geirfa technegol aba - behavior analyst certification … technegol aba ... health board. the...
TRANSCRIPT
GeirfatechnegolABAGlossaryofABAtechnicalterms
Gol./Eds.
Jones,E.W.,Hughes,J.C.,Williams,B.M.,Moseley,Y.,Jones,B.,Hughes,D.R.,Hoerger,M.,&Prys,D.
PrifysgolBangor(CanolfanDadansoddiYmddygiadCymru,yrYsgolSeicolegacUnedTechnolegIaithCanolfanBedwyr),AdranAddysgGwynedd,BwrddIechydLleolPrifysgol
BetsiCadwaladr
Fersiwn/Version1.0
Awst/August2011
Cyflwyniad
GeirfatechnegolABA–GlossaryofABAtechnicaltermsyw’rcyfieithiadcyntafSaesneg–Cymraegodermaucyffredinsy’ncaeleudefnyddioymmaesDadansoddiYmddygiadCymhwysol(ABA).Nidhawddywcyfieithutermau,ynenwedigwrthddefnyddiotermautechnegolfelyrhaisy’narfercaeleudefnyddioymmaesABA.
Pwrpasyprosiectymayw:1.AnnogcysondebynydefnyddodermautechnegolABAmewnsefyllfaoeddllemae’rGymraegyngyfrwng;2.CeisiocyfieithutermauABAi’rGymraeg,ganddefnyddiogeirfasy’ngysongyda’rdiffiniadauSaesneg,achanddefnyddiotermausy’ndebygologaeleudefnyddioofewnysefyllfaoeddyma,a3.Cyfrannuathyrwyddo’rdefnyddoymarferarsailtystiolaethmewncyd‐destunnaucymhwysolyngNghymrullemaeABAyncaeleiddefnyddio.
Prosiectarwaithywhwn,arydymyngobeithioybyddyfersiwnymayncaeleiaddasu,eiolygua’iymestyndrosyblynyddoeddnesaf.Mae’rgwaithymaynganlyniadogydweithiogangrŵpoboblsyddwediymrwymoiddatblyguDadansoddiYmddygiadCymhwysol(ABA)drwygyfrwngyGymraeg.Mae’rrhanfwyafohonyntynaelodauoGrŵpCymraegABA,sy’nGymunedDdysguBroffesiynnolyncynrychioliCanolfanDadansoddiYmddygiadCymru,yrYsgolSeicoleg,PrifysgolBangor,AdranAddysgLeolGwynedd,aBwrddIechydPrifysgolBetsiCadwaladr.Trefnirygeiriadurynôlyrwyddor,ynôlytermauSaesneg.
Introduction
TheGeirfatechnegolABA–GlossaryofABAtechnicaltermsisthefirsttranslationoftermscommonlyusedinAppliedBehaviourAnalysis(ABA)fromEnglishintoWelsh.TranslatingtermsfromonelanguagetoanotherisnotastraightforwardendeavourandthisisespeciallysowhentranslatingtechnicaltermslikethosetypicallyusedinABA.
Theaimsofthisprojectare:1.ToencourageconsistencyofuseoftechnicalABAtermsinWelshmediumsettings;2.ToattempttotranslateABAtermsintoWelshthatisconsistentwiththetechnicaldefinitionsandusingtermsthatarelikelytobeusedinthesesettings;and3.TocontributetothepromotionofevidencedbasedpractiseinappliedsettingsacrossWaleswhereABAisbeingused.
Thisisanongoingprojectandwehopethatthisfirstdraftwillbeadapted,editedandextendedoverthecomingyears.ThisworkistheoutcomeofacollaborationofagroupofpeoplewhoarecommittedtodevelopingAppliedBehaviourAnalysisthroughthemediumofWelsh.MostofthesepeoplearemembersoftheGrŵpCymraegABA,aProfessionalLearningCommunityrepresenting:WalesCentreforBehaviourAnalysis,SchoolofPsychology,BangorUniversity;GwyneddLocalEducationAuthority;andBetsiCadwaladrUniversityHealthBoard.ThedictionaryisorganisedalphabeticallybyEnglishterms.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 1
GeirfatechnegolABA–GlossaryofABAtechnicalterms
Saesneg/English
Cymraeg/Welsh
Diffiniad/Definition
ABdesign CynllunAB Atwo‐phaseexperimentaldesignconsistingofapre‐treatmentbaselinecondition(A)followedbyatreatmentcondition(B).
ABA DYC/ABA AppliedBehaviourAnalysis.Seebelow.
ABA–AppliedBehaviourAnalysis
ABA–DYC‐DadansoddiYmddygiadCymhwysol
Thescienceinwhichtacticsarederivedfromtheprinciplesofbehaviourandappliedtoimprovesociallysignificantbehaviourandexperimentationisusedtoidentifythevariablesresponsiblefortheimprovementinbehaviour.
ABAdesign CynllunABA Athreephaseexperimentaldesignconsistingofaninitialbaselinephase(A)untilsteadystateresponding(orcounter‐therapeutictrend)isobtained,aninterventionphaseinwhichthetreatmentcondition(B)isimplementeduntilthebehaviourhaschangedandsteadystaterespondingisobtained,andareturntobaselineconditions(A)bywithdrawingtheindependentvariabletoseewhetherresponding“reverses”tolevelsobservedintheinitialbaselinephase.
ABAtargets TargedauABA GoalsforanABAprogramme,setbytheteacher,basedonanassessmentofthestudent’scurrentskills.
ABABdesign CynllunABAB Anexperimentaldesignconsistingof(1)aninitialbaselinephase(A)untilsteadystateresponding(orcounter‐therapeutictrend)isobtained,(2)aninitialinterventionphaseinwhichtreatmentvariable(B)isimplementeduntilthebehaviourhaschangedandsteadystaterespondingisobtained,(3)areturntobaselineconditions(A)bywithdrawingtheindependentvariabletoseewhetherresponding“reverses”tolevelsobservedintheinitialbaselinephase,and(4)asecondinterventionphase(B)toseewhetherinitialtreatmenteffectsarereplicated(alsocalledreversaldesign,withdrawaldesign).
Abativeeffect(ofamotivatingoperation)
Effaithleihau(gweithrediadcymhellol)
Adecreaseinthecurrentfrequencyofbehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedbythestimulusthatisincreasedinreinforcingeffectivenessbythesamemotivatingoperation.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 2
ABC Abîec Antecedent‐behaviour‐consequence.
ABCChart SiartABC/Abiec ArecordingcharttorecordABCs.Theaimofsucharecordistofacilitatefunctionalassessment.
ABCrecording CofnodiAbiec Seeanecdotalobservation.
ABLLS ABLLS TheAssessmentofBasicLanguageandLearningSkills(ABLLs)isacriterionreferencedassessment,curriculumguide,andskillstrackingsystemforusewithchildrenwhohaveautismorotherdevelopmentaldisabilities.Itassessesstrengthsandweaknessesinlanguage,academic,self‐help,andmotorskillsandthenimplementsandmonitorsindividualizedintervention.(EducationServiceCentrewww.escweb.net).
Abolishingoperation
Gweithrediaddileu
Amotivatingoperationthatdecreasesthereinforcingeffectivenessofastimulus,object,oreventanddecreasestheprobabilityofbehavioursthathavepreviouslyresultedinthatstimulus.Forexample,thereinforcingeffectivenessoffoodisabolishedasaresultoffoodingestion.
AcceptanceandCommitmenttherapy
TherapiDerbynacYmrwymo(ThDY)
Oneofthethirdwavetherapies:drawingonverbalbehaviour,ACTutilisescreativehopelessnesstoacceptpsychologicaldistressinapositivewaywhilstmakingdecisionsbasedonone’svalues.
Accuracy Cywirdeb Theextenttowhichobservedvalues,thedataproducedbymeasuringanevent,matchthetruestate,ortruevaluesoftheeventasitexistsinnature.
Acquisition Caffael Theadditionofanewbehaviourtoanorganism’srepertoire.
Acquisitionphase
Cyfnodcaffael Thephaseinaneducationprogrammewhenthestudentislearninganewbehaviourbuthasnotmasteredtheskillasyet.
ActivitiesofDailyLiving
Sgiliaubeunyddiol/Sgiliaubywbobdydd
Alistofactivities/skillsthatareneededonadailybasistoconductdailyroutines,e.g.personalcare,domesticskills,communitylivingskillsetc.
Activity Gweithgaredd Aconditioninwhichtheorganismisengaged.
Activityschedule
Rhaglenweithgareddau
Programmeofactivities.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 3
Alternatingtreatmentsdesign
Cynlluntriniaethaubobynail
Anexperimentaldesigninwhichtwoormoreconditions(oneofwhichmaybeano‐treatmentcontrolcondition)arepresentedinrapidlyalternatingsuccession(e.g.onalternatingsessionsordays)independentofthelevelofresponding;differencesinrespondingbetweenoramongconditionsareattributedtotheeffectsoftheconditions(alsocalledconcurrentscheduledesign,multielementdesign,multiplescheduledesign).
Anecdotalobservation
Arsylwianecdotaidd
Aformofdirect,continuousobservationinwhichtheobserverrecords,adescriptive,temporallysequencedaccountofallbehaviour(s)ofinterestandtheantecedentconditionsandconsequencesforthosebehavioursasthoseeventsoccurintheclient’snaturalenvironment(alsocalledABCrecording).
Antecedent Rhagflaenydd Anenvironmentalconditionorstimuluschangeexistingoroccurringpriortoabehaviourofinterest.
Antecedentcontrol
Rheolaethrhagflaenydd
Atermusedtodescribethesituationwhenatargetbehaviourispredictedreliablybytheenvironmentalcondition/stimulusthatprecedestheoccurrenceofthatbehaviour.
Antecedentintervention
Triniaethrhagflaenydd
Abehaviourchangestrategythatmanipulatescontingency‐independentantecedentstimuli(motivatingoperations).Seenon‐contingentreinforcement,andhigh‐probabilityrequestsequence.Contrastwithantecedentcontrol,abehaviourchangeinterventionthatmanipulatescontingency‐dependentconsequenceeventstoaffectstimuluscontrol.
Antecedentstimulusclass
Categoriysgogiadrhagflaenydd
Asetofstimulithatshareacommonrelationship.Allstimuliinantecedentstimulusclasscanevokethesameoperantbehaviour,orelicitthesamerespondentbehaviour.
Arbitrarystimulusclass
Categoriysgogiadmympwyol
Antecedentstimulievokethesameresponsebutdonotresembleeachotherinphysicalformorsharearelationalaspectsuchasbiggerorunder(e.g.peanuts,cheese,coconutmilk,andchickenbreastsaremembersofthesamearbitrarystimulusclassiftheyevoketheresponse“sourcesofprotein”).
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 4
Artifact Artiffact Anoutcomeorresultthatappearstoexistbecauseofthewayitismeasuredbutinfactdoesnotcorrespondtowhatactuallyoccurred.
Ascendingbaseline
Gwaelodlinesgynnol/Gwaelodlinsy’nmyndifyny
Adatapaththatshowsanincreasingtrendintheresponsemeasureovertime.(Comparewithdescendingbaseline).
Attention Talusylw Orientingtowards,focusingon,takingnotice.
Audience Cynulleidfa Observers(ofbehaviour).
Auditory Clywedol Relatingtothesenseofhearing.
AutismSpectrumDisorders
AnhwylderauSbectrwmAwtistaidd
Agroupofdisorderscharacterisedbyimpairmentsinsocialandcommunicativebehavioursaswellasrigidthoughtsandbehaviourpatterns.
