gender analysis of conflict -...
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Kompetenzzentrum FriedensförderungCentre pour la promotion de la paixCentro per la promozione della paceCenter for Peacebuilding
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Handout
Gender Analysis of Conflict
October 2012
Overall armed conflict and violence has a negative effect on the lives and life perspectives of women and men, girls and boys who experience and survive armed violence and war.
Both women and men suffer from war that includes traumas, abuses and loss of control over and access to important resources.
The impact of these changes is experienced in different ways. As a result, gender inequalities are often exacerbated during periods of armed conflict, this mechanism continues during post-conflict reconstruction. A gender analysis of armed conflict and violence makes visible how these changes unfold and helps to assesses the impact of those changes on women and men.
Why a Gender Analysis?
Gender analysis of conflict gives you a better understanding of social (power) relations at work and how they are influenced by violence, armed conflict and war: Gender analysis of conflict helps to understand:
• the different experiences of men and women, girls and boys before, during and after war and
armed conflicts;
• the different impact of violence and armed conflict on women and men, girls and boys;
• the way gender roles change during and after armed conflicts,
• the way gender-based inequalities both shape and are shaped by armed conflict, war, and
violence.
• The way gender intersects with other forms of social categories that can themselves be the
(primary) source of discrimination including age, class, ethnicity, religion, (dis)abilities, etc.
Gender Analysis of conflict examines the gender-specific dimensions of armed conflict by assessing:
• How are women and men, girls and boys affected by conflict?
• What are the gender-specific dimensions of the conflict during different phases of the conflict:
What role are women and men, girls and boys playing in before, during and after the conflict?
• How do gender roles and women’s and men’s status in society change during the different conflict
phases?
Kompetenzzentrum FriedensförderungCentre pour la promotion de la paixCentro per la promozione della paceCenter for Peacebuilding
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• Has the relationship between the sexes changed because of the conflict?
• Has the scope of action of women and men increased or decreased? What does that mean for the
chances and opportunities they have in life? And their prospect in post-conflict?
• Who is subject to what form of violence? Who commits acts of violence and what is the purpose?
What do communities do to counter such violence and how can our intervention help to respond to
it and support those who fight against it?
• Who is involved in peacemaking efforts? How are women and men involved? Who participates in
decisions concerning security and peace?
• Which gender issues are crucial to the peace process? How can these issues be integrated in the
peace process?
The Gender & Conflict Analytical Framework
The analytical framework takes the following into consideration:
Women and men1: • as social actors experience violence and conflict differently, both as victims and as perpetrators
• have different access to resources (including power and decision making) during conflict and
conditions of violence;
• as social actors have different roles, relations, and identities in peace-building and violence
reduction initiatives;
• may have different needs and interests on a practical level and in strategic interests.
1 based on Caroline O.N. Moser (1993)
Kompetenzzentrum FriedensförderungCentre pour la promotion de la paixCentro per la promozione della paceCenter for Peacebuilding
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Step-by-Step Guide to the Gender Analytical Framework of Conflict Circle 1: "Who is doing What?"- Gender Roles and Division of Labor
The analysis of the gender division of labor using “gender roles” is the first step of any gender analysis. In order to understand the „who“ it is necessary to understand women and men in all their diversity (age, class, ethnicity, race, religion, (dis)abilities).2
In situations of conflict, the question is, what are the changes? Example: in situations of armed conflict
• More women are becoming heads of households
• More women are becoming breadwinners of the family;
• Are women engaging armed fighting and/or other war supporting activities? What is their role?
Where are they changes?
• What is the impact?
• Is there a shift from women’s and men’s reproductive towards productive role? What are the gains
and losses for women and men in this process?
