gddh-vn&tg-gtrình 2010

8/8/2019 GDDH-VN&TG-GTrnh 2010

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TRN KHNH C(Bin son)

Gio trnh

GIO DC I HC

VIT NAM V TH GII

(Dng cho cc kha bi dng ging vin cao ng/i hc v nghip v S

phm i hc theo chng trnh ca B GD&T)

H NI-2010

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CHNG TRNH CHI TIT

1. Mc tiu:

1.1. Kin thc: Trang b cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn v:1. Lc s cc giai on pht trin ca gio dc i hc2.Nhng c trng v xu hng pht trin c bn ca

nn GD H hin i .3. C cu h thng v c im v loi hnh, t chc nh trng

i hc trong h thng GDDH Vit nam v mt s nc4. Mc tiu v cc gii php chin lc i mi GD H Vit nam5. Cc ni dung c bn qun l nh nc v GD i hc theo lut

GD 2005

6. Cc quy nh c bn v qun l nh trng i hc v chc trch,nhim v ging vin theo iu l Trng i hc/Cao ng vLut GD 2005

1.2. K nng:- Hnh thnh v pht trin ngi hc cc k nngt duy :

nhn dng, phn tch, tng hp, h thng ho..... ti liu, thngtin v GD H so snh cc c trng, vai tr gio dc i hc

- K nng t chc v qun l gio dc i hc cp khoa/b mn- Pht trin nng lc nghin cu d n, trao i v trnh by

cc vn pht trin v qun l gio dc i hc- K nng lm vic theo nhm

1.3.Thi :- Hnh thnh thi khch quan, khoa hc- thc c v tr v tm quan trong ca gio dc

i hc trong qu trnh pht trin x hi- Hnh thnh v pht trin tnh yu ngh nghip vtrch nhim x hi- ngh nghip ca ging vin

2. Hnh thc dy hc:- Thi gian ging l thuyt: 30- Thi gian thc hnh, tho lun, Xemina: 15

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3. Cu trc ni dung chng trnh

CHNG I. LC S PHT TRIN GIO DC I HC

1.1. Lc s pht trin GD H th gii1.1.1. Gio dc i hc phng ng1.1.2. Gio dc i hc phng Ty1.2. Lc s pht trin GD H Vit nam1.2.1. Thi k phong kin1.2.2. Thi k thuc Php1.2.3. Thi k c lp v u tranh gii phng

dn tc (1945-1975)1.2.4. Thi k i mi (1986 n nay)1. 3. c trng gio dc i hc mt s nc1.3.1. Hoa k1.3.2. H Lan1.3.3. Nht Bn1.3.4. Hn quc1.3.5. Trung quc

CHNG II. XU HNG PHT TRIN GD H TH GII

2.1. S pht trin ca cc nn vn minh2.1.1. Vn minh nng nghip2.1.2. Vn minh cng nghip2.1.3. Vn minh Tin hc2.2 . Xu hng pht trin GD H hin i2.2.1. Tuyn b Paris v GD H (1998)2.2.2. Vai tr v s mng ca nn GD H hin i2.2.3. c trng v xu hng pht trin GD H

hin i

CHNG III. CHIN LC I MI GD H VIT NAM

3.1. Hin trng h thng GD H Vit nam3.1.1 C cu h thng v mng li3.1.2 Quy m o to (sinh vin, ging vin,

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c cu ngnh ngh)3.1.3 Cht lng o to

3. 2. Chin lc i mi pht trin GD H Vit nam3.2.1. Bi cnh KT&XH v hi nhp quc t

3.2.2. Mc tiu chin lc (tng qut v c th)3.2.3. Cc gii php chin lc

CHNG IV . QUN L GIO DC I HC

4. 1. Mt s khi nim c bn4.1.1. Qun l4.1.2. Nh nc4.1.3. Gio dc

4.2. Qun l nh nc v GD H4.2.1. Khi nim qun l nh nc v GD4.2.2. Cc ni dung qun l nh nc v GD4.2.3. Cc cng c qun l nh nc v GD

4. 3. Qun l nh trng i hc

4.3.1. Cc m hnh qun l trng i hc trn th gii4.3.2. Qun l nh trng i hc Vit nam

- Chc nng, nhim v nh trng

- C cu t chc v qun l nh trng- Phn cp qun l khoa-b mn- Chc trch v nhim v ca ging vin

4.4. Cc m hnh phn cp trong qun l GD Htrn th gii

Ti liu tham kho

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Gio trnh

GIO DC I HC - Vit NamvTh gii

PGS.TS Trn Khnh ci hc quc gia H ni

t vn .

Trong qu trnh pht trin ca i sng x hi v khoa hc cng nghca cc quc gia, vai tr v v tr ca gio dc i hc ni chung v cc trngi hc ni ring ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Cc trng i hc khng ch

c vai tr ch cht trong lnh vc o to nhn lc khoa hc & cng nghtrnh cao m thc s v ang tr thnh cc trung tm nghin cu ln vsn xut tri thc mi v pht trin, chuyn giao cng ngh hin i, gp phn

pht trin bn vng. nhiu nc pht trin nh M, Anh, Australia, NhtBn... h thng gio dc i hc tr thnh mt ngnh dch v tri thc cao cpgp phn ng k vo thu nhp quc dn GDP ca quc gia thng qua cchot ng dch v o to v khoa hc& cng ngh. Nhiu nc trong khuvc ASEAN nh Thi lan, Malaisia, Philipin... v ang thc hin i mi,ci cch gio dc i hc theo hng pht trin a dng ho, chun ho, hnhthnh h thng bo m cht lng i hc vi nhiu tiu ch v chun mcnh gi cht lng o to, nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh,dch v pht trin cng ng. Tuyn b ca Hi ngh quc t v gio dc ihoc nm 1998 do UNESCO t chc ch r: "S mnh ca gio dc i hcl gp phn vo yu cu pht trin bn vng v pht trin x hi ni chung.

Ngh Quyt 14/2005/NQ-CP ngy 2/11/2005 ca Chnh ph Vit Nam v imi cn bn v ton din gio dc i hc Vit Nam giai on 2006-2020cng t ra yu cu: Hin i ha h thng gio dc i hc trn c s ktha nhng thnh qu gio dc v o to ca t nc, pht huy bn scdn tc, tip thu tinh hoa nhn loi, nhanh chng tip cn xu th pht trin

gio dc i hc tin tin trn th gii .

I. LC S PHT TRIN GIO DC I HC1.1. Lc s pht trin GD H th gii1.1.1. Gio dc i hc phng ngNn gio dc i hc Phng ng gn lin vi qu trnh pht trin

ca cc nn vn minh Phng ng Trung quc, n , Nht bn, Hnquc, Vit nam... v cc nc khu vc ng-Nam . Trong iu kin cns khai v thp km ca trnh pht trin ca lc lng sn xut (nngnghip v tiu th cng nghip) v trong khun kh cc th ch chnh tr-x

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hi phong kin, nn gio dc i hc Phng ng ch yu phn nh vtruyn b cc h t tng Nho gio, Pht gio, n gio v cc gi tr vnho-x hi trong ch yu l dy h thng cc trit l, quan nim, tn iu,vn chng, mt s k nng tnh ton v rt t tnh duy l, phn tch..

Thi k hin i (th k 19 cho n nay) h thng gio dc i hcca cc nc Phng ng pht trin theo m hnh chu u (Anh, Php,c) v m hnh M. Chng hn nh Nht Bn thi k u (cui th k 19u th k 20) pht trin cc trng i hc theo m hnh i hc c v sauchin tranh th gii th 2 (1947) pht trin theo m hnh i hc M.

1.1.2. Gio dc i hc phng TyGio dc i hc phng Ty hnh thnh v pht trin gn lin vi qu

trnh pht trin ca nn vn minh phng Ty vi nhiu bc thng trm calch s t thi vn minh Hy-La v tri qua m di Trung c t th k th 5

n th k 14-15. T th k 15, nn vn minh Phng Ty tri qua cccuc ci cch Tn gio, cch mng x hi, cch mng khoa hc vi s phttrin mnh m ca cc t tng tin b-nhn vn, t duy khoa hc... bcthi k phc hng (th k 16-17) vi nhiu thnh tu rc r trn cc mt cai sng x hi (cc trng phi ngh thut-kin trc, trit hc, x hi hc;khoa hc c bit l cc khoa hc thc nghim..). Tuy c nhng bc thngtrn song nn vn minh Phng Ty tip tc pht trin mnh trong cc giaion ca cch mng k thut v cng nghip (th k 18- 19) v hin nay lthi i hu cng nghip, kinh t tri thc trong th k 21.. Gio dc i hc

phng Ty thi k u gn lin o to tinh hoa vi cc ni dung thn hc,vn chng, lut, khoa hc v ngh thut v sau nay l khoa hc-cng nghhin i cng nhiu lnh vc vn ho- ngh thutl khoa hc x hi-nhn vn ...

H thng gio dc i hc phng Ty pht trin qua gn 10 th kvi nhiu bc thng trm gn lin vi cc cuc cch mng khoa hc- cngngh, cch mng x hi, pht trin vn ho v vn minh nhn loi

T th k 12-15 (cui thi trung c Chu u) vi cc Trung ihc u tin ti Salerno (Nam), Bologna (1088-Bc); Paris (1215), Oxford(Anh-1167); Vin i hc Cambridge (Anh-1209)

- Gio dc i hc Phng Ty thi k u chu nh hng, s chiphi ca cc gio l, h t tng ca Nh th (Thin cha gio, C c gio,o Tin Lnh..).

- Nhim v ch yu ca nh trng i hc l o to gii tinh hoa cc lnh vc hnh chnh, lut, y.. phc v nhu cu cho Nh nc v nh th

- Ni dung ging dy ch yu cc k nng c bn cho cc ngh vnchng (ng php, tu t, bin chng) Sau ny b sung thm cc lnh vc mnhc, s hc, hnh hc, thin vn..) hnh thnh h thng 7 mn nn tng(liberal art) ca hc vn i hc (General Education)

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Thi k Khai sng v Phc hng (TK 16-17) vi s pht trin mnhm ca cc t tng t do, ngh thut v cc cuc cch mng x hi, cchmng khoa hc.

- Cc trng i hc dn dn thot khi s chi phi ca Nh th v

Gio hi - Hnh thnh cc trng phi ngh thut-kin trc ni ting;cctrng ngh thut-kin trc; cc i hc tng hp v khoa hc t nhin, khoahc x hi v nhn vn.

- Cc trng i hc dn dn tr thnh l cc trung tm khoa hc, vnha- tri thc ca x hi.

- Gio dc i hc thi k ny do hn ch v i tng v quy mnn ch yu vn l nn gio dc tinh hoa. o to chuyn gia, tng lp trithc ca x hi

- Cc trng i hc phng Ty tr thnh cc trung tm pht trincc t tng t do- nhn vn, tinh thn duy l; t do hc thut, phng phpkhoa hc, bin chng...

H thng gio dc i hc phng Ty pht trin mnh trong giaion th k 18-19 vi cc cuc cch mng k thut, cng nghip.

- Xut hin cc loi hnh i hc/cao ng k thut v cng ngh. Cctrng c kh Anh; cc trng k thut-cng ngh c v Php ).

- Cc trng i hc kiu mi tr thnh trung tm o to i ngnhn lc trnh cao trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc, k thut v cng nghcho cc ngnh sn xut-dch v, gp phn pht trin nhn lc k thut c trnh cao cho cc ngnh kinh t- x hi c bit l trong cc lnh vc cngnghip.

- Thi k ny xut hin m hnh i hc nghin cu c, Scotlandv Anh vi vc kt hp cht ch gia o to v nghin cu; l thuyt vi ngdng, pht trin cc khoa hc ng dng v thc nghim. Vi s ra i catrng i hc Beclin (1810) nh du bc chuyn cn bn ca m hnhgio dc i hc Phng Ty t khoa hc thun ty, thp ng khoa hc .. sangkhoa hc ng dng cao cp; pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh tin tin vinhiu ng dng rng ri trong sn xut v dch v.

- M hnh trng Grande Ecole ca Php vi tnh chuyn su cao, tuynsinh chn lc cht ch to ra nhng bc tin ln v cht lng v trnh o to cao ca m hnh i hc Chu u thi hin i v c nh hng nnhiu nc trn th gii.

Thi k hu cng nghip v kinh t tr thc (gia th k 20 n nay) Cng vi qu trnh pht trin ca khoa hc-cng ngh v nn sn xuthin i, nhng tin b trong trong qu trnh dn ch ha i sng x hi, nngio dc i hc phng Ty tit tc pht trin mnh m c v quy m v chtlng, hiu qu o to. M hnh i hc M ra i v pht trin trn c s k

tha cc m hnh i hc Anh, i hc Chu u (Php- c) vi cc c s

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ni ting nh i hc Harvard (1636); i hc Chicago; MIT.. l nhng ihc hng u trong top 20 trng i hc ng cp quc t.

- a dng ha v pht trin mnh cc i hc nghin cu (ReseachUniversities) v pht trin mng li cao ng cng ng (Communty

College) cc a phng p ng nhu cu ph cp gio dc i hc.- Phn tng mnh m cht lng o to i hc cc loi hnh trngi hc, hnh thnh mt ph cht lng o to i hc theo s mng v mctiu ca cc loi hnh trng i hc.

- i chng ha gio dc i hc. Gn b cht ch gia nghin cukhoa hc vi o to i hc.Gio dc i hc tr thnh mt ngnh dch v trithc cao cp vi mt th trng ln nhiu t USD/nm

- Trng i hc tr thnh trung tm sn xut, pht trin, truyn b vng dng v dch v tri thc, cng ngh cao, pht trin cc gi tr vn ha-x

hi v cng ng.1.2. Lc s pht trin GD H Vit Nam

Trong sut gn 5000 nm lch s dn tc, nn gio dc Vit Nam nichung v nn gio dc i hc Vit Nam ni ring tng tri nhng bcthng trm, nhng i thay gn lin vi nhng bc chuyn trong cc giaion pht trin ca lch s dn tc.

1.2.1. Thi k phong kin (1076 - 1885)

Gio dc Vit Nam trong thi k phong kin vi gio dc Nhohc l ch yu. Bn cnh gio dc Nho hc c s tn ti cc loi hnh giodc ca Pht gio v o gio. Tuy c s khc bit song cc loi hnh giodc trn khng c s bi tr ln nhau. c bit, Tam gio thnh vng nht ldi thi L Trn, triu nh nhiu ln ng ra t chc k thi Tam gio baogm c 3 ni dung Nho Pht - o. Tuy nhin, cc triu i phong kin nitip nhau lun ly Nho gio lm h t tng chnh thng. Nn gio dc Nhohc nh c bo v, dung dng, duy tr, cng c, dn tr thnh h thnggio dc chnh thng v bao trm trong sut thi k phong kin.

