluri niSan-Tvisebebis, Cvevebisa da survilebis safuZvelze da ara memkvidreobiT gadacemuli ste-reotipuli mosazrebebis mixedviT

liberalebi tradiciulad miiCnevdnen, rom gansx-vavebebs qalTa da mamakacTa Soris mxolod pi-raduli an kerZo mniSvneloba aqvs. sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi yvela adamiani miiCneva pirovnebad, aq sqess iseve ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ro-gorc eTnikur kuTvnilebas an socialur klass.

faSistebi genders kacobriobis dayofis safuZvlad miiCneven. mamakacebs bunebrivad ekuTvniT monopo-lia liderobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, maSin rodesac qalebi mTlianad Seeferebian diasxlisis, damxmare da daqvemdebarebul rols.

konservatorebi tradiciulad xazs usvamdnen gend-eruli dayofis socialur da politikur mniSvnelo-bas, isini amtkicebdnen, rom qalTa da mamakacTa Soris sqesis mixedviT samuSaos danawileba bune-brivi da gardauvalia

socialistebi liberalebis msgavsad, iSviaTad mi-iCnevdnen genders politikurad mniSvnelovan kat-egoriad. genderuli gansxvavebi mniSvnelovani Tu xdeba, - Cveulebriv imitom rom isini asaxaven da maT xels uwyobs ufro Rrma ekonomikuri da klaso-brivi uTanasworobani.

politikuri ideologiebi genderis Sesaxeb

liberaluri ideologia

faSisturi ideologia

konservatoruli ideologia

socialisturi ideologia


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ra instrumentebi arsebobs barierebis kompensirebisaTvis?

formaluri barierebis ararseboba ar niSnavs imas,

rom realurad orive sqesis adamianebisaTvis Tana-bari SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. faruli barierebis rTuli sistema qalebs xels uSlis sakuTari wili politikuri gavlena moipovon. Tu barierebi arse-bobs, unda Seiqmnas instrumentebi am barierebis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis kompensirebisaTvis politikuri da sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic

qalTa warmomadgenlobis raodenobas zrdas uwyobs xels, Semdegnairad SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebu-li:

1. pozitiuri qmedebebi partiebis politikaSi, mx-ardamWeri qmedebebis sistema (affirmative actions) mimar-Tuli qalTa monawileobis waxalisebisaken partiis Sidaierarqiul doneze

2. radikaluri forma – pozitiuri diskrimina-cia (positive discrimination) - mis meqanizms warmoad-gens qvotireba – orive sqesis mimarT raodenobrivi normireba, romelic 10%-dan 50% mde meryeobs.

ganixilaven qvotirebis qvetipebs, romlebic erTma-neTisagan gansxvavdeba qvotebis formirebis miznebiTa da principebiT, rac qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba

2.1. partiuli “qvotebi” gamoiyeneba 61 saxelwifos daaxloebiT 200 partiaSi

2.2. genderuli “qvotireba” sakanonmdeblo doneze, gamoiyeneba 32 saxelmwifoSi

2.3. adgilebis rezervireba parlamentSi (gamoiy-eneba 14 saxelmwifoSi) (ix. cx.2)

cx. 2

qvotis qvetipi

qvotebipartiis wesde-bebis doneze

61 saxelm-wifoSi, 200 partia

alJiri, argentina, avstra-lia, avstria, belgia, bo-livia, bosnia-hercogovina, bostvana, brazilia, kanada, kosta-rika, kviprosi, Cex-eTi, dominikis respublika, safrangeTi, germania, saber-ZneTi, ungreTi islandia, indoeTi, irlandia, israe-li, italia, kenia, yirgize-Ti, litva, luqsemburgi, makedonia, mali, malta, meqsika, maroko, holandia, nikaragua, norvegia, polo-neTi, paragavai, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi, sen-egali, slovakeTi, slove-nia espaneTi, SvedeTi, Svei-caria, taivani, tailandi, didi britaneTi, urugvai, venesuela

qvotebi sakanon-mdeblo doneze

33 saxelm-wifo

argentina, belgia, bolivia, bosnia-hercogovina, gviana, brazilia, kosta-rika, saf-rangeTi, makedonia, meqsika, maroko

adgi-lebis rezer-vireba parla-mentSi

avRaneTi, bangladeSi, er-itrea, gviana, erayi, kenia, nepali, filipinebi, ruanda, taivani, tanzania, uganda


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qvotebi 4 samarTlebrivi saSulebiT an maTi kombi-naciiT regulirdeba:

konstituciuri normiT;

saarCevno kanonmdeblobiT, kanoniT politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb, sadac xdeba genderuli principis reglamentacia;

specialuri kanoniT “Tanabaris statusis Sesaxeb”;

partiaTa wesdebebiT.

im qveynebSi sadac arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba naxevari (64) qvotirebis princips iyenebs

qvotirebis sistema uzrunvelyofs socialuri jgufebis Tanabar monawileobas. aseTi normirebis saSualebiT xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis, am SemTx-evvaSi qalTa da mamakacTa warmomadgenlobiTobis gaTanabreba mosaxleobaSi maTi xvedriTi wilis an warmomadgenlobis saWiroebidan gamomdinare. miiC-neva, rom qalTa warmomadgenloba gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze, romelic proporciulia qalTa ra-odenobisa mosaxleobaSi, demokratiuli sazogadoe-bis maxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens.

qvotebi arsebuli meqanizmebidan yvelaze metad efeqturi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom meti qali mov-ides politikaSi da daikavos mniSvnelovani politi-kuri posti. gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom ar arsebobs sxva ufro metad efeqtur saSualebas qalTa intere-sebis dasacavad da praqtikaSi gansaxorcileblad,

Tumca qvotirebis sistemas hyavs rogorc oponen-tebi, aseve momxreebi. (cx.3.)