Circle 2: “Who is in Control?” - Women’s and men’s access to and control over resources
In conflict situations, important changes that occur next to the availability of resources, but also in terms of control over and access to resources. Resources can be economic, political and social, (time can be an important resource too). Based on differences in access to and control over resources disparities and inequalities are created and shaped What changes occur for example in control over/access to ones income, access to finances, credit or land, access to weapons? Where are differences between men and women for example in access to and control over information, physical mobility, physical integrity, political and civic rights, right to protection from sexual gender-based violence, access to justice, right to reparation etc. What rights are influencing access to and control over resources? Right to land titles? What inheritance rights exist? Documentation: Who is registered and is holding identity cards? This will influence access to for example: not only land titles, but also credit schemes, access and right to (widow, orphanage) pensions, etc. Circle 3: "Who has the Saying?” Women’s and Men’s Participation in Decision-making "Who" is participating in what kind of decisions? Here it is again important to understand the “who” in all its diversity, since many men alongside women are excluded from important decision-making that concerns their security and questions about war and peace. In situations of conflict the question is where are the changes at levels of participation. What kind of barriers and obstacles to participation exist for men and women? What kind of women and men (in all their diversity) face obstacles and barriers.
2 See also SDC Gender in Practice Fact Sheet, Sheet 4.
Kompetenzzentrum FriedensförderungCentre pour la promotion de la paixCentro per la promozione della paceCenter for Peacebuilding
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To fully understand the barriers and obstacles to meaningful participation, it is important to apply the analysis at different levels participation at the household, community, national and international level and understand how they are interrelated. Circle 4: „Who Needs What“- Women and Men (girls and boys) Gender-Specific Needs and Interests Due to differences in social status, as well as different access to resources and services, men and women have different needs and capacities to cope with the (negative) impact of conflict.
… and helps to assessing Female or Male Vulnerability
Risks are gender-specific and based on gender-specific roles, tasks and the socio-economic status of a person thus a stereotypical or binary constructions of victims/women and perpetrators/men are misleading.
A gender analysis brings to light the gender-specific vulnerabilities and capacities of individuals and groups by asking who is vulnerable to what kind of risk?
Phases and Levels of a Gender Analysis of Conflict Gender Analysis of Conflict ask to apply a gender lens at different levels of analysis in different stages of conflict Different Phases of Conflict
Based on Cynthia Cockburn’s framework, we can differentiate between three to four “main” stages of conflict3:
• pre-conflict situation– before armed violence
• open conflict– times of war and repression
• process of peacebuilding
• post-conflict situation
Note: Different phases of conflict are chaotic and phases often overlap. Yet, the distinction helps to get an understanding of shifting gender roles and the diversification of gender roles and norms during times of accelerated social and economic changes that are characteristic of armed conflicts and war.
Levels of Gender Analysis
Micro /meso/ macro level:
International / multilateral
National / State
Community
Individual / Household 3 Cockburn, Cynthia (2007), From where We Stand: War, Women’s Activism and Feminist Analysis. London and New York: Zed Books 2007.
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ANN
EX
Tabl
e be
low
sho
ws
exam
ples
of g
ende
r-sp
ecifi
c di
men
sion
s in
diff
eren
t pha
ses
of c
onfli
cts
and
at d
iffer
ent l
evel
s of
ana
lysi
s.
1) P
re-C
onfli
ct P
hase
Le
vels
of A
naly
sis
Feat
ures
of
conf
lict s
ituat
ion
Poss
ible
Gen
der-
spec
ific
dim
ensi
ons
Pers
onal
/Hou
seho
ld
In
crea
sed
phys
ical
vio
lenc
e
dom
estic
vio
lenc
e an
d G
BV a
gain
st w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n
Co
mm
unity
In
crea
sed
perc
eive
d an
d ex
perie
nced
inse
curit
y &
un
cert
aint
y
Wom
en a
nd m
en m
ay d
efin
e an
d pe
rcei
ve s
ecur
ity in
diff
eren
t way
s an
d he
nce
may
ha
ve d
iffer
ent s
ecur
ity n
eeds
. M
en h
ighl
y fru
stra
ted
by g
ener
al c
limat
e of
fear
, vio
lenc
e an
d jo
b un
cert
aint
y un
able
to
live
up
to tr
aditi
onal
not
ions
of „
man
lines
s“.
