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UDK 904:691.214.8>(497.2)01/02Original cien ic paperReceived: 3.07.2012.Ap roved: 23.08.2012.

I n the a ticle seve al un nished and se i- nished Roman pe io a tifacts ma e of P oconnesian sc ibed and discus ed. Tey e e discove ed in the ancient cities of Odes os and Ma cianopolis (iha e been dated to the 2nd-3d c. AD. Among the a e ga led sa cophagi, a uted capital and two statues: of Hand the T acian Ho se an. Tese nds evidenced the mutual impo t by sea of p e-fab icated ma lesial ma le loc s f om P oconnesian quaries to Odes os, he e f om some of the goo s ha e be

inside the P ovince of Moseia Infe io .

KEYWORDS:Roman, mar le, Proconne o , Ode o , Marcianopoli , arcophagi, capi al, a ue

Alexander MINCHEV

FROM PROCNNESSOS TO ODESSOS:UNFINISHED ROMAN MARBLES FROM ODESSOSAND MARCIANOPOLIS (2nd -3rd c. AD)

When in AD 15 Rome esa li hed a new Roman province on he Ba kan Penin ula ha o Moe ia, a l

ancien Greek ci ie (a poi iai) on he Wesern BlackSea Coa i ua ed nor h o he Ba kan Range (Hae-mu ), and heir hin erland were incorpora ed in oo.La er in he 1 cen ury AD (in AD 86), o lowing her Dacian inva ion ou h o Danube, Domi ian divid-ed he province in wo par , and he Ea ern one wherea l por belonged became Moe ia In erior (IVANOV1997, 477; MA EI-POPESCU 2010, 25-26 and bi l.).

One o he mo advanced ancien ci ie in hi newRoman admini ra ive uni wa Ode o (modern Var-

na, Bulgaria). Te Greeka poi ia emerged a one o hewo main rade por and up lying cen er o he prov-

ince. Some very experienced in one-carving and arindu ry craf men, who were o lowing a cen urie -oldlocal radi ion al o lived and worked in he ci y. ( 2003,248-254; MINCHEV 2007, 331-351)

Soon afer hi ucce ul econd Dacian War in AD106, rajan ordered he esa li hing o a new Roman

own in Moe ia In erior, loca ed rela ively clo e oOde o (ca 27 km we ward rom he litoral), andnamed i Marcianopoli (now Devnya) - afer hi i erMarcia or Marciana (GEROV 1975, 49-50 and bi l.).

Alexander Minchev, MA Ancien Ar Depar men

Varna Mu eum o Archaeology Boul. Maria Lui a No 41

9000 Varna, Bulgariae-mail: [email protected]


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Fig. 1 Sa eli e pho ograph o heregion o Black Sea and he Sea oMarmara howing he loca ion o

Ode o (up) and Proconne o

(down) (afer Google ear h)

Corin hian and u ed capi al (ca led alRoman-Doric ype) and a decora ive pila(WARD-PERKINS 1980, 53; 55-56, No .5; 1

Ward-Perkin u gesed ha hey were ahaving been produced in A ia Minor workhe ma erial, mar le, came rom quar iehe Propon i I land o Proconne o (now

Marmara, urkey). Tey were ran por ed oSea by cargo hip o variou por , one oOde o (g.1).

Hi pioneer work ha been o lowed by and recen udie on Roman capi al dBulgaria. Tey were writen by Bulgarian arch gi who pu li hed a number o new n

ype o Roman capi al made o Procon

and ex ended a lo he hor li made by ( , 1985 ,3, 15-25; , 1990, 8-15; , 1996,45-51; , 2007, 90-182, e c.). On o her hand, during pa ca or y year ,

arcophagi made al o o Proconne ian marcovered a variou Roman i e a l over been de cribed and/or di cu ed by everau hor oo, hu widening he opic o mover he en ire province o Moe ia Incia and par ia ly o Moe ia Superior ( ,1969, 60-65; , 1978, 13-19; , 2002,