Autoclitic Awtoclitig Asecondaryverbaloperantinwhichsomeaspectofaspeaker’sownverbalbehaviourfunctionsasanSdoranMOforadditionalspeakerverbalbehaviour.Theautocliticrelationcanbethoughtofasverbalbehaviouraboutverbalbehaviour.
Automaticpunishment
Cosbawtomatig Punishmentthatoccursindependentofthesocialmediationbyothers(i.e.aresponseproductservesasapunisherindependentofthesocialenvironment).
Automaticreinforcement
Atgyfnerthuawtomatig
Reinforcementthatoccursindependentofthesocialmediationofothers(e.g.scratchinganinsectbiterelievestheitch).
Automaticity(ofreinforcement)
Awtomatigiaeth Referstothefactthatbehaviourismodifiedbyitsconsequencesirrespectiveoftheperson’sawareness;apersondoesnothavetorecognizeorverbalizetherelationbetweenherbehaviourandareinforcingconsequence,orevenknowthataconsequencehasoccurred,forreinforcementto“work”.(Contrastwithautomaticreinforcement).
Aversivestimulus
Ysgogiadannymunol
Ingeneral,anunpleasantornoxiousstimulus;moretechnically,astimuluschangeorconditionthatfunctions(a)toevokeabehaviourthathasterminateditinthepast;(b)asapunisherwhenpresentedfollowingbehaviour,and/or(c)asareinforcerwhenwithdrawnfollowingbehaviour.
Avoidance Osgoi Preventingsomethingfromhappening.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 5
Avoidancecontingency
Amodoldebosgoi
Acontingencyinwhicharesponsepreventsorpostponesthepresentationofastimulus.
Backupreinforcer
Atgyfnerthyddwrthgefn
Reinforcersusedinatokeneconomy.Astudentreceivestokensfordesirablebehavioursandexchangesaspecifiednumberoftokensforanyofavarietyofbackupreinforcers.
Backwardchaining
Ôl‐gadwyno Ateachingprocedureinwhichatrainercompletesallbutthelastbehaviourinachain,whichisperformedbythelearner,whothenreceivesreinforcementforcompletingthechain.Whenthelearnershowscompetenceinperformingthefinalstepinthechain,thetrainerperformsallbutthelasttwobehavioursinthechain,thelearneremitsthefinaltwostepstocompletethechain,andreinforcementisdelivered.Thissequenceiscontinueduntilthelearnercompletestheentirechainindependently.
Backwardchainingwithleapsahead
Ôl‐gadwynoganneidioymlaen
Abackwardchainingprocedureinwhichsomestepsinthetaskanalysisareskipped;usedtoincreasetheefficiencyofteachinglongbehaviourchainswhenthereisevidencethattheskippedstepsareinthelearner’srepertoire.
Bargraph Graffbar Asimpleandversatilegraphicformatforsummarisingbehaviouraldata;sharesmostofthelinegraph’sfeaturesexceptthatitdoesnothavedistinctdatapointsrepresentingsuccessiveresponsemeasuresthroughtime.Alsocalledahistogram.
Baseline Gwaelodlin Aconditionofanexperimentinwhichtheindependentvariableisnotpresent,dataobtainedduringbaselinearethebasisfordeterminingtheeffectsoftheindependentvariable.
Behaviour Ymddygiad Theactivityoflivingorganisms:humanbehaviourincludeseverythingthatpeopledo.Atechnicaldefinition:“thatportionofanorganism’sinteractionwithitsenvironmentthatischaracterisedbydetectabledisplacementinspacethroughtimeofsomepartoftheorganismandthatresultsinameasurablechangeinatleastoneaspectoftheenvironment”(Johnston&Pennypacker,1993,p.23)
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 6
Behaviouralteringeffect(ofamotivatingoperation)
Effaithnewidymddygiadol(gweithrediadcymhellol)
Analterationinthecurrentfrequencyofbehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedbythestimulusthatisalteredineffectivenessbythesamemotivatingoperation.Forexample,thefrequencyofbehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedwithfoodisincreasedordecreasedbyfooddeprivationorfoodingestion.
Behaviourchain
Cadwynymddygiad
Asequenceofresponsesinwhicheachresponseproducesastimuluschangethatfunctionsasconditionedreinforcementforthatresponseandasadiscriminativestimulusforthenextresponseinthechain:reinforcementforthelastresponseinachainmaintainsthereinforcingeffectivenessofthestimuluschangesproducedbyallpreviousresponsesinthechain.
Behavioural Ymddygiadol Referstobehaviour.
Behaviouralcontract
Cytundebymddygiad
Contingencycontract.Awrittendocumentthatspecifiesparticulartargetbehavioursforapersonandtheconsequencesthatwillbecontingentontheoccurrenceornon‐occurrenceofthebehaviourinastatedperiodoftime.
Behaviouralcusp
Colynymddygiadol
Abehaviourthathassuddenanddramaticconsequencesthatextendwellbeyondtheidiosyncraticchangeitselfbecauseitexposesthepersontonewenvironments,reinforcers,contingencies,responsesandstimuluscontrols.
Behaviouraldeficit
Ymddygiaddiffygiol
Adesirabletargetbehaviourthatapersonseekstoincreaseinfrequency,duration,orintensity.
Behaviouralexcess
Ymddygiadgormodol
Anundesirabletargetbehaviourthatapersonseekstodecreaseinfrequency,duration,orintensity.
Behaviouralmomentum
Momentwmymddygiadol
Ametaphortodescribearateofrespondinganditsresistancetochange.
Behaviourism Ymddygiadaeth Thephilosophyofascienceofbehaviour.
Believability Credadwyedd Theextenttowhichtheresearcherconvincesherselfandothersthatthedataaretrustworthyanddeserveinterpretation.Measuresofinterobserveragreement(IOA)arethemostoftenusedindexofbelievabilityinappliedbehaviouranalysis.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 7
Celeration Cynnydd Thechange(accelerationordeceleration)inrateofrespondingovertime;basedoncountperunitoftime(rate);expressedasafactorbywhichrespondingisacceleratingordecelerating(multiplyingordividing);displayedwithatrendlineonaStandardCelerationChart.Celerationisagenerictermwithoutspecificreferencetoacceleratingordeceleratingratesofresponse.(SeeStandardCelerationChart).
Celerationtimeperiod
Cyfnodamsercynnydd
Aunitoftime(e.g.perweek,permonth)inwhichcelerationisplottedonaStandardCelerationChart.
Celerationtrendline
Tueddlincynnydd
Thecelerationtrendlineismeasuredasafactorbywhichratemultipliesordividesacrossthecelerationtimeperiods(e.g.rateperweek,ratepermonth,rateperyear,andrateperdecade).Seeceleration).
Chainedschedule
Rhaglengadwynedig
Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichtheresponserequirementsoftwoormorebasicschedulesmustbemetinaspecificsequencebeforereinforcementisdelivered;adiscriminativestimulusiscorrelatedwitheachcomponentoftheschedule.
Chaining Cadwyno Variousproceduresforteachingbehaviourchains.(Seebackwardchaining,backwardchainingwithleapsahead,behaviourchain,forwardchaining).
Changingcriteriondesign
Cynllunmeiniprawfnewidiol
Anexperimentaldesigninwhichaninitialbaselinephaseisfollowedbyaseriesoftreatmentphasesconsistingofsuccessiveandgraduallychangingcriteriaforreinforcementorpunishment.Experimentalcontrolisevidencedbytheextentthelevelofrespondingchangestoconformtoeachnewcriterion.
Choice Dewis Thedistributionofoperantbehaviouramongalternativesourcesofreinforcement.
Classicalconditioning
Cyflyruclasurol Seerespondentconditioning.
Classroombehaviourchecklist
Rhestrymddygiaddosbarth
Usuallyreferstoalistofbehaviourspresentordesirableintheclassroomenvironment.
Clickertraining
Hyfforddiantclicyr
Atermdescribingshapingbehaviourusingconditionedreinforcementintheformofanauditorystimulus,usuallyaclick.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 8
Competingresponse
Ymatebcystadleuol
Analternativebehaviourthatoccursinplaceofanothertargetbehaviour.Typically,thecompetingresponseisphysicallyincompatiblewiththetargetbehaviour,soitsoccurrencecompeteswiththeoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviour.
Componentanalysis
Dadansoddiadcydrannol
Anyexperimentdesignedtoidentifytheactiveelementsofatreatmentcondition,therelativecontributionsofdifferentvariablesinatreatmentpackage,and/orthenecessaryandsufficientcomponentsofanintervention.Componentanalysestakemanyforms,butthebasicstrategyistocomparelevelsofrespondingacrosssuccessivephasesinwhichtheinterventionisimplementedwithoneormorecomponentsleftout.
Compoundschedule
Scediwlcyfansawdd
Ascheduleofreinforcementconsistingoftwoormoreelementsofcontinuousreinforcement(CRF),thefourintermittentschedulesofreinforcement(FR,VR,FI,VI),differentialreinforcementofvariousratesofresponding(DRH,DRL),andextinction.Theelementsformthesebasicschedulescanoccursuccessivelyorsimultaneouslyandwithorwithoutdiscriminativestimuli;reinforcementmaybecontingentonmeetingtherequirementsofeachelementofthescheduleindependentlyorincombinationwithallelements.
Conceptformation
Ffurfiocysyniadau
Acomplexexampleofstimuluscontrolthatrequiresstimulusgeneralisationwithinaclassofstimulianddiscriminationbetweenclassesofstimuli.
Concurrentschedule(ofreinforcement)
Scediwlatgyfnerthucydamserol
Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichtwoormorecontingenciesofreinforcement(elements)operateindependentlyandsimultaneouslyfortwoormorebehaviours.
Condition Cyflyru Toteach/learnaparticularresponsetoaparticularstimulus.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 9
Conditionalprobability
Tebygolrwyddamodol
Thelikelihoodthatatargetbehaviourwilloccurinagivencircumstance;computedbycalculating(a)theproportionofoccurrencesofbehaviourthatwereprecededbyaspecificantecedentvariableand(b)theproportionofoccurrencesofproblembehaviourthatwerefollowedbyaspecificconsequence.Conditionalprobabilitiesrangefrom0.0to1.0;theclosertheconditionalprobabilityisto1.0,thestrongertherelationshipisbetweenthetargetbehaviourandtheantecedent/consequencevariable.
Conditioned Cyflyriedig Learned.
Conditionedmotivatingoperation(CMO)
Gweithrediadcymhellolcyflyriedig
Amotivatingoperationwhosevalue‐alteringeffectdependsonalearninghistory.Forexample,becauseoftherelationbetweenlockeddoorsandkeys,havingtoopenalockeddoorisaCMOthatmakeskeysmoreeffectiveasreinforcers,andevokesbehaviourthathasobtainedsuchkeys.
Conditionednegativereinforcer
Atgyfnerthyddnegyddolcyflyriedig
Apreviouslyneutralstimuluschangethatfunctionsasanegativereinforcerbecauseofpriorpairingwithoneormorenegativereinforcers.(Seenegativereinforcer;comparewithunconditionednegativereinforcer).
Conditionedpunisher
Cosbgyflyriedig Apreviouslyneutralstimuluschangethatfunctionsasapunisherbecauseofpriorpairingwithoneormoreotherpunishers;sometimescalledsecondaryorlearnedpunisher.(Comparewithunconditionedpunisher).