Nat
ion/
St
ate
Incr
ease
d m
ilita
rizat
ion
in s
ocie
ty;
Prop
agan
da in
tend
s to
mob
ilise
sup
port
for m
ilita
ry a
ctio
n.
The
med
ia m
ight
be
used
as
an in
stru
men
t for
(hat
e)
prop
agan
da a
nd e
thni
c sc
apeg
oatin
g Pe
ace
orga
nisa
tions
mob
ilise
aga
inst
mili
tariz
atio
n an
d m
ilita
ry a
ctio
n. T
he m
edia
mig
ht b
e us
ed a
s an
inst
rum
ent
for p
ropa
gand
a.
Appe
als
by n
atio
nal m
edia
and
pol
icy
mak
ing
to a
ste
reot
ypic
al u
nder
stan
ding
of
fem
inin
ity a
nd m
ascu
linity
are
pro
mot
ed a
nd p
erpe
tuat
ed.
Use
of g
ende
r im
ages
in p
oliti
cal m
obili
satio
n, e
.g. w
omen
sub
vers
ivel
y us
e tr
aditi
onal
imag
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith w
oman
hood
and
mot
herh
ood
to m
obili
se s
uppo
rt
for p
eace
.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ea
rly W
arni
ng S
yste
ms
Pr
even
tativ
e Di
plom
acy
Gen
eral
lack
of k
now
ledg
e an
d aw
aren
ess
of g
ende
r-re
late
d/sp
ecifi
c is
sues
(lik
e ge
nder
-bas
ed v
iole
nce,
wom
en‘s
hum
an ri
ghts
) W
omen
and
thei
r gen
der-
spec
ific
inte
rest
s ar
e of
ten
excl
uded
from
the
form
al
disc
ussi
ons
give
n th
eir l
ack
of p
artic
ipat
ion
and
acce
ss in
pre
-con
flict
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g or
gani
satio
ns a
nd in
stitu
tions
.
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Inte
rnat
iona
l int
erve
ntio
ns /i
nflu
x of
inte
rnat
iona
l sta
ff In
crea
sed
com
mer
cial
sex
trad
e (w
omen
traf
ficki
ng, f
orce
d pr
ostit
utio
n in
clud
ing
child
pro
stitu
tion)
2) O
pen
(esc
alat
ing)
Con
flict
Le
vels
of A
naly
sis
Feat
ures
of
conf
lict s
ituat
ion
Gen
der-
spec
ific
dim
ensi
ons
Pers
onal
/ Ho
useh
old
Ps
ycho
logi
cal T
raum
a, p
hysi
cal v
iole
nce,
cas
ualti
es &
de
ath;
Ho
useh
old
stru
ctur
es c
hang
e or
col
laps
e,
Men
tend
to b
e in
volv
ed in
figh
ting
as s
oldi
ers/
com
bata
nts.
Yet
, in
man
y co
nflic
ts,
wom
en m
ake
up s
igni
fican
t num
bers
of c
omba
tant
s. W
omen
are
par
t of t
he
“sup
port
ing
stru
ctur
es”
of m
ilita
ry g
roup
s/ar
mie
s (c
ooks
/mai
ds, s
pous
es/p
artn
ers,
pr
ostit
utes
, exs
sla
ves)
G
ende
r rel
atio
ns c
an b
e su
bjec
t to
stre
ss a
nd c
hang
e. T
he tr
aditi
onal
div
isio
n of
la
bour
with
in a
fam
ily m
ay b
e un
der p
ress
ure.
Sur
viva
l str
ateg
ies
ofte
n ne
cess
itate
ch
ange
s in
the
gend
er d
ivis
ion
of la
bour
. Wom
en m
ay b
ecom
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r an
incr
ease
d nu
mbe
r of d
epen
dent
s.