Nm 1076, c coi l im mc nh du s ra i ca h thng giodc Nho hc, vi vic nh L khi lp Quc T Gim- trng i hc utin Vit Nam. Ban u, Quc T Gim t chc ging dy cho con emtrong Hong tc. n nm 1253, i thnh Quc T Vin, ging dy cho ccon em thng dn hc gii cc tnh, huyn. H thng gio dc Nho gio

bt u m rng ra cc a phng vi i tng rng ri hn trong cctng lp nhn dn.

H thng gio dc Nho hc, trn c s ly kinh in Nho gio lm nidung ging dy, thng thng phn thnh cc bc hc nh sau:

8 tui hc sch Hiu kinh, Trung kinh;12 tui hc sch Lun Ng, Trung dung, i hc;

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15 tui hc sch Thi, Th, Dch, L, Xun thu, Ch t.C hai loi hnh trng: trng cng v trng t. Trong , nh nc

ch qun l trc tip i vi cc trng cng kinh v mt s t trngcng cc tnh, ph v huyn; Trng t ph bin cc lng x do nhn dn

ng gp xy dng, t hot ng ngoi s qun l ca nh nc phong kintp quyn.Qua vi nt s lc trn y chng ta thy: c cu bc hc, cp qun

l ca h thng gio dc Nho hc l ht sc n gin, mang tnh cht c l.V yu t c tnh ct yu trong h thng gio dc Nho gio chnh l h thngkhoa c. Thc ra, di thi phong kin c nhiu hnh thc thi c: thi vn, thiv v thi li vin, nhng thi vn hay cn gi l khoa c Nho hc vn l quantrng nht. C th khi qut c cu h thng khoa c thi phong kin bng s di y: (Xem hnh 1)

H thng khoa c Nho hc c chia lm 3 cp: thi Hng, thi Hi,thi nh. Thi Hng l thi cp a phng (huyn, ph); thi Hi l thi trungng do triu nh t chc; thi nh l k thi do nh vua trc tip ng ra tchc, chm thi v xp loi.

Mun tham d k thi Hng, cc s t trc ht phi qua mt k thi sthch gi l kho th,c L trng a phng xc nhn l lch v gidanh sch ln hi ng thi Hng. Thi Hng chia lm bn trng, trong th sinh phi c 4 trng t bc C nhn tr ln mi c tham gia thiHi, u gi l Gii nguyn, bc cao gi l C nhn, bc di gi lT ti.

Thi Hi c phn ra lm 4 trng, trong th sinh phi c 4trng iu kin tham gia thi nh.

Thi nh khng chia ra lm cc trng nh thi Hng, thi Hi nhngphn ra thnh nhiu cp bc t t cao thp nh sau:

- nht gip (hay cn gi l Tam khi) c 3 hng: u lTrng Nguyn, th nBng nhn, Thm hoa.

- nh gip c mt hng duy nht lHong gip. Tam gip cng c 3 hng: Tin s sut thn, ng tin s sut thn,

v cui cng lPh bng.(Xem Hnh 1)

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Hnh 1. H thng thi c thi phong kin(*)

(THI VN)

Thc cht, khoa c ch l mt trong nhng loi hnh nh gi, gn linvi vic phn bit th hng cao thp thng qua h thng vn bng, cp bc

V d, trong h thng khoa c Nho hc tng ng vi 3 cp thi hng, thihi, thi nh th c 3 loi bng cp tin s, c nhn, t ti. Tuy nhin, trongmi cp li phn ra thnh cc bc cao thp, cao nht trong thi tin s th gil Trng nguyn, th n l Bng nhn, Thm hoa v.v.

Gio dc phong kin c bit cao khoa c v y l bin php quantrng bc nht pht hin v tuyn chn hin ti ra lm quan cai tr gip vuagip nc. Thi cao i vi gio dc khoa c ca cc vua cha phongkin c s sch ghi li:

(*)Nh trng ph thng Vit Nam qua cc thi k lch s, Nguyn ng Tin, Nxb HQG H Ni, 2001,Tr. 41

10

THI NHTHI NH

THI HNG

THI HI

-

Trng 4- Trng 3- Trng 2- Trng 1

- Trng 4- Trng 3- Trng 2- Trng 1

4 trng mi cvo thi nh

C nhn mi cvo thi Hi

+ u: Gii Nguyn+ bc cao: Hng Cng

(C nhn)

+ c bc di: Sinh (T ti)

* nht gip: Tam khi1. Trng Nguyn2. Bng nhn3. Thm hoa

* nh gip: Hong gip* tam gip:

1. Tin s xut thn2. ng tin s xut thn3. Ph bng (t thi Nguyn)


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Nm 1434, L Thnh Tng chiu nh php thi hng v thi Tin s con: Mun c nhn ti trc ht phi chn ngi c hc, php chn ngic hc th thi c l hng u 1

Sc d nm 1499 di thi L Hin Tng ch ra rng: Nhn ti l

nguyn kh ca Nh nc, nguyn kh mnh th th o mi thnh. Khoa mcl ng thng ca quan trng, ng thng m th chn nho mi c. Chonn i xua m khoa thi chn ngi ti gii tt phi nghim ngt v quy tctrng thi, cn thn v vic dn tn gi kn, c lnh cm khng c bonhau ngha sch, khng c vit th trao i vi nhau2

Th k XIX, triu Nguyn rt mc ch tm pht trin gio dc - khoac. Nm 1822, sau khi ln ni ngi, vua Minh Mnh c li d v vic khoa cnh sau: Khoa thi Hi ny l khoa thi u tin, l in l quan trng, ccngi nn nht mc cng bng, ng ph li khuyn ca trm3.

Tuy nhin, thi cao khoa c qa mc lm cho nn gio dcphong kin b h hoi. Nhng hot ng ng gp v t tng hc thutkhng c ch ti, thay vo l thi ho danh, hu danh v thc. Khoac tr thnh nhng nc thang tin thn ca gii tr thc vi nhiu t nn schv, h danh, kinh vin, xa ri thc tin gio dc. C th coi y l mt trongnhng hn ch c tnh c hu ca h thng gio dc Nho hc tn ti dai dng nc ta trong sut thi k phong kin.

1.2.2. Thi k thuc Php (1885 1945)

Nu nh Quc T Gim thnh lp t 1076 di thi Vua L ThnhTng c coi l trng i hc u tin ca Vit nam thi k phong kintrn nn tng ca nn gio dc Nho hc gn vi qu trnh tn ti hng ngnnm ca nn vn minh nng nghip la nc Vit Nam th vic ra i ihc ng Dng theo Ngh nh ca Ton quyn Pn B k ngy 16/5/1906c xem l trng i hc u tin ca Vit Nam (v ca c khu vc ngdng) thi k cn i trong giai on nc ta nm di ch thuc a cathc dn Php. y l trng i hc u tin ca Vit Nam theo m hnhhin i ca Php (M hnh Chu u) vi nhiu chuyn ngnh o to v khoahc c bn, khoa hc k thut, khoa hc x hi-nhn vn, lut, y-dc...Vmt trnh v m hnh pht trin, y c xem l thi k u ca nn vnminh cng nghip Vit Nam vi qu trnh xy dng v pht trin cc c skhai thc thuc a v cng nghip ch bin trong khun kh chnh sch khai

1Phan Huy Ch, Lch Triu Hin chng loi ch, Khoa Mc ch TIII, tr10.

2 Phan Huy Ch, Lch Triu Hin chng loi ch, Khoa Mc ch TIII, Tr.13

3Trch theo Phan i Don, Mt s vn v quan ch triu Nguyn, Nxb. Thun Ho, 1997, Tr.

173

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thc thuc a ca thc dn Php Vit Nam. Tuy Trng i hc ngdng c thnh lp nhm o to mt tng lp tr thc mi (Ty hc) phcv mc tiu thng tr, khai thc thuc a ca thc dn Php nhng v mt

pht trin th y l mt bc ngot trong qu trnh pht trin ca m hnh

gio dc i hc Vit Nam. S kin ny nh du s co chung ca nn giodc Nho hc vi vic bi b cc k thi Hi v thi nh vo u nm 1919 khiVua Khi nh k ch d bi b tt c cc trng ch Hn cung vi h thngqun l t Triu nh n c s. S kin trn m ng cho vic hon thinh thng gio dc Php-Vit ni chung v hnh thnh mt m hnh gio dci hc mi tip cn c vi cc thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh ca nnvn minh cng nghip Phng Ty thi by gi. Trong m hnh ny, ni dungv phng php o to c thay i cn bn. Ngoi cc chuyn ngnh vVn chng, Lut .. cng cn c cc chuyn ngnh o to theo cc ngnh

khoa hc-cng ngh hin i cc trng cao ng khoa hc, y hc; cngchnh .v.v..iu 1 Ngh nh v thnh lp Trng i hc ng dng ghi r:

Trng i hc ng Dng bao gm mt s trng cao ng cho sinh vinthuc a v cc x ln cn. Trng s dng Ting Php ph bin nhngkin thc khoa hc v phng php nghin cu ca ngi chu u yl vn c ngha v gi tr lch s rt quan trng trong m hnh pht tringio dc i hc vi vic chuyn t m hnh t chc h thng theo khoa c,khng c quy trnh o to cht ch vi phng php ch yu l thuyt ging,tm chng trch c, nng v vn sch sang m hnh t chc gio dc i hchin i (m hnh Chu u ) c mc tiu, t chc v quy trnh o to cht chvi cc lnh vc vn chng, khoa hc v k thut.v.v. v ly ph bin kinthc khoa hc kt hp cht ch vi phng php nghin c . Tuy nhin,do khng c chun b y cc iu kin v t chc qun l, c s vtcht, gio vin, ni dung, chng trnh ging dy c bit l trnh hc sinhqu thp v ngun tuyn chn khan him do h thng gio dc trung hccha pht trin nn ch sau mt nm trng i hc ng dng phingng hot ng.

Phi n khi Ton quyn Xa r k Ngh nh ban hnh B Hc chnh

tng quy vo ngy 21/12/1917 th h thng gio dc Vit nam theo mhnh Php mi c thnh hnh y tt c cc bc hc ca h thng giodc. M hnh gio dc i hc c cng c tip tc pht trin tng bc vivic ra i ca Vin i hc ng dng trn c s ci t li cc trng hinc v thnh lp thm mt s trng mi nh cao ng Lut v Php chnh, S

phm, Cng chnh, Thng mi; Nng nghip. Mc d c s pht trin miv c s o to song quy m o to ca Vin i hc ng dng rt nh

b. Trong nin kho 1922-1923 s sinh vin ch c 436 ngi trong phnln ngnh Y Dc (106) v Cng chnh (104 sinh vin).Tuy v hnh thc l

o to bc cao ng nhng do hn ch v trnh sinh vin, thi gian hc

12


13/94

ngn, chng trnh o to cha hon chnh..v.v.. nn tuy sinh vin ttnghip cao ng nhng trnh thc cht ch l trung cp.

Gio dc cao ng, i hc Vit Nam ch c bc pht trin mi vtrnh o to v loi hnh t nm 1941 khi Nh cm quyn Php ti lp

trng cao ng Th y; thnh lp trng cao ng khoa hc o to sinhvin ly cc chng ch c nhn khoa hc nh trng i hc khoa hc Phpv nng cp cc trng cao ng thnh cc trng i hc Y dc, i hcLut khoa ng Dng ..v.v

So snh dn s nc ta nm 1942, c 1 triu ngi th c 38 ngi theohc bc i hc v cao ng l mt t l hc vn thp.

C th ni sau gn 40 nm pht trin (1906-1945) nn gio dc i hcVit nam di thi Php thuc tuy quy m cn nh b do chnh sch thc dnch trng Pht trin gio dc theo chiu ngang nhng nh hnh kh

ng b cc loi hnh o to chuyn gia bc i hc (ch yu l cao ng)trong khun kh ca m hnh i hc a ngnh l Trng i hc ngDng hay Vin i hc ng Dng. M hnh trng i hc ng dng c s lin kt bc u trong t chc gio dc i hc tuy cn lng lo vc s khc bit ln ca cc trng chuyn ngnh. Mc du c nhng hn chv mc ch, ni dung o to nhng m hnh i hc ng dng to rac mt giai on mi trong lch s pht trin ca gio dc i hc Vitnam. Nhin sinh vin ca i hc ng Dng tr thnh nhng ngi trithc dn tc, yu nc gp phn tch cc v s nghip khng chin-kin qucv xy dng nn gio dc i hc ca nc Vit Nam mi sau cch mngthng 8 nm 1945

Sau y l S h thng gio dc Php - Vit h 13 nm c chnhquyn bo h p dng cho ngi bn x (Xem hnh 2)

13


14/94

Hnh 2: H thng gio dc thi cn i

(H THNG GIO DC PHP - VIT DNH CHO NGI BN X)(*)

1.2.3. THI K 1945 -1975a/ Giai on 1945 1954

Di s lnh o ca ng, cuc Cch mng Thng 8 1945 thnhcng, thnh lp Nh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho. Ngay sau khi ln nmchnh quyn, Nh nc cc mng phi tip qun di sn nn gio dc h sauhn 80 nm thuc Php vi nhiu kh khn chng cht: Ngn kh trng rng,s khc bit trong ch gio dc, h thng gio dc gia cc vng min; i

b phn dn chng tht hc vi hn 95% dn s m ch

(*) Gio dc Vit Nam thi k Cn i, Phan Trng Bu, Nxb KHXH, H, 1994, Tr. 159

14

Cao ng v i hc

T ti 2

T ti 1

Nm th 3

Nm th 2

Nm th nht

BngThnhchung

t nin

tam nin

nh nin

nht nin

Bngc thu

Lp nht

Nh nh

Nh nht

S ng

D b

ng u

Trung hc(Ban t ti)

Cao ngtiu hc

Trung

hc Php

Vit

Tiu

hcPhp

VitBng

S lcYu hc


15/94

khc phc hu qu nu trn, trong sc lnh s 146/SL ngy10/8/1946, Ch tch H Ch Minh khng nh: "xy dng nn gio dc mi,nn gio dc cch mng vi 3 nguyn tc cn bn l: i chng Dn tc- Khoa hc." ng thi, h thng gio dc mi c c cu li gm 3 cp

hc: bc hc c bn; bc hc tng qut v chuyn nghip v bc i hc.Cch mng thng 8/1945 thnh cng m ra mt trang s mi trong qatrnh pht trin ca nn gio dc cch mng Vit nam thi hin i. Ngay tkhi nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho mi ra i, ngy 22/9/1945 vi ttng Mt dn tc dt l mt dn tc yu v k tha nhng gi tr tin bchung ca nhn loi, H Ch Tch ngh vi Hi ng Chnh ph cho mca li cc trng i hc hin c (khng xo b xy mi hon ton). Lkhai ging vo ngy 15/11/1945 ti Hi trng 19 L thnh Tng ca Trngi hc Quc gia Vit nam Trng i hc u tin ca nn gio dc i

hc cch mng Vit nam nh du s m u ca mt k nguyn gio dci hc dn tc, hin i ca nc Vit nam c lp. Kho o to u tinca Trng i hc Quc gia Vit nam bao gm 5 ban: Y khoa, Khoa hc,M thut, Vn khoa v Chnh tr x hi trong cc Ban Y khoa, Khoa hc,M thut v c bn k tha m hnh o to a lnh vc ca trng i hcng dng vi nhng ci t li cho ph hp vi s pht trin ca cc lnhvc khoa hc v cng ngh th gii. Cc Ban Chnh tr x hi v Ban Vnkhoa c thnh lp mi nhm o to i ng tri thc phc v s nghip

pht trin ca ch mi c kh nng ging dy v nghin cu mt s chuynngnh nh Php lut, Chnh tr, Hnh chnh, Trit hc, Vn hc, Lch s..v.v.c bit tham gia ging dy ti Trng i hc Quc gia Vit nam c mt sgio s, nhn s, tr thc ni ting ca i hc ng Dng v mt s c so to, khoa hc c nh Gio s Nguyn Vn Huyn, GS Ngu NhKontum; Lut s V nh He; cc hc gi ng Thai Mai, o Duy Anh,Cao Xun Huy, GS.Tn Tht Tng.v.v. Tham gia ging dy cn c cc nhcch mng, tr thc tn tui nh V Nguyn Gip, Phm Vn ng..v.v.Thnh phn gio chc ca Trng i hc Quc gia Vit nam th hin rc rchnh sch i on kt dn tc, trng dng tr thc v ngi hin ti khng

phn bit ngun gc v thnh phn xut thn ca ng v Nh nc Vit nam

Dn ch Cng ho cn non tr do H Ch Tch ng u cng nhau xydng nn gio dc i hc Vit Nam tin b v hin i.