262-273; , 2007, 9-17, e c.). During he decade , he inve iga iono everal Bulgarian au hor in he eld relarge par o he mar le impor o he WSea region and i immedia e hin erland win Proconne o . Unofficia ly, i wa e im90% in o al o a l mar le impor o h

rom variou archi ec ural uni , here warcophagi, culp ure , work in relie , e

conne ian mar le. Tere i no doub ha beo-u e produc o variou hape raw ma

lock o diver e dimen ion were al o imregion in order o ul l he need o hmen. S one-cuter , carver and culp or wafer order made by heir e low-ci izenau hori ie u ed mo ly impor ed ma eri

Among he abundance o Roman mar le variou ype di covered in bo h Odecianopoli , here are a ew unni hed onProconne ian mar le, which gave proo abo pre abrica ed (unni hed) one made o

one. Teir we l di in ui hed ruc ure

Ti wa par o he Emperor ambi iou program orurbaniza ion o he newly incorpora ed Ba kan er i o-rie . Te new own wa buil over he ruin o a ma lancien Tracian etlemen (MINCHEV 2004, 221-223) a a ra egic cen er in he hin erland o he Danu- bian lime and wa popula ed by local people o Tra-cian origin, immigran rom he Ea ern province o

he Empire and army ve eran . Te own wa hen giv-en by he Emperor a Greek ype o civil organiza ion

which wa ypical or he ancien emi-independencoa al ci ie . In he o lowing decade , Marcianopolideveloped in an impor an road and rade cen er o heregion where al o variou craf ouri hed, including

he one-carving ( 1999, 27-36). Te localcraf men u ed in heir work a lo o impor ed mar le - ju like ho e in Ode o , along wi h limesone coming

rom local quar ie . Archaeological excava ion in bo hancien ci ie brough o ligh a number o ne onework made by mar le and ome o hem wi l be di -cu ed in hi ar icle.

Over hir y year ago, John B. Ward-Perkin wa

r o poin ou o he in erna ional cholarly worldhe ac ha in Roman ime (mainly in 2nd -3rd c.AD), capi al o variou ype made o ne Procone -

ian mar le, have been impor ed o he ancien ci ieloca ed on he Wesern Black Sea Coa . In hi i l valua le ar icle Nicomedia and he Mar le rade(WARD-PERKINS 1980, 23-69), he li ed and gavei lu ra ion o everal archi ec ural uni rom ha region and i immedia e hin erland. Among hem, herewere everal piece rom Ode o and Marcianopoli :


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Fig. 2. Unni hed garland ar-copha u rom Ode o madProconne ian mar le (pho o RKo adinova)

we l-known by numerou nd in he Medi er aneanworld (WARD-PERKINS 1980, 98-104), in he Ba kan province and along he en ire coa line o he BlackSea. On i ron ide, among he garland here i a litletabula ansata , lef al o unni hed. Te u ge ion i ha

hi arcopha u wa impor ed o he ci y rom a Pro-conne ian or A ia Minor mar le-carving work hop inquar y- a e, and origina ly i wa mean o be ni hed

here by a local carver ( 1978, 14-15,. 1-2).

Te arcopha u rom Ode o wa u ed or a burial be ore i wa ni hed by local carver and he rea onwhy i o cour e di pu a le. I may be we l a hur y herela ive o proceed wi h he burial quickly (e ecia ly ii wa in he ho ummer); a rela ive pover y o he am-ily; imply par imony, i.e. no o pay ex ra or ni hing

he arcopha u , or ome o her unknown rea on.However, hi i no an exclu ive ac in he Roman

Empire. Te incomple ion o relie work o garland ar-cophagi wa a ra her u ual procedure or he Procon-ne ian mar le work hop , which ha been di cu edand esa li hed many year ago by N. A gari (ASGARI

1977, 329-380). Trough he year , imilar unni hedarcophagi have been di covered in many Roman prov-ince and region o he Empire: in Syria, Egyp , Ci licia,I aly, in Crimea, e c. ( 1978, 16 wi h ex ended bibliography).