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•

•

cx.3. tipiuri argumenetebi qvotebis sasargeblod da sawinaaRmdegod

diax ara

qvota qalTaTvis warmoadgens ara diskriminaciul, aramed makompensirebel saSualebas im realuri barierebis gadasalax-avad, romlebic qalebs kuT-vnili politikuri poziciebis saTanado wili mopovebaSi uSliT xels

qvotebi ewinaaRmdegeba Tanabari SesaZleblobebis princips, radgan upiratesoba qals eniWeba

qalebs, rogorc moqalaqeebs aqvs Tanaswori wrmomadgenlobis ufleba gadwyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi, warmomadgenloba niSnavs socialuri interesebisa da politikuri Sexedulebebisa adekvatur asaxvas warmomad-genlobiT organoebSi arCevnebi aris politikuri nebis gamoxat-vis procesi da ara mosaxleobis dominanturi azris gazomvis forma

qvotireba antidemokratiu-lia, vinidan amomrCevlebma TviTon unda gadawyviton, vis miscen xma

qalTa gamocdileba aucilebe-lia politikaSi

qalebs ar irCeven xolme, ara imitom rom araprofesionalebi arian, aramed imitom rom isini qalebi arian

qvotireba ganapirobebs imas, rom ufro meti profesionali mamakaci politikis miRma aRmoCndeba xolme

qalebi kvalificirebulni arian mamakacebis msgavsad, magram politikur sistemaSi, sadac dominireben mamakacebi maTi kvalifikaciis minimalizacia xdeba.

qvotirebis Semotanam SesaZloa konfliqtebi gamoiwvios par-tiaSi, oRond droebiTi

qvotebi mniSvnelovan kon-fliqtebs iwvevs partiaSi


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genderuli pariteti partiaSi, rogorcsocialuri konsensusi

rogoria saerTaSoriso gamocdileba?

kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalTa dawinaurebaze gavlenas axdenen politikuri struqturebi da ara socialuri faqtorebi, vinaidan swored politika da politikur-sazogadoebrivi struqturebi axdenen so-cialuri urTierTobebis modelirebas.

politikur partiebs, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, um-niSvnelovanesi roli eniWebaT politikur proces-ebSi genderuli Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis misaRwevad.

genderuli kultura politikur partiaSi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ara marto partiis tradiciebTan, ideologiasTan, socialur da genderul Semadgenlo-basTan, struqturasa da finansur SesaZleblobebTan, aramed zogadad sazogadoebis genderul kultur-asTan da aseve, saxelmwifos nebasTan, daamkvidros qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da demokrati-is principebi.

qvotirebis sistema balansze orientirebuli normaa da igi iTvaliswinebs ara marto qalTa dawinaure-bas politikaSi, aramed qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabar warmomadgenlobas. magaliTad, daniaSi socialistur saxalxo partiaSi mamakacebi mxolod genderuli qvotirebis saSualebiT axerxeben gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneebze adgilebis SenarCunebas.

safrangeTi

1999 wels safrangeTis konstituciaSi 2 cvlileba Sevida. am ori cvlilebis, ufro zustad ki damatebis Setanamde, xangrZlivi diskusia mimdinareobda. qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakonstitu-cio sabWom 2-jer gamoTqva mosazreba 1982 da 1999

wels. - pirvelad qvotirebis Sesaxeb municipaluri mrCevlebze, xolo meorejer regionuli mrCevlebis Sesaxeb. 1982 wels sakonstitucio sabWom antikonsti-tuciurad scno kanonproeqti, romlis Sesabamisadac, saarCevno siebSi erTi sqesis kandidati ar unda aRe-matebodes 75%-s, xolo 1999 wels antikonstituciu-rad cno muxli partiebSi genderuli paritetis Ses-axeb. sakonstitucio sabWos daskvna Semdegnairad iqna formulirebuli: "1958 wels miRebuli konstituciis me-3 muxlis mixedviT erovnuli suvereniteti xalxs ekuTvnis, romelsac axorcielebs sakuTari warmomad-genlebis da referendumis saSualebiT". 1999 wels sabWom igive argumentaciiT kidev erT Sesworebaze Tqva uari.miuxedavad amisa, 1999 wlis ivnisSi konstituciaSi

SesworebiT, safrangeTma ganamtkica qalTa da mamak-acTa arCeviT organoebSi da arCeviT Tanamdebobebze Tanabari monawileobis principi. kanoni iTvaliswinebs, rom TiToeul saarCevno siaSi mamakac kandidatTa da qalTa ricxvi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes mxolod er-TiT.

jarimebi – kandidatTa siaSi warmodgenil sqesTa Soris 10% gansxvavebisas partia kargavs saxelmwifo dafinansebis 5%-s, xolo 100%-iani gansxvavebisas ki – 50%-s. qal kandidatTa ararseboba siaSi niSnavs, rom partia dafinansebis 50%-s ver miiRebs.

1990-ian wlebSi 11 laTinur amerikul saxelmwifoSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis doneze ganmtkicda “gend-eruli qvotirebis” principi (20-40%). argentinam pirvelma SemoiRo 30%-iani qvota. san-

qciebma da porporciulma sistemam daxuruli siebiT qalTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda ganapiroba.

ugandis konstituciaSi 1995 wels Setanili cvli-lebebis mixedviT, (muxli 78.1.) 56 olqSi erTi mandati qalebisTvis aris gankuTvnili erovnul parlamentSi, xolo muxli 180. 2-is mixedviT, municipalur organoe-bSi mandatebis 1/3 qalebisTvis aris rezervirebuli.