Ngy 19/12/1946 cuc khng chin chng Php bng n, t ra cho giodc nc ta nhng nhim v mi: trong va phc v khng chin va gp

phn vo cng cuc kin quc.Khng chin ton quc bng n lm gin on s pht trin ca m

hnh o to a lnh vc ca i hc quc gia Vit nam trong qu trnh khngchin chng thc dn Php. Cc c s o to theo cc lnh vc Y khoa, Khoahc, M thut..v. v c s tn chuyn v cc vng t do, khu cn c a cch

mng tip tc o to i ng tr thc, cn b khoa hc c trnh caophc v s nghip khng chin chng thc dn Php theo phng chm Cn

15


16/94

c vo nhu cu ca khng chin v iu kin thc t m trng. Phisinh ng v cu to chng trnh v quy nh thi gian hc, hnh thchc, hc i i vi hnh Cc c s o to i hc, cao ng thi khngchin thc s tr thnh nhng c s o to, bi dng i ng cn b

khoa hc-k thut phc v cng cuc khng chin v cc nh khoa hc, trithc ln cho cc trng i hc sau ny nh i hc S phm, i hc Y-Dc, i hc Bch khoa H ni..v.v

Trong thi k u (1946-1950) Ngoi cc c s gio dc i hc /caong c nh trng H Y; cc trng Nng lm, Cng chnh, M Thut,Th y..v.v m thm 2 trng s phm cao cp vn, s, a v lp d b ihc Thanh ha; trng Khoa hc c bn v S phm cao cp Khu hc x

Nam Ninh-Trung quc. T 1953 hon ton dng ting Vit lm chuynng bc i hc.

Song song vi vic tin hnh cuc khng chin trng k chng Php,nhn thy nhu cu cn phi chuyn i c cu h thng gio dc ph hphon cnh khng chin, thng 5 nm 1950, TW ng v Chnh ph quytnh thng qua n tin hnh ci cch gio dc ln th nht.

Mc tiu ca cuc ci cch gio dc nm 1950 l nhm chuyn i ccu h thng gio dc, ph hp vi iu kin ca cuc khng chin.

Trn c s c cu li h thng ca nn gio dc quc dn bao gm 3 bphn: ph thng b tc vn ho - chuyn nghip thc hin cc nhim vakhng chin va sn xut v xy dng t nc. Trong , ch trng phttrin h B tc vn ha tng cng xa nn m ch.

Trong gio dc ph thng, c mt thay i quan trng l: rt ngnthi gian v chng trnh o to vi vic p dng h gio dc ph thng 9nm, gm 3 cp hc nh sau:

- Cp I (4nm) : lp 1, 2, 3, 4 thay th cho bc tiu hc c- Cp II (3 nm): lp 5, 6, 7 thay th cho bc trung hc c- Cp III (2 nm): lp 8, 9 thay th cho bc trung hc chuyn khoac

c bit, do iu kin chin tranh, gim bt cc k thi chuyn cp, cui

lp 9 c mt k thi tt nghip. C s quan h lin thng gia 3 b phn phthng chuyn nghip b tc. Sau khi tt nghip tt c 3 b phn ny utheo hc tip ln bc cao ng v i hc. ( Xem hnh 3 )

16


17/94

Hnh 3: H thng gio dc quc dn - nm 1950(*)

b/ Giai on 1956 1975

Trong thi k khng chin chng Php, trn thc t tn ti song songc 2 h thng gio dc, l: H thng gio dc tiu hc v trung hc 12 nmca Php vng tm chim v H thng gio dc ph thng 9 nm vng tdo .

Nm 1954, ha bnh lp li min Bc, ng trc nhu cu thng nhth thng gio dc, thng 3/1956, i hi gio dc ph thng ton min Bc hp v thng qua n lp h thng gio dc ph thng mi 10 nm. Ngy27/8/1956, Ngh nh v h thng gio dc mi h 10 nm (Xem Hnh 4)

c Th tng Chnh ph k ban hnh. Trong bc i hc hnh thnh hthng cc trng i hc v cao ng theo m hnh Lin x (c) bao gm cctrng i hc Tng hp, cc trng i hc chuyn ngnh nh Bch khoa,Y-Dc, S phm, Nng-Lm ..v.v ..

Min Nam hnh thnh h thng gio dc i hc theo m hnh Mvi Vin i hc Si gn (1955); Vin i hc Hu (1957); Vin i hc Cnth (1966) bao gm nhiu c s o to i hc v cao ng v mt s Vini hc cng ng Nha trang, M tho, nng..v.v

(*)50 nm pht trin s nghip gio dc v o to (1945 1995), Nxb GD, H, 1995 , Tr. 431

17

CAO NGV

I HC

D B I HC(2 NM)

PH THNG CP III(2 NM)

PH THNG CP II(3 NM)

PH THNG CP I(4 NM)

V LNG (1 NM)

MU GIO

CHUYN NGHIPTRUNG CP

- O TO NGH- CN S CP

TRUNG CPBNH DN

B TC

BNH DN

S CPBNH DN


18/94

Hnh 4. H thng gio dc theo ci cch nm 1956(*)

Nhn chung, v c cu khung ca h thng gio dc quc dn thi kc mt s thay i so vi giai on trc. H thng gio dc ph thng, nngt h 9 nm ln h 10 nm bao gm:

Cp I (4 nm): lp 1, 2, 3, 4Cp II (3 nm): lp 5, 6, 7Cp III (3 nm): lp 8, 9, 10.

Khi phc li cc k thi ht cp, trong :

Cui cp I, II: thi ht cpCui cp III: thi tt nghip ph thng.y l s thay i, iu chnh ng n v cn thit tin ti hon

thin h thng gio dc quc dn, t nn tng gio dc kp thi phc v chocng cuc xy dng pht trin kinh t - x hi theo m hnh x hi ch nghaang c tin hnh trn khu vc min Bc v cuc u tranh thng nht tnc .

c/ Giai on 1975 1986

(*)(*) 50 nm pht trin s nghip gio dc v o to (1945 1995), Nxb GD, H, 1995, Tr. 432

18

I HC

VCAO NG

CP III (3 NM)

MU GIO

CP II (3 NM)

LP V LNG

CP I (4 NM)

5 tui

17 tui

14 tui

11 tui

6 tui

THCN BTVHCP III

BTVHCP II

BTVHCP I

VXO

M CH

DY NGH


19/94

Sau khi gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc, thng 11/1/1979, Bchnh tr CSVN thng qua Ngh quyt 14 v vn ci cch gio dc,xy dng h thng gio dc quc dn mi thng nht trong c nc.

Trong cuc ci cch gio dc nm 1979, c cu khung ca ton b h

thng gm c cc bc sau: (Xem Hnh 5)- Gio dc mm non: Nh tr, mu gio- Gio dc ph thng: Tiu hc, Trung hc c s, Trung hc

chuyn ban- Gio dc chuyn nghip: Trung hc chuyn nghip, Trng

o to ngh- Gio dc i hc: Cao ng, i hc, Sau i hc- Gio dc thng xuyn

Cuc ci cch gio dc nm 1979, hon chnh h thng gio dc baogm y cc bc hc: tin hc ng, tiu hc, trung hc, i hc v saui hc.

Bc trung hc c s lin thng gia cc loi hnh trng Ph thng trunghc, trung hc chuyn nghip v dy ngh v h B tc Cp II v III, nhmnng cao trnh vn ho ln bc trung hc cho mi i tng x hi.

Cuc ci cch ln ny ra vn ci cch gio dc ph thng h 10 nmnng ln thnh h 12 nm, bao gm:

- Cp I (5 nm, t lp 1 n lp 5) ;- Cp II (4 nm (t lp 6 n lp 9) ;- Cp III (3 nm (t lp 10 n lp 12);- Thi tt nghip ph thng trung hc, ln u tin thng nht b

thi tt nghip trong phm vi c nc, nm 1981.

Nh vy, trong khong thi gian 10 nm, va phi tin hnh hn gn vtthng chin tranh, va trin khai xy dng ch ngha x hi trn phm vi cnc, nhng ng v Nh nc vn c nhng ch o kp thi, tin hnhnhng iu chnh, ci cch cn thit dn hon thin h thng gio dc qucdn.

Hnh 5: H thng gio dc - theo ci cch nm 1979(*)

(*)50 nm pht trin s nghip gio dc v o to (1945 1995), Nxb GD, H, 1995, Tr.433

19


20/94

1.2.4.Thi k i mi (1986 n nay)

Sau 10 nm t nc hon ton thng nht, vn xy dng v phttrin kinh t- x hi t nc tr thnh mt trong nhng mc tiu hng u.Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh pht trin chng ta cng gp nhiu kh khn,khng hong kinh t do c ch qun l quan liu, bao cp c khng ph hpvi giai on pht trin mi ca t nc. Cng cuc i mi nm 1986 dong khi xng v lnh o a nn kinh t -x hi nc ta ni chung vnn gio dc cch mng ni ring bc sang giai on pht trin mi. Cngvi cng cuc i mi ton din v kinh t- x hi, nm 1986, ng ta c cho i vi ngnh gio dc v o to thc hin nhng bc i mi quantrng trong h thng gio dc.

Theo Ngh nh 90/ CP- 1992 quy nh c cu khung h thng gio dcquc dn cho hnh 6 vi chuyn i c bn c cu trnh o to bc ihc.

20

TIN SPH TIN S

I HC V CAO NG(3 - 6 NM)

BC PTTH CP III (3 NM)

CP II (4 NM)BCPTCS

CP I (5 NM)

GIO DC MM NON

18 tui

6 tui

5 tui

11 tui

15 tui

THCN BTVH CP III

BTVH CPII

BTVH CP IV XMC

DY NGH


21/94

Theo qui nh ti Chng II Lut Gio dc 1998 h thng gio dcquc dn Vit Nam bao gm 4 loi hnh gio dc sau (Xem hnh 7):

1). Gio dc mm non thc hin vic nui dng chm sc gio dc trt 3 thng tui n 6 tui.

2). Gio dc ph thng : bao gm cc bc, cp hc sau:- Gio dc tiu hc: 5 nm bt buc t 6-11 tui.- Gio dc THCS: 4 nm t 11-15 tui.- Gio dc THPT: 3 nm t 15-18 tui.

3). Gio dc ngh nghip bao gm 2 loi:- Trung hc chuyn nghip: 2- 4 nm.- Dy ngh: 1-3 nm.- o to ngh < 1 nm

4) Gio dc i hc v sau i hc bao gm:

- Cao ng 3 nm.- i hc 4-6 nm.- Sau i hc : + o to thc s 2 nm.

+ o to tin s 2-3 nm.Song song vi h thng gio dc chnh qui l loi gio dc khng chnh

qui bao gm nhiu chng trnh o to t chng trnh xo m ch, bidng cp nht nng cao trnh kin thc, k nng thng xuyn n ccchng trnh gio dc ly vn bng ca h thng gio dc quc dn theohnh thc va hc, va lm, hc t xa, t hc c hng dn. V loi hnhtrng c cc loi hnh trng cng lp v ngoi cng lp nh dn lp, tthc, bn cng cc bc mm non, ph thng, GD ngh nghip v i hc .

Trong h thng gio dc Vit Nam cn c cc c s o to tr thiunng gio dc chuyn bit cho ngi tn tt, cc c s gio dng cho nhiui tng khc nhau.

Lut gio dc 2005 quy nh c cu khung mi ca H thng gio dcquc dn cho hnh 8.

