gender differences structural brain weightmalefemale klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 zilles...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gender DifferencesStructural
Brain Weight Male Female
Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 1276 1104
Zilles (1972) 1308 1178
Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 1379 1231
Witelson (1985; n=12;30) 1471 1258
Unweighted Mean 1,358 1,193 grams
![Page 2: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Male rh = 1442g (n=7), callosal area 672 mm^2• Male MH (n=5) 1511g, 801 (differs sign from
Male RH)• Females RH (n=20) 1269g, 655• Fem MH (n=10), 1237g, 697 (differs from fem
RH)
![Page 3: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Absolute vs Relative Size Differences
• Bermudez & Zatorre (2001, n=137) found larger splenium (back of corpus callosum) in females.
![Page 4: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• FEMALES
• Larger language areas -Harasty et al, 1997
• Larger lateral frontal area – Schlaepfer et al, 1995
• More densely packed neurons in temporal lobe, Witelson et al 1995
• MALES
• Larger medial frontal, Goldstein et al, 2001
• Larger cingulate, Paus et al 1996
• Larger amygdala and hypothalamus, Swaab et al, 1985
• More white matter volume, Gur et al, 1999
• More neurons overall, Pakkenberg & Gunderson, 1997
![Page 5: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Prehistoric Times 18
Ancient Greece 20
Middle Ages, England 33
1620, Massachusetts 35
19th century, England 41
1900, USA 47
1915, USA 54
1954, USA 70
1992, USA 75
Aging of America
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900 1940 1980 2040
Year
Milli
ons o
ver a
ge 65 Male
Female
Gender Difference: Functional
![Page 6: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reliable Functional Sex Differences
• Men are better at– Visuospatial tasks– Higher mathematics– Aggression
• Females are better at:– Verbal tasks
Hemispheric asymmetries may be less marked in females compared to males
![Page 7: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• APHASIAS occur most often in women with LH anterior damage. In men, they occur more frequently with LH posterior damage.
• APRAXIA, or difficulty in selecting hand movements, is associated with LH frontal damage in women and with LH posterior damage in men.
![Page 8: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Functional Neuroimaging Differences
• EEG males more asym – Corsi-Cabrera et al, 1997; MEG Reite et al, 1995
![Page 9: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gender differences
VHS: Brain Sex #1 (Anything you…)
![Page 10: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Problem-Solving Tasks Favoring Women
• Women tend to perform better than men on tests of perceptual speed, in which subjects must rapidly identify matching items for example, pairing the house on the far left with its twin
![Page 11: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• In addition, women remember whether an object, or a series of objects, has been displaced
![Page 12: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• On some tests of ideational fluency, for example, those in which subjects must list objects that are the same color, and on tests of verbal fluency, in which participants must list words that begin with the same letter, women also outperform men
![Page 13: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Women do better on precision manual tasks-that is, those involving fine-motor coordination-such as placing the pegs in holes on a board:
![Page 14: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• And women do better than men on mathematical calculation tests:
![Page 15: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Problem-Solving Tasks Favoring Men
• Men tend to perform better than women on certain spatial tasks. They do well on tests that involve mentally rotating an object or manipulating it in some fashion, such as imagining turning this three-dimensional object
![Page 16: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Block Design
![Page 18: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• or determining where the holes punched in a folded piece of paper will fall when the paper is unfolded:
![Page 19: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Men also are more accurate than women in target-directed motor skills, such as guiding or intercepting projectiles:
![Page 20: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• They do better on disembedding tests, in which they have to find a simple shape, such as the one on the left, once it is hidden within a more complex figure:
![Page 21: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• And men tend to do better than women on tests of mathematical reasoning:
![Page 22: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Cognitive behavior• MOTOR • Target throwing & catching M>F Hall & Kimura, 1995• Fine motor skills F>M Nicholson & Kimura, 1996• SPATIAL• Mental rotation M>F Collins & Kimura, 1997• Spatial navigation M>F Astur et al, 2002• Geographical knowledge M>F Beatty & Troster, 1987• Spatial memory F>M McBurney et al, 1997• MATH APTITUDE• Computation F>M Hyde et al, 1990• Mathematical Reasoning M>F Benbow, 1988• PERCEPTION• Sensory sensitivity F>M Velle, 1987• Perceptual speed F>M Majeres, 1983• Facial/Body expression F>M, Hall 1984• Visual Recognition memory F>M McGivern et al, 1998• VERBAL• Fluency F>M Hyde & Linn, 1988• Verbal Memory F>M McGuinness et al, 1990
![Page 23: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mechanism(s) responsible for Gender Differences
• Interhemispheric: Females have greater callosal connectivity
• Intrahemispheric: Language organization differs by gender
• Strategic: Females employ verbal strategies more often (even for spatial tasks)
• Mediated: Difference due to other trait variables such as handedness, familial hand, cognitive style, maturation, hormonal!)