A imilar quar y- a e unni hed arcopha u o2nd -3rd c. AD di covered in Cea erea, I rael, which wa

econdary u ed in 4 h c. AD by a Chri ian believer bear very clo e re em lance o he one rom Ode o(GERSCH 1996, 19, g. 6). In he ceme ery o yre

grayi h colour mar le wi h darker lue vein , leave nodoub o i origin.

Te mar le arcophagi, archi ec ural uni and piece o ar di cu ed in hi ar icle belong o he col-lec ion o wo mu eum : Varna Mu eum o Archae-ology and Te Mo aic Mu eum a Devnya. Tey weredi covered ei her by excava ion or by chance in RomanOde o and Marcianopoli or reu ed in edice o La eRoman Early Byzan ine period in he e ci ie .

Un nished garlandsarcopha us from Odessos

Made of proconnesian mar leTi wa di covered in la e 19h c. in he Nor h-

Ea ern necropoli o he ancien ci y along wi h woo her imple arcophagi o imilar hape bu havingno decora ion. Te la er one have been made o lo-cal limesone and a l hree were covered by a umulu( 1969, 61). Some grave-nd depo i ed in

he arcophagi da ed he en ire group o he econd halo 2nd c. AD ( 1978, 14, 1; 1961, 46-50,. 1 ; 4).

Te mar le arcopha u wa lef roughly ni hed oa l our ide , leaving no doub ha hi i a pre abri-ca ed one (Fig. 2). Never hele he race o a l de ailmarked in relie are ure enough o make an imaginaryrecon ruc ion o i en ire would o be decora ion. Tiwa in ac a ga led-plain garland ype o arcopha u ,


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Fig. 3. Semi-ni hed garlandarcopha u made o Proconne ian

mar le (afer S RONG 1976, 205,g. 366)

high relie pre uma ly afer an importedne ian prototype (Fig. 4). Apart rom the tr

or the type garland and Ero ure , headand Gorgoneion, the decoration include al

native image a ded to the original de ign: aHor eman (Hero ) located in the center oide ( 2001, 32, .

8). Ti arcopha u evidenced that in 2nd c. AD, Pro-conne ian arcophagi o that type did nd th

ar a Moe ia Superior. More over, they wertone-carver in local work hop u ing lim

nating rom the region. Te only way it could h pened wa the tran er o original mar le cophagi by ea rom either Proconne o itIonian work hop in A ia Minor to Moe iTe obviou port via which that import wa

pli hed i Ode o becau e thi city coulhorte t route to Ratiaria. Te later tran er olar quite heavy good wa by land u ing the Roman road through the province o Moe ileading rom Ode o via Marcianopoli - I trum (Nikyup) to Ratiaria.

Copying Proconne ian/A ia Minor originan exception to the rule. Te inuence o Anor work hop to other tone-carving choknown and largely di cu ed by variou a

(Lebanon), ha been di covered a et o three imilarunni hed garland arcophagi o 2nd -3rd c. AD, next toeach other (EBELING 2011, 15, g.1). An idea howap roximately a u ly ni hed garland arcopha u ,

carved at a l our ide looked, offer an elaborate one o3rd c. AD, ound at el-Mevorakh, I rael (GERSCH1996, 15, g . 2-3).

A late 2nd c. AD emi-ni hed arcopha u made oProconne ian mar le ha been mentioned and i lu -trated by D. E. Strong in one o hi tudie on mar lecarving (S RONG 1976, 205, g. 336). It i very goodevidence how the Roman carver proceeded in theirwork. In thi ca e, the craf men did ni h entirely onlythe ront and rear ide o the arcopha u , leaving lef both it hort ide unni hed (g. 3). Te compari ono the emi-ni hed garland arcopha u di covered in

Ode o , with other imilar one di covered through-out o the Roman Empire, indicate common produc-tion ource but al o rai e the que tion o mo t likelycommon ource o tran portation and relevant impor-tation in 2nd -3rd c. AD.