Nh vy, t sau cng cuc i mi nm 1986, h thng gio dc qucdn ni chung v h thng gio dc i hc ni ring c nhng thay ing k v c cu bc hc v cc loi hnh o to. H thng gio dc quc

dn tng bc c hon thin v thng nht trn phm vi ton quc. Spht trin ca h thng gio dc to iu kin thun li cho chng ta tinhnh hp tc quc t pht trin gio dc nc nh. Cng cuc i mi,em li mt din mo mi cho h thng gio dc theo hng hin i ho,chun ho, dn ch ho v a dng ho. y l nhng tin c bn hthng gio dc Vit Nam pht trin theo kp xu hng ton cu ng thicng l mt th thch ln i vi cng tc qun l h thng gio dc i hc

21


22/94

Hnh 6: H thng gio dc quc dn 1993 (*)

(THEO NGH NH 90/CP NGY 24/11/1993)

Hnh 7 : C cu khung ca h thng gio dc quc dn Vit Nam (*)1998

(*)50 nm pht trin s nghip gio dc v o to (1945 1995), Nxb GD, H, 1995, Tr. 435(*)Gio dc Vit Nam trc ngng ca th k XXI, Phm Minh Hc, Nxb CTQG, H, 1999, Tr. 54

22

O TOTIN S

GIAI ON III HC (4 - 6 NM)

GIAI ON I

CAO HC

CAO NG(3 NM)

TRUNG HCCHUYN BAN

(3 NM)

TRUNG HCNGH

(3-4 NM)

TRUNG HCCHUYN NGHIP

(3 - 4 NM)

O TONGH

(1 -2 NM)

TRUNG HC C S (4 NM)

TIU HC (5 NM)

MU GIO (3 NM)

NH TR

O TO NGH(1 NM)

18 tui

6 tui

11 tui

11 tui

15 tui

15 tui18 tui

6 tui

3 tui

3-4 thng

Gio

dc

thng

xuyn


23/94

18 tui

18 tui

15 tui

15 tui

11 tui

11 tui

6 tui

6 tui3 tui3 tui3- 4 thng

Hnh 8 : C cu khung ca h thng gio dc quc dn Vit Nam( theo Lut GD 2005 )

23

4. GIO DC I HCSAU I HC

o to tin s2-3 nm Cao hc

2 nm

i hc

(4-6 years)

Cao ng(3 years)

2. GD PH THNG 3. GD NGH NGHIP

Trung hcph thng

( 3 nm)

Trung hcchuynnghip

(2-4 nm)

Dy ngh(1-3 nm)

Trung hc c s(4 nm)

o to ngh(< 1 nm)

Tiu hc (5 nm)

1. GIO DC MM NON

Mu gio(3 nm)

Nh tr

Gio

Dc

Khng

chnh

qui


24/94

18 tui

18 tui

15 tui

15 tui

11 tui

11 tui

6 tui

6 tui3 tui3 tui3- 4 thng

1. 3. c trng gio dc i hc mt s nc

24

4. GIO DC I HCSAU I HC

o to tin s2-3 nm Cao hc

2 nm

i hc

(4-6 years)

- Cao ng(3 nm)

- Cao ng ngh( 2 nm)

2. GD PH THNG 3. GD NGH NGHIP

Trung hcph thng( phn ban )

(3 nm)

Trung cpchuynnghip

(2-4 nm)

- Trng cpngh- S cpngh

Trung hc c s(4 nm)

Tiu hc (5 nm)

1. GIO DC MM NON

Mu gio(3 nm)

Nh tr

Gio

Dc

khng

chnh

qui


25/94

1.3.1. Hoa kHoa k l mt quc gia c nn kinh t v trnh khoa hc - cng ngh

pht trin cao, dn u th gii. Theo bo co pht trin con ngi nm 2005ca UNDP thu nhp u ngi (GDP/ngi/ nm) t 37.648 USD. Ch s

HDI t 0,95 xp hng 6 trn tng s gn 177 nc trn th gii vi dn s292,6 triu ngi (Nm 2005)Hoa k l mt quc gia c xp hng nhm cc nc pht trin cao

v c h thng gio dc c th ca mt nc c nn kinh t th trng, phttrin mnh theo c ch phi tp trung ho .

C cu h thng gio dc Hoa k bao gm cc bc hc c bn nhtrc tui n trng (Kindergartens); Tiu hc; Trung hc v i hc. Ccu cc loi hnh trng cc bc hc ph thng rt a dng khng thngnht trong ton quc m tuy thuc vo tng Bang khc nhau.

Bc trc tui n trng bao gm cc loi hnh Nh tr v Mu giot 3-5 tui. Hng nm c khong 1 triu tr em vo Nh tr v 3,4 triu tr emvo Mu gio.

Bc C bn hay Tiu hc (Elementary hay Primary schools). Tr emHoa k nhp hc lp u tiu hc (Lp 1) vo tui 6 tui. Hng nm ckhong 3,7 triu tr em vo lp 1. Bc tiu hc bao gm 6 nm phn lncc bang v 4-8 nm cc Bang khc tuy thuc v cu trc m hnh cc loihnh trng ph thng tng Bang l 8-4; 4-4-4; 6-3-3; 6-6..v.v ..

Bc trung hc l mt bc hc vi nhiu loi hnh trng a dng vi 3nhm chnh. Nhm th nht l cc trng Trung hc bc thp (Junior HighSchools)v tip ni l Trng trung hc bc cao (Senior High Schools). Nhmth hai l nhm cc trng Trung hc (Middle Schools) tip nhn hc sinh htlp 4 v hc tip 4 nm vo trng Trung hc bc cao (High Schools ) vithi gian hc 4 nm. Nhm th ba l loi hnh trng kt hp (CombinedJunior- Senior High Schools) vi thi gian o to l 6 nm. Nh vy tuy cnhiu m hnh cu trc khc nhau cc Bc Tiu hc v Trung hoc ph thngnhng nhn chung loi hnh gio dc ph thng bao gm 12 nm v kt thc tui 17. bc Trung hc khng hnh thnh ring h thng cc trng phthng, k thut v ngh nghip nh nhiu nc khc m cc hng o to

ny ch yu c th hin cu trc chng trnh o to theo cc mn btbuc v cc mn t chn. Cc c s o to ngh ch yu hnh thnh cccng ty, x nghip vi nhiu loi hnh o to trc tip ti sn xut.

Bc i hc bao gm cc ai hc (University) v Cao ng. Loi hnhtrng Cao ng nh cao ng cng ng (Community Colleges); Cao ng( Junior Colleges); Cc trng cao ng k thut, ngh nghip (Voc/TechInstitutions). H thng i hc Hoa k ch yu l cc i hc a lnh vc, ihc nghin cu (Research University) v c nhiu loi hnh o to khc nhaut c nhn (Bachelor degree ) n Thc s (Masters degree ) v Tin s

( Ph.D ). Trong h thng i hc cn c mt s loi hnh trng chuyn ngnh( Professional Schools) nh trng Lut, Trng Y.v.v.

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Hnh 9. S cu trc h thng gio dc Hoa k

1.3.2. H lan

26

o to sau Tin s v Nghin cu (Postdoctora Study and Research )

o to Tin sDoctor s Degree Study

Cao hc (Master s Degree Study

Cc trng chuynngnh nh Lut, YProfessional Schools(Medicine, Theology,Law..vv

Cc chng trnh o to ihc Cc chng trnh o to i hc( Undergraduate Programs)

Cc trng oto KT-NN

Cao ng cngng (Communitycollege)

Trng trungcao- 4 nm(High School-4 years

Trng trung hc bccao (Senior HighSchools) 3 nm

Trng trung hc bcthp (Junior HighSchools) 3 nm

Trng cao trung tnghp. 6 nmCombined Junior-Seniore High Schools6 years

Trngs trung4(MiddleSchools

Cc trng Tiu hc 6 nmElementary (or Primary) Schools- 6 years

Cc trng

tiu hc 4nm.Primary sch

Mu gio (Kindengartens )Nh tr (Nursery Schools )


27/94

H Lan l mt nc thnh vin trong lin minh Chu u (EU) nm khu vc Ty-Bc u vi din tch 33,948 km, dn s 16,1 triu ngi ( nm2001). L mt nc nh v din tch v dn s nhng H Lan l mt nccng nghip pht trin vi kim ngch thng mi chim 4% kim ngch

thng mi th gii, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi GDP/ ngi ) t 25.657USD nm 2001. H Lan c xp th 8 (0,935) trn gn 200 quc gia trn thgii v ch s pht trin con ngi (HDI ) nm 2001. C cu kinh t nang ctrng ca mt nc cng nghip pht trin vi t trng thng mai, dch vchim 47%, cng nghip 21%. H Lan l mt nc c trnh dn tr cao vitrnh ph cp trung hc v c khong 22% dn s t tui 15-64 c trnh i hc. Trong lc lng lao ng 8,5% c trnh i hc,17% c trnh cao ng ngh nghip (o to ngh bc i hc). H thng gio dc HLan mang c trng ca m hnh cc nc Ty u c truyn thng vn ho

lu i v sm i vo qu trnh cng nghip ho.H thng gio dc H Lan l mt h thng gio dc tp trung nh nc

tt c cc bc hc v loi hnh o to. H Lan hu nh khng c h thngtrng t nh Anh, M v mt s nc Chu u khc. B Gio dc, Khoahc v Vn ho chu trch nhim qun l theo lut nh tt c cc bc hc vloi hnh o to tr mt s chng trnh o to trong cc lnh vc y t vnng nghip do cc B chuyn ngnh qun l. Hin ang c khuynh hngtng cng s ch ti ca h thng lut l ca nh nc i vi tt c cc bchc v loi hnh gio dc. Cng nh nhiu nc khc, h thng gio dc HLan c cc bc hc c bn nh Tiu hc, Trung hoc, i hc vi nhiu loihnh gio dc v o to a dng. (Xem hnh 10)

Bc tiu hc : Tr em H Lan vo bc Tiu hc bt u t 4 tui v ttnghip Tiu hc tui 12 sau 7-8 nm hc tp. Bc tiu hc hon ton donh nc ti tr vi kinh ph khong 3086 Ero/ nm cho 1 hc sinh. Khong1/3 tr em H Lan bc tiu hc vo hc h thng trng cng (publicschool) do chnh quyn a phng qun l. Khong 2/3 tr em vo hc ccloi hnh trng tiu hc ca cc dng o v tn gio khc nhau. , trem c hc mt s mn c lin quan n cc tn gio.

Bc trung hc: H Lan, sau khi tt nghip tiu hc, hc sinh v cham hc sinh la chn cc loi hnh trng trung hc khc nhau. Vic la chnny cng d c nh hnh lp cui bc tiu hc vi s nh hng ca nhtrng. Trong 3 nm u bc trung hc, tt c cc loi hnh gio dc v c

bn c chng trnh cc mn hc nh nhau (tng t nh trung hc c s cc nc ) sau d mi phn lung theo cc loi hnh gio dc khc nhau nh :

- Gio dc ngh nghip (Vocational Education) : Bao gm 2 giai onc bn. Giai on u gi l giai on gio dc trung hc nh hngngh nghip (Preparatory Secondary Vocational Education). Giai

on ny c 4 lnh vc ngh nghip din rng c bn nh : Cngngh, Y t v bo tr x hi; Kinh t ; Nng nghip. Sau khi tt

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nghip giai on trn, hc sinh i vo giai on 2 c gi l Giodc trung hc ngh nghip (Senior Secondary Vocational Education ),Giai on ny c chia thnh 4 trnh o to

;

Hnh 10. Cu trc h thng gio dc H lan

Ngun : The Halan Handbook-2002-2003

28

Primary education (7- 8 years )Gio dc tiu hc (7- 8 nm )

PhD (IS)Tin s

Post-doctoraal

programmeand

promotie

Post-HBOprogramsCc CT saui hc N /N

Internati

onalUniversityi hcquc t

Open

Universityihcm

University

Educational4-6Years (II)Gio dc ihc. 4-6

Nm

University of

ProfessionalEducation(HBO) 4years.GDDH ngh

Senio

SecondaryVocationalEducation(MBO )Gio dc trunghc ngh bc cao

UniversityPreporatoryEducation(VWO)

6 yearsGio dc tini hc 6 nm

Lp chuyntip

Senior GeneralSecondaryEducation(HAVO) 5 yearsGio dc trunghc bc cao5 nm

Lp chuyn tip

Preparatory SecondryVocational Education(VMBO)

Lp chuyn tip


29/94

Bc 1 o to th ph (assistant) vi thi gian t 6 thng n 1 nm.Bc 2 o ngh c bn vi thi gian t 2-3 nm. Bc 3 o to ngh bc caot 3-4 nm. Bc 4 o to qun c t 3-4 nm. Ni chung ngi hc phi

hon thnh bc trc mi c tip tc hc giai on sau. Ngi ttnghip kho o to ngh bc cao c th theo hc cc kho o to chuynmn t 1-2 nm v sau tt nghip kho ny hoc kho o to qun c c thtip tc theo hc cc trng i hc ngh nghip (HBO)

Gio dc trung hc ph thng bc cao (HAVO). y l loi hnh oto bc trung hc nng theo hng thc hnh vi mc tiu chnh l chun bngun cho cc loi hnh o to ngh nghip bc i hc ngh nghip(HBO). Loi hnh ny c 4 lnh vc chnh: t nhin v cng ngh; t nhin vy t; kinh t v x hi; vn ho v x hi. Mi mt lnh vc c cc mn hc

chung nh nhau cc lnh vc; phn chuyn ngnh v phn t chn.Gio dc tin i hc l mt loi hnh gio dc trung hc ph thng cnh hng chnh l tip tc ln cc loi hnh gio dc i hc (University)vi thi gian hc l 6 nm. Loi hnh ny cng c 4 lnh vc nh trn nhngchong trnh o to c thit k nng v cc kin thc l thuyt c bn, hnlm.

Gio dc i hc H Lan ang trong qu trnh chuyn i t m hnhTy u truyn thng sang m hnh Chu u hin i. bc gio dc i hcc 3 loi hnh o to chnh. Loi hnh o to ti cc i hc a lnh vc( University) vi cc chng trnh o to nng hng hn lm o to chyu l cc chuyn gia trong cc lnh vc khoa hc v nghin cu, o to.

Ngoi ra, loi hnh ny c mt s chng trnh o to cc ngnh ngh x hinh cng nghip, kinh t.v.v. Hin H Lan c 14 i hc a lnh vc (baogm i hc m Heerlen) vi qui m o to i hc khong 150.000 sinhvin. Qui m mi i hc khong t 6000 n 30.000 sinh vin. Loi hnhth hai l cc trng i hoc ngh nghip (Higher Education Institutions) vicc chng trnh o to nng v hng thc hnh cng ngh v ngh nghiptheo cc chuyn ngnh. y l loi hnh o to c qui m ln vi khong300.000 sinh vin hn 50 trung vi nhiu chuyn ngnh khc nhau. Loi

hnh ny c mt s trng c qui m ln ln dn 30.000 sinh vin. Loi hnhth 3 l loi hnh gio dc quc t. H Lan c 15 trng gio dc quc t vicc chng trnh o to sau i hc nhiu lnh vc chuyn ngnh khcnhau. Cc kho o to c thc hin bng ting Anh v chong trnh oto c thit k cho sinh vin nc ngoi. iu kin nhp hc ngoi vn

bng hc vin cn phi c mt s nm kinh nghim cng tc thc t.

H thng vn bng ca cc i hc (University) H Lan khng theoh thng ca Anh- M. Vn bng chung cho tt c cc loi hnh o to cc

loi ngnh ngh vi thi gian khc nhau nh 4 nm vi cc ngnh phi cngngh, 5 nm i vi cc cng ngh, khoa hc t nhin, ton, nng nghip, nha

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khoa., 6 nm i vi cc ngnh y-dc .. u nhn vn bng Tin s( Doctoraal degree). Vn bng ny c tnh tng ng nh vn bng Thcs ca h thng vn bng Anh-M. Sau vn bng Doctoraal degree l BngDoctorate (Tng ng Bng Ph.D h Anh-M ) c cp cho nghin cu

sinh 4 nm sau khi bo v thnh cng Lun n quc gia trc Hi nggio s.