Conditionedreflex
Atgyrchcyflyriedig
Alearnedstimulus‐responsefunctionalrelationconsistingofanantecedentstimulus(e.g.soundofrefrigeratordooropening)andtheresponseitelicits(e.g.salivation);eachperson’srepertoireofconditionedreflexesistheproductofhisorherhistoryofinteractionswiththeenvironment(ontogeny).(Seerespondentconditioning,unconditionedreflex).
Conditionedreinforcer
Atgyfnerthyddcyflyriedig
Astimuluschangethatfunctionsasareinforcerbecauseofpriorpairingwithoneormoreotherreinforcers;sometimescalledsecondaryorlearnedreinforcer.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 10
Conditionedstimulus
Ysgogiadcyflyriedig
Thestimuluscomponentofaconditionedreflex;aformerlyneutralstimuluschangethatelicitsrespondentbehaviouronlyafterithasbeenpairedwithanunconditionedstimulus(US)oranotherCS.
Confidentiality Cyfrinachedd Describesasituationoftrustinsofarasinformationregardingapersonreceivingorhavingreceivedservicesmaynotbediscussedwithorotherwisemadeavailabletoanotherpersonorgroup,unlessthatpersonhasprovidedexplicitauthorizationforreleaseofsuchinformation.
Confoundingvariable
Newidyndryslyd
Anuncontrolledfactorknownorsuspectedtoexertinfluenceonthedependentvariable.
Consequence Canlyniad Astimuluschangethatfollowsabehaviourofinterest.Someconsequences,especiallythosethatareimmediateandrelevanttocurrentmotivationalstates,havesignificantinfluenceoffuturebehaviour,othershavelittleeffect.
Contingency Amodoldeb Referstodependentand/ortemporalrelationsbetweenoperantbehaviouranditscontrollingvariables.
Contingencycontract
Cytundebamodol
Amutuallyagreedupondocumentbetweenpartiesthatspecifiesacontingentrelationshipbetweenthecompletionofspecifiedbehavioursandaccesstospecifiedreinforcers.
Contingencyreversal
Gwrthdroiamodau
Exchangingthereinforcementcontingenciesfortwotopographicallydifferentresponses.Forexample,ifBehaviourAresultsinreinforcementonanFR1scheduleofreinforcementandBehaviourBresultsinreinforcementbeingwithheld(extinction);acontingencyreversalconsistsofchangingthecontingenciessuchthatBehaviourAnowresultsinextinctionandBehaviourBresultsinreinforcementonanFR1schedule.
Contingent Amodol Describesreinforcement(orpunishment)thatisdeliveredonlyafterthetargetbehaviourhasoccurred.
Contingentobservation
Arsylwiamodol Aprocedureforimplementingtime‐outinwhichthepersonisrepositionedwithinanexistingsettingsuchthatobservationofongoingactivitiesremains,butaccesstoreinforcementislost.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 11
Continuousmeasurement
Mesurdi‐dor Measurementconductedinamannersuchthatallinstancesoftheresponseclass(es)ofinterestaredetectedduringtheobservationperiod.
Continuousreinforcement(CRF)
Atgyfnerthubobtro
Ascheduleofreinforcementthatprovidesreinforcementforeachoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviour.
Contrivedcontingency
Amodoldebgwneud
Anycontingencyofreinforcement(orpunishment)designedandimplementedbyabehaviouranalystorpractitionertoachievetheacquisition,maintenance,and/orgeneralizationofatargetedbehaviourchange.(Contrastwithnaturallyexistingcontingency).
Count Cyfrif Asimpletallyofthenumberofoccurrencesofabehaviour.Thedurationoftheobservationperiod,orcountingtime,shouldalwaysbenotedwhenreportingcountmeasures.
Countingtime Amsercyfrif Theperiodoftimeinwhichacountofthenumberofresponsesemittedwasrecorded.
Covertbehaviour
Ymddygiadcudd Behaviourthatisnotobservabletoothers.Covertbehavioursarealsocalledprivateevents.
Criterion Maenprawf Thestandardusedtoindicatewhenabehaviouralgoalhasbeenreached;orthespecificationofanacceptablelevelofperformancethatanindividualistoachieve.Criteriaarecomposedofbehaviouraldimensionsandareusedtoevaluatethesuccessofagivenbehaviouranalysisprogramme.
Cumulativerecord
Cofnodcronnus Atypeofgraphonwhichthecumulativenumberofresponsesemittedisrepresentedontheverticalaxis;thesteepertheslopeofthedatapath,thegreatertheresponserate.
Curriculum Cwricwlwm Acurriculumcomprisesalllearningandotherexperiencesthateachsettingplansforitschildrentodevelopsocially,morally,culturally,physicallyandmentallyandarepreparedfortheopportunitiesandexperiencesofadultlife.(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup:http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm)
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 12
Data Data Theproductofmeasurement,usuallyinquantifiableform;inappliedbehaviouranalysis;itreferstomeasuresofsomequantifiabledimensionsofabehaviour.
Datadriven Saildata Decisionsmadewithreferencetoevidencegatheredfrommeasurement.
Datapath Llwybrdata Thelevelandtrendofbehaviourbetweensuccessivedatapoints;createdbydrawingastraightlinefromthecentreofeachdatapointinagivendatasettothecentreofthenextdatapointinthesameset.
Dependentvariable
Newidyndibynnol
Thevariableinanexperimentmeasuredtodetermineifitchangesasaresultofmanipulationsoftheindependentvariable;inappliedbehaviouranalysis,itrepresentssomemeasureofasociallysignificantbehaviour.(Seetargetbehaviour,comparewithindependentvariable).
Deprivation Amddifadiad Thestateofanorganismwithrespecttohowmuchtimehaselapsedsinceithasconsumedorcontactedaparticulartypeofreinforcer,alsoreferstoaprocedureforincreasingtheeffectivenessofareinforcer(e.g.with‐holdingaperson’saccesstoareinforcerforaspecifiedperiodoftimepriortoasession).
Descendingbaseline
Gwaelodlindisgynnol/Gwaelodlinsy’ndodilawr
Adatapaththatshowsadecreasingtrendintheresponsemeasureovertime.(Comparewithascendingbaseline).
Descriptivefunctionalbehaviourassessment
Asesiadymddygiadswyddogaetholdisgrifiol
Directobservationofproblembehaviourandtheantecedentandconsequenteventsundernaturallyoccurringconditions.
Determinism Penderfyniaeth Theassumptionthattheuniverseisalawfulandorderlyplaceinwhichphenomenaoccurinrelationtoothereventsandnotinawilly‐nilly,accidentalfashion.
Differentialreinforcement
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaethol
Reinforcingonlythoseresponseswithinaresponseclassthatmeetaspecificcriterionalongsomedimension(s)(i.e.frequency,topography,duration,latency,ormagnitude)andplacingallotherresponsesintheclassonextinction.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 13
DifferentialReinforcementofAlternativeBehaviours(DRA)
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadaugwahanol(DRA)
Aprocedurefordecreasingproblembehaviourinwhichreinforcementisdeliveredforabehaviourthatservesasadesirablealternativetothebehaviourtargetedforreductionandwithheldfollowinginstancesoftheproblembehaviour.
Differentialreinforcementofdiminishingrates(DRD)
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadsy’nlleihau(DRD)
Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcementisprovidedattheendofapredeterminedintervalcontingentonthenumberofresponsesemittedduringtheintervalbeingfewerthanagraduallydecreasingcriterionbasedontheindividual’sperformanceinpreviousintervals.
Differentialreinforcementofhighrates(DRH)
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholcyfradduchelymddygiad(DRH)
Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcementisprovidedattheendofapredeterminedintervalcontingentonthenumberofresponsesemittedduringtheintervalbeinggreaterthanagraduallyincreasingcriterionbasedontheindividual’sperformanceinpreviousintervals.
DifferentialReinforcementofIncompatibleBehaviours(DRI)
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadauanghydnaws(DRI)
Aprocedurefordecreasingproblembehaviourinwhichreinforcementisdeliveredforabehaviourthatistopographicallyincompatiblewiththebehaviourtargetedforreductionandwithheldfollowinginstancesoftheproblembehaviour.
DifferentialReinforcementofLowRatesofBehaviour(DRL)
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholcyfraddiselymddygiad(DRL)
Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcement(a)followseachoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviourthatisseparatedfromthepreviousresponsebyaminimuminterresponsetime(IRT),or(b)iscontingentonthenumberofresponseswithinaperiodoftimenotexceedingapredeterminedcriterion.PractitionersuseDRLschedulestodecreasetherateofbehavioursthatoccurtoofrequentlybutshouldbemaintainedinthelearner’srepertoire.
DifferentialReinforcementofOtherBehaviours(DRO)
Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadauamgen(DRO)
Aprocedurefordecreasingproblembehaviourinwhichreinforcementiscontingentontheabsenceoftheproblembehaviourduringoratspecifictimes.
Directassessment
Asesuuniongyrchol
Behaviouralassessmentinvolvingdirectobservationandrecordingofthebehaviourasitoccurs.Directassessmentmayalsorefertodirectobservationandrecordingoftheantecedentsandconsequencesofthebehaviour.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 14
Directobservation
Arsylwiuniongyrchol
Seedirectassessment.
DirectInstruction
AddysguUniongyrchol
DirectInstruction(DI)isamodelforteachingthatemphasizeswelldevelopedandcarefullyplannedlessonsdesignedaroundsmalllearningincrementsandclearlydefinedandprescribedteachingtasks.Itisbasedonthetheorythatclearinstructioneliminatingmisinterpretationscangreatlyimproveandacceleratelearning.(http://www.nifdi.org).
Directmeasurement
Mesuriaduniongyrchol
Occurswhenthebehaviourthatismeasuredisthesameasthebehaviourthatisthefocusoftheinvestigation.
DiscreteTrialTraining
HyfforddiantProfionArwahanol
Athree‐stepcontingencycharacterisedbyadiscriminativestimulus,astudent’sresponse,andconsequence.
DiscriminativeStimulus
YsgogiadGwahaniaethol
Astimulusinthepresenceofwhichresponsesofsometypehavebeenreinforcedandintheabsenceofwhichthesametypeofresponseshaveoccurredandhavenotbeenreinforced.ThishistoryofdifferentialreinforcementisthereasonthatanSdincreasesthemomentaryfrequencyofthebehaviour.
Duration Cyfnod Ameasureofthetotalextentoftimeinwhichabehaviouroccurs.
Echoic Ecoig Anelementaryverbaloperantinvolvingaresponsethatisevokedbyaverbaldiscriminantstimulusthathaspoint‐to‐pointcorrespondenceandformalsimilaritywiththeresponse.
Ecologicalassessment
Asesiadecolegol Anassessmentprotocolthatacknowledgescomplexinterrelationshipsbetweenenvironmentandbehaviour.Anecologicalassessmentisamethodforobtainingdataacrossmultiplesettingsandpersons.
Elicit Ennyn Atermusedtodescribebehavioursproducedbyclassicalorrespondentconditioning,iebehavioursconsiderednottobeundervoluntarycontrol.
Emit Allyrru Atermusedtodescribebehavioursproducedbyoperantconditioning,i.e.behavioursthatareconsideredtobevoluntarybehaviours,andunderthecontroloftheirconsequences.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 15
Empiricism Empiriaeth Theobjectiveobservationofthephenomenaofinterest.
Environment Amgylchedd Theconglomerateofrealcircumstancesinwhichtheorganismorreferencedpartoftheorganismexists;behaviourcannotoccurintheabsenceofenvironment.