14

15


indoeTis konstituciis 74 da 75 Sesworebebis mixedviT, mandatebis 33% municipalur organoebSi qalebisTvis aris gankuTvnili.

skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi

skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi genderuli samarTliano-bis miRwevisa da sazogadoebis maRali gedenderuli kulturis magaliTad iTvleba. am saxelmwifoebSi qa-lTa politikuri monawileoba, maT Soris warmomad-genloba sakanonmdeblo organoebsa da mTavrobaSi, municipalitetebsa da regionaluri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi, sakmaod maRalia. es zrda ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda. qalTa miRwevebi naklebad xdeba gasakviri, Tu Cvens mas rogorc izolirebul faqtad ki ar aRviqvamT, aramed rogorc skandinaviuri sazogadoebis gardaqmnis Sedegs. skandinaviis sax-elmwifoebSi “genderuli Tanasworoba” ara mxolod partiebis, aramed saxelmwifo politikad iqca, ramac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalebis warmatebuli integracia ganapiroba. (cx.3.)

cx.3. qalTa raodenoba skandinaviis saxelmwifoebis parlamentebSi

saxelmwifo 1929 1949 1966 1977 1984 1990 1999 2005

norvegia 1 5 8 24 26 35.8 36.4 37.9

fineTi 3 12 17 23 31 31.5 37 37.5

SvedeTi 1 10 13 21 28 38.1 42.7 45.3

wyaro: Kaplan G. Contemporary Western European Feminism.

Women ann Man in Nordic Countrie, Copenhagen, Nordic council of Mnistries.

politikur procedurebSi “genderuli qvotirebis” iniciatorebad 1960-ian wlebSi Svedi social-de-mokratebi mogvevlinen. imisaTvis, rom partiebs (pirvel rigSi social-demokratebsa da memarcx-eneebs) qali amomrCevlebis mxardaWera moepovebinaT, SeimuSaves genderulad orientirebuli programebi, SemdgomSi partiebSi Seiqmna qalTa seqciebi, romle-

bic gaxdnen genderuli Tanasworobis propangandis-tebi, aseve isini warmoadgendnen efeqtur politikur skolas qali-politikosebisaTvis.

SvedeTi

1979 wels SvedeTSi 5 yvelaze msxvili partiis wevri qalebi gaerTiandnen. qalTa am moZraobam Sedegi gamoiRo da miRweul iqna “qvotirebis” prin-cipis SemoReba partiebis wesdebebis doneze - Sida partiul siebSi arcerTi sqesis warmomadgeneli ar unda yofiliyo 40%-ze naklebi da 60%-ze meti. miuxedavad imisa, rom am normas ar gaaCnda aucile-

beli direqtivis saxe, is sakmaod efeqturi aR-moCnda. qvotirebis sistema mwvaneTa partiam 1983 wels mi-

iRo, 1990 wels - memarcxene partiam, 1993 wels - social-demokratebma. rac Seexeba liberaluri par-tias, qristian-demokratebs da centris partias (yo-fili agraruli liga) dRemde ar iyeneben qvotirebis meTods.

qvotebi ar aris panacea, aramed es aris saSualeba, romelic sxva saSualebebTan erTad kompleqsSi qalTa politikaSi re-alur da araformalur monawileobas uzrunvelyofs.

norvegia

norvegiaSi qvotebi did xania warmatebiT gamoiyene-ba (memarcxene socialisturi partia iyenebs 70-iani wlebidan, leiboristuli partia – 80-iani wlebidan, qristian-demokratebi - 1993 wlidan, xolo konser-vatiuli partia normirebis princips dRemde ar iy-enebs.

ra sargebloba moutana norvegiis sazogadoebas politikuri qvotebis gamoyenebam? mmarTvel struq-turebSi qalTa raodenobis gazrdis Semdeg

• orjer gaizarda bavSvTa zrunvaze orientirebuli


16

17


centrebis raodenoba• 22%-iT gaizarda bavSvTa fuladi daxmarebaes faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs qali-poli-

tikosebis socialur, “mzrunvelobiT” bunebaze.

fineTi

fineTSi qvotireba 90-ian wlebSi mxolod sami didi partiis mier iqna mxardaWerili: marcxena frTis aliansi, romelic yofil komunistur partias moicavs(1990 weli) mwvaneTa liga(1993), social-de-mokratebi (1994).miuxedavad imisa, rom partiebma efeqturi saqmi-

anoba awarmoes, paritetuli demokratiis faseulo-bebis damkvidrebaSi aseve didi roli iTamaSa kanon-mdeblobam Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, ramac SemdgomSi sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebs gauwia stimulireba. msgavsi kanonebi miRebul iqna Semdeg qveynebSi: islandia – 1976 w., dania – 1978 w., norvegia – 1979 w., SvedeTi – 1980 w., fineTi - 1987 w.

cx.4 evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi, sadac partiebi iyeneben genderuli “qvotirebis” princips

germaniagermaniis social-demokratiuli partia"mwvaneebi"

40%50%

daniasocial-demokratiuli partiasocialisturi saxalxo partia

40%40%

didi britaneTi liberali demokratebi 33%

espaneTiespaneTis socialisturi muSaTa partiakomunisturi partia

25%25%

irlandia leiboristebi 20%

italiademoqristianuli partia"mwvaneebi"

30%50%

portugalia socialisturi partia 25%

holandiaSromis partiamemarcxene "mwvaneebi"

33% 40%

genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisstrategiebi partiebSi

didi britaneTi

did britaneTSi xmis ufleba qalebma 1918 wels moipoves, mas Semdeg qalebi aqtiurad xdebian poli-tikuri partiebis wevrebi da qalTa seqciebsac qmnian. didi britaneTis partiul speqtrs leiboristuli da konservatiuli partiebi warmoadgenen. konservatiuli partia jer kidev 1928 wels lobirebda kanons Tana-bari saarCevno uflebebis Sesaxeb.1980-iani wlebisTvis britaneTis partiebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia mamakacTa monopolia, xolo qale-bi, iseve rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebSi, politikur pasiurobas avlenen. Tumca politikurma situaciam partiuli strategiebis eleqtoratTan mimarTebaSi transformacia ganapiroba, ris Sedegadac SemuSavda mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi qal amomrCevelTa mxar-daWeris mosapoveblad.