1.3.3. Nht Bn

Nht Bn- cng quc kinh t th gii vn ln t ng tro tnca cuc chin Th gii th II vi nhng n lc phi thng v chin lc phttrin khn ngoan. L mt nc ngho v ti nguyn thin nhin nn nh cmquyn Nht Bn ngay t thi ci cch ca Minh tr (1868-1912) c bit

ch n gio dc nhm pht trin ngun vn con ngi. Ngay t u th k20 (1900) Nht Bn ph cp gio dc tiu hc. Gio dc c bn( elementary education) l gio dc bt buc v min ph. T thp nin 70,

Nht Bn ph cp gio dc trung hc bc cao (upper secondary education)cho hc sinh trong tui. y l nn tng vng chc cho cng cuc phttrin gio dc i hc Nht Bn c bt u t sau Th chin th II v chon nay (2010) c khong gn 60% hc sinh tt nghip trung hc tip tctheo hc cc trng cao ng, i hc. Gio dc i hc Nht bn thcs bc vo thi k pht trin mi theo hng hin i ha, quc t ha v

i chng ha vi qu trnh tp on ha c khi ng t nhng nm 70ca th k 20H thng gio dc i hc hin i ca Nht Bn c hnh thnh t

cui th k 19 vi s ra i ca i hc Tokyo (sau ny c gi l i hchong gia Tokyo) vo nm 1887. Cc i hc hong gia khc ln lt cthnh lp nh i hc Kyoto, Tohoku, Osaca . Cc i hc ny l nhngi hc a ngnh c hnh thnh theo m hnh i hc Chu u (m hnhc) vi h thng qun l hnh chnh tp trung mnh cp trng v quynt ch (quasi-autonomous) v hc chnh ca cc n v hc thut( Khoa/Trung tm). Ngoi cc i hc hong gia, nhiu c s gio dc ihc ca nh nc, trng cng ca cc a phng (public local) v nhiutrng t (private) cng c tip tc thnh lp trong thi gian sau chintranh. (Xem Bng 1)

Trc chin tranh th gii th II, h thng gio dc i hc Nhtbn c dc trng bi h thng qun l hnh chnh-tp trung (tuy khnghon ton) cc trng nh nc c bit l cc i hc hong gia do cctrng ny nhn c nhiu c quyn u i v i ng nhn s, trang b,u t ti chnh t ngn sch nh nc

H thng gio dc i hc mi, hin i ca Nht bn c hnh

thnh t sau khi kt thc Th chin II theo m hnh M (America Model)

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vi h thng o to 4 cp bc i hc : cao ng, c nhn, thc s v tins. y l thi k pht trin mnh cc loi hnh i hc a ngnh, a lnh lc cc i hc ln nh i hc Tokyo, i hc Osaca..v.v.. ng thi cngl thi k pht trin mnh v s lng v quy m o to i hc cc i

hc, trng i hc t.Bng 1. S lng cc c s GD H Nht bn ( 1943)

chia theo loi hnh trng v loi hnh s hu.

Loi hnh i hc( University)

Cc trng chuyn ngnh( Specialed Schools)

Tng s( Total)

Trng hong giaNatioal

(Imperial Uni)

7 7

Trng nh ncTW

(Governmental )

12 58 70

Trng cng aphng

(Local public)2 24 26

Trng t(Private ) 28 134 162

Tng s 49 216 275

n nm 1949, H thng gio dc i hc Nht Bn c thm 70trng i hc quc gia, 17 trng i hc cng a phng v 81 trngi hc t cng hng trm trng cao ng. H thng cc trng cao ng( Junior College) cng c m rng theo nhiu lnh vc nh s phm, kthut, kinh t..v.v. c bit l t nm 1961 hnh thnh loi hnh cao ngcng ngh 5 nm (College of Techonogy) dnh cho hc sinh tt nghiptrung hc c s (lower secondary schools). Cho n nay, Nht Bn chn mt nghn trng i hc v cao ng vi hn 3 triu sinh vin trong

phn ln l loi hnh trng t.(Xem bng 2)Bt u t nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, quy m gio dc i hcNht Bn tng mnh, m u cho qu trnh i chng ha gio dc ihc. Nu nh Hoa k qu trnh i chng ha gio dc i hc c vai trln ca h thng cc trng cao ng cng ng (community college) th

Nht Bn vai tr ln thuc v h thng cc trng i hc, cao ng t. Quym gio dc i hc tng ln khong 5 ln t 1965 n 2007. T l sinh vintrong tui vo i hc, cao ng tng t 10% (1960) ln khong 60%(2007). S sinh vin nc ngoi hc i hc Nht bn tng mnh tkhong 10.000 Sv (1983) ln 117.000 sv (2004)

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Bng 2. Quy m gio dc i hc Nht Bnphn theo loi hnh trng ( 2004 )

Loi hnh S trng( trng t )

S sinh vin( Trng t )

S ging vin( trng t )

Cao ng cngngh

(College ofTechonogy)

63( 3 )

58.681( 2.296)

4.474( 247 )

Cao ng(Junior College) 508

( 451)233.749

( 214.264)12.740

( 11.082 )i hc

(University) 709( 542 ) 2.809.323( 2.062.065 ) 158. 756( 86.683 )Cc trng o

to chuynngnh

(Special trainingSchools )

3.443( 3.228 )

791.540( 761.735 )

40.675( 37.902 )

Khc vi gio dc c s l gio dc bt buc v min ph, gio dci hc Nht Bn c mc hc ph kh cao trng t cng nh trngcng. Ngoi s sinh vin c cp hc bng ca Chnh ph Nht Bn trang tri hc ph, cn li u phi ng hc ph theo mc thu ca tngtrng ph hp vi khung quy nh chun ca B Gio dc, Vn ha, Ththao, Khoa hc v Cng ngh (METX) nhng khng c vt qu 10%. Vd trong nm 2007 mc thu hc ph ca i hc Hiroshima l 535.800Yn/nm cho bc c nhn v thc s. Ph tuyn sinh u vo l 282.000 Yn.C cu ti chnh cho gio dc i hc cng (trung ng v a phng ) baogm khong cp t ngn sch nh nc theo hnh thc trn gi ( lump sum)chim khong 50-55%; phn thu t hc ph, l ph tuyn sinh khng ln( khong 10-15%) cn li khong 25-30% l c hnh thnh t cc ngunthu nhp khc ca nh trng nh thu t cc hp ng dch v nghin cukhoa hc-cng ngh vi cc doanh nghip; cc hp ng d n trong ncv quc t; dch v cng ng ( v d nh thu t hot ng ca cc c sgio dc thc hnh v bnh vin ca i hc Hiroshima .). C cu chi cctrng i hc cng bao hm khong 50-55% chi cho con ngi (lng

bng v ch ph cp cho ging vin, nhn vin, sinh vin ..); khong 20%chi cho cc hot ng gio dc v o to thng xuyn. i vi cc trngt nh nc c chnh sch h tr mt phn kinh ph thng qua cc khong

tr cp v cho vay u i tuy theo nhu cu v kh nng ca tng trng trn

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c s cnh tranh cht lng v p ng cc mc tiu, yu cu pht trinquc gia.

Nht bn khng t chc k thi quc gia tuyn sinh i hc. Hc sinhtt nghip ph thng trung hc s phi qua hai vng thi tuyn: vng 1 do

Trung tm quc gia truyn sinh i hc t chc (s tuyn); vng 2 do tngi hc t chc theo yu cu ca tng Khoa/Ngnh o to nh trng. Dokt qu ca qu trnh gim t l sinh trong nhiu thp nin va qua nn trongmt vi nm gn y v hin nay s hc sinh thi tuyn vo i hc gimng k. V d ma tuyn sinh u nm 1/2008 s lng th sinh np nng k d tuyn l 543.385 gim khong 10.000 ngi so vi nm 2007.Xu hng trn ang gy lo ngi cho nhiu trng cao ng/ i hc cng vt Nht bn ang phi i mt vi tnh hnh gim ngun u vo caong/i hc trong nc. Trong tinh hnh , vi chnh sch quc t ha

h thng gio dc, Nht bn ch trng y mnh vic thu ht sinh vinquc t theo hc v mi cc Gio s nc ngoi tham gia ging dy vnghin cu ti cc trng cao ng v i hc. T nm 1983 Chnh ph

Nht ch trng tng s sinh vin quc t t 10.000 ln khong 100.000vo nhng nm u th k 21 (K hoch Nakasone). n nm 2004 s sinhvin nc ngoi tng ln con s 117.302 sinh vin trong c khong10% l theo ti tr ca Chnh ph Nht qua cc knh ti tr khc nhau.Trong c phn dng k l sinh vin bc sau i hc (Thc s v Tin s).S lng sinh vin nc ngoi theo hc ti cc trng i hc Nht bn tngnhanh trong nhng nm gn y (2007) c bit l t cc nc Chu nhTrung quc c khong 71.277 sv chim khong 66% tng s sinh vin ncngoi; Hn quc c 17.274 sv; Thi lan c 2.090 sv; Malaisia c 2.146; Vit

Nam c 2.582 sv; Hoa k c 1.805 svCc ngnh hc ca sinh vin quc t rt a dng trong ch yu l

Ting Nht; Pht trin quc t, Mi trng; Cng ngh, Kinh t v quntr ..v.v. Phn ln cc chng trnh o to sau i hc cho sinh vin quc t cc trng cao hc (Graduate School) u theo chng trnh Ting Anh vc cc Gio s thnh ging (Visiting Professor) nc ngoi tham gia gingdy v hng dn nghin cu.

p ng nhu cu pht trin ca Nht bn trong nhng thp nincui th k 20 v u th k 21, t nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 Nht Bn tin hnh ci cch h thng gio dc i hc Nht bn. y l cuc ci cchsu rng nht v gio dc k t sau khi kt thc th chin II. Nm 1984 Hing ci cch gio dc c thnh lp v sau n 1987 l U ban i hctrc thuc Th tng Nht bn c thnh lp. Uy ban gio dc i hc a ra nhng khuyn co v ci cch gio dc i hc nhm p ngnhng bin i nhanh chng ca di sng kinh t-x hi Nht bn hin i vmi trng quc t vi cc c im sau :

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1. Nhng tin b nhanh chng v nghin cu khoa hc v nhngthay i c bn v ngun nhn lc c bit l nhn lc trnh cao.

2. Xu hng tng nhanh quy m v nhu cu gio dc i hc v

tnh a dng ca c cu sinh vin3. S tng cng nhu cu hc sut i v nhng k vng ngycng tng ca x hi vo gio dc i hc

U ban ci cch gio dc i hc khuyn ngh nhiu bin php m rng v nng cao cht lng gio dc i hc c bit l cc loi hnh oto sau i hc (graduate schoos); ci cch v nng cao hiu qu cng tcqun l gio dc i hc; ci cch cu trc v ni dung, chng trnh o toi hc (i cng v chuyn nghip) theo hng tng tnh t ch v tnh cht

ring ca cc trng i hc; a ra cc tiu chun thnh lp trng i hcv h thng o to theo tn ch bc i hc..v.vVo nm 1998 U ban gio dc i hc a ra Bn bo co v

Tm nhn gio dc i hc trong th k 21 v cc bin php ci cch chotng lai vi cc ni dung c bn sau:

1. Nng cao cht lng gio dc v nghin cu vi nh hngkhuyn khch, nui dng nng lc tm kim v sng to

2. Bo m tnh t ch ca cc trng i hc bng vic hnhthnh mt h thng cu trc mm do, linh hot trong o to v nghincu

3. Hnh thnh h thng qun l v qun tr i hc vi trchnhim ca tng c s i hc trong vic ra quyt nh v t chc thchin

4. C bit ha cc trng i hc (individualise universities) vtip tc nng cao cht lng nghin cu v o to thng qua h thngnh gi nhiu bn.

Qua hn na th k ti cu trc h thng gio dc i hc (1945-2010) v c bit l cc chnh sch v bin php ci cch gio dc i hc t1984 cho n nay, h thng gio dc i hc Nht Bn c nhng thay i

c bn c v cu trc h thng, loi hnh, quy m v trnh o to. NhtBn c mt h thng gio dc i hc ngang tm quc t vi kh nngcnh tranh quc t ngy cng cao, p ng nhu cu pht trin ca x hi hini Nht Bn trong th k 21. Nhng kinh nghim ca Nht bn rt c gi trv ngha i vi Vit Nam trn cc bnh din sau y:

1. Ci cch gio dc i hc l mt cng vic kh khn, lu di cn ctm nhn xa, sng sut trong hoch nh chnh sch ph hp vi xu hng

pht trin chung v kin tr, kin quyt trong t chc thc hin tng bc.2. Chnh ph v cc B ngnh hu quan c vai tr quyt nh trong

tin trnh ci cch trn c s cc khuyn ngh ca cc t chc t vn (nh U

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ban gio dc i hc trc thuc Th tng). Ci cch gio dc ni chung vgio dc i hc ni ring khng l vic ring ca ngnh gio dc.

3. Vic i mi m hnh qun l i hc khng phi ch ring ca Bgio dc m cn t trong qu trnh ci cch qun l hnh chnh quc gia (c

lin quan n Chnh ph v B ni v & qun l cng)4. Sm hnh thnh cc i hc a ngnh, da lnh vc cc khu vc trnc s quy hoch v u t khu i hc to mi trng thun li (t ai,c s vt cht, i ng ging vin, chng trnh o to) cho pht trin GDi hc ngang tm quc t

5. Tp on ha gio dc i hc, pht trin cc i hc a ngnh, alnh vc l mt xu hng tt yu (khng ch n thun l ghp cc trng/cs i hc vi nhau) m cn t chc, sp xp li tp trung u t, to milin kt trn c s tng tnh t ch, t chu trch nhim ca cc i hc .

6.

Tng bc bi b c ch bao cp nh nc cho i hc cng. pdng m hnh v phng php qun l doanh nghip ph hp vi cim ca i hc (doanh nghip tri thc ) nhm nng cao hiu qu qun l vcht lng o to, nghin cu v hiu qu u t

7. Nng cao vai tr ca cc t chc chuyn mn, t chc x hi, tchc x hi-ngh nghip, cc t chc nh gi c lp (khng nht thit l

phi t chc t nhn) trong nh gi v kim nh cht lng gio dc i hcthng qua nh gi 3 bn. Pht huy vai tr ca Hi ng chc danh nh nctrong cc hot ng nh gi cc trng i hc nh kinh nghim Nht Bnv Trung Quc trong cng tc ny.