Escapecontingency
Amodoldebdianc
Acontingencyinwhicharesponseterminates(producesescapefrom)anongoingstimulus.(Comparewithavoidancecontingency).
Escapeextinction
Difodiantdianc Behavioursmaintainedwithnegativereinforcementareplacedonescapeextinctionwhenthosebehavioursarenotfollowedbyterminationoftheaversivestimulus;emittingthetargetbehaviourdoesnotenablethepersontoescapetheaversivesituation.
Errorcorrectionprocedure
DullCywiro TheagreedprotocolofeventswhenastudentrespondsincorrectlytoagivenSd.
Establishingoperation
Gweithrediadsefydlu
Amotivatingoperationthatestablishes(increases)theeffectivenessofsomestimulus,objectoreventasareinforcer.
Anantecedenteventorchangeintheenvironmentthatalterstheeffectivenessofthereinforcerandtheratesoftheresponsesthathaveproducedthatreinforcerpreviously.Havingjusteatenalargemealwilldiminishtheeffectivenessofediblereinforcers.Similarly,deprivationwillincreasetheeffectivenessofreinforcers.
Ethics Moeseg Behaviours,practices,anddecisionsthataddresssuchbasicandfundamentalquestionsas:Whatistherightthingtodo?What’sworthdoing?Whatdoesitmeantobeagoodbehaviouranalyticpractitioner?
Eventrecording
Cofnodidigwyddiad
Measurementprocedureforobtainingatallyorcountofthenumberoftimesabehaviouroccurs.
Evidencebasedpractice
Ymarferarsailtystiolaeth
Clinicalpracticewhosepracticeisgroundeddirectlyintheconclusionsofpeerreviewedpublishedresearch.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 16
Evocativeeffect(ofamotivatingoperation)
Effaithalwadol(gweithrediadcymhellol)
Anincreaseinthecurrentfrequencyofabehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedbythestimulusthatisincreasedinreinforcingeffectivenessbythesamemotivatingoperation.
Evoke Galw Atermusedtodescribebehavioursthatareproducedbymotivatingoperations.
Experiment Arbrawf Acarefullycontrolledcomparisonofsomemeasureofthephenomenonofinterest(thedependentvariable)undertwoormoredifferentconditionsinwhichonlyonefactoratatime(theindependentvariable)differsfromoneconditiontoanother.
Experimentalanalysisofbehaviour
Dadansoddiymddygiadarbrofol
Anaturalscienceapproachtothestudyofbehaviourasasubjectmatterinitsownright.
Experimentalcontrol
Rheolaetharbrofol
Twomeanings:theoutcomeofanexperimentthatdemonstratesconvincinglyafunctionalrelation,meaningthatexperimentalcontrolisachievedwhenapredictablechangeinbehaviourcanbereliablyproducedbymanipulatingaspecificaspectoftheenvironmentand(b)theextenttowhicharesearchermaintainsprecisecontroloftheindependentvariablebypresentingit,withdrawingit,and/orvaryingitsvalue,andalsobyeliminatingorholdingconstantallconfoundingandextraneousvariables.
Experimentaldesign
Cynllunarbrawf Theparticulartypeandsequenceofconditionsinastudysothatmeaningfulcomparisonsoftheeffectsofthepresenceandabsenceoftheindependentvariablecanbemade.
Experimentalquestion
Cwestiwnarbrawf
Astatementofwhattheresearcherseekstolearnbyconductingtheexperiment.
Explanatoryfiction
Ffugleneglurol Afictitiousorhypotheticalvariablethatoftentakestheformofanothernamefortheobservedphenomenonitclaimstoexplainandcontributesnothingtoafunctionalaccountorunderstandingofthephenomenon.
Externalvalidity
Dilysrwyddallanol
Thedegreetowhichastudy’sfindingshavegeneralitytoothersubjects,settings,and/orbehaviours.
Extinction Difodiant Thediscontinuingofareinforcementofapreviouslyreinforcedbehaviour.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 17
Extinctionburst
Ffrwydriaddifodiant
Anincreaseinthefrequencyofrespondingwhenanextinctionprocedureisinitiallyimplemented.
Fading Gwanhau Aprocedurefortransferringstimuluscontrolinwhichfeaturesofanantecedentstimulus(e.g.size,shape,position,colour)controllingabehaviouraregraduallychangedtoanewstimuluswhilemaintainingthecurrentbehaviour.
Fixedintervalschedule
Scediwlysbeidiausefydlog
Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcementisdeliveredforthefirstresponseemittedfollowingthepassageofafixeddurationoftimesincethelastresponsewasreinforced.
Fixedratioschedule
Scediwlcymarebausefydlog
Aresponse‐basedscheduleofreinforcementthatdeliversreinforcementafterafixednumberofresponsesaremade.Onafixedratio10(FR10),theorganismmustmake10responsesforreinforcement.Usuallycausesindividualstopauseafterreinforcementandthenworkataveryhighrateuntilthenextreinforcement.
Fluency Rhuglder Achievingaccuracyplusspeedascriteriaformastery.
Fluencypractice
Ymarferrhuglder
Practicetoachievefluencyataparticularsetofbehaviours.
Forwardchaining
Cadwynoymlaen
Amethodforteachingbehaviourchainsthatbeginswiththelearnerbeingpromptedandtaughttoperformthefirstbehaviourinthetaskanalysis;thetrainercompletestheremainingstepsinthechain.Whenthelearnershowscompetenceinperformingthefirststepinthechain,heisthentaughttoperformthefirsttwobehavioursinthechain,withthetrainercompletingthechain.Thisprocessiscontinueduntilthelearnercompletestheentirechainindependently.
Freeoperant Gweithrediadrhydd
Anyoperantbehaviourthatresultsinminimaldisplacementoftheparticipantintimeandspace.Afreeoperantcanbeemittedatnearlyanytime;itisdiscrete,itrequiresminimaltimeforcompletion,anditcanproduceawiderangeofresponserates.ExamplesinABAinclude(a)thenumberofwordsreadduringa1‐minutecountingperiod,(b)thenumberofhandslapsper6seconds,and(c)thenumberofletterstrokeswrittenin3minutes.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 18
Frequency Amledd Aratioofcountperobservationtime;oftenexpressedascountperstandardunitoftime(e.g.perminute,perhour,perday)andcalculatedbydividingthenumberofresponsesrecordedbythenumberofstandardunitsoftimeinwhichobservationswereconducted.
Function Swyddogaeth Cause.
Functionalanalysis
Dadansoddiadswyddogaethol
Ananalysisofthepurposesofproblembehaviour,whereinantecedentsandconsequencesrepresentingthoseintheperson’snaturalroutinesarearrangedwithinanexperimentaldesignsothattheirseparateeffectsonproblembehaviourcanbeobservedandmeasured.Thistypicallyconsistsoffourconditions:threetestconditions–contingentattention,contingentescape,andalone–andacontrolconditioninwhichproblembehaviourisexpectedtobelowbecausereinforcementisfreelyavailableandnodemandsareplacedontheperson.
Functionalassessment
Asesiadswyddogaethol
Asystematicassessmentofthefunctionsofproblembehaviour.
Functionalcommunicationtraining
Hyfforddicyfathrebuswyddogaethol
Anantecedentinterventioninwhichanappropriatecommunicativebehaviouristaughtasareplacementbehaviourforproblembehaviourusuallyevokedbyanestablishingoperation(EO);involvesdifferentialreinforcementofalternativebehaviour(DRA).
Functionalequivalence
Cywertheddswyddogaethol
Servingthesamefunctionorpurpose;differenttopographiesofbehaviourarefunctionallyequivalentiftheyproducethesameconsequences.
Functionalrelation
Perthynasswyddogaethol
Averbalstatementsummarizingtheresultsofanexperiment(orgroupofrelatedexperiments)thatdescribestheoccurrenceofthephenomenaunderstudyasafunctionoftheoperationofoneormorespecifiedandcontrolledvariablesintheexperimentinwhichaspecificchangeinoneevent(thedependentvariable)canbeproducedbymanipulatinganotherevent(theindependentvariable),andthechangeinthedependentvariablewasunlikelytheresultofotherfactors(confoundingvariables).
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 19
Generalcaseanalysis
Dadansoddicyffredinoliachos
Asystematicprocessforidentifyingandselectingteachingexamplesthatrepresentthefullrangeofstimulusvariationsandresponserequirementsinthegeneralizationsettings.
Generalcaseprogramming
Rhaglennucyffredinoliachos
Astrategyforpromotinggeneralizationthatinvolvestheuseofmultipletrainingexamples(stimulusexemplars)thatsampletherangeofstimulussituationsandresponsevariations.
Generalization Cyffredinoli Aprocessinwhichthebehaviouroccursinthepresenceofantecedentstimulithataresimilarinsomewaytothediscriminativestimuluspresentwhenthebehaviourwasreinforced.Generalizationisalsodefinedastheoccurrenceofatargetbehaviourinanon‐trainingsituationaftertraining.
Gesturalprompt
Promtystumiol Aphysicalmovementorgestureofanotherpersonthatleadstothecorrectbehaviourinthepresenceofthediscriminativestimulus.
Goalsetting Gosodtargedau Aself‐managementstrategyinwhichthepersondecidesonandwritesdownthedesiredleveloftargetbehaviourthats/hehopestoachieveasaresultofself‐managementprocedures.
Also:theprocessofdecidingonthedesiredleveloftargetbehaviour.
Graph Graff Avisualformatfordisplayingdata;revealsrelationsamongandbetweenaseriesofmeasurementsandrelevantvariables.
Graduatedguidance
Cefnogaethraddedig
Apromptingstrategyusedwiththetotaltaskpresentationprocedureinwhichfullhand‐over‐handassistanceisprovidedasapromptforthelearnertocompletethebehaviour.Asthelearnerbeginstoengageinthebehaviourindependently,assistanceisgraduallyfadedbutthelearner’smovementscontinuetobeshadowed,sothatassistancecanbegivenwheneveritbecomesnecessary.Eventually,theshadowingiseliminated,andthelearnerengagesinthebehaviourindependently.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 20
Groupcontingency
Amodoldebgrŵp
Acontingencyinwhichreinforcementforallmembersofagroupisdependentonthebehaviourof(a)apersonwithinthegroup,(b)aselectgroupofmemberswithinthelargergroup,or(c)eachmemberofthegroupmeetingaperformancecriterion.
Habit Arferiad Abehaviourpatternthatiswellestablished.
Habilitation Cymhwysiad Habilitation(adjustment)occurswhenaperson’srepertoirehasbeenchangedsuchthatshort‐andlong‐termreinforcersaremaximisedandshort‐andlong‐termpunishersareminimized.
Habituation Cynefino Adecreaseinresponsivenesstorepeatedpresentationsofastimulus.
Icon Eicon Asymbolorsign.
Imitation Efelychu Copyingtheactionsetcofanother.Imitationskillsareviewedaskeybehaviouralcuspstothelearningofarangeofotherskills,astypicallydevelopingstudentsacquiremanyskillsbyobservingothers’actions.
Incidentalgoals
Targedauatodol Targetssetusuallytogeneraliseskills.e.g.maygeneraliseskillsthathavebeenspecificallytaughtinaDTIcontexttonovelsettingsorwithnewpeople.
Independentvariable
Newidynannibynnol
Thevariablethatissystematicallymanipulatedbytheresearcherinanexperimenttoseewhetherchangesintheindependentvariableproducereliablechangesinthedependentvariable.
