Gender and Social Exclusion

Sex vs. Gender

• Sex refers to the natural distinguishing variable based on biological characteristics of being a woman or a man. It refers to physical attributes pertaining to a person's body contours, features, genitals, hormones, genes, chromosomes and reproductive organs.

Sex vs. Gender

• Gender refers to roles, attitudes and values assigned by culture and society to women and men. They are created and maintained by social institutions such as families, governments, communities, schools, churches and media.

Gender Stereotyping

• Unexamined images, ideas or beliefs associated with a particular group that have become fixed in a person's mind and are not open to change. For example, women's roles, functions and abilities are seen to be primarily tied to the home.

Gender Stereotyping

• Ortega (2001). The Portrayal of Women in Television Commercials.

• Soto (2002). Women in the Tube.• Cas (2005). Gender Stereotypes in Textbooks.• Noriega, Sy (on-going). Homosexual

Stereotypes in Media• Amurao (on-going). Male Stereotypes in

Media

Gender Stereotyping

• Women are mainly seen as wives/ mothers.– 7 out of ten housewives prefer…– Laundry commercials: all women or parody.

• Men are seen as breadwinners (and incompetent around the house).

Advertisements with Mothers by Product

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Children's Health Baby Products Household Products

Source: Soto (2002)

Household Chores

010203040506070

% o

f men

/ wom

enNa

glul

uto

Nagl

ilini

sNa

glal

aba

Nag-

aala

gaNa

mam

alen

gke

Nag-

iigib

Asawang LalakiAsawang Babae

Source: ANINAW

Household Chores

0102030405060708090

100

% o

f men

/ wom

en

Nagl

ulut

oNa

glilin

isNa

glal

aba

Nag-

aala

gaNa

mam

alen

gke

Nag-

iigib

LalakiBabae

Source: ANINAW

Gender Socialization

• Gender stereotypes with respect to characteristics of men and women

Gender Stereotypes

Homosexual Female Male

Overtly effeminate Objects of pursuit Sexually aggressive

Cross-dressers Dependent/ weak Strong/ Powerful

Flamboyant Irrational Adventurous

Victims Quarrelsome Active

Humorous Nosey Incompetent in household chores

Promiscious Home-bound Has approval power

Voice-overs

Male60%

Female17%

Both2%

None21%

Source: Ortega (2001)

Gender Socialization

• 7 out of 13 advertisements for aesthetic products showed women as objects of pursuit.

• 40% of advertisements suggest “male reward” as the principal motivation for buying a product.

Economic Marginalization

• Non-valuation of household work• “Common property regimes” • Gender division of labor

Source: ncrfw.gov.ph

Labor Force Participation Rate

Economic Marginalization Faced by Women at Work

• Unequal pay for work of equal value• Last to be hired, first to be fired• Sexual harassment• Limited opportunities

Source: ncrfw.gov.ph

Gay occupations

• Parlor• Artistic/ creative work• Theater• Fashion

Multiple burden

• A situation referring to the heavy workload of women and the many, overlapping tasks involved, which if computed in terms of hours would total more than 24 hours. This workload consists of unpaid reproductive work, paid productive work, community management, and all other work necessary for the survival of the family.

“Superwoman”

I fought my way through the rush hour Trying to make it home just for you I want to make sure that your dinner Will be waiting for you But when you get there you just tell me You're not hungry at all You said you'd rather read the paper

And you don't want to talk

Subordination

• Submission, sometimes due to force or violence, or being under the authority of one sex. It often results in women having no control over available resources and having no personal autonomy.

• Family planning decisions.

Women in Elective Posts

Source: ncrfw.gov.ph

Government Positions by Sex

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% p

ositi

ons

1st level 2nd level 3rd level

MaleFemale

Violence Against Women

• 9% of women 18 years and older experienced physical abuse.

• 12% men admitted physically harming their wives

• Filipino boyfriends have physically harmed 89 per cent of women in non-married relationships at least once.

• Incestuous Rape

Gender and Social Exclusion