![Page 25: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TESTOSTERONE LEVELS• On a test in which women
usually excel (bottom), no relation is found between testosterone and performance.
![Page 26: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Methodologies
![Page 27: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Frequency Effects
![Page 28: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Note: Contralateral Pathway
![Page 29: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dichotic Listening
![Page 30: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
This and following slides from Eran Zaidel
![Page 31: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
+ home
Lexical Decision Task :Word or not?
![Page 33: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
toyn +
Lexical Decision Task -- example nonword
![Page 34: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
B
B
J
J
LVF RVF10
15
20
25
30
35P
erce
nt E
rror
s
Target
Unilateral Lexical Decision
680
690
700
710
720
Left RightVF
Mean
Late
ncy (
msec)
0
Canonical Effect for LH Specialization (RVFA)
![Page 35: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
TARGET + (DISTRACTER)
LDT With Distractors
![Page 36: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
LDT with Distractors
+park stop
![Page 37: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Control for reading scan bias by using Hebrew readers
![Page 38: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
64
68
72
76
80
LVF RVFVF
Mean
Accu
racy (
%)
+
-
Pre
Post NF
Lexical Decision Results: Example of Treatment Effects
![Page 39: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Within Condition
+
Nonsense (nonverbal) Shapes
![Page 40: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Between Condition
+
![Page 41: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Primary Color Task
+
![Page 42: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
+
Shade Task
![Page 43: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Faces - Head-on
+
![Page 47: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Faces - Rotated
+
![Page 48: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Abstract Concepts
![Page 50: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Concrete Concepts
![Page 51: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Info is processed by the hemisphere specialized for the material or task. – input transferred to
specialized hemisphere– VF Differences reflect
interhemispheric transfer time and info degradation.
Callosal Relay ModelCallosal Relay Model
![Page 52: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Hemisphere that gets the stimulus processes it
• VF differences reflect relative ability/efficiency of hemispheres.
• Both hemispheres do everything more or less well
Direct Access
![Page 53: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Uncrossed, LVF-Lh
![Page 60: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Crossed, RVF-Lh
![Page 61: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Redundant Target, Between, Uncrossed
![Page 62: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Race Inequality
20
40
60
80
100
150 200 250 300 350
Per
cent
iles
Reaction Times
LVF-Lh RVF-Lh Race
![Page 63: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Alerting Network (Norepinephrine)
Orienting Network (Acetylcholine)
Conflict Network (Dopamine)
![Page 65: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
CONGRUENT TARGET
time
VALID CUE
*
![Page 66: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
INCONGRUENT TARGETDOUBLE CUE
* *
time
![Page 67: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Gender Differences Structural Brain WeightMaleFemale Klekamp et al 1989, n=18;16) 12761104 Zilles (1972) 13081178 Wessely (1970; n=18,13) 13791231 Witelson](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649f4f5503460f94c706e6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
C O A
Mean
Laten
cy (m
sec)
LANT-RH
Pre PostPre PostPre Post
***
*
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
C O A
Mean
Laten
cy (m
sec)
Pre PostPre Post Pre Post
LANT-LH** *
‡