Indirectmeasurement
Mesuriadanuniongyrchol
Occurswhenthebehaviourthatismeasuredisinsomewaydifferentfromthebehaviourofinterest.
Informedconsent
Cydsyniadgwybodus
Theprocessinwhichtheclientisinformedofthebehaviourchangeproceduretobeusedandagreesinwritingtoundergotheprocedure.
Instructionalsetting
Sefyllfaaddysgu Theenvironmentwhereinstructionoccurs;includesallaspectsoftheenvironment,plannedandunplanned,thatmayinfluencethelearner’sacquisitionandgeneralisationofthetargetbehaviour.
Intermittentreinforcement
Atgyfnerthiadysbeidiol
Whenreinforcementisdeliveredaftersomebutnotallinstancesofthedesiredbehaviour.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 21
Internalvalidity
Dilysrwyddmewnol
Theextenttowhichanexperimentshowsconvincinglythatchangesinbehaviourareafunctionoftheindependentvariableandnottheresultofuncontrolledorunknownvariables.
Interobserveragreement
Cytundebrhwngarsylwyr
Thedegreetowhichtwoormoreindependentobserversreportthesameobservedvaluesaftermeasuringthesameevents.
Interresponsetime
Cyfnodrhwng‐ymateb
Thetimebetweentheoccurrenceofconsecutiveresponses.
IntervalDRL CyfnodDRL
(Cyfnodatgyfnerthugwahaniaetholcyfraddiselymateb)
AtypeofDRLprocedurethatinvolvesdividingasessionintoconsecutiveintervalsortimeandprovidingthereinforcerifnomorethanoneresponseoccurredineachinterval.
Intervalrecording
Cofnodicyfnod Atypeofbehaviourrecordingprocedureinwhichtheobservationperiodisdividedupintoanumberofconsecutivetimeintervalsandthebehaviourisrecordedasoccurringornotoccurringineachoftheintervals.
Intervention Ymyrraeth Treatment.Theprecisedescriptionoftacticsinplacetoincreaseordecreaseaspecificbehaviourforanindividual,includingadescriptionofthatbehaviour(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup).
Intraverbal Rhyngweithiad Anelementaryverbaloperantthatisevokedbyaverbaldiscriminativestimulusandthatdoesnothavepointtopointcorrespondencewiththatverbalstimulus.
IQ CyniferyddDeallusol
IntelligenceQuotient:ameasureofintelligenceobtainedbytestingapersononastandardisedtestbattery.Thetestincludesarangeofelements:measuringverbalandnon‐verbalskillsandratinganindividualagainstthescoresofthepopulation.
NBAstandardisedIQtestiscurrentlynotavailableinWelsh.
Irreversibility Naturddiwrthdro
Asituationthatoccurswhenthelevelofrespondingobservedinapreviousphasecannotbereproducedeventhoughtheexperimentalconditionsarethesameastheywereduringtheearlierphase.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 22
Latency Cyfnodcynymateb
Theelapsedtimebetweenfromtheonsetofastimulustotheinitiationofaresponse.
Learner Dysgwr
Anypersonengagedinlearningabehaviour(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup:http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm)
LearningDifficulty
AnhawsterDysgu
Usuallyreferstoaspecificareaoflearningthatsomechildrenmayfindmoredifficulttolearnthanmostoftheirpeers,e.g.reading,mathematics,writing.Mayoccurinmoregeneraltermsbutdistinctfromlearningdisability,seebelow.
LearningDisability
AnableddDysgu AnIQbelow70asmeasuredonastandardisedtestbatterywithadaptiveskilldeficits.Usuallyreferstogloballearningdifficulties.
Level Lefel Thevalueontheverticalaxisaroundwhichaseriesofbehaviouralmeasuresconverge.
Linegraph Graffllinell BasedonaCartesianplane,atwo‐dimensionalareaformedbytheintersectionoftwoperpendicularlines.Anypointwithintheplanerepresentsaspecificrelationbetweenthetwodimensionsdescribedbytheintersectinglines.Itisthemostcommongraphicformatfordisplayingdatainappliedbehaviouranalysis.
Listener Gwrandawr Someonewhoprovidesreinforcementforverbalbehaviour.Alistenermayalsoserveasanaudienceevokingverbalbehaviour.
Logical Rhesymegol Accordingtotherulesoflogic,capableofshowingrationalthought.
Longtermgoal
Nod/Amcantymorhir
Agoalsetformasteryoveralongerperiodoftime.Usuallyreferstoaskillthatthestudentwouldnotbeabletoperformcurrently,andwillusuallyneedtolearnandmasterseveralotherskills/goalsfirst.
Magnitude Maint Theforceorintensitywithwhicharesponseisemitted;providesimportantquantitativeparametersusedindefiningandverifyingtheoccurrenceofsomeresponseclasses.Responsesmeetingthosecriteriaaremeasuredandreportedbyoneormorefundamentalorderivativemeasuressuchasfrequency,durationorlatency.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 23
Maintenance Cynhaliaeth Twodifferentmeaningsinappliedbehaviouranalysis:(a)theextenttowhichthelearnercontinuestoperformthetargetbehaviourafteraportionoralloftheinterventionhasbeenterminated,and(b)aconditioninwhichtreatmenthasbeendiscontinuedorpartiallywithdrawn.
Mand Mand AnelementaryverbaloperantthatisevokedbyanMOandfollowedbyspecificreinforcement.
Master Meistroli Whenastudenthaslearnedaspecificresponsetoaspecifieddegree.
Masterycriterion
Maenprawfmeistroli
Thespecifieddegreetowhichaparticulartaskmustbelearned.
Matchinglaw Rheolcyfatebu Theallocationofresponsestochoicesavailableonconcurrentschedulesofreinforcement;ratesofrespondingacrosschoicesaredistributedinproportionsthatmatchtheratesofreinforcementreceivedfromeachchoicealternative.
Matchingtosample
Cyfatebu Aprocedureforinvestigatingconditionalrelationsandstimulusequivalence.
Mean Cymedr Average(number/totalnumberx100).
Measurement Mesuriad Quantifyingdata.
Mediumtermgoal
Nod/Amcantymorcanolig
Usuallyreferstoagoalofmasteryofcertainskillswhichmaynotbeachievableimmediatelybythestudent,butmaybeachievableinthemediumtermoncemasteryofotherskillshasbeenachieved.
Mentalism Meddyliaeth/
ymenyddiaeth
Anapproachtoexplainingbehaviourthatassumesthatamentalor“inner”dimensionexiststhatdiffersfromabehaviouraldimensionandthatphenomenainthisdimensioneitherdirectlycauseoratleastmediatesomeformsofbehaviour,ifnotall.
Methodologicalbehaviourism
Ymddygiad‐aethfethodolegol
Aphilosophicalpositionthatviewsbehaviouraleventsthatcannotbepubliclyobservedasoutsidetherealmofscience.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 24
Modellingprompt
Promtmodelu Atypeofpromptinwhichtheteacherdemonstratesthetargetbehaviourforthelearner.Modellingworksbestinconjunctionwithinstructions,insituationsinwhichthelearnerhastheopportunitytorehearsethebehaviourimmediatelyinaroleplay.
Momentarytimesampling
Sampluamsereiladol/Recordiopresenoldeb/absenoldebymddygiadofewnamserpenodol
Ameasurementmethodinwhichthepresenceorabsenceofbehavioursarerecordedatpreciselyspecifiedtimeintervals.
Momentum Momentwm Theimpetusgainedbyamovingbody.
Motivatingoperation
Gweithrediadcymhellol
Anenvironmentalvariablethat(a)alters(increasesordecreases)thereinforcingeffectivenessofsomestimulus,objectorevent;and(b)alters(increasesordecreases)thecurrentfrequencyofallbehaviourthathavebeenreinforcedbythatstimulus,objectorevent.
Motivation Cymhelliad Drive.
Motorskills Sgiliaucorfforol Skillsinvolvingphysicalmovements.
Multielementdesign
Cynllunamlelfen Seealternatingtreatmentsdesign.
Multiplebaselinedesign
Cynllungwaelodliniaulluosog
Anexperimentaldesignthatbeginswiththeconcurrentmeasurementoftwoormorebehavioursinabaselinecondition,followedbytheapplicationofthetreatmentvariabletooneofthebehaviourswhilebaselineconditionsremainineffectfortheotherbehaviour(s).Aftermaximumchangehasbeennotedinthefirstbehaviour,thetreatmentvariableisappliedinsequentialfashiontoeachoftheotherbehavioursinthedesign.Experimentalcontrolisdemonstratedifeachbehaviourshowssimilarchangeswhen,andonlywhen,thetreatmentvariableisintroduced.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 25
Multipleexemplartraining
Hyfforddiantenghreifftiaulluosog
Instructionthatprovidesthelearnerwithpracticewithavarietyofstimulusconditions,responsevariations,andresponsetopographiestoensuretheacquisitionofdesiredstimuluscontrolsresponseforms,usedtopromotebothsetting/situationgeneralisationandresponsegeneralisation.
Naming Enwi Theactionofverballyattributingalabelornametoaparticularobject/item.Usuallytaughtsystematically.Usuallyreferstoalabelcommonlyutilisedforaspecificitem.
Negativepunishment
Cosbnegyddol Aresponsebehaviourisfollowedimmediatelybytheremovalofastimulus(oradecreaseintheintensityofthestimulus),thatdecreasesthefuturefrequencyofsimilarresponsesundersimilarconditions.
Negativereinforcement
Atgyfnerthunegyddol
Thereinforcementfromtheremovalofanaversivestimulusasaconsequenceofaresponseresultinginthemaintenanceoforanincreaseinrateofthebehaviour.
Neutralstimulus
Ysgogiadniwtral Astimuluschangethatdoesnotelicitrespondentbehaviour.
Noncontingentreinforcement
Atgyfnerthuannibynnol
Aprocedureinwhichstimuliwithknownreinforcingpropertiesarepresentedcompletelyindependentofbehaviour;oftenusedasanantecedentinterventiontoreduceproblembehaviour.
Normalisation Normaleiddiad Asaphilosophyandprinciple,thebeliefthatpeoplewithdisabilitiesshould,tothemaximumextentpossible,bephysicallyandsociallyintegratedintothemainstreamofsocietyregardlessofthedegreeortypeofdisability.Asanapproachtointervention,theuseofprogressivelymoretypicalsettingsandprocedures“toestablishand/ormaintainpersonalbehaviourswhichareasculturallynormalaspossible”(Wolfensberger,1972,p.28).
Novel Newydd New.
Object Gwrthrych A3dimensionalentitythatcanbeseenandtouched.
Observer Arsylwr Anindividualwhoiswatchingtheprocess,orexperiment.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 26
Observerdrift Drifftarsylwr Anunintendedchangeintheaccuracyofanobserver’sperformance.
Ontogeny Ontogenesis Thehistoryofthedevelopmentofanindividualorganismduringitslifetime.
Operantbehaviour
Ymddygiadgweithredol
Behaviourthatisselected,maintainedandbroughtunderstimuluscontrolasafunctionofitsconsequences;eachperson’srepertoireofoperantbehaviourisaproductofhishistoryofinteractionswiththeenvironment.
Operantconditioning
Cyflyrugweithredol
Thebasicprocessbywhichoperantlearningoccurs;consequencesresultinanincreasedordecreasedfrequencyofthesametypeofbehaviourundersimilarmotivationalandenvironmentalconditionsinthefuture.