ra strategiebi SeimuSaves partiebma?

konservatiuli partia:

• partiis wesdebaSi aranakleb 30%-iani qvotis gansazRvra warmomadgenlobiT partiul organoebSi erovnul da adgilobriv doneebze• partiul programebSi socialuri sakiTxebis win

wamoweva (kanonebis “Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb”, “sqesobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb” lo-bireba, saxelmwifo daxmareba dedebisTvis, saxelm-wifo pensiebi moxucebisaTvis)

leiboristuli partia

leiboristuli partiis mier genderuli qvotebis SemoReba ar warmoadgenda partiis erTi nawilis ax-irebas. partiis wevrTa 2/3 da partiuli xelmZRvan-elobis 3/4 mxars uWerda am gadawyvetilebas.


18

19


programuli dokumentebis SemuSaveba da realizacia

• “genderuli urTierTobebis demokratizaciis par-tiuli programis” realizacia “leiboristuli partia - 1982” is farglebSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo bavS-vTa dawesebulebebis qselis gafarToebis, Tanabari SromiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobis kanonmdeblobis ganmtkicebisaken• 1984 wels miRebul iqna “partiaSi qalTa Tanas-

worobis qartia”, mimarTuli qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg Sida partiuli dawinaurebis rocesSi

institucionalur – organizaciuli meqanizmebis ganviTareba

• genderuli urTierTobebis demokratizaciis par-tiuli programis realizacia• qalTa miReba partiaSi qalTa seqciebis saSualebiT• socialuri momsaxurebis xarisxis makontrole-

beli qalTa adgilobrivi komitetebis Seqmna

specialuri meqanizmebis SemuSaveba

• “pozitiuri diskriminaciis meTodis” realizacia, romlis mixedviTac dadgenil iqna minimaluri 40%-iani norma qalebisaTvis saarCevno siebSi, ris Sede-gadac 1997 wels partiam kandidat qalTa rekorduli raodenoba 159 waradgina, romelTaganac 101 qali deputati gaxda, maT Soris 35 qvotebis miexdviT iqnen wardgenili.

1999 wels Sotlandiis parlamentisa da uelsis asambleis arCevisas xelisuflebam mouwoda yvela partias, gaeTvaliswinebina Tanabari SesaZleblo-bebis principi. Sedegad, Sotlandiis parlamentSi 38%, xolo uelsis asambleaSi 40% qali moxvda.

edvina keri - konservatiuli partiis wevri - “Cemi par-tiis mamakac wevrTa meuRleebis umravlesoba ar muSao-bda, amitom me maTTvis garkveulwilad normalur qalad ar moviazrebodi. rogorc qals, me meti stimuli mqonda saqme ukeTesad mekeTebina, rac maT ufro metad aRiz-ianebdaT.”

anJela rumboldi – deputati, SemdgomSi meijoris kabi-netis ministri - "parlamenti – es kulturuli Sokia. Se-dixarT parlamentSi da mamakacebi fiqroben: “oh. qali, movida, raTa cxovreba gagvimwaros”.

cx.5 qalebi didi britaneTis parlamentSi

weli

kons

ervatoreb

i

leibo

ris

teb

i

sxva par

tiebi

qalTa sa

erTo

rao

denoba

(%)

1945 1 21 1 3.8

1955 10 14 0 3.8

1964 11 18 0 4.6

1970 15 10 1 4.1

1979 8 11 0 3.0

1987 17 21 3 6.3

1992 20 37 3 9.2

1997 13 101 6 18.2

2001 14 96 8 18.1

wyaro: Gender and Party Politics/ ed.by Joni Lovenduski and Pippa Norris.L.: SAGE Publications 1993. p.46


20

21


aSS

aSS-Si qalTa raodenoba bolo 10 wlis ganmav-lobaSi qveda palataSi 2,5-jer, xolo senatSi – 4,5 jer gaizarda. qali gubernatorebis raodenobam 10%, xolo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi qalTa raodenobam 25% Seadgina. sociologiuri kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom amerikuli

sazogadoeba qali prezidentis asarCevadac aris mzad. Tu 60-ian wlebSi amerikelTa mxolod 45% gamoxat-avda mzaobas, qali aerCia prezidentad, axla ukve 75%-s aqvs survili, qveynis saTaveSi qali ixilos.

Ø1848 wels niu-orkis StatSi (qalaq seneka folzSi) gaimarTa pirveli Sexvedra qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. ordRiani debatebis Semdgom 68 qalma da 32 mamakacma xeli moawera deklaracias, romelSic qalTa winaSe arsebuli problemebi iyo dafiqsire-buli

Ø1850 wels Catarda qalTa pirveli yriloba, romlis monawilee-bmac moiTxoves qalTa Tanabari saarCevno uflebebi

Ø1869 wels iqmneba axali Stati vaiomingi, romelSic qalebma pirvelad aSS-Si moipoves xmis ufleba. 1870 wels amave StatSi qalebs sasamarTloebSi muSaobis ufleba darTes

Ø1893 wels kolorado gaxda pirveli Stati, sadac qalebs xmis ufleba sakanonmdeblo cvililebis doneze daerToT