Wom
en’s
new
pol
itica
l rol
e (p
eace
mov
emen
t, re
sist
ance
, arm
ed s
trug
gle)
Ko
mp
eten
zzen
tru
m F
ried
ensf
örd
eru
ng
Cen
tre
po
ur
la p
rom
oti
on
de
la p
aix
Cen
tro
per
la p
rom
ozi
on
e d
ella
pac
eC
ente
r fo
r P
eace
bu
ildin
g
KO
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Com
mun
ity
Mat
eria
l sho
rtag
es (s
hort
ages
of f
ood,
hea
lth c
are,
w
ater
, fue
l, et
c)
Soci
al p
ress
ure
on m
en g
row
s M
en w
ho a
re n
ot in
volv
ed in
the
fight
ing
com
e un
der g
reat
er p
sych
olog
ical
and
so
cial
pre
ssur
e.
In ti
mes
of e
cono
mic
and
soc
ial h
ards
hip,
they
are
incr
easi
ngly
una
ble
prop
erly
to
fulfi
l the
ir so
cial
ly a
ssig
ned
role
s as
bre
ad- w
inne
rs a
nd h
eads
of h
ouse
hold
s.
Wom
en’s
role
as
prov
ider
of t
he e
very
day
need
s of
the
fam
ily m
ay m
ean
incr
ease
d st
ress
and
wor
k as
bas
ic g
oods
are
mor
e di
fficu
lt to
loca
te. G
irls
may
als
o fa
ce a
n in
crea
sed
wor
kloa
d.
Nat
ion/
Stat
e
Crea
tion
of re
fuge
es a
nd d
ispl
aced
peo
ple
Peop
le’s
abi
lity
to re
spon
d to
an
emer
genc
y si
tuat
ion
is in
fluen
ced
by w
heth
er th
ey
are
mal
e or
fem
ale.
Wom
en a
nd m
en re
fuge
es (a
s w
ell a
s bo
ys a
nd g
irls)
ofte
n ha
ve
diffe
rent
nee
ds a
nd p
riorit
ies.
In
tern
atio
nal
Dial
ogue
and
pea
ce n
egot
iatio
ns
Hum
anita
rian
inte
rven
tions
; Pea
ceke
epin
g m
issi
ons
Wom
en a
nd th
eir g
ende
r-sp
ecifi
c in
tere
sts
are
ofte
n ex
clud
ed fr
om th
e fo
rmal
di
scus
sion
s gi
ven
thei
r lac
k of
par
ticip
atio
n an
d ac
cess
in p
re-c
onfli
ct d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
orga
nisa
tions
and
inst
itutio
ns.
Incr
ease
d co
mm
erci
al s
ex tr
ade
(wom
en tr
affic
king
, for
ced
pros
titut
ion
incl
udin
g ch
ild p
rost
itutio
n);
Ko
mp
eten
zzen
tru
m F
ried
ensf
örd
eru
ng
Cen
tre
po
ur
la p
rom
oti
on
de
la p
aix
Cen
tro
per
la p
rom
ozi
on
e d
ella
pac
eC
ente
r fo
r P
eace
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ildin
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3) P
ost-C
onfli
ct &
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Phas
e
Leve
ls o
f Ana
lysi
s Fe
atur
es o
f co
nflic
t situ
atio
n G
ende
r-sp
ecifi
c di
men
sion
s
Pers
onal
/ Ho
useh
old
and
Com
mun
ity
Avai
labi
lity
of s
mal
l and
ligh
t arm
s;
Viol
ence
as
a m
eans
to s
olve
con
flict
is a
ccep
ted
Mal
e do
min
ated
pol
itics
- de
cisi
on o
ver f
utur
e se
t up
of
soci
ety.
.. N
etw
orks
of p
atro
nage
and
kin
ship
con
tinue
.