It hould be noted that a tota ly ni hed garland ar-copha u o 2nd century AD made o local limesone,ha been di covered in the Roman necropoli o Ra-tiaria (now Archar), located in the Bulgarian part oMoe ia Superior province. It i lavi hly decorated in


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Fig. 5. Semi-ni hed ga led copha u rom Marcianopoliroo -like decora ion o he lio Proconne ian mar le (pho

he au hor)

Fig. 6. De ail o he emi-nroo -like decora ion o ame copha u (pho o o he au h

Fig. 4. Fini hed garland arcopmade o local limesone di cova Archar (ancien Ra iaria), B garia (pho o cour e y o Na

Mu eum o Archaeology So

burial di covered in ide wi hou any grave good(A 1983, 87).

Te arcopha u wa lef emi-ni hed and u edwice in ame condi ion. Ti ga led arcopha u wi h

roo -like decora ed lid how ome impor an de ailo he one-carver work. Ti i an in ere ing ca e, becau e bo h he one coffin and i lid eem o have been impor ed pre abrica ed and la er par ia ly n-i hed or ra her emi-ni hed by a local craf man in heci y o Marcianopoli . For in ance, he one-carverha moo hed only he ron ide o he large rec an u-lar coffin, leaving i rear and hor ide only roughlymade. Te ile o he in ended roo decora ion have been only marked and ome o hem ju ar ed o be

la ely on he mater: GAGGALIS-ROBIN 2001, 262-277 and bi l.).

2. A prefabricated ga bled sarcopha-

us from marcianopolis made of proconnesian mar leTe arcopha u wa di covered in he Roman ne-

cropoli o Marcianopoli (A 1983, 87, V/ 4). I wa produced in Roman period (mid- 2nd - r hal o 3rd c. AD) bu ha been reu ed in EarlyByzan ine ime by a Chri ian amily ca la e 4 h-rhal o 5h c. AD (Fig. 5). Ti ac i evidenced by alitle cro , econdary inci ed on he lid and he wo


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Fig. 7. Semi-ni hed ga bled ar-copha u withtabula ansata romMarcianopoli made o Proconne-ian mar le (photo R. Ko tadinova)

in cription on it located on the ront ide.Te large coffin ha been entirely ni hmoothed out ide) including the ne de igntabula.

Te work wa almo t completed, leaving onlyand one o the hort ide o the lid partiaTey have been lef only chi eled while a l acrote-

ia have been moothed too. Ti could have heither in the work hop where the arcopha uduced, or in one at Marcianopoli or Odetran er ed rom the cargo hip to a local wone o the e citie and wa almo t ni hed

ace being very ne moothed. Only one hthe lid ha been lef un-worked, ti l bearingo original heavy chi eling on the ur ace. T u wa given a general dating o econd hnd - r thal o 3rd c. AD becau e it ha been di coverecavation plundered ti l in ancient time anno nd could help or a more preci e one ( ,1983, 86-86, V/ 1). A ru h with the burial mhave cau ed the leaving o the lid unni he

act the only one unni hed arcopha u tabulaansata , di covered in Bulgaria (IVANOV 2001

Te production o ga bled plain arcophadecoration and made o limesone quar iedquar y ha been proved by everal nd anopoli , di covered in the outhern city-n

(unpu li hed).Tere hould be no doubt , that they were p by local ma ter o lowing the hape o cophagi rom Proconne o or A ia Minor. Ithat they were made or cu tomer who cou

ord a arcopha u made o mar le.

4. A semi nished ga bled lid ofsarcopha us made of proconnesiamar le from Odessos

Ti i an i olated nd di covered by chanarea o the Wesern necropoli o Ode oman period. Te lid ha been only roughly chi8 a). According to it hape a general dating nd -3rd c.AD wa u gesed or it by the pu li her 2007, 9-10,. 1). Tere i no doubt that the lid wimported to the city in the ame condition (anthe coffin it belonged to).

proce ed, when the work top ed and the arcopha uwa quickly u ed or a burial. race o three different

tage o ni hing are availa le now, howing how itwa actua ly worked: there are detail o the roo tile ju t roughly haped; other are chi eled and the thirdone have moothed edge (Fig. 6). Te hort ide othe lid were ni hed and moothed apart rom the cen-tral protru ion , meant or decoration o either Gor- gon head or quatre oil in relie . In thi ca e, the tonecarver tarted to work on the emi-ni hed arcopha- u roo , but under unknown circum tance he ailed todo it and the unni hed product wa u ed or a burial.Te already mentioned Proconne ian garland ar-copha u rom el-Mevorakh i a good example how a

roo -tiled lid look like afer being ni hed (GERSCH1996, 14, g . 2-3). Another ga led roo -like decoratedarcopha u lid o 2nd c. AD made o limesone - againrom Ratiaria, ha a trong re em lance with the roo

o Marcianopoli one ( 1985, 25-26, 7).