Ø1913 wels aSS –Si Seiqmna qalTa pirveli partia

Ø1919 wels aSS-s konstituciaSi #19 Sesworebam qalebs xmis uflebis miniWebis Sesaxeb Sevida ZalaSi

aSS-s partiuli sistemis mniSvnelovan Tavisebure-bas misi orpartiuli sistema warmoadgens. arc re-spublikuri, arc demokratiuli partia qvotirebis sistemas ar iyenebs, Tumca aqvT SemuSavebuli mTeli rigi mimarTulebebisa, romlebic genderuli balan-sis miRwevas ganapirobebs.

respublikuri partia

• erovnuli komitetebis formirebis meqanizmis Se-qmna Statebis mixedviT genderuli balansis dacviT• cvlilebebis lobireba konstituciaSi

demokratiuli partia

• paritetuli genderuli warmomadgenlobis meqa-nizmebis SemuSaveba partiuli yrilobis delegatTa siis formirebis procesSi• erovnuli komitetebis formireba genderuli ba-

lansis dacviT• qalTa programebis lobireba

cx.6 qalebi arCeviT postebze (1981-2001)

1981

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1996

1997

2000

2001

kongresi 4 5 5 5 6 10 10 11 11 12 14

Statebis ar C e v iT i Tanamdebo-bebi

11 14 14 14 18 22 26 25 25 28 28

wyaro: CAWP. Fact Sheets..

cx.7 amomrCevelTa aqtivoba saprezidento arCevnebSi

weli qali(%) kaci (%)

1964 67,0 71,9

1968 66.0 69.8

1972 62 64,1

1976 58,8 59,6

1980 59,4 59,1

1984 60,8 59.0

1988 58,3 56,4

1992 62,3 60,2

1996 55,5 52,8

wyaro: The Gender Gap. CAWP Fact Sheet. (Center of American Women and Politics – Rutgers University)


22

23


cx.8 aSS-s prezidentobis kandidatTa mxardam-Werebis genderuli segregacia

2000 qali kaci

jorj buSi umcrosi (resp.) 43 52

albert gori (demokrati) 54 42

1996

bil klintoni (demokrati) 54 43

bob douli (respublikeli) 38 44

ros pero 7 10

1992

bil klintoni (demokrati) 45 41

jorj buSi ufrosi (resp.) 37 38

ros pero 17 21

wyaro: The Gender Gap. CAWP Fact Sheet.

(Center of American Women and Politics – Rutgers University)

d a s k v n a

mamakacebi dominireben politikur arenaze, adgenen politikuri TamaSis wesebs da Sefasebis stand-artebs. am modelis pirobebSi qalebi uars amboben politikaSi monawileobaze da uaryofen politikis iseT stils, sadac mamakacebi dominireben. imisaTvis rom qalTa raodenoba politikur sivrceSi gaizar-dos, anu politikur politikur warmomadgenlobaSi sqesTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa da/an “kritikuli umciresobis” formireba (30-40%) moxdes, politikuri mecniereba ganixilavs iseT teqnologias, rogoricaa qvotirebis sistemis SemoReba. cnobilia, rom warmatebulma qvotirebis sistemam

ganapiroba:- qalTa gaaqtiureba politikur partiebSi, profe-

sional qalTa resursebis gamoyeneba- kritikuli masis Camoyalibeba, romelsac aqvs sa-

Sualeba zegavlena moaxdinos politikur normebsa da kulturaze- qalebisaTvis, rogorc damoukidebeli individebi-

saTvis, uflebis miniWeba, raTa miiRon monawileoba politikuri procesebSi, rac qalis sazogadoebriv gaaqtiurebas da, Sesabamisad, pozitiur socialur Sedegebs ganapirobebs.

mniSvnelovania vaRiaroT, rom qali politikosis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi gadawyvetilebebis harmoniulobas, zomierebas, Tan-mimdevrobas da mizanmimarTulebas ganapirobebs, rac ase aucilebelia 21-e saukunis politikuri peripe-tiebisTvis. amisaTvis ki mniSvnelovania swored poli-tikur partiebSi, romlebic politikuri procesebis umTavres subieqtebs warmoadgenen, miRweul iqnes genderuli Tanasworoba, rac socialuri konsesusis winapirobas warmoadgens.


24

25


qalTa mier xmis uflebis mopoveba

saxelmwifo weli

1893 axali zelandia

1902 avstralia

1906 fineTi

1913 norvegia

1915 dania, islandia

1917 ruseTi

1918 saqarTvelo, kanada

1919 avstria, germania, holandia, poloneTi, Sve-deTi, luqsemburgi, Cexoslovakia

1920 aSS

1922 irlandia

1928 didi britaneTi

1929 ekvadori

1930 samxreT afrika, TurqeTi

1931 islandia, Sri-lanka, portugalia

1932 tailandi

1934 brazilia, kuba

1936 kosta-rika

1937 filipinebi

1941 indonezia

1942 dominikis respublika, urugvai

1945 bulgareTi, bolivia, ungreTi, vietnami, ita-lia, safrangeTi, iugoslavia, iaponia

1946 albaneTi, panama, rumineTi

1947 argentina, vensuela

1948 belgia, israeli, korea

1949 CineTi, Cile

1950 gana, haiti, indoeTi, salvadori

1951 nepali

1952 saberZneTi

1953 meqsika

1954 kolumbia

1955 nikaragua, eTiopia

1956 benini, gaboni, egvipte, mali, pakistani, sen-egali, somali

1957 libani, malaizia

1958 burkina-faso, Cadi

1959 madagaskari, maroko, tunisi, tanzania

1960 gambia, kviprosi

1961 burundi, paragvai, ruanda, siera-leone

1962 alJiri, maroko, ruanda

1963 irani, kenia, kongo, libia, fiji

1964 zambia, sudani

1965 avRaneTi, bostvana, gvatemala, lesoto,

1967 iemeni

1971 Sveicaria

1972 bangladeSi

1977 nigeria, gvinea-bisau

1979 Zimbabve

1980 irani

1984 lixtenSteini

1986 centraluri afrikis respublika

1989 namibia

1990 samoa

2005 kuveiti

wyaro: Tuttle, L. Encyclopedia of Feminism, Longman, 1986.