Overcorrection Gorgywiro Abehaviourchangetacticbasedonpositivepunishmentinwhich,contingentontheproblembehaviour,thelearnerisrequiredtoengageineffortfulbehaviourdirectlyorlogicallyrelatedtofixingthedamagecausedbythebehaviour.
Overtbehaviour
Ymddygiadamlwg
Behaviourthatcanbeobservedandrecordedbyanotherpersonotherthantheoneengaginginthebehaviour.
Parsimony Cynildeb Thepracticeofrulingoutsimple,logicalexplanations,experimentallyorconceptually,beforeconsideringmorecomplexorabstractexplanations.
Partialintervalrecording
Cofnodirhan‐gyfnodol
Atimesamplingmethodformeasuringbehaviourinwhichtheobservationperiodisdividedintoaseriesofbrieftimeintervals.Theobserverrecordswhetherthetargetbehaviouroccurredatanytimeduringtheinterval.Partial‐intervalrecordingisnotconcernedwithhowmanytimesthebehaviouroccurredduringtheintervalorhowlongthebehaviourwaspresent,justthatitoccurredatsomepointduringtheinterval;tendstooverestimatetheproportionoftheobservationperiodthatthebehaviouractuallyoccurred.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 27
PECS–PictureExchangeCommunicationScheme
PECS–CynllunCyfathrebuCyfnewidDarlun
DevelopedbyaBehaviourAnalystandSpeechandLanguageTherapistPECSisaformofaugmentativeandalternativecommunication.Itistypicallyusedasanaidincommunicationforchildrenwithautismandotherspecialneeds.Learnersaretaughttoexchangesinglepicturesforitemsoractivitiestheyreallywant.(http://www.pecs.org.uk).
Percentage Canran Aratioformedbycombiningthesamedimensionalqualitiessuchascountortimeexpressedasanumberofpartsper100.Typicallyexpressedasaratioofthenumberofresponsesofacertaintypepertotalnumberofresponses.Apercentagepresentsaproportionalquantityper100.
Philosophicdoubt
Amheuaethathronyddol
Anattitudethatthetruthfulnessandvalidityofallscientifictheoryandknowledgeshouldbecontinuallyquestioned.
Phylogeny Ffylogenedd Thehistoryofthenaturalevolutionofaspecies.
Physicalprompt
Promtcorfforol Atypeofpromptinwhichtheteacherphysicallyassiststhelearnertoengageinthecorrectbehaviouratthecorrecttime.Mostofteninvolveshand‐over‐handguidanceofthebehaviour.
Pivotalbehaviour
Ymddygiadallweddol
Abehaviourthat,whenlearned,producescorrespondingmodificationsorcovariationinotheruntrainedbehaviours.
PivotalResponseTeaching
Addysguymateballweddol
PivotalResponseIntervention(PRI)isanapproachtoteachingindividualswithautismspectrumdisorders(ASD)thatinvolvesinstructioninareasthat,whentargeted,resultinprogressinnumerousrelatedareas.PRIisbasedonappliedbehaviouranalysisincludingcollectingdataasabasisfordecision‐makingandstrategyimplementation.(http://www.autismnetwork.org).
Placebo Plasebo Asubstanceorprocedurethathasnoactualtherapeuticeffect.
Plannedignoring
Anwybydduwedieigynllunio
Aprocedureforimplementingtimeoutinwhichsocialreinforcers–usuallyattention,physicalcontact,andverbalinteraction–arewithheldforabriefperiodcontingentontheoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviour.
Positionalprompts
Promtiaulleoliad
Promptsthatelicitdesiredbehavioursbythepositionofthetargetitem.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 28
Positivepractice
Ymarfercadarnhaol
Overcorrection.
Positivepunishment
Cosbgadarnhaol Abehaviourisfollowedimmediatelybythepresentationofastimulusthatdecreasesthefuturefrequencyofthebehaviour.
Positivereinforcement
Atgyfnerthucadarnhaol
Occurswhenabehaviourisfollowedimmediatelybythepresentationofastimulusthatincreasesthefuturefrequencyofthebehaviourinsimilarconditions.
Postreinforcementpause
Saibôl‐atgyfnerthiad
Theabsenceofrespondingforaperiodoftimefollowingreinforcement;aneffectcommonlyproducedbyfixedinterval(FI)andfixedratio(FR)schedulesofreinforcement.
Practiceeffects
Effaithymarfer Improvementsinperformanceresultingfromopportunitiestoperformabehaviourrepeatedlysothatbaselinemeasurescanbeobtained.
Praise Canmol Approval.
PrecisionTeaching
Dysgumanwl Apreciseandsystematicmethodofevaluatinginstructionaltacticsandcurricula.Basingeducationaldecisionsonchangesincontinuousself‐monitoredperformancefrequenciesdisplayedonstandardcelebrationcharts.
Prediction Rhagfynegiant Astatementoftheanticipatedoutcomeofapresentlyunknownorfuturemeasurement;oneofthreecomponentsoftheexperimentalreasoning,orbaselinelogic,usedinsingle‐subjectresearchdesigns.
Premackprinicple
EgwyddorPremack
Aprinciplethatstatesthatmakingtheopportunitytoengageinahighprobabilitybehaviourcontingentontheoccurrenceofalowfrequencybehaviourwillfunctionasreinforcementforthelowfrequencybehaviour.
Preposition Arddodiad Awordgoverning,andusuallyprecedinganounorpronounandexpressingarelationtoanotherwordorelement.
Privateevents Digwyddiadaupreifat
InVerbalbehaviour,eventsaccessibleonlytothespeaker(usually,eventsinsidetheskin).Privateeventshavethesamephysicalstatusaspublicevents,butitismoredifficultfortheverbalcommunitytoshapetactsofprivateevents.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 29
Problembehaviour
Ymddygiadproblemus
Anybehaviourthatpresentsabarriertoalearnerintermsofachievinghisorhergoalsincludingbarrierstolearningaswellasthefollowing:
Behaviourcanbedescribedaschallengingwhenitisofsuchanintensity,frequencyordurationastothreatenthequalityoflifeand/orthephysicalsafetyoftheindividualorothersandislikelytoleadtoresponsesthatarerestrictive,aversiveorresultinexclusion.(http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk).
Procedure Gweithdrefn/Dull
Aspecifiedsequenceofinstructionsdesignedtoprompttheteacher/studenttofollowaspecifiedcourseofaction.
Programme Rhaglen Aplanforteachingaskill.Adetailedoutlineofallofthebehaviourstargetedforincreaseanddecreaseandtheinterventionsputinplacetoachievethese.Aprogrammewillincludeaperson’sIndividualEducationPlan(IEP)(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup:http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm).
Prompt Promt Asupplementarystimulusthatincreasestheprobabilityofacorrectresponse.
Promptdelay Oediadpromt Inthisprocedure,theteacherpresentthediscriminativestimulus(Sd)andthen,afteraspecifiedintervaloftime,(e.g.4seconds),presentstheprompt.ThedelaybetweenthepresentationoftheSdandthepresentationofthepromptmeansthatastrainingprogresses,thelearnermaymaketheresponsebeforethepromptisgiven.
Pronoun Rhagenw Awordusedinsteadofanountoindicateanindividualorastimulusalreadymentionedorknown.
Punisher Cosbydd Astimuluschangethatdecreasesthefuturefrequencyofbehaviourthatimmediatelyprecedesit.
Punishment Cosb Occurswhenstimuluschangeimmediatelyfollowsaresponseanddecreasesthefuturefrequencyofthattypeofbehaviourinsimilarconditions.
Quantitativereasoning
Rhesymuniferol Usuallyreferstoreasoningwithnumbersandamounts.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 30
Radicalbehaviourism
Ymddygiadaethradical
Athoroughgoingformofbehaviourismthatattemptstounderstandallhumanbehaviour;includingprivateeventssuchasthoughtsandfeelings,intermsofcontrollingvariablesinthehistoryofthepersonandthespecies.
Rate Cyfradd Aratioofcountperobservationtime;oftenexpressedascountperstandardunitoftime,andcalculatedbydividingthenumberofresponsesrecordedbythenumberofstandardunitsoftimeinwhichobservationswereconducted;usedinterchangeablywithfrequency.Theratioisformedbycombiningthedifferentdimensionalqualitiesofcountandtime.
Ratio Cymhareb Atermtodescribehowtwoquantitiesarerelated.
Ratiostrain Straencymhareb
Abehaviouraleffectassociatedwithabruptincreasesinratiorequirementswhenmovingfromdensertothinnerreinforcementschedules;commoneffectsincludeavoidance,aggression,andunpredictablepausesorcessationinresponding.
Reactivity Adweithedd Effectsofanobservationandmeasurementprocedureonthebehaviourbeingmeasured.Reactivityismostlikelywhenmeasurementproceduresareobtrusive,especiallyifthepersonbeingobservedisawareoftheobserver’spresenceandpurpose.
Recall Galwigof Anactivitydemonstratingtheindividualisthinkingorimaginingastimulusthathappenedinthepast.
Reciprocal Ymweithiol/Cilyddol
Abehaviourthatoccursinresponsetoanotherbehaviourorstimulus.
Reciprocate Ymweithio/Cilyddio
Tobehaveinresponsetoabehaviouroreventorobject.
Reflex Atgyrch Astimulus‐responserelationconsistingofanantecedentstimulusandtherespondentbehaviouritelicits.Unconditionedandconditionedreflexesprotectagainstharmfulstimuli,helpregulatetheinternalbalanceandeconomyoftheorganism,andpromotereproduction.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 31
Reflexivity Atgyrchedd Atypeofstimulus‐to‐stimulusrelationinwhichthelearner,withoutanypriortrainingorreinforcementfordoingso,selectsacomparisonstimulusthatisthesameasthesamplestimulus(e.g.A=A).Reflexivitywouldbedemonstratedinthefollowingmatching‐to‐sampleprocedure:thesamplestimulusisapictureofatree,andthethreecomparisonstimuliareapictureofamouse,apictureofacookie,andaduplicateofthetreepictureusedasthesamplestimulus.Thelearnerselectsthepictureofthetreewithoutspecificreinforcementinthepastformakingthetree‐picture‐to‐tree‐picturematch.
Reinforce Atgyfnerthu Toprovideconsequencesforbehaviourthatincreaseormaintainthefrequencyofthatbehaviour.
Reinforcement Atgyfnerthiad Occurswhenastimuluschangeimmediatelyfollowsaresponseandincreasesthefuturefrequencyofthattypeofbehaviourinsimilarconditions.
Reinforcer(s) Atgyfnerthydd(atgyfnerthion)
Astimuluschangethatincreasesthefuturefrequencyofabehaviourthatimmediatelyprecedesit.
Reinforcerassessment
Asesiadatgyfnerthion
Referstoavarietyofdirect,empiricalmethodsforpresentingoneormorestimulicontingentonatargetresponseandmeasuringtheireffectivenessasreinforcers.
Relationalframetheory
Damcaniaethffrâmberthynol
Thisisabehaviouranalyticapproachtohumanlanguageandcognition.RFTtreatsrespondingasageneralisedoperant,andthusappealstoahistoryofmultipleexemplartraining.
Reliability Dibynadwyedd Referstotheconsistencyofmeasurement,specifically,theextenttowhichrepeatedmeasurementofthesameeventyieldsthesamevalues.
Repertoire Repertoire Allofthebehavioursthatapersoncando,orasetofbehavioursrelevanttoaparticularsettingortask.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 32
Replication Dyblygiad (a) repeatingconditionswithinanexperimenttodeterminethereliabilityofeffectsandincreaseinternalvalidity.