Te nd rom Marcianopoli i a good example that prove that during 2nd -3rd c. AD, unni hed importedProconne ian arcophagi have been a ditiona ly pro-ce ed in the city by local craf men and it i rather clo eto mind that the ame proce wa availa le in Ode oand other larger citie o Moe ia In erior.

3. A semi- nished sarcopha us withtabula ansata from Marcianopolismade of proconnesian mar le

Ti piece pre ent a more imple type o arcoph-agi produced o Proconne ian mar le (Fig. 7). It i a ga led-plain one and there i atabula ansata with no


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Fig. 8 a-b ( emi-ni hed arcoagi-lid rom Ode o made Proconne ian mar le (pho o RKo adinova)

made o very ne Proconne ian mar le, bu i mi ing par o he runk and ba e. Only i quare ba e (in i

urvived par ) decora ed wi h ve-lea ro ete in hecorner ha been ni hed, while he carving pace o

he u ed runk wa only marked (Fig. 9). I ha beenda ed recen ly o he early 3rd c. AD - i.e. la e Severan period. Te po ibili y launched by on o he pu li h-er ha i ha re em lance o ome La e-An ique capi-

al o 4 h c. AD ha been rejec ed by he ame au hor

( 2007, 99 and bi l.).I up o e ha hi capi al wa impor ed emi-n-i hed, wi h only chi eled general hape and a l de ail oi decora ion were ju marked. I wa up o ed o beni hed a he nal de ina ion o he expor in hica e i wa Ode o . Tere, in one o he ci y work hopa one-carver ar ed o work on i . Afer having donealmo he en ire ba e o he capi al, or ome rea on

he u ing wa no nalized.Te ame in hape and decora ion u ed capi al o

Roman-Doric or Palm-order o 2nd - early 3rd c. AD,made o Proconne ian mar le bu en irely ni hed have

been di covered in he amphi hea er o Marcianopoli .Tere i al o a imilar ragmen ed one in he Roman ba h o Ode o , o he ame da e ( 2007, 99; 392, 82-83,. 82-83). Tey are rela ively

requen nd in Moe ia In erior and de pi e he di -erence he ba ic culp ural cheme o he capi al re-

main very imilar. Some ecic de ail in he de igno he capi al rom Ode o lead recen ly Z. Dimi rov

o he conclu ion o ha hey a l were ni hed by local

5. A semi- nished ga bled lid ofsarcopha us made of proconnesian

ma le from OdessosTi i ano her i ola ed nd di covered by chance inhe area o he Sou hern necropoli o Ode o , which

wa al o u ed by i ci izen in Roman period. Te ga leand a l ouracrote ia o he lid have been we l moo hedand even par ia ly poli hed while i hor ide have been lef only roughly chi eled (Fig. 8 b). According oi hape, a general da ing o 2nd -3rd c. AD wa given oo by he ame au hor ( 2007, 10-11,. 2). A po i le ni hing and poli hing in a local one-workingwork hop in Ode o may be pre umed or he piece.

Te li ed above unni hed arcophagi and lid areimpor an evidence abou a re ular impor o Ode oo pre abrica ed piece made o Proconne ian mar le.Mo o hem have been acquired by local ci izen whileo her , de pi e heir heavy weigh , have been ran -

er ed o Marcianopoli and o her large Roman ci iein Moe ia In erior and mo proba ly al o o Moe iaSuperior. Tere hey have been copied by local craf -men bu execu ed in limesone, which o cour e wa amuch cheaper offer or he cu omer .