26

27


saxelmwifoebi, sadac konstituciuri normiT an sxva kanonmdeb-lobiT ganmtkicebulia genderuli qvotirebis principi erovnuli parlamentebisTvis1

saxelmwifo kvotis tipi(konstitucia, kanoni)2

qvotis SemoRebis weli

qvotis odenoba

samxreT amerika

argentina C, L 1991, 1991 30

bolivia L 1997 30

brazilia L 1997 30

kosta-rika L 1996 40

ekvadori L 1997 20

gaiana C N/A 33

meqsika L 2002 30

panama L 1997 30

paragvai L 1996 20

peru L 1997 30

venesuela L 1998 30

dominikis respublika L 1997 25

evropa

belgia L 1994 (2002) 33

bosnia- hercogovina 2001 33 16.7 (2002)

safrangeTi C, L 1999, 2000 45

makedonia L N/A 30

serbia L 2002 30

afrika da Sua aRmosavleTi

jibuti L 2002 10

eritrea C N/A 30

iordania L 2003 6 seats

kenia C 1997 50

maroko L N/A 10

sudani L N/A 10

tanzania C, L N/A 20-30

uganda C, L 1995, N/A -- 3

azia

somxeTi L 1999 5

CineTi C 1992 27

indonezia L 2003 30

koreis demokratiuli respublika

L N/A 20

nepali C, L 1990, 1990 5

pakistani L 2002 17

filipinebi C, L 1995, 1995 20

taivani C 1997 10-25

___________________________________________________________________1 bolivia, brazilia, peru, saberZneTi, serbia, namibia, samxreT afrika, tanzania, bangladeSi, CineTi, indoeTi, nepali, pakistani, filipinebs da taivani – konstituciuri qvota adgilobriv da/an regionalur parlamentebSi 2 C - konstitucia, L - kanoni. 3 erTi mandati 56 saarCevno olqidan rezervirebulia qalebisT-vis


28

29


saxe

lmw

ifo

qved

a palat

a an erTpalat

iani

zed

a palat

a

arCevneb

is

Tar

iRi

mand

ateb

is

rao

denoba

qali

%ar

Cevneb

is

Tar

iRi

mand

ateb

is

rao

denoba

qali

%

1ruanda

09 2003

8039

48.8

09 2003

269

34.6

2SvedeT

i09 2002

349

158

45.3

---

---

---

---

3ko

sta-rika

02 2006

5722

38.6

---

---

---

---

4no

rvegia

09 2005

169

6437.9

---

---

---

---

5fineT

i03 2003

200

7537.5

---

---

---

---

6dania

02 2005

179

6636.9

---

---

---

---

7ho

landia

01 2003

150

5536.7

06 2003

7522

29.3

8ku

ba01 2003

609

219

36.0

---

---

---

---

"es

paneTi

03 2004

350

126

36.0

03 2004

259

6023.2

9ar

gentina

10 2005

257

9035.0

10 2005

7230

41.7

10mo

zambiki

12 2004

250

8734.8

---

---

---

---

11be

lgia

05 2003

150

5234.7

05 2003

7127

38.0

12avst

ria

11 2002

183

6233.9

N.A

.62

1727.4

qalebi

par

lamentSi


30

13isl

andia

05 200363

2133.3

------

------

14samxr

eT

afrika

1

04 2004400

13132.8

04 200454

1833.3

15axal

i ze-

land

ia09 2005

12139

32.2---

------

---

16ger

mania09 2005

614195

31.8N

.A.

6913

18.8

17gaiana

03 200165

2030.8

------

------

18bu

rund

i07 2005

11836

30.507 2005

4917

34.7

19tanz

aniis gaer

T. r

e-spu

blika

12 2005319

9730.4

------

------

20seiS

elis

kunZu

lebia

12 200234

1029.4

------

------

21per

u04 2006

12035

29.2---

------

---

22bel

arusi

10 2004110

3229.1

11 200458

1831.0

23and

ora

04 200528

828.6

------

------

24ugand

a02 2006

32189

27.7---

------

---

25avR

aneTi

09 2005249

6827.3

09 2005102

2322.5

"viet

nami05 2002

498136

27.3---

------

---

31


26namibia

11 2004

7821

26.9

11 2004

267

26.9

27grenad

a11 2003

154

26.7

11 2003

134

30.8

28me

qsika

07 2003

500

129

25.8

07 2000

128

2821.9

29er

ayi

12 2005

275

7025.5

---

---

---

---

"su

rinami

05 2005

5113

25.5

---

---

---

---

30timori2

08 2001

8722

25.3

---

---

---

---

31Sveic

aria

10 2003

200

5025.0

10 2003

4611

23.9

32avst

ral

ia10 2004

150

3724.7

10 2004

7627

35.5

33lix

ten-

Steini

03 2005

256

24.0

---

---

---

---

34ho

ndurasi

11 2005

128

3023.4

---

---

---

---

35luqs

embu

rgi

06 2004

6014

23.3

---

---

---

---

36lao

sis

de-

mokr

atiu

li

res

publ

ika

02 2002

109

2522.9

---

---

---

---

37tunisi

10 2004

189

4322.8

07 2005

112

1513.4

38bu

lgar

eTi

06 2005

240

5322.1

---

---

---

---

39er

itrea

02 1994

150

3322.0

---

---

---

---

"lit

va10 2004

14131

22.0---

------

---

40eT

iopia

05 2005529

11621.9

10 2005112

2118.8

41mo

ldovis

respu

blika

03 2005101

2221.8

------

------

42xo

rvat

ia11 2003

15233

21.7---

------

---

43pakist

ani10 2002

34273

21.303 2006

10017

17.0

"po

rtugal

ia02 2005

23049

21.3---

------

---

44lat

via10 2002

10021

21.0---

------

---

45kanad

a01 2006

30864

20.8N

.A.