(b) Repeatingwholeexperimentstodeterminethegeneralityoffindingsofpreviousexperimentstoothersubjects,settings,and/orbehaviours.
Respondentbehaviour
Ymddygiadymatebol
Theresponsecomponentofareflex;behaviourthatiselicited,orinduced,byantecedentstimuli.
Response Ymateb Asingleinstanceoroccurrenceofaspecificclassortypeofbehaviour.
Responseblocking
Rhwystroymateb
Aprocedureinwhichthetherapistphysicallyintervenesassoonasthelearnerbeginstoemitaproblembehaviourtopreventcompletionofthetargetedbehaviour.
Responseclass Categoriymateb Agroupofresponsesofvaryingtopography,allofwhichproducethesameeffectontheenvironment.
Responsecost Costymateb
Thecontingentlossofreinforcers,producingadecreaseofthefrequencyofbehaviour,aformofnegativepunishment.
Responseeffort
Ymdrechymateb
Theamountofforce,exertionortimeinvolvedinexecutingaresponse.Withanincreaseinresponseeffortforonebehaviour,theprobabilityofthatbehaviourdecreasesrelativetotheprobabilityofafunctionallyequivalentalternativebehaviour.
Responseprompt
Promtymateb Atypeofbehaviourinwhichtheteacherengagesinabehaviourtoinducethelearnertoengageinthetargetbehaviourinthepresenceofthediscriminativestimulus.Includesphysicalprompts,gesturalprompts,verbalpromptsandmodellingprompts.
Reversaldesign
Cynllungwrthdro
Anyexperimentaldesigninwhichtheresearcherattemptstoverifytheeffectoftheindependentvariableby“reversing”respondingtoalevelobtainedinapreviouscondition;encompassesexperimentaldesignsinwhichtheindependentvariableiswithdrawn.
Rulegovernedbehaviour
Ymddygiadreoledig
Behaviourcontrolledbyarule.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 33
Sdelta S‐delta Astimulusthatispresentwhenabehaviourisnotreinforced.Indiscriminationtraining,thebehaviourisreinforcedifitoccursinthepresenceoftheSdbutnotinthepresenceoftheS‐delta.
Satiation Syrffed Adecreaseinthefrequencyofoperantbehaviourpresumedtobetheresultofcontinuedcontactwithorconsumptionofareinforcerthathasfollowedthebehaviour;alsoreferstoaprocedureforreducingtheeffectivenessofareinforcer.
Scatterplot Plotgwasgariad Atwo‐dimensionalgraphthatshowstherelativedistributionofindividualmeasuresinadatasetwithrespecttothevariablesdepictedbythexandyaxes.Datapointsonascatterplotarenotconnected.
Scheduleofreinforcement
Sgediwlatgyfnerthu
Arulespecifyingtheenvironmentalarrangementsandresponserequirementsforreinforcement;adescriptionofacontingencyofreinforcement.
Science Gwyddoniaeth Activitiesencompassingthesystematicstudyofthestructureandbehaviourofthephysicalandnaturalworldthroughobservationsandexperiment.
Select Dewis Choicemaking.
Selectionbyconsequences
Dewisynôlcanlyniadau
Darwiniantheorytoexplainevolutionofthespecies.Thistheoryhasbeenextendedtothelevelofbehaviour.Operantbehaviourisanexpressedcharacteristicofmanyorganisms,includinghumans.Organismswithanextensiverangeofoperantbehaviouradjusttonewenvironmentsonthebasisoftheconsequencesthatfollowbehaviour.Thiskindofselectionoccursoverthelifeoftheindividual.Operantsarethephysicalunitsselectedatthebehaviourallevel.Theprocessoftheselectionandchangeofoperantsisanalogoustoevolutionandnaturalselectionatthegeneticlevel.Reinforcementisthereforeanontogeneticprocessthatextendsselectionbyconsequencestothelevelofbehaviour.
Self Hunan Ofordirectedtowardsoneself.Theindicatorthatdistinguishestheindividualfromothers.
Selfcontract Hunan‐gytundeb
Acontractthattheindividualmakeswithhim/herselftoregulateorchangehis/herownbehaviour.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 34
Selfcontrol Hunan‐reolaeth Behaviourwhichhaslongtermbenefitsbutforwhichtherearenoconspicuousimmediatereinforcers–behaviourwhichreducesthelikelihoodoffuturepunishmentbutresultsinlosingimmediatereinforcementorbehaviourwhichincreasesthelikelihoodoflongtermreinforcementbutresultsinimmediatepunishment.
Selfevaluation Hunan‐werthuso
Aprocesswherebytheindividualevaluateshis/herownbehaviours.
Selfinstruction
Hunan‐gyfarwyddyd
Aprocesswherebytheindividualguideshis/herownlearning,usuallybyrecitingasequenceofverbalpromptsorusingotherprompting,fadingandreinforcementstrategies.
Selfmanagement
Hunan‐reoli Aprocedureinwhichindividualschangesomeaspectoftheirownbehaviour.Oneormoreoffourmajorcomponentsaregenerallyinvolved.Self‐selectionofgoals,monitoringone’sownbehaviour,selectionofprocedures,andimplementationofprocedures.
Selfmonitoring
Hunan‐fonitro Theactofmeasuringone’sownbehaviour.
Sequenceeffects
Effeithiaudilyniant
Asituationinwhichoneexperimentaltreatmentphasewithintheexperimentinfluencessubsequentperformanceduringanothertreatmentphase.
Shaping Siapio Theuseofdifferentialreinforcementonaseriesofsuccessiveapproximationstoatargetbehaviour.
Shorttermgoal
Amcan/Nodtymorbyr
Targetsettobeachievedintheshortterm,andmaynotbetheendgoalbutmaybeasteptowardstheendgoal.
Singlesubjectdesigns
Cynlluniaucyfrannwrunigol
Awidevarietyofresearchdesignsthatuseaformofexperimentalreasoningcalledbaselinelogictodemonstratetheeffectsoftheindependentvariableonthebehaviourofindividualsubjects.
Skill Sgil Theabilitytodosomething.
Skilltracking Traciosgiliau Measurementofskills.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 35
Socialvalidity Dilysrwyddcymdeithasol
Thegoals,procedures,andresultsofaninterventionaresociallyacceptabletotheclient,thebehaviouranalyst,andsociety.
Theuseofoutsidejudgestodeterminewhetherabehaviouraldefinitionisavaliddefinitionofacommonlyusedbehaviouralterm.
Afeatureofmeasuredresultsthatincludes(1)thesocialsignificanceorimportanceofthegoals,(2)thesocialappropriatenessoftheprocedures,and(3)thesocialimportanceoftheeffects.
Speaker Siaradwr Someonewhoengagesinverbalbehaviourbyemittingmands,tacts,intraverbals,autoclitics,andsoon.Aspeakerisalsosomeonewhousessignlanguage,gestures,signals,writtenwords,codes,pictures,oranyformofverbalbehaviour.
Splitmiddlelineofprogress
Llinellcynnyddganol‐ranedig
Alinedrawnthroughaseriesofgrapheddatapointsthatshowstheoveralltrendinthedata;drawnthroughtheintersectionsoftheverticalandhorizontalmiddlesofeachhalfofthecharteddataandthenadjustedupordownsothathalfofallthedatapointsfallonoraboveandhalffallonorbelowtheline.
Spontaneous Digymell Notlearned.
Spontaneousrecovery
Ymatebdigymell Theprocessinwhich,whenabehaviourthathasbeenextinguished,thebehaviourmayoccuragaininthefutureincircumstancesinwhichitwaspreviouslyreinforced.
Stablebaseline Gwaelodlinsefydlog
Datathatshowsnoevidenceofanupwardordownwardtrend;allofthemeasuresfallwithinarelativelysmallrangeofvalues.
StandardCelerationchart
Siartcynnyddsafonedig
Chartthatvisuallydisplaysatrendlineindicatingthechange(acceleration/deceleration)inrateofrespondingovertime;basedoncountperunitoftime(rate);expressedasafactorbywhichrespondingisacceleratingordecelerating.
Steadystateresponding
Ymatebcyflwrsefydlog
Apatternofrespondingthatexhibitsrelativelylittlevariationinitsmeasureddimensionalquantitiesoveraperiodoftime.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 36
Stimulus Ysgogiad Astimulusisanyphysicaleventorcondition,includingtheorganism’sownbehaviour.Astimulusmayhavemanydifferentfunctionalrelationstoanorganism’srepertoire.
Stimulusclass Categoriysgogiad
Agroupofstimulithatallhavethesamefunctionaleffectonaparticularbehaviour.Forexample,eachstimulusinastimulusclassmayfunctionasadiscriminativestimulusforaparticularbehaviour.
Stimuluscontrol
Rheolaethysgogiad
Theoutcomeofstimulusdiscriminationtraining.AparticularbehaviourismorelikelytooccurinthepresenceofaparticulardiscriminativestimulusbecausethebehaviourhasbeenreinforcedonlywhentheSdwaspresent.TheSdhasstimuluscontroloverthebehaviour.
Stimulusdelta Ysgogiaddelta Astimulusinthepresenceofwhichaparticularresponsewillnotbereinforcedorpunished.
AnS‐Deltarepresentstheparticularoccasiononwhichaperformancewillnotbereinforced,incontrasttootheroccasions(discriminativestimuli)duringwhichtheperformancewillbereinforced.
Stimulusdiscriminationtraining
Hyfforddiantysgogiadgwahaniaethol
AprocessinwhichabehaviourisreinforcedwhentheSdispresentandisextinguishedwhentheS‐deltaispresent.Asaresult,thebehaviourismorelikelytooccuronlywhenthetheSdispresent.Alsocalleddiscriminationtraining.
Stimulusequivalence
Cywertheddysgogiad
Thepresentationofoneclassofstimulithatoccasionsresponsesmadetootherstimulusclasses.
Classesofstimulicharacterizedbyreflexivity,symmetryandtransitivityamongmembers.
Stimulusgeneralisation
Cyffredinoliysgogiad
Thebehaviouralcontingenciesinthepresenceofstimulusaffectsthefrequencyoftheresponseinthepresenceofanotherstimulus.
Stimuluspreferenceassessment
Asesudewisysgogiad
Anassessmentprocedureforestablishingwhichstimuliarepreferredonasingleoccasionbyastudent.Thesestimuliarethenutilisedaspotentialreinforcers.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 37
Successiveapproximations
Dynesiadaugraddol
Intheprocessofshaping,eachsuccessiveapproximationisabehaviourthatmorecloselyresemblesthetargetbehaviour.Theshapingprocessstartswithreinforcementofthefirstapproximation,abehaviourcurrentlyexhibitedbythelearner.Afterthefirstapproximationisstrengthenedthroughreinforcement,itisextinguished.Acloserapproximationthenoccursandisreinforced.Thisprocesscontinuesuntilthestudentexhibitsthetargetbehaviour.
Symmetry Cymesuredd Atypeofstimulus‐stimulusrelationshipinwhichthelearner,withoutpriortrainingorreinforcementfordoingso,demonstratesthereversibilityofmatchedsampleandcomparisonstimuli(e.g.ifA=B,thenB=A).Symmetrywouldbedemonstratedinthefollowingmatching‐to‐sampleprocedure:Thelearneristaught,whenpresentedwiththespokenwordcar(SamplestimulusA),toselectacomparisonpictureofacar(comparisonB).Whenpresentedwiththepictureofacar(samplestimulusB),withoutadditionaltrainingorreinforcement,thelearnerselectsthecomparisonspokenwordcar(comparisonA).