Ga bled plain arcophagi have been produced o :limesone or local green one al o in he Rhodopi

Moun ain (Sou h Bulgaria), where he loca ion o alea wo one-quar ie have been raced. In one ohem, a emi-ni hed ga bled lid o arcopha u wa

di covered oo (GEORGIEV 1981, 128-137).Tere are ome nd di covered in Ode o , which

reveal ha here were al o ome o her pre- abrica edmar le objec impor ed o he ci y ei her rom Pro-conne o or rom work hop in a clo er region o A iaMinor: Ionia (?) and By hinia (?). Te e were mo lyarchi ec ural uni , which were up o ed o be n-i hedin situ by local one-carver in he ci y onework hop.

6. Semi- nished utedcapital of Roman-Doric Order

Ti capi al ha been di covered by chance in early20h cen ury - maybe in a one-carver work hopabou which here i an unclear record in he mu-

eum archive ( , 2006, 106). Te capi al i


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Fig. 9. Semi-ni hed u ed capi alrom Ode o made o Proconne-

ian mar le (pho o R. Ko adinova)7. Un nished statues made of proconnesian mar le discovered

in OdessosAn unni hed, medium ized a ue o Hmade o Proconne ian mar le wa di cove building ma erial in he medieval or reh - 14 h c.). Te ure ha been ou lined and o

ion o he body were almo ni hed, wcluding he head) have been ju roughly m10 a). Al hough i real nd- po remaina proo o a wider u e o impor ed raw mPropon i quar ie by he craf men o Odnd -3rd c. AD ( 1958, 539-540,. 6).

Ano her unni hed litle a ue, o he mTracian dei y, he o-ca led Tracian Hor edi covered a Khan Krum S ree in Varna I i made o Proconne ian mar le and haly we l culp ured body o he hor e and

or ome rea on he area benea h hem ni hed: i wa ju roughly chi eled. Te dei y i now mi ing. Te culp ure could general o he 2nd -3rd c. AD ( 1958, 538-539,

. 5). Very clo e o he nd- po , a mao a litle unni hed relie o he ame dedi covered much la er during excava ion oChri ian ba ilica, where i wa re-u ed

ma erial (unpu li hed). Te e nd help ha omewhere in ha area here wa a work hop o Roman period.

Ano her work hop wa localized no ai e: Khan A paroukh S ree . Several unure and a relie , a l made o Proconne ia

been di covered here. Te li o he e eere ing or he Roman ar hi ory o M

nd con i o : a a uete o A clepian eagle; a a uete o an uniden ied huand a ma l par o a litle vo ive relie oHor eman. Te r wo urine have been

eled bu many de ail o he bodie were lhe ace and par ia ly he dre o he der o he eagle, e c, while he hird a given ju a rough hape o he body by

he moo hed and poli hed mar le plaque only he general ou line o he hor eman ci ed. A l piece have been given a da ingnd -3rd c.AD ( 1958, 535-538,. 1-4).

A a ed above, he ran por a ion o

carver in he ci y work hop and maybe he ame ap- plie or ho e ound in Marcianopoli (2007, 98-100).

During he econd hal o 2nd c. - early 3rd c. AD,he impor ed u ed mar le capi al have been copied

by one-carver in bo h Ode o and Marcianopo-li , which i evidenced by everal piece made o locallimesone. However, here are ome di in ui hed ma lde ail which differ rom he original ( 2007, 98-99; 392-393, 91-92).

Te impor rom Proconne o included no only pre abrica ed, emi-ni hed and comple ely ni hedmar le bu al o mar le lock , proba ly he majori yo a larger ize. Once delivered o he por o Ode o ,

hey were ran por ed o he local one-carving work-hop and ome o hem o ho e in Marcianopoli .

Tere hey were cu in a l ap ropria e ize and u ed byhe craf men or producing variou mar le ar i ac ,or example, a good par o he Proconne ian mar le

wa u ed or producing archi ec ural uni : column , ba e , capi al , archi rave , e c. According o a no elef by K. Shkorpil in hi archive, remain o a po i lework hop or imilar piece ha been raced in he early20h c. a Shipka S ree in Varna. Regreta ly, no o herda a abou hi impor an di covery, e.g. pho ographo he i e or de crip ion o he ound piece wa up- plied by he au hor.