Dom
estic
vio
lenc
e an
d ot
her f
orm
s of
gen
der-
base
d vi
olen
ce a
nd h
uman
righ
ts
viol
atio
ns re
mai
n hi
gh a
nd c
ontin
ue a
fter c
ease
fire
agr
eem
ents
. Why
? (a
vaila
bilit
y of
wea
pons
, “br
utal
izat
ion
of w
ar, r
egai
ning
mas
culin
e se
lf-es
teem
in o
wn
fam
ily,
com
mun
ity)
In m
any
post
-con
flict
situ
atio
ns, t
he m
ost o
bvio
us n
egat
ive
cons
eque
nces
incl
ude
soci
al e
xclu
sion
and
soc
io-c
ultu
ral d
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t wom
en.
Wom
en’s
exc
lusi
on fr
om d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
proc
esse
s
Nat
ion/
Stat
e &
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Mal
e do
min
ated
pol
itics
- de
cisi
on o
ver f
utur
e se
t up
of
soci
ety.
.. Ho
ldin
g of
ele
ctio
ns a
nd P
oliti
cal p
artie
s as
gat
ekee
pers
De
mob
ilisa
tion
of c
omba
tant
s In
tern
’l in
vest
men
ts in
em
ploy
men
t cre
atio
n, h
ealth
car
e,
etc.
Polit
ical
act
ivity
evo
lves
aro
und
mal
e-do
min
ated
“pe
ace
talk
s”, -
man
y se
para
te
offic
ial a
nd u
noffi
cial
“se
cret
” ne
gotia
tions
, mos
tly w
ithou
t inv
olvi
ng c
ivil
soci
ety
and
acad
emia
. Th
ese
talk
s co
ver t
he m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t con
flict
issu
es a
nd s
houl
d le
ad to
a “
new
” Co
nstit
utio
n, le
gal a
nd s
ocia
l ref
orm
s in
the
real
m o
f gov
erna
nce
and
hum
an ri
ghts
, re
patr
iatio
n of
refu
gees
, dem
obili
satio
n of
sol
dier
s,...
W
omen
face
spe
cific
obs
tacl
es in
vot
ing,
in s
tand
ing
for e
lect
ion
and
in h
avin
g ge
nder
equ
ality
issu
es d
iscu
ssed
as
elec
tion
issu
es. Q
uota
s ar
e im
port
ant f
irst s
tep,
bu
t not
eno
ugh.
Co
mba
tant
s of
ten
assu
med
to b
e al
l mal
e. If
prio
rity
is g
rant
ed to
you
ng m
en,
wom
en d
o no
t ben
efit
from
land
allo
catio
ns, c
redi
t sch
emes
, etc
. Re
cons
truc
tion
prog
ram
mes
may
not
reco
gniz
e or
giv
e pr
iorit
y to
sup
port
ing
fem
ale
heal
th n
eeds
, dom
estic
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
or n
eeds
for s
kills
trai
ning
& c
redi
t.
Ko
mp
eten
zzen
tru
m F
ried
ensf
örd
eru
ng
Cen
tre
po
ur
la p
rom
oti
on
de
la p
aix
Cen
tro
per
la p
rom
ozi
on
e d
ella
pac
eC
ente
r fo
r P
eace
bu
ildin
g
KO
FF
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Kompetenzzentrum FriedensförderungCentre pour la promotion de la paixCentro per la promozione della paceCenter for Peacebuilding
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Sources
Cockburn, Cynthia (2007),From where We Stand: War, Women’s Activism and Feminist Analysis. London and New York: Zed Books 2007.
Cockburn, Cynthia (2010), 20th March 2010 talk for WILPF, in WPP Report on Masculinities.
Moser, Carolione O.N. (2001) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence. Edt. by C Moser and F Clark. , 2001.
Reimann, Cordula 2004: Roles of Women and Men in Violent Conflict. Centre for Peacebuilding KOFF Info Sheet.
UN WOMEN (2012), Policy Briefing Paper Gender and Conflict Analysis in UN WOMEN Source Book
SDC (2003), Toolkit „Gender in Practice“ Fact Sheet. DEZA publication.