Gender Differences Gender Differences and Theoriesand TheoriesHow do we acquire our sense of How do we acquire our sense of male and female behavior?male and female behavior?

The Nature and The Nature and Nurture of GenderNurture of Gender X ChromosomeX Chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and the sex chromosome found in both men and womenwomen

females have two; males have onefemales have two; males have one an X chromosome from each parent produces an X chromosome from each parent produces

a female child ( XX)a female child ( XX) Y ChromosomeY Chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in men the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from the when paired with an X chromosome from the

mother, it produces a male child (XY)mother, it produces a male child (XY)

The Nature and The Nature and Nurture of GenderNurture of Gender TestosteroneTestosterone

the most significant of the male sex hormonesthe most significant of the male sex hormones both males and females have itboth males and females have it additional testosterone in males stimulates additional testosterone in males stimulates

growth of male sex organs in the fetusgrowth of male sex organs in the fetus development of male sex characteristics during development of male sex characteristics during

pubertypuberty Brain Differences?Brain Differences?

The Nature and The Nature and Nurture of GenderNurture of Gender

Gender RoleGender Role a set of expected behaviors for males and a set of expected behaviors for males and

femalesfemales

Gender IdentityGender Identity one’s sense of being male or femaleone’s sense of being male or female

Gender-TypingGender-Typing the acquisition and internalization of a the acquisition and internalization of a

traditional masculine or feminine roletraditional masculine or feminine role

Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory

Gender Typing or Sex Typing is a result Gender Typing or Sex Typing is a result of behavior that is learnedof behavior that is learned

Modeling or ObservationModeling or Observation Rewards and PunishmentsRewards and Punishments Sex Typing in the home survey resultsSex Typing in the home survey results

Sigmund Freud’s Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic`Psychoanalytic`

Basic Belief= Sex typing is Basic Belief= Sex typing is unavoidableunavoidable

Environment plays Environment plays NONO role in sex typing role in sex typing Children will become sex typed because Children will become sex typed because

of inborn genetic tendencies ( Nature)of inborn genetic tendencies ( Nature)

Freud’s Stages of Gender Freud’s Stages of Gender IdentificationIdentification

PHALLIC STAGE= PHALLIC STAGE= Children become Children become aware of genital aware of genital differences at age differences at age 2 1/2 to 3 2 1/2 to 3

OEDIPAL OEDIPAL CONFLICT=CONFLICT=

Boys desire MomBoys desire Mom Girls desire dad Girls desire dad

(Electra)(Electra) Unconscious processUnconscious process Occurs at age 5Occurs at age 5

Freud’s Stages of Gender Freud’s Stages of Gender IdentificationIdentification

IDENTIFICATION= IDENTIFICATION= Boys and girls act Boys and girls act like their same like their same gender parent and gender parent and become sex typed.become sex typed.

Occurs at age 6 or 7Occurs at age 6 or 7

Cognitive DevelopmentalCognitive Developmental

Children are active agents of there own Children are active agents of there own socializationsocialization

The process is internalThe process is internal ““I am a boy so I want to do boy things”I am a boy so I want to do boy things”

Gender Schema TheoryGender Schema Theory

Gender is a pervasive cultural forceGender is a pervasive cultural force It is one of the most influential forces on It is one of the most influential forces on

our behavior-expectations and limitsour behavior-expectations and limits It organizes the society and cultureIt organizes the society and culture Sandra BemSandra Bem