10035

35.0

"mo

nako02 2003

245

20.8---

------

---

46nikar

agua

11 200192

1920.7

------

------

47po

loneT

i09 2005

46094

20.409 2005

10013

13.0

48CineT

i02 2003

2980604

20.3---

------

---

49ko

reis d

e-mo

krat

iuli

respu

blika

08 2003687

13820.1

------

------

50bahamis ku

n-zulebi

05 200240

820.0

05 200216

743.8


32

51did

i br

ita-

neTi

05 2005

646

127

19.7

N.A

.721

126

17.5

52trinid

adi da

tobago

10 2002

367

19.4

10 2002

3110

32.3

53gvinea

06 2002

114

2219.3

---

---

---

---

54se

negal

i04 2001

120

2319.2

---

---

---

---

"makedonia

09 2002

120

2319.2

---

---

---

---

55sing

apuri3

05 2006

9518

18.9

---

---

---

---

56es

toneTi

03 2003

101

1918.8

---

---

---

---

57se

nt vinse

ti

da grenad

ini

12 2005

224

18.2

---

---

---

---

58ekvatoruli

gvinea

04 2004

100

1818.0

---

---

---

---

"venesu

ela

12 2005

167

3018.0

---

---

---

---

59taj

ikeT

i02 2005

6311

17.5

03 2005

348

23.5

"uzbe

keTi

12 2004

120

2117.5

01 2005

100

1515

.0

60it

alia

04 2006

630

109

17.3

04 2006

322

4413

.7

61mavr

itania

07 2005

7012

17.1

---

---

---

---

33


62CexeT

is re-

spubl

ika06 2002

20034

17.010 2004

8110

12.3

63bo

livia

12 2005130

2216.9

12 200527

13.7

64bo

snia da

hercogovina

10 200242

716.7

10.200215

00.0

"sal

vadori

03 200684

1416.7

------

------

"panama

05 200478

1316.7

------

------

"san-mar

ino06 2001

6010

16.7---

------

---

"sl

ovakeT

i09 2002

15025

16.7---

------

---

65ekvad

ori

10 2002100

1616.0

------

------

"TurqmeneT

i12 2004

508

16.0---

------

---

"zimbabve

03 2005150

2416.0

11 200566

2131.8

66fil

ipinebi05 2004

23637

15.705 2004

244

16.7

67kabo

-verde

01 200672

1115.3

------

------

68aS

S11 2004

43566

15.211 2004

10014

14.0

69ang

ola

09 1992220

3315.0

------

------

"Cil

e12 2005

12018

15.012 2005

382

5.3

70bang

lad

eSi4

10 2001345

5114.8

------

------


34

71su

dani

08 2005

450

6614.7

08 2005

502

4.0

72sier

ra le-

one

05 2002

124

1814.5

---

---

---

---

73kviprosi

05 2006

568

14.3

---

---

---

---

74israeli

03 2006

120

1714.2

---

---

---

---

75gvinea-biss

au03 2004

100

1414.0

---

---

---

---

76malavi

04 2004

191

2613.6

---

---

---

---

77ko

reis

re-

spubl

ika

04 2004

299

4013.4

---

---

---

---

78barbados

05 2003

304

13.3

05 2003

215

23.8

"grel

andia

05 2002

166

2213.3

07 2002

6010

16.7

79gambia

01 2002

537

13.2

---

---

---

---

80sa

berZneT

i03 2004

300

3913.0

---

---

---

---

81dominika

05 2005

314

12.9

---

---

---

---

82zambia

12 2001

158

2012.7

---

---

---

---

83liber

ia10 2005

648

12.5

10 2005

305

16.7

84niger

i11 2004

113

1412.4

---

---

---

---

85sa

frangeT

i06 2002

574

7012.2

09 2004

331

5616

.9

35


"sl

ovenia

10 200490

1112.2

12.200240

37.5

86ko

ngos d

e-mo

krat

iuli

respu

blika

08 2003500

6012.0

08 2003120

32.5

"mal

divi

01 200550

612.0

------

------

"sir

ia03 2003

25030

12.0---

------

---

87bu

rkina-f

aso05 2002

11113

11.7---

------

---

"iamaika

10 200260

711.7

10 200221

419.0

"leso

to

05 2002120

1411.7

N.A

.33

1236.4

88az

erbaij

ani11 2005

12414

11.3---

------

---

"fij

i05 2006

718

11.308 2001

324

12.5

"ind

onez

ia04 2004

55062

11.3---

------

---

89rumineT

i11 2004

33137

11.211 2004

13713

9.5

90bo

tsvana

10 200463

711.1

------

------

"urugvai

10 200499

1111.1

10 200431

39.7

91gana

12 2004230

2510.9

------

------

92jibu

ti

01 200365

710.8

------

------

"mar

oko

09 2002325

3510.8

10 2003270

31.1


36

"sv

azil

endi

10 2003

657

10.8

10 2003

309

30.0

93antig

ua da

barbu

da

03 2004

192

10.5

03 2004

173

17.6

"central

-uri af

rikis

res

publ

ika

05 2005

105

1110.5

---

---

---

---

94ung

reT

i04 2006

386

4010.4

---

---

---

---

"yazax

eTi

09 2004

778

10.4

09 2004

392

5.1

95mali

07 2002

147

1510.2

---

---

---

---

96parag

vai

04 2003

808

10.0

04 2003

454

8.9

97kamb

oja

07 2003

123

129.8

01 2006

619

14.8

"ruse

Ti

12 2003

447

449.8

N.A

.178

63.4

98sa

qarTvelo

03 2004

235

229.4

---

---

---

---

99bu

tani

N.A

.150

149.3

---

---

---

---

100

gaboni

12 2001