Te Proconne ian mar le were al o u ed or pro-ducing a ue , relie work , omb one and in crip-

ion . Several unni hed or emi-ni hed a ue andrelie work o Roman period have been di covered inOde o . Tey proved he permanen u e o impor edProconne ian mar le by craf men in he ci y, or culp-

uring piece o ar oo.


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Fig. 11. Set o tone-carver depicted on a ga bled arcopha

rom Marcianopoli made o limesone (photo courte y o TMo aic Mu eum Devnya)

Fig. 10 a-b. Semi ni hed tauHeracle and the Tracian Horman rom Ode o made oProconne ian mar le (photo R

Ko tadinova)

the arcopha u . Te burial gif help or dating the ar-copha u to late 2nd -early 3rd c. AD (A 1982,99, I/ 2-3). A l depicted tool are typical oneu ed by Roman craf men a l around the empire during1 t -3rd c. AD (Ridgway, 1969, 102-103, g. 6), a we l a

later.Tere i no doubt that during 2nd -3rd c. AD imilartool were implemented in the work hop o Marci-anopoli (and Ode o ) or ni hing imported emi- proce ed Proconne ian mar le o variou hape and purpo e, which to the nal touch o their decorationwa given by ki led tone-carver in both citie .

material, emi-ni hed and ni hed production romProcone o quar ie and work hop on the i land or

rom Ionian work hop to Ode o wa held by ea. Teea- are and ea-trade were maybe o the mo t requent

pro e ion in the city. wo image o Roman hipon ragmented arcophagi o 2nd -3rd c. AD di coveredthere repre ent the type o trade ve el u ed or that purpo e. Looking to the number o mar le nd di -covered in the city, ailing rom Proconne o to Ode -o , with hip u l o mar le cargo eem to have beena relatively requent ta k or the trade men o the city.Te city-port erved a a wide open door or importand re-export o variou mar le good , whether in theclo er country ide or deeper in Moe ia In erior andmaybe even in Mo eia Superior. Te unni hed archi-tectural unit , arcophagi, etc, were meant to be na lyde igned by the ki led local tone-carver .

An intere ting di covery at the wesern necropoli oMarcianopoli ena led to recon truct part o the toolu ed by the Roman ma ter in the city. On the ront

ide o a loca ly made ga bled limesone arcopha urom Marcianopoli , everal tool or tone carvinghave been depicted, thu tating about the pro e ion othe buried per on. Te et con i t o one at chi el, adou le trimming hammer and a punch (Fig. 11). Sepa-rately, an iron-cramp, the u ual xing tool or proce ed

tone , ha been engraved on the lef up er corner o


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ABBREVIATIONS

AA Archologischer Anzeiger

AMV Ac a Musei Varnaensis,VarnaBRKG Berich der rmisch-germanischen Komission, MainzBSR [Papers o he] Bri ish School a Rome

(Annual o he Ins i uArchaeology wi h Museum, So ia)

(Bu le in o he Na ional Musesm in V

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A 1982 A. , 18 (33), 99103.

A 1983 A. , 19(34), 8489,A 1999 A.

1999 .ASGARI 1977 N. ASGARI. Die Ha b abrika e kleinasia ischer Garlandensark

AA 92, 329380.

EBELING 2011. Ph. EBELING. He lenis ic and Roman Sarcophagi in he Lev

2011, 1420.GEORGIEV 1981 G. K. GEORGIEV. Neue Anhal spunk e r die Bodensch z

An ike. In: Spar acus. Symposium rebus Spar aci ges is dedica um Danov, Al. Fol). Soa, 128137.

GAGGALIS ROBIN 2001 V. GAGGALIS ROBIN. Sarcophages d Arles: Ar atique e In: Ak en des Symposiums 125 Jahre SarkophagCorpus, 1. Rhod

, 2572.