8. Tng cng lin kt vi i hc quc t (mi GS sang nghin cu vging dy, b nhim chuyn gia nc ngoi vo cc v tr qun l thch hp,quc t ha chng trnh o to, lin kt o to.v.v

9. Cn c chnh sch v chng trnh quc gia h tr tng s sinhvin Vit Nam sang hc tp v nghin cu ti cc trng i hc Nht bntheo cc chuyn ngnh thch hp. Tranh th ngun vn ODA ca Nht Bntrong lnh vc o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc

13.4. Hn Quc

Hn Quc l mt quc gia ng Bc , nm gia 33o - 43o v Bc, 124- 132 kinh tuyn ng. Hn Quc c 5 ngn nm lch s, hin l mtnc Cng ho hin php. C nc chia lm 16 n v hnh chnh gm: Th Seul, 6 thnh ph ln v 9 tnh.V mt chng tc, nhn dn Hn Quc lng nht, s dng cng mt ting ni v ch vit.

Trong 5 thp k gn y, gio dc Hn Quc pht trin mnh v l lclng hng u ca s pht trin quc gia. chun b cho th k XXI, giodc Hn Quc xc lp cc mc tiu: nhn o, s trong sch, cng ngh

thng tin, phc li con ngi v tinh thn ci m. Gio dc gip cho mi trem tr thnh mt con ngi t lpvi tinh thn c lp,mt con ngi sng

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toc o v mt con ngi o c vi o c vng chc v tinh thndn ch.

H thng gio dc i hc Hn quc pht trin mnh t nhng nm 80ca th k 20 trong qu trnh cng nghip ho v hin i ho. iu 2 ca

Lut i hc qui nh cc loi trng sau:1) Cao ng v i hc (Colleges and University)

2) Cc trng i hc Cng nghip ( IndustrialUniversities)

3) Cc trng i hc Gio dc ( Universities ofEducation)

4) Trng Cao ng (Junior Colleges)

5) i hc m quc gia Korean (Korean National

Open University)6) Cc trng Cao ng k thut (Technical Colleges)

7) Cc trng Hn hp (Miscellanous Schools)

Thi gian hc i hc t 4 n 6 nm. Tt c cc trng u trcthuc B gio dc v pht trin nhn lc Hn Quc (MOEHRD).

m rng quyn t tr ca cc trng i hc v bnh thng hogio dc trung hc b l thuc vo thi c, nm 1998 Hn Quc cng b hthng thi tuyn mi c p dng t 2002. Tng trng i hc c t do

xc nh cc tiu chun tuyn chn ca mnh trong cc ch s nh kt qu hotng trung hc, im thi trc nghim kh nng hc i hc (CollegeScholastic Ability Test) hay t lun, bng (licenses), th gii thiu. CSAT c5 mn: ting Hn, ton, khoa hc x hi, khoa hc, ngoi ng (ting Anh) tptrung nh gi kh nng x l tr tu v kh nng phn tch. CSAT c bsung thm nhng mn t chn khc nhau theo xu hng gim cc mn bt

buc, tng cc mn t chn trong chng trnh ph thng mi, v d ngoing 2 l mt mn t chn t 2001. C 3 k tuyn sinh: tuyn vo mi lc, ktuyn sinh chnh thc nh k, k tuyn sinh thm. Hc sinh c php np

n vo hc bao nhiu trng cng c. Nh nc tng cng gip cctrng i hc a phng. Cc trng trung hc k thut vng i thnh cctrng cao ng k thut, cng ngh vi s tr gip ca chnh ph. H thngcc trng cao ng ngy nay l cc trng 2 hoc 3 nm, c khi u t1979 bng cch nhp cc trng cao ng 2 nm v cc trng trung hc ngh2-3 nm.

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LpHnh 11: H thng gio dc Hn Quc

Tui

23

i

Hc

29

2228

2127

2026

1925

18h.Y6nm

24

1723

16Cctrngi Hc(4 nm)

22

1521

14 1 220

1319

12TrungHcBc cao(3 nm)

Trung HcDy Ngh(3 nm)

3 4

Gi

odccbi

tch

onh

n

gn

gi

tn

tt

Trun

g

Hc

18

1117

1016

9Trung Hc Bc thp (3 nm)

15

8 6 7 814

713

6

S Hc (6 nm)

S

Hc

12

510

410

39

2 8

17

Mu gio (1-3 nm)

9 6

5

43

1. Cao ng dy ngh bc thp 5. Trng Thng Mi bc cao

2. Trng hn hp 6. Trng Thng Mi

3. Trng chuyn 7. Trng chuyn bit8. Trng hn hp

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4. Trng Trung hc hm th 9. Tin hc ng

Tuyn sinh cao ng

Tuyn hc sinh tt nghip trung hc v tng ng

Thi tuyn da trn kt qu hc trung hc, CSAT, phng vn v trcnghim kh nng (Aptitude Test). Hiu trng tng trng xc nh trng stng tiu chun. Khong 50% ch tiu dnh cho nhng ngi tt nghip trunghc ngh cng lnh vc, cc th c h thng chng ch quc gia cp chngch v cng nhn c kinh nghim sn xut.

Chng trnh:

c xy dng trong mi lin kt cng nghip trng hc. Vic oto t trng tm vo cng nghip vi cc phng php nh bng k hoch

(planning sheet) hay bng cng vic (job sheet), o to theo cc i hi cachng ch k thut quc gia

Cc mn hc c ghi theo s n v gi tn ch. Tng trng xc nh di ca tng gi tn ch, yu cu ti thiu c nh gi, gi tn chchun cho tng hc k v s gi tn ch ti a t c.

Khuynh hng chung l trng s cc mn ngh nghip tng cn ccmn i cng gim

Hp tc cng nghip cao ng:

Cc hnh thc hp tc l: sinh vin i thc t, o to ging vin trongcng nghip, cng nhn cng nghip i hc cao ng, cc ti nghin cuchung, thnh lp cc tiu ban hp tc, xy dng chng trnh cao ng theoi hi ca cng nghip

Pht trin ngh nghip ca sinh vin tt nghip

Nhng ngi tt nghip cao ng mun hc tip c th c nhn votrng 4 nm, trng i hc m thng qua cch tuyn ring trong lc thi bsung. Nhng ngi ra lm vic th t l nhn c vic lm tng ln hngnm, v d thng 4/2001 t 81%. D bo nhu cu nhn lc c bng cao ng

s tng nn nh nc Hn Quc ch trng tng u t cho loi trng ny.Nm 1999 B GD v PTNNL a ra d n ci cch i hc, gi l Trtu HQ 21 (Brain Korea 21) vi mc ch cu trc li h thng i hc chothch hp vi th k XXI.

Cc mc tiu chnh l:

- Cng c cc i hc tm th gii, l c s sn sinh cc tngkhoa hc v cng ngh sng to, c o.

- Tng cng tnh cnh tranh ca cc i hc a phng.

- Xy dng cc trng i hc ngh nghip o to ngh nghiptrong cc lnh vc.

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- To mi trng cc trng i hc cnh tranh vi nhau khngphi v tn gi m v cht lng o to v nghin cu.

Ch nghin cu bao gm 4 lnh vc: khoa hc ng dng, KHXH vNV, khoa hc bn a HQ v cc lnh vc nghin cu mi nhn mi.

T 1999 chnh ph HQ u t 1,2 t USD trong 7- 8 nm cho d n ny,ngoi ra cn thm 285 triu USD cho cc i hc a phng.

Chnh ph mong i thng qua d n ny s c 3 - 4 trng i hc ttrnh quc t trong lnh vc cng ngh cao.

1.3.5. Trung qucSau hn 30 nm (1978-2010 ) thc hin chnh sch m ca, hi nhp

quc t v hin i ho gio dc i hc, Trung Quc v ang c nhng

bc pht trin vt bc v mi mt c bit l nng lc o to, nghin cuv chuyn giao cng ngh hin i phc v s nghip pht trin KT-XH, gnnghin cu khoa hc vi o to v chuyn giao cng ngh hin i. Cc cs gio dc i hc Trung Quc c bit l cc trng i hc trng im nhi hc Bc Kinh, i hc Thanh Hoa..v.v v ang thc s tr thnhnhng trung tm o to v nghin cu khoa hc, chuyn giao cng ngh hini hng u ca Trung quc.

Vi nhn thc vai tr v v tr c bit quan trng ca gio dc i hctrong thi i kinh t tri thc, ton cu ho v s pht trin nhanh chng ca

khoa hc-cng ngh hin i, chin lc pht trin gio dc Trung Quc nichung v gio dc i hc ni ring c tp trung v cc mt sau :"-Pht trin cht lng cao trn nn gio dc i hc i chngCng nh nhiu nc khc, vic chuyn i t gio dc i hc " Tinh

hoa " sang mt nn gio dc i hc "i chng" l tt yu. Qui m o toi hc tng t 2 triu sinh vin (1980) ln gn 10 triu sinh vin (2010). Dkin n 2015 s sinh vin s tng ln n 12,6 triu ngi chim 15% trong tui t 18-23. Cng vi pht trin qui m, Trung Quc tp trung u t vo10 trng i hc trng im quc gia vi mc tiu bin cc trng i hctrng im thnh cc trung tm o to nhn lc c cht lng v trnh cao(sau i hc). ng thi cc trng ny cng l cc trung tm nghin cukhoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh hin i, c tc dng lm u tu cho s

pht trin h thng gio dc i hc v c kh nng hi nhp v cnh tranhcao trong qu trnh hi nhp quc t c bit l cc lnh vc cng ngh hini nh cng ngh sinh hc, thng tin, vt liu mi v t ng ho. Cc c sgio dc i hc hng u ca Trung Quc nh i hc Bc Kinh, i hcThanh Hoa... v ang thc s tr thnh cc trung tm o to, nghin cukhoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh vi h thng cc vin nghin cu hngu, c s vt cht v cc phng th nghim hin i, i ng gio chc c

trnh cao..v.v. ng thi, cc i hc l ngi nm gi c phn hoc shu nhiu c s nghin cu trin khai cng ngh (R&D) v doanh nghip ln.

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- nh hng th trng v hi nhp quc tTrong bi cnh Trung quc pht trin mnh kinh t th trng c s

iu tit ca nh nc v vo WTO, h thng gio dc i hc v angphi i mt vi nhu cu nhn lc a dng v chi sc p cnh tranh mnh mc trong nc v quc t. Trong bi cch kh nng cnh tranh ca cctrng i hc l nhn t quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin.

- Tng tnh t ch v t chi trch nhim ca cc trng i hc.Trung Quc v ang pht trin h thng bo m cht lng p ng

yu cu tngtng tnh t ch v t chi trch nhim ca cc trng i hctrong cc hot ng o to, nghin cu v dch v x hi

-. Cc chnh sch n by cho pht trin GDDH thc hin cc mc tiu chin lc pht trin gio dc i hc cbit l mc tiu nng cao nng lc nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng

ngh, gn nghin cu khoa hc vi o to v chuyn giao cng ngh ca cctrng i hc, Trung Quc ban hnh v thc thi hng lot cc chnh schsau ;

- Khuyn khch cc doanh nghip thnh lp hoc lin doanh thnhlp cc phng th nghim cc c s i hc.

- Khuyn khch cc i hc tham gia pht trin cc c khu kinh t,vng kinh t trng im

- Thnh lp cc cng vin khoa hc, cc khu cng ngh cao cnh cctrng i hc

- Thnh lp Qu c bit thuc B Gio Dc hin i ho cc c scng ngh cao v cc loi qu quc gia khc tr gip cc c si hc trong cc lnh vc khoa hc t nhin, nghin cu c bn,cng ngh ch cht, sn xut th, to ra sn phm miv.v

- Thc hin chnh sch thu ht chuyn gia gii c trnh cao ncngoi v ging dy v nghin cu khoa hc cc i hc. Trongnhng nm qua Trung Quc gi ra nc ngoi hc tp khong800.000 sinh vin (ch yu cc nc M v Ty u) v hin c

khong 200.000 ngi tr v nc lm vic trong c nhiuchuyn gia trnh cao. ng thi cng c hng nghn chuyn gianc ngoi c trnh cao c mi sang Trung quc ging dy vnghin cu. c khong 500.000 sinh vin cc nc sang du hc Trung quc

Mt trong nhng kh khn ln m cc trng i hc Trung Quc phing u l kh nng hn ch ca i ng cn b qun l v ging vin trongcc hot ng qun l u t v kinh doanh, chuyn giao cng ngh. khc

phc tnh trng Trung quc c chnh sch tch qun l kinh doanh khiquyn s hu cc doanh nghip trong i hc. Trng i hc vi t cch l

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ngi gp vn ln nht ca doanh nghip trc thuc s kim sot Hi ngqun tr doanh nghip v c hng li. Doanh nghip c qun l bi ccnh qun l chuyn nghip v c t cch php nhn ring.

Nh c cc chnh sch mnh m trong thi gian qua Trung quc d

u t xy dng c 20 cng vin khoa hc (Science Parks) v 100 phngth nghim trng im vi 140.000 chuyn gia. Nm 1997 cc doanh nghip 35 trng i hc c li nhun hn 50 triu NDT. Mt s trng i hctrng im c ngun ti chnh t lm ra chim 50% thu nhp chung catrng.

Kinh nghim Trung quc ch r mun gn cng tc NCKH vi o tov chuyn giao cng ngh cc trng i hc cn c chin lc pht trin

ph hp v mt h thng chnh sch n by thc s pht trin nhanhchng v vng chc h thng GD H.

II. XU HNG PHT TRIN GD H TH GII

2.1. S pht trin ca cc nn vn minh v nh trng i hc hin i

Nh trng ni chung v nh trng i hc ni ring vi t cch l mtnh ch nh nc - x hi vn ng v pht trin theo quy lut chung ca isng x hi - chnh tr v quy lut pht trin ni ti ca n. L sn phm camt x hi, mt nn gio dc ni chung v ca nh trng i hc ni ring,cht lng gio dc i hc c lin quan cht ch vi cht lng nh trngt cc iu kin bo m cht lng (ging vin, c s vt cht, chng trnho to) n cht lng t chc, qun l qu trnh gio dc v dy-hc.Vic nghin cu nhng c trng, quy lut, xu hng pht trin ca x hi vnhng c trng ca nh trng i hc trong giai on pht trin ca cc nnvn minh to c s khoa hc cho qu trnh i mi v pht trin gio dc ihc

Trc y trong iu kin i sng x hi chm pht trin (x hi ca nnvn minh nng nghip v tin cng nghip), nhng c trng c bn ca isng x hi tn ti hng ngn nm hoc hng trm nm khng thay i hoc t

thay i (phng thc sn xut; tri thc khoa hc, trnh cng ngh, lisng;...) vic nghin cu m hnh pht trin, d bo tng lai thng da trnkinh nghim v nhn vo qu kh d bo xu hng pht trin trong tnglai. Th h tr ch yu c gio dc thch ng vi mt i sng x hi t thayi v hnh x theo kinh nghim ca cc th h trc truyn li. Trong giaion mi ca s pht trin x hi hin i, phng php trn bc l nhnghn ch cn bn. X hi hin i vi s ra i ca nn vn minh cng nghipv hu cng nghip (vn minh tin hc) v ang pht trin vi tc nhanhchng v lm o ln mi kha cnh ca i sng x hi ch trong mt giai

on ngn (vi chc nm hoc thm ch ch trong vng vi nm ( hnh 12).