119

119.2

02 2003

9114

15.4

"malta

04 2003

656

9.2

---

---

---

---

101

malaizia

03 2004

219

209.1

03 2004

7018

25.7

102

iapo

nia

09 2005

480

439.0

07 2004

242

3414

.0

37


103kamer

uni

06 2002180

168.9

------

------

104br

azil

ia10 2002

51344

8.610 2002

8110

12.3

"togo

10 200281

78.6

------

------

105ko

ngo

05 2002129

118.5

10 200560

813.3

"ko

t d

iu'var

i12 2000

22319

8.5---

------

---

106ind

oeT

i04 2004

54545

8.306 2004

25028

11.2

107gvat

emala

11 2003158

138.2

------

------

108ser

bia da

Cerno

goria

5

02 2003126

107.9

------

------

109so

mali

08 2004269

217.8

------

------

110kenia

12 2002219

167.3

------

------

"san t

ome d

a pr

incipi

03 200655

47.3

------

------

111benini

03 200383

67.2

------

------

112al

baneTi

07 2005140

107.1

------

------

"ukr

aina03 2006

45032

7.1---

------

---

113mad

agaskar

i12 2002

16011

6.903 2001

9010

11.1

114bel

izi

03 200330

26.7

03 200312

325.0


38

115

monR

oleT

i06 2004

765

6.6

---

---

---

---

116

Cadi

04 2002

155

106.5

---

---

---

---

117

niger

ia04 2003

360

236.4

04 2003

109

43.7

118

alJiri

05 2002

389

246.2

12 2003

144

42.8

119

nepali

05 1999

204

125.9

06 2001

183

16.7

120

sent

lusia

12 2001

181

5.6

12.2001

114

36.4

121

iordania

06 2003

110

65.5

11 2005

557

12.7

122

somx

eTi

05 2003

131

75.3

---

---

---

---

123

Sri-lanka

04 2004

225

114.9

---

---

---

---

124

kiribat

i05 2003

422

4.8

---

---

---

---

125

libani

05 2005

128

64.7

---

---

---

---

"sa

udis

ara-

beTi

03 2006

760

364.7

---

---

---

---

126

TurqeTi

11 2002

550

244.4

---

---

---

---

127

irani

02 2004

290

124.1

---

---

---

---

"sa

moa

03 2006

492

4.1

---

---

---

---

128

vanu

atu

07 2004

522

3.8

---

---

---

---

129

tong

a03 2005

301

3.3

---

---

---

---

39


130ko

moris k-bi

04 200433

13.0

------

------

"mar

Sal

is ku

nZulebi

11 200333

13.0

------

------

131omani

10 200383

22.4

N.A

.58

915.5

132eg

vipte

11 2005442

92.0

05 2004264

186.8

"hait

i02 2006

992

2.002 2006

294

13.8

133ku

veiti

07 200365

11.5

------

------

134papu

a axali

gvinea

06 2002109

10.9

------

------

135iemeni

04 2003301

10.3

04 2001111

21.8

136bahr

eini10 2002

400

0.011 2002

406

15.0

"yir

giz

eTi

02 200572

00.0

------

------

"mikr

onez

ia03 2005

140

0.0---

------

---

"kat

ari

06 200535

00.0

------

------

"sent

kitsi

da nevisi

10 200415

00.0

------

------

"sau

dis ar

a-beT

i04 2005

1500

0.0---

------

---


40

"ar

abeT

is

gaerTianeb-

uli sa

e-miroeb

i

02 2003

400

0.0

---

---

---

---

?ko

lumb

ia03 2006

166

??

03 2006

102

??

?dominikis

res

publ

ika

05 2006

178

??

05 2006

32?

?

?tailandi

04 2006

500

??

04 2006

200

??

41


qalTa xvedriTi wili adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi

evropa

saxelmwifo merebi (%) sakrebulos wevrebi (%)

belgia 7 22

bulgareTi 10 20

kviprosi 3 19

dania 9 27

estoneTi 10 1

fineTi 10 35

safrangeTi 11 33

germania 5 24

ungreTi 12 15

irlandia 17

islandia 17 24

italia 7 16

latvia 25 29

litva 3 15

luqsemburgi 11 13

makedonia 2 8

malta 8 15

holandia 16 18

norvegia 14 26

poloneTi 5 12

portugalia 6 12

serbia & montenegro 4 4

slovakeTi 13 19

slovenia 5 12

espaneTi 11 20

SvedeTi 17 29

Sveicaria 5 12didi britaneTi 0 21


42

saparlamento arCevnebSi wardgenili dagamarjvebuli kandidatebis raodenoba

saxelmwifo qalTa wili kandidatebs Soris (%)

qalTa wili deputatebs Soris (%)

germania 29,5 11,7

SvedeTi 43,6 40,4

argentina 30 25,3

avstralia 27,9 15,5

irlandia 18,1 13,9

slovakeTi 14,6 14,7

samx. afrika 37.9 24

meqsika 14,8 14,2

kanada 22,1 18

tunisi 6 6,7

islandia 50,4 25,4

iamaika 9.1 11,7

koreis respublika 2,1 3

bolivia 16,6 6,9

kamboja 4,8 5,8

kolumbia 8,5 11,7

malavi 7,2 5,6

moldova 11,3 4,8

nepali 6 3,4

poloneTi 13,1 13

CexeTi 20,2 15

Cadi 10,5 17,3

ukraina 9,3 7,3

wyaro: Democracy Still in making: A world Comparative Study, Geneva, Interparlamentary Union, 1997

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gender final 1 - parliament.ge · kosta-rika, kviprosi, cex-eti, dominikis respublika, safrangeti,...

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