Systematicdesensitisation
Dadsensiteiddiosystematig
Aprocedureusedtotreatafearorphobia.Thestudentfirstlearnsrelaxation.Next,thestudentdevelopsahierarchyoffear‐producingsituations.Finally,thestudentusestherelaxationprocedureass/heimagineseachsituationinthehierarchy,startingwiththeleastfear‐producingsituationandgraduallyworkinguptothemostfear‐producingsituation.Thegoalistoreplacethefearresponsewiththerelaxationresponseaseachsituationisimagined.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 38
Tact Tact Aclassofverbaloperantswhoseformisregulatedbyspecificnonverbaldiscriminativestimuli.Forexample,achildmayseeacatandsay,“Lookmum,akitty”.Thewordtactcomesfromthemorefamiliartermcontact.Tactsareverbalresponsesthatmakecontactwiththeenvironment.
Averbaldiscriminativeresponse(aswhentheverbalresponseappleinthepresenceofanappleissaidtotacttheapple).Thetactcapturesstimuluscontrolasitentersintoverbalbehaviour.Thetactrelationincludesonlyresponsesinthepresenceoforshortlyafterastimulusandthereforeisnotequivalenttonamingorreference.
Targetbehaviour
Ymddygiadtarged
Theresponseclassselectedforintervention;canbedefinedeitherfunctionallyortopographically.
Taskanalysis Dadansodditasg Identificationofthediscriminativestimulusandresponseforeachcomponentofabehaviourchain.
TeachingPlan CynllunAddysg/Addysgu
Aplanorscheduleoftheskillstargetedforlearning.
Temporal Amserol Relatingtotime.
Temporaldiscrimination
Gwahaniaethuoranamser
Discriminationbasedontemporalpropertiesofstimuli(i.e.stimulusduration),oftenappealedtoinaccountsofspacedresponding.Forexample,ifaresponseismorelikelytobeemittedat10sthanat5ssincethelastresponse,thetwodurationsmaybesaidtobediscriminated.Whenchangesincontingenciesalterresponserate,thetemporalspacingofresponsesnecessarilychangesalso.Thus,itispreferabletostudytemporaldisinclinationdirectly,asbyreinforcingoneresponseafteronestimulusdurationandasecondafteranother.Durationasadiscriminablepropertyofstimulihassomeuniquefeatures.Adurationisnotdetermineduntiltimehaspassed,soadiscriminativeresponsecannotoccurinitspresence,anddurationscannotchangediscontinuouslyunlikeotherstimuluspropertiessuchasintensity.
Textual Testunol Anelementaryverbaloperantinvolvingaresponsethatisevokedbyaverbaldiscriminativestimulusthathaspoint‐to‐pointcorrespondence,butnotformalsimilarity,betweenthestimulusandtheresponseproduct.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 39
Threetermcontingency
Amodoldebtri‐thymor
ABC–antecedent–behaviour–consequence.
Timeout(frompositivereinforcement)
Amserallan(oatgyfnerthucadarnhaol)
Atypeofnegativepunishmentinwhich,contingentontheoccurrenceoftheproblembehaviour,thestudentlosesaccesstopositivereinforcersforabriefperiod.Typically,thestudentisremovedfromthereinforcingenvironmentinatime‐outprocedure.
Timesampling Sampluamser Abehaviourrecordingprocedureinwhichtheobservationperiodisdividedintointervals,andthebehaviourisrecordedduringapartofeachinterval.Intimesamplingrecording,theobservationintervalsarediscontinuous.
Token Tocyn Aconditionedreinforcerusedinatokeneconomy.Thetokenissomethingthatcanbegiventoanotherpersonandaccumulatedbythatperson.Thetokenisaconditionedreinforcerbecauseitisgiventothepersonafteradesirablebehaviourandisexchangedforestablishedreinforcerscalledbackupreinforcers.
Tokeneconomy
Economitocyn Areinforcementsysteminwhichconditionedreinforcerscalledtokensaredeliveredopeoplefordesirablebehaviours:thetokensarelaterexchangedforbackupreinforcers.
Topography Topograffi Thephysicalformorshapeofthebehaviour.
Transfertrials Profionpontio Trialsinwhichpromptareimmediatelyfadedtoallowforindependentresponses.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 40
Transitivity Transitifiaeth Aderived(i.e.untrained)stimulus‐stimulusrelation(e.g.A=C,C=A)thatemergesasaproductoftrainingtwootherstimulus‐stimulusrelations(e.g.A=B,B=C).Forexample,transitivitywouldbedemonstratedif,aftertrainingthetwostimulus‐stimulusrelationsshownin1and2below,therelationshownin3emergeswithoutadditionalinstructionorreinforcement:
(1)IfA(spokenwordbicycle)=B(e.g.thepictureofabicycle)and
(2)B(thepictureofabicycle)=C(thewrittenwordbicycle)then
(3)C(thewrittenwordbicycle=A(thespokenname,bicycle).
Treatmentdrift
Driffttriniaeth Anundesirablesituationinwhichtheindependentvariableofanexperimentisapplieddifferentlyduringlaterstagesthanitwasattheoutsetofthestudy.
Treatmentintegrity
Cywirdebtriniaeth
Theextenttowhichtheindependentvariableisappliedexactlyasplannedanddescribedandnootherunplannedvariablesareadministeredinadvertentlyalongwiththeplannedtreatment.
Trend Tuedd Theoveralldirectiontakenbyadatapath.Itisdescribedintermsofdirection(increasing,decreasing,orzerotrend),degree(gradualorsteep),andtheextentofvariabilityofdatapointsaroundthetrend.Trendisusedinpredictingfuturemeasuresofthebehaviourunderunchangingconditions.
Trial Prawf ReferstoDiscreteTrial.Studentengagesinadiscretelearningtrial,usuallycomprisingofaninstructionthatbecomestheSd,thestudent’sresponse,andaconsequencetothatresponse(reinforcementforcorrectresponse,orcorrectionprocedureforerrorornoresponse).
Trialbytrialdata
Dataprawfwrthbrawf
Recordingdatatakenateverytrial.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 41
Unconditionedmotivatingoperation
Gweithrediadcymhellolhebeigyflyru
Astateofdeprivationorsatiationthataltersthevalueofareinforcerorthebehavioursthatseekoutthatreinforcer–orseekouttoavoidthatpunisher–thereare9UMOs–food,water,sex,activity,heat,cold,sleep,air,pain.
Unconditionedreinforcer
Atgyfnerthyddhebeigyflyru
Astimulusthatisnaturallyreinforcingbecausethecapacityforourbehaviourtobestrengthenedbythestimulushassurvivalvalue.Nopriorconditioningisnecessaryforanunconditionedreinforcertobeareinforcer.Examplesincludefood,water,escapefromextremestimulation,andsexualcontact.
Unconditionedpunisher
Cosbhebeigyflyru
Astimulusthatispunishingwithoutpriorlearning–usuallyreferstopainetc.
Unconditionedreflex
Atgyrchhebeigyflyru
Anautomaticresponsethatisevokedinvoluntarilyandwithoutpriorlearning.
Unconditionedreinforcer
Atgyfnerthyddhebeigyflyru
Areinforcerthatisreinforcingwithoutpriorlearning–usuallyreferstofood,drink,etc.
Unconditionedstimulus
Ysgogiadhebeigyflyru
Astimulusthatelicitsaresponsewithoutpriorlearning.
VABSVinelandAdaptiveBehaviorScales
VABS–GraddfaYmddygiadYmaddasolVineland
TheVinelandAdaptiveBehaviorScales(VABS)weredesignedtoassesshandicappedandnon‐handicappedpersonsfrombirthtoadulthoodintheirpersonalandsocialfunctioning.TheVABSisorganizedaroundfourBehaviorDomains:Communication,DailyLivingSkills,Socialization,andMotorSkills.(http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/VINELAND.html).
Validity Dilysrwydd Theextenttowhichobservedvaluesrepresentwhattheeventsthatarethefocusofinterpretation.
Value Gwerth Asetofbehaviours,publicandprivate,whichasocietyreinforces.
Variability Amrywioldeb Thefrequencyandextenttowhichmultiplemeasuresofbehaviouryielddifferentoutcomes.
Variableintervalschedule
Scediwlysbeidiaunewidiol
Ascheduleofreinforcementwherereinforcementoccursfollowingavariableperiodoftime.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 42
Variableratioschedule
Scediwlcymarebaunewidiol
Ascheduleofreinforcementwherereinforcementoccursfollowingavariablenumberofcorrectresponses.
Variation Amrywiad Anydifferencesamongevents.Withregardtobehaviour,variationsinfeaturesofrespondingwithinasingleresponseclass,aswellasvariationsinthesummarymeasuresofthatclassacrosssessionorentirephases.
VBMAPP VB‐MAPP
TheBehaviourMilestonesAssessmentandPlacementProgram(VB‐MAPP)isacriterion‐referencedassessmenttool,curriculumguide,andskillstrackingsystemthatisdesignedforchildrenwithautism,andotherindividualswhodemonstratelanguagedelays.TheVB‐MAPPisbasedonB.F.Skinner’s(1957)analysisofverbalbehaviour,establisheddevelopmentalmilestones,andresearchfromthefieldofbehaviouranalysis.(EducationServiceCentrewww.escweb.net).
Verbal Llafar Relatingtowords.
Verbalbehaviour
Ymddygiadgeiriol
Abehaviouralapproachtolanguage.Skinner(1957)arguedthatverbalbehaviour(communication)followsthesamelawsandprinciplesasotherbehaviours.
Visual Gweledol Relatingtothesenseofvision.
Visualprompts Promtiaugweledol
Promptsthatsupporttheelicitingofthetargetresponsethathavevisualsalience.
Cyfeiriadau–ReferencesEnglishdefinitions:
Cooper,J.O.,Heron,T.E..,&Heward,W.L.(2007)AppliedBehaviorAnalysis.2ndEd.PearsonsMerrilPublishingCompany:NewJersey,ColumbusOhio.
Miltenberger,R.G.(2001).BehaviorModification:principlesandprocedures.2ndEd.Wadsworth/ThomsonLearning:Belmont,CA.
Johnston,J.M.&Pennypacker,H.S.(1993).Strategiesandtacticsofbehaviouralresearch(2ndEd).LawrenceErlbaumAssociates:Hillsdale,NewJersey.
Wolfensberger,W.(1972).Theprinciplesofnormalisationinhumanservices.NationalInstituteonMentalRetardation:Toronto,Canada.
Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 43
http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm
http://www.autismnetwork.org
http://www.coedu.usf.edu/abaglossary/glossarymain.asphttp://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/VINELAND.html
www.escweb.net
http://www.pecs.org.uk
http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk
GeirfaGymraeg:
Griffiths,B.&Jones,D.G.(1995).GeiriaduryrAcademi.TheWelshAcademyEnglish‐WelshDictionary.UniversityofWalesPress:Cardiff.
Prys,D.,Jones,J.P.M.,Davies,O.&Prys,G.(2006).YTermiadur.Qualifications,CurriculumandAssessmentAuthorityforWales:Cardiff.
Spencer,Ll.,Edwards,M.,Prys,D.&Thomas,E.(eds.)(2008).(GeiriadurTermauSeicoleg/DictionaryofTermsforPsychology.UniversityofWales,Bangor:Bangor.
http://www.termau.org/porth/
http://www.geiriadur.net/