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Chu k pht trin x hi c xu hng gim dn do bin i nhanh.

Tn Tn+1 Tn+2Tn+3

t1 t2 tn+1 tn+2 tn+m

T1 > T2 > Tn > Tn+1 >>> Tn+2...

t1 < t2 ... < tn+1 < tn+2 < tn+3... < tn+m

Chu k pht trin c nhn c xu hng tng dn do tng tui th.

Hnh 12: Tng quan pht trin ca x hi v i sng c nhn.

Nu trc kia, mt hnh thi kinh t - x hi hay mt giai on phttrin c trng (cc nn vn minh nng nghip, tin cng nghip) ko dinhiu nm, bao trm i sng nhiu th h con ngi, th ngy nay tnh th o ngc. cc nc cng nghip pht trin, mt i ngi c th chngkin nhiu giai on pht trin ca x hi cng nghip v hu cng nghiphoc s qu nhanh chng t nn vn minh nng nghip ln nn vn minhcng nghip v hu cng nghip (nh Hn Quc, Singapore, i Loan..v.v). tnh cht tng t vi c trng pht trin ca qu kh trong vng vichc nm ca cc m hnh pht trin b ph v trong mt vi nm. Th giimi pht trin nhanh chng, nng ng v a dng vi nhng mi lin htng tc phc tp c chiu dc v chiu ngang, mang tnh ton cu.Thctrng i hi vic nghin cu pht trin gio dc ni chung v gio dc ihc ni ring Vit Nam ni ring cn tip cn theo hng ch yu l sthch hp vi hin ti v nhu cu pht trin x hi v c nhn, ca th gii nichung v ca tng quc gia, dn tc ni ring.

Vi quan nim hin i v gio dc nh l mt c s h tng x hi vicc chc nng c bn l nng cao dn tr, pht trin nhn lc, bi dng nhnti, gio dc pht trin da trn 4 tr ct chnh l: hc bit, hc lm, hc lm ngi v hc chung sng, m hnh pht trin ca nh trng ihc hin i ng nhin phi c nh hng vo yu cu bo m hnhthnh v pht trin nhn cch con ngi c trnh hc vn cao trong x hihin i: mt x hi vi trnh pht trin cao cha tng c trong lch s cami quc gia ni ring cng nh lch s pht trin x hi loi ngi nichung.

Cc thang bc trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc nn vn minh ng thil thang bc trong tin trnh pht trin ca nh trng t m hnh nh trng

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truyn thng sang m hnh nh trng hin i v nh trng trong tng lai(xem hnh 13)

Hnh 13. Cc bc thang pht trin ca m hnh nh trng

Nn vn minh, tin hc

Nn vn minh cng nghip

Nn vn minh nng nghip Cc yu t trong c s

kinh t x hi vkin trc thng tng

Cc bc thang ca nh trng a n s thay i cn bn c trng vtnh cht, chun mc ca nh trng t loi hnh, mc tiu, ni dung, phng

php - phng tin; t chc qun l v nh gi - kim tra, v.v (Xem bng 3)Trong giai on hin nay v tng lai, cc quan im gio dc lin tc,

gio dc sut i, gio dc cng ng, gio dc k nng sng, pht trin c

nhn.. v.v v ang tr thnh cc quan im ch o chi phi xu hng vquy nh nhng c trng c bn ca nn gio dc hin i ni chung cngnh cht lng gio dc v m hnh pht trin nh trng i hc hin i niring. nh hng pht trin trn bo m mi lin kt khoa hc - cng ngh-vn ho- x hi - pht trin c nhn trong ton b qu trnh vn ng v phttrin ca nh trng i hc hin .

Bng 3: c trng c bn ca cc m hnh nh trng

Loi hnh ctrng

Nh trrngtruyn thng

Nh trng hin i Nh trng tng lai

Mc tiu

- Cu trc

- Ni dung

Rng (trong lnh vc x

hi v vn ho)

Ri rc

Vn ho- x hi o

c- Vn chng (theo

kh nng ca thy)

Hp, chuyn mn ho

H thng phn cp

dc

Khoa hc - cng ngh

nhn vn (theo

chng trnh)

Tng hp, pht trin

c nhn

H thng mng li

lin kt ngang t hp

Khoa hc - cng ngh

-x hi -nhn vn

(theo kh nng v nhucu c nhn_

43

Nh trng tng lai

Nh trng hin i

Nh trng truyn thng


44/94

- Phng php

- Hnh thc t chc

-Phng php nhgi

- Sn phm

- Phng tin dy

hc

Truyn th - cng nhn

Nhm hc tr, c nhn

nh tnh, ch quan

Nhn lc cho h thng

qun l chnh tr - x hi

Th cng (li ni, bng,

phn)

Tch cc - chng minh

o to hng lot

nh lng, khchquan

Nhn lc cho cc

ngnh dch v sn

xut, thit ch x hi

My dy hc, dng c

th nghim

Phng php t o

to, t pht trin theo

c nhn

C nhn

Cht lng hiu qu

Nhn lc a nng

Computer -my vi

tnh, h thng truyn

thng

Loi hnh Gin n Nhiu loi hnh ring

bit

T hp, a h, a

ngnh, a cp.

chun b cho vic pht trin mt nn gio dc ph hp vi nhngthay i v mi mt ca i sng kinh t-x hi trong th k 21, cc nccng nghip pht trin (OECD) trin khai t nm 2001 mt d n nghincu ln v Nh trng cho tng lai . Nhng t tng v nh trng chotng lai khng chi b hp trong khi nim nh trng nh l mt t chc

gio dc c th m n th hin su sc hn nh mt trit l v h thng hctp (learning system) trong x hi m nh trng nh l mt b phn cuthnh. Nh trng cho tng lai cng khng t ra mc ch tp trung vo d

bo prediction v hnh dung vin cnh vision ca nh trng trong tnglai m n t ra k vng xy dng v pht trin cc kch bn nh trng (hthng hc tp) va ph hp vi cc iu kin, bi cnh kinh t-x hi ca ccquc gia v quan trng hp l gp phn thc y x hi tin n tng lai, vtng lai ( for tomorrow) ( Xem hnh 14)

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Hnh 14. Cc kch bn v nh trng cho tng lai (OECD -2002)

Trn c s cc kch bn chung v nh trng tng lai nu trn,OECD/CERI a ra 6 kch bn c th cho loi hnh trng i hc (Xemhnh 15)

a/. M hnh Nh trng i hc truyn thng

Trng i hc v c bn khng thay i, ging nh hin nay. Nhtrng ch yu thu ht lp thanh nin tr vo hc tm kim vic lm vkhi nghip. Chc nng ch yu l ging dy v nghin cu nh hin nay.

Trng i hc khng c tnh c lp cao v s tham gia ca khu vc trt hn ch. Nh nc tip tc ng vai tr ch o trong u t, iuchnh v qun l cc trng i hc. Nhng sng kin, quan im li ch(kinh t) b hn ch. Nhu cu hc sut i v gio dc in t pht trinrng ri ngoi trng i hc.

b/. M hnh trng i hc l c s dch v/doanh nghip.

Trong m hnh ny, gii tr vn l lc lng ch yu vo i hc

bt u chun b cho cuc sng v lao ng ngh nghip. im khcbit c bn ca m hnh ny (k c trng cng v t) so vi m hnh

45

T chc hnh chnh-quan

liu

T chc hc hi

Trung tm hc tp x hi

M hnh th trng( Super market)

M hnhmng li

H thngbin hnh

Nh trngtng li

(6 kch bnca OECD )


46/94

truyn thng l cc trng c tnh t ch cao v cc ngun lc u t adng, thu ht c cc ngun u t cng v t. Quyn s hu ti sn tr tuc bo m, cc hot ng nghin cu v sinh li tr thnh cc hotng quan trng ca nh trng. Tuy nhin, trong kch bn ny, nh

trng i hc nh hng tip cn cc hot ng theo th trng songkhng mt i cc gi tr hc thut c bn. Tip cn vi khch hng trongth trng quc t v gio dc in t c v tr rt quan trng trong hotng ca nh trng. Nh trng i hc c quan h cht ch vi gii kinhdoanh, cng nghip v cc mi quan h vi cc c s kinh t a phng.

c/. M hnh th trng t do

Cc lc lng th trng l ng lc chnh trong m hnh ny vi

s tham gia ca cc cng ty t nhn. C ch th trng tc ng mnh vc iu chnh qua h thng bo m cht lng v kim nh. Cc lclng th trng s thc y s pht trin ca nh trng v cc mt t ccchc nng c bn (ging dy v nghin cu); cc lnh vc o to (kinhdoanh, nhn vn..) n cc mt khc nh sinh vin tr, sinh vin ti chc,gio dc t xa, hc sut i..v.v.. Cc doanh nghip s hp tc trong oto bo m cho gi tr vn bng v vic lm. Cng ngh c s dngrng ri trong hot ng o to v phng php ging dy. Cc c imca th trng quc t rt quan trng. Trong m hnh ny ngi hc v phhuynh khng quan tm n hot ng nghin cu gim kinh ph v hc

ph nn cc chc nng nghin cu c chuyn v cho cc trung tmnghin cu cng v cc n v nghin cu trin khai (R&D)

d/M hnh gio dc m v hc sut ic im c bn ca m hnh ny l trng i hc tip nhn sinh

vin nhiu tui o to m khng quan tm nhiu n nghin cu.Kinh t tri thc pht trin v gio dc i hc tr thnh ngun pht trinngh nghip, nng cao k nng ca mi ngi vi s ti tr kinh ph cacc cng ty, ca c nhn v nh nc. Xut hin xu hng i chng ha

gio dc i hc. Nh trng i hc tr thnh c s o to ln vi nhiuloi hnh a dng (di hn, ngn hn, chnh quy, khng chnh quy, t xa..).

Nhiu nh nghin cu gii s chuyn v cc cng ty, cc c s nghin cu.Qu trnh tp on ha, hp tc ha s c nh hng su rng vi qu trnhngh nghip ha, chuyn mn ha theo cc ngnh ngh o to.

e/. M hnh mng li ton cu cc c s gio dcTheo m hnh ny, nhu cu hc tp sau trung hc pht trin mnh

v to ng lc cho th trng gio dc i hc. C 2 thay i chnh:

Mt l: Ngi hc t quyt nh con ng tip tc nn hcvn sau khi qua hc tp nhiu c s gio dc trong mng li quc t.

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Hai l: Cc trng i hc tr thnh i tc ca cc ngnh cngnghip trong phm vi quc gia v quc t

Trong m hnh ny, gio dc in t (e-learning) s pht trinmnh m. Ni dung o to c chun ha v cng ngh ha (phn mm,

a quang,video..vv.Th trng gio dc sut i c m rng v ccnghin cu khng cn tp trung h thng i hc.

f/ M hnh a dng ha v s tan r ca trng i hcTheo kch bn ny, gio dc i hc s bin i mnh, khng tn ti.

Mi ngi s hc thng qua chnh cuc sng ca h, thng qua cng viclao ng ngh nghip v nh. Mi ngi thu nhn kin thc v chia sln nhau cc k nng trong cuc sng v lm vic. Gio dc ngh nghip(lao ng th cng v hin i) u c th thc hin ti ni lm vic vi

cc cng ngh dy hc, o to hin i. Vic nh gi v cng nhn cctrnh c thc hin bi cc t chc chuyn mn. y phi chng ldu hiu ca vic pht trin x hi hc tp trong vai tr c tn ca nhtrng thay i c bn

Hc sut i

S lng hn ch Quy m m rng

Gio dc i hc

47

1/ M hnh nhtrng truynthng

2/ M hnh dchv/doanh nghip

3/M hnhth trng tdo

4/ Nhtrng m/Hc sut i 5/ Hnh

thnh mngli

6/ a dngha/ tan r


48/94

Hnh 15. Cc kch bn nh trng i hc cho tng lai

Bng 4. Cc c trng c bn cc m hnh nh trng i hc

STT Cc c trng Kch bn

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 V s la chn / Gio dc ban

u/ Sinh vin trx x x

2 Tnh m/ Hc sut i/ Nhiu tui

x x x

3 Ch yn t u t ca nhnc/cng x

4 Kt hp cc ngun u t cng vt

x x

5 Ch yu u t t t nhn x x6 Ging dy v nghin cu x x7 Ch yu l ging dy x x8 Chuyn mn ha s mng x x9 Tp trung vo quc gia x x

10 Tm quan trng hng ra quc t x x x x 11 S ng nht ca i ng nhnvin/ging vin v c s o to

x x

12 Khc bit gia i ng nhnvin/ging vin v c s o to

x x x

13 Gio dc in t v cng nghthng tin hn ch

x

14 Gio dc in t v cng nghthng tin rt cao

x x x x x

2.2. Cc xu hng pht trin gio dc i hc hin i

Bc vo th k 21 cng vi qu trnh gia tng quy m gio dc i hctrn phm vi ton th gii t 14 triu sinh vin (1960) ln khong 80 triu sinhvin hin nay vai tr v v tr ca h thng gio dc i hc ni chung v cctrng i hc ni ring c nhng thay i cn bn. Vi tim lc to ln vi ng chuyn gia c trnh cao m trong nhiu ngi t gii Noben vcc lnh vc khoa hc- cng ngh; h thng cc trang thit b nghin cu vth nghim hin i; c s ngun lc thng tin, d liu phong ph .v.v. cc

trng i hc c bit l cc i hc nghin cu (Research University ) Mv cc nc pht trin v ang ng mt vai tr to ln khng ch trong

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cng tc o to chuyn gia trnh cao m cn thc s l cc c s nghincu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh hng u trong nhiu ngnh khoa hcv cng ngh mi nhn nh cng ngh v tr, thng tin, sinh hc, vt liu miv t ng ho..vv. Cc trng i hc H lan hng nm thc hin khong

30 % kinh ph u t cho nghin cu khoa hc nhiu lnh vc khoa hc&cng ngh hin i (2 t Ero trong nm 1999). Nhiu nc trong khu vcASEAN nh Thi lan, Malaisia, Philipin v ang thc hin i mi, cicch gio dc i hc theo hng pht trin h thng bo m cht lng ihc vi nhiu tiu ch v chun mc nh gi cht lng o to, nghin cukhoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh, dch v pht trin cng ng.