GEROV 1975 B. GEROV. Marcianopolis im Lich e der his orischen Angaben u graphischen und numisma ischen Ma reialien und Forschingen. S u10, 4972.

GERSCH 1996 R. GERSCH . Impor ed Mar le Sarcophagi rom Caesarea. Aory, Sec ion B, No 2, 1326.

, 2, 1319.IVANOV 1997 R. IVANOV. Das rmische Ver raidi ungssys em an der un eren

cum und Duros orum (Bulgarien) von Au us us bis Maurikios. BRGIVANOV 2001 M. IVANOV. Rmische Srakophage mi grosser abula Ansa a

rung und Herkunf. Archaeologia Bulgarica, Soa, V, 1, 4551. (LVI), 917.

MA EIPOPESCU 2010 F. MA EIPOPESCU. Te Roman Army in Moesia In erior. BuMINCHEV 2003 AL. MINCHEV. Odessos (6h cen ury BC 1s cen ury AD). In: Ancien Greek C

nies in he Black Sea (eds. D. V. Grammenos, E. K. Pe ropoulos). TesMINCHEV 2004 AL. MINCHEV. Marcianopolis be ore he Romans: Some Da a

a he Si e. In: Prinos lui Pe re Diaconu la 80 de ani. (eds. I. Cnderbu, M. Nea u).Clrai, 215235.

, 11118.


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3. Sarkofag sa zabatima itabulom ansatom na prednjici, pronaen u rimskoj nekropoli MarcianopoIzraen je od prokonekog mramora i datiran u 2. 3. st. po. Kr. Samo je jedna strana njelopca sa zabatima nedovrena vjerojatno u urbi da se ukop obavi to prije.

4. Jednostavni poklopac sarkofaga sluajno pronaen na rimskom gro lju u Odesosu i d(sl. 8a). Upotrije ljen je za ukop nedovren tek grubo isklesan doveen iz radionice u 5. Jednostavni poklopac sarkofaga sluajno pronaen na rimskom gro lju u Odesosu i d

(sl. 8b). Upotrije ljen je za ukop gotovo dovren, ak i uglaan, samo su mu krae stran postavlja se da je uvezen nedovren grubo isklesan i djelomino dovren u mjesnoj ka prije nego je upotrije ljen za ukop.

6. Poludovreni kanelirani stup izraen od prokonekog mramora, pronaen u nepozOdesosu (sl. 9). Njegova etvrtasta baza s reljefnim rozetama u kutovima u potpunosti je d je budue kanelure na stupu obrtnik tek naznaio. Datiran je u kraj 2. i poetak 3. st. po. Kuvezen u Odesos kao poluproizvod kako bi bio dovren u mjesnoj radionici.

7. Dva poludovrena kipa: Herakla (sl. 10a) i trakoga konjanika (sl. 10b) pronaena u Ost. po. Kr. Kipovi su izraeni od prokonekog mramora, a veina pojedinosti na njima nijisklesana), vjerojatno zbog pogreke kamenoklesara tijekom obrade.

Ovi kipovi, kao i jo nekoliko nedovrenih skulptura i reljefa, dokaz su uvoza neobraenmramora u Odesos. Ondje su ih izrezivali i obraivali mjesni klesari, koji su proizvodili mente i umjetnika djela. Isto se odnosi (u manjoj mjeri) na radionice u Marcianopolisu. Omramor u iste svrhe i povremeno obraivali nedovrene sarkofage.

Neka od orua koja su koristili kamenoklesari u 2. 3. st. po. Kr. prikazana su na reljefusarkofaga sa zabatima pronaenog u rimskoj nekropoli Marcianopolisu (sl. 11). Izraen jeiz mjesnog kamenoloma i nema sumnje da je ukopani pokojnik za ivota bio kamenoklesa

Nalazi nedovrenih ili poludovrenih mramornih predmeta iz Odesosa predstavljaju prokonekog mramora morem. Iz luke je mramor prevoen kopnom i do Marcianopolis poluobraeni artefakti i ista sirovina kameni lokovi.

garland tip sarkofaga sa crijepom hi21 05minchev

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