Tuyn b ca Hi ngh quc t v gio dc i hoc nm 1998 doUNESCO t chc "GDH vo th k 21- Tm nhn v Hnh ng" ch r: "S mnh ca gio dc i hc l gp phn vo yu cu pht trin

bn vng v pht trin x hi ni chung ng thi gio dc i hc cn cbo m: Bnh ng, cng bng cho mi ng Cht lng cao, gp phn pht trin bn vng, cc gi tr vn ho, x

hi..vv Tng cng chc nng khm ph v ph phn T do hc thut, t ch v chu trch nhim trc x hi. Phc v cng

cng Tng cng s thch ng. Lin thng v chun b tt vo cuc sng

a dng ho v bo m cht lng, cng ngh mi Hp tc quc t

Cc ni dung c bn trong Tuyn b Paris 1998 v gio dc i hcc th hin trong cc im sau: (Lm Quang Thip, 2004)

1. Gio dc i hc (GDH) cn c nhp hc bnh ng i vi ttc mi ngi trn c s s xng ng, ph hp vi iu 26.1 ca Tuyn ngnton cu v Nhn quyn. Do , khng th chp nhn mt s phn bit i xno trong vic tip nhn vo GDH da trn chng tc, gii tnh, ngn ng,

tn ngng hoc kinh t, nhng khc bit v vn ho x hi, hoc nhngkhim khuyt v thn th.

2. S mng ct li ca cc h thng GDH (gio dc, o to, tinhnh nghin cu, v c bit, ng gp vo vic pht trin v tin b bnvng ca ton x hi) s c gi gn, cng c v tip tc pht trin, c th lgio dc nhng ngi tt nghip c cht lng cao v nhng cng dn ctrch nhim, v cung cp c hi cho hc tp i hc v cho hc tp sut i.Hn na, GDH ginh c mt vai tr cha tng c trong x hi ngynay, nh mt thnh phn sinh ng ca s pht trin vn ho, x hi, kinh t

v chnh tr v nh l mt tr ct ca vic xy dng tim lc ni sinh, s cngc quyn con ngi, s pht trin bn vng, nn dn ch v ho bnh, trong

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mt khung cnh php lut. Nhim v ca GDH l m bo cho cc gi tr vcc l tng ca mt nn vn ho ha bnh s thng th.

3. Cc trng i hc, i ng gio chc vin chc nh trng v sinhvin cn gi gn v pht trin cc chc nng c bn ca n, thng qua vic rn

luyn o c v tnh nghim tc v khoa hc v tr nng trong cc hot ngkhc nhau. H cng cn tng cng chc nng ph phn v nhn v tng lai,thng qua s phn tch hin trng ca ca cc xu th x hi, kinh t, vn hov chnh tr ni bc, ch ra cc vn trng tm d kin, cnh bo v

phng nga. Mun vy, h cn c hon ton t ch v t do v hc thut,ng thi cn c y trch nhim v gii trnh i vi x hi.

4. S ph hp ca GDH c nh gi qua s n khp gia nhng gm x hi k vng v nhng g m n ang lm. c s ph hp , cc nhtrng v cc h thng, c bit trong cc mi quan h cht ch gia n vith gii vic lm, cn da trn s nh hng lu di v mc tiu v nhu cuca x hi, bao gm nhng mi quan tm v vn ho v bo v mi trng.Pht trin cc k nng v sng kin to nghip cn phi tr thnh mi quantm chnh ca GDH. Cn phi lu c bit n vai tr phc v ca GDHi vi x hi, c bit l cc hot ng hng ti vic lm gim s nghokh, thiu khoan dung, bo lc, ngu dt, i km, hu hoi mi trng, bnhtt, v nhng hot ng hng ti vic cng c ho bnh, thng qua cch tipcn lin ngnh v xuyn ngnh.

5. GDH l mt phn ca h thng lin tc bt u t gio dc mugio tiu hc v gio dc thng xuyn sut i. S ng gp ca GDH vos pht trin ton b h thng gio dc v t chc li mi lin kt ca n vimi cp bc ca h thng gio dc, c bit l vi gio dc trung hc, cn

phi c u tin. Gio dc trung hc cn phi chun b v to iu kin nhp hc vo GDH ng thi cung cp mt nn o to rng chun bcho hc sinh mt cuc sng t lp.

6. S a dng ha cc m hnh GDH, a dng ho cc phng phpv tiu chun tuyn chn l rt quan trng i vi c vic p ng nhu cu v

vic cung cp cho sinh vin mt nn tng v mt s o to nghim chnh mth k 21 i hi. Ngi hc phi c mt hnh lang ti u la chn v schim lnh kin thc v b quyt cn phi c lu trong mt khung cnhsut i, da trn u vo v u ra linh ng ca h thng.

7. Cht lng trong GDH l mt khi nim a chiu, khi nim nybao trm mi chc nng v hot ng ca n: ging dy v cc chng trnho to, nghin cu v hc thut, i ng, sinh vin, cu trc h tng v mitrng hc thut. Cn c bit ch vic nng cao kin thc thng quanghin cu. Cc trng i hc trong mi khu vc phi cam kt cng khai

vic nh gi bn trong v bn ngoi, c tin hnh bi cc chuyn gia clp. Tuy nhin, cn ch ng mc n cc bi cnh ca khu vc v quc

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gia, ca cc trng c th c th k n tnh a dng v trnh s ng unht lot. Cn thit phi c mt cch nhn mi v m hnh mi ca GDH, l gio dc ly sinh vin lm trung tm. t c mc tiu , chngtrnh o to cn phi xy dng li sao cho khng ch nhm nm kin thc

chuyn mn mt cch n gin m cn phi bao gm vic chim lnh cc knng, nng lc giao tip, c phn tch sng to v ph phn, suy ngh c lpv bit lm vic trong mt nhm gia mt bi cnh a vn ha.

8. Mt chnh sch mnh m v pht trin i ng l yu t quan trngi vi cc trng i hc. Cn xy dng cc chnh sch r rng lin quan ngio chc i hc, sao cho c th cp nht v nng cao k nng ca h,khuyn khch s ci tin v chng trnh o to, phng php dy v hc, vvi mt tnh trng ti chnh v nghip v thch hp, t cht lng caotrong nghin cu v ging dy, phn nh c iu khon tng ng ca Bn

ngh lin quan vi tnh trng v gio chc i hc c thng qua Hi ngh ton th ca UNESCO vo thng 11 nm 1997.

9. Nhng ngi ra quyt nh cp quc gia v cp nh trng nn tsinh vin v nhu cu ca h trung tm ca mi quan tm ca mnh v cnxem h nh l i tc chnh v i din cho cc bn lin quan khi i miGDH. Cc dch v hng dn v t vn cn c pht trin, cng tc vicc t chc ca sinh vin, tnh ton cc nhu cu ca cc loi hc vin lunlun a dng. Nhng sinh vin b ri cn c c hi thch hp quay tr liGDH nu c lc thch hp. Cc trng i hc cn gio dc sinh vin tr

thnh nhng cng dn c thng tin y v ch ng tn ty cao, nhngngi bit suy ngh mt cch ph phn, bit phn tch cc vn ca x hi,

bit tm cc gii php cho cc vn ca x hi, p dng chng v nhn lytrch nhim x hi.

10. Phi a ra hoc tng cng cc bin php m bo s tham giaca ph n vo GDH, c bit cp ra quyt nh v trong cc chuyn mnm h cha c y i din. Tip theo cn i hi hn ch mi thnhkin v gii trong GDH. vt qua nhng chng ngi v gia tng snhp hc ca ph n vo GDH, cng cn c mt u tin cp bch trong qu

trnh i mi h thng v trng hc.11. Cn phi tn dng y u th ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn

thng mi i mi GDH bng cch m rng v a dng ho cch chuynti, v bng cch lm cho kin thc v thng tin sn sng cho i chng rngri c th s dng. Vic truy cp bnh ng vo cc phng tin cn cm bo thng qua s hp tc quc t v s h tr i vi cc nc khng nng lc c c cc cng c nh vy. Vic lm cho cc cng ngh thch ng vi cc nhu cu quc gia, khu vc v a phng; v vic m boqun l k thut, gio dc v cc h thng trng hc duy tr chng phic u tin.

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12. GDH cn c xem l mt dch v cng cng. Trong khi cn huyng cc ngun ngn qu a dng, t v cng, th s h tr ca cng qu choGDH v nghin cu vn l quan trng m bo mt thnh tu cn bngca cc s mnh x hi v gio dc ca n. Qun l v ti chnh trong GDH

cn tr thnh cc cng c tng cng cht lng v tnh ph hp ca n.iu i hi mt s pht trin cc nng lc lp k hoch v phn tchchnh sch thch hp v cc chin lc da trn s cng tc gia cc trngi hc v cc c quan c trch nhim ca quc gia. Quyn t ch trong vicqun l cng vic ni b l cn thit, nhng phi ng thi c s gii trnhtrong sng v cng khai i vi x hi.

13. Hot ng quc t ca GDH l mt thnh phn c hu ca chtlng ca n. Mng li, ci m biu hin nh l bin php chnh ca hotng, phi da trn vic chia s, on kt v bnh ng gia cc i tc. Vic

"chy mu" vn cn phi c ngn chn, v chng tip tc cp i t ccnc ang pht trin v cc nc kinh t chuyn i cc chuyn gia cao cpcn thit lm tng tc s tin b x hi ca h. Cn phi u tin cho ccchng trnh o to cc nc ang pht trin, ti cc trung tm cht lngcao to nn cc mng li quc gia v khu vc, kt hp vi cc khong thigian ngn hc chuyn ngnh v hc tp trung tng cng nc ngoi.

14. Cc cng c chun ho quc t v khu vc cng nhn vic hctp v bng cp cn c ph chun v p dng, bao gm cc chng nhn vk nng v nng lc ca nhng ngi tt nghip, lm cho sinh vin chuyn

i cc kho hc d dng hn, nhm to iu kin cho s c ng bn trongh thng quc gia v gia cc h thng vi nhau.

15. Cn phi c s cng tc cht ch ca cc pha lin quan - cc nhhoch nh chnh sch quc gia v nh trng, cc chnh ph v quc hi, ing ging dy v nhn lc lin quan, cc nh nghin cu, cc sinh vin v gianh ca h, th gii vic lm, cc nhm cng ng - a vo qu o mtcuc vn ng i mi v ci cch theo chiu su i vi GDH.

S pht trin ca h thng gio dc i hc mt mt b tc ng, chi phi

v mt mt khc cng gp phn thc y ca cc xu hng pht trin chungca i sng x hi hin i (xem hnh14)

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Hnh 14: Gio dc i hc trong cc lung di chuyn th trng ton cu

Quc t ho (Internationalization) Ton cu ho (Globalization) vi cc dng dch chuyn ca hng ho,

tin t, nhn lc, dch v, tri thc. Cc vn ton cu nh mi trng,nng lng, HIV, dn s, thng mi..v.v

Nhng bc t ph v KH-CN: Bn Gien, Tr tu nhn to,Vt liuthng minh, Cng ngh thng tin..

Kinh t tri thc v x hi thng tin, Thi i mng Vn ho cng ngh, k nguyn cht lng Khu vc t do thng mi: WTO, AFTA, APEC..

Trong bi cnh si ng ca cc xu hng pht trin ca i sng xhi hin i, gio dc i hc cc nc v ang phi i mt vi nhiu

c hi v thch thc to ln c bit l vn gii quyt cc mi quan h giaquy m- cht lng v hiu qu o to; gia o to v nghin cu, dch v;gia nhu cu v ngun lc cho pht trin.v.v. gii quyt cc yu cu gio dc i hc cc nc v ang thc hin cc cuc i mi v cicch su rng vi cc xu hng sau:

1. Xu hng i chng ha: Chuyn t gio dc tinh hoa (Elite) sanggio dc i chng v ph cp (Massification & Univerzalization). Qui mgio dc i hc tng nhanh. nhiu nc nh M, Nht Bn, Hn quc t lsinh vin i hc trong tui 18-26 ln n 40-60%

Gio dc i hc

Cng ngh,hng ho

Ti chnh-tin t

Vn ho

Thng tin,tri thc

Nhn lcKH&CN

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2. Xu hng a dng ho (Diversification): Pht trin nhiu loi hnhtrng vi c cu o to a dng v trnh v ngnh ngh theo hung hnlm (Academy) hoc ngh nghip&cng ngh nng v thc hnh(proffessional)

3. T nhn ho (Privatization): tng hiu qu o to v thu ht nhiungun lc ngoi ngn sch nh nc cho gio dc i hc nhiu nc nhM, Nht Bn, Philipin..v.v. Phn ln cc trng i hc l i hc t.

4. Bo m cht lng (Quality Assurance) v nng cao kh nng cnhtranh. Tp on ho v cng nghip ho (Corporatization and Indutrialization)h thng gio dc i hc.

5. Pht trin nng li cc i hc nghin cu tr thnh cc Trung tmsn xut, s dng, phn phi, xut khu tri thc v chuyn gio cng nghmi, hin i. Thng qua o to v nghin cu pht hin v thu ht nhn

ti khoa hc &cng ngh6. y mnh cc loi hnh dch v o to nhn lc quc t v khu vc.Cc trng i hc tr thnh cc c s dch v o to nhn lc thu ht vnu t vo o to t nhiu nc c bit l cc nc ang pht trin c nhucu tip cn vi cng ngh hin i.

III. CHIN LC I MI GIO DC I HC VIT NAM

3.1. Bi cnh pht trin gio dc i hc

3.1.1 Bi cnh trong nc

Trong nhng nm gn y bn cnh mt s thun li nh tnh hnh chnhtr x hi tip tc n nh, sc mnh i on kt dn tc c tng cng,quan h quc t khng ngng c m rng, chng ta cn phi i mt vinhng kh khn vn c ca nn kinh t trnh thp v nhng kh khn,thch thc mi pht sinh nh xut hin cc dch bnh dch, thin tai v nhng

bin ng phc tp v thi tit v kh hu, khng hong ti chnh ton cu vlm pht .

a. V kinh t: trong nhng nm va qua nn kinh t tng trng kh

cao, GDP tng bnh qun khong 7,5%/nm. Nm 2005-2007 tc tngtrng bnh qun nm t trn 8,%. Nm 2008 do nh hng ca lm pht vkh khn ca nn kinh t nn mc tng trng c iu chnh gim khong7,5% v n 2009-2010 khong 6-6,5 %

Cng vi tng trng kinh t, chng ta bo m s n nh chnh tr,x hi, quc phng v an

gddh-vn&tg-gtrình 2010

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