1

Garanti DynEd

Alan

field

realm

discipline

area

Kaydetmek

record (v)

register

Verimlilik/

Üretkenlik

productivity

fertility

fruitfulness

Kaynak

source

resource

supply

Çaba/Girişim

attempt

effort

try

endeavour

Varlık/

Bulunma

existence

presence

reality

Yayınlamak

issue (v)

release

publish

Korkmak/

Korku/Endişe

fear

concern

worry

apprehension

Başarı

success (n)

achievement

accomplishment

feat

Tedavi etmek

treat

cure

heal

Başarısız olmak

fail (v)

collapse

break down

Dayanmak

date back

go back

stretch

trace

Bilimadamı/

Uzman

scientist (n)

scholar

explorer

reseracher

Çözülmemiş

unresolved (adj)

not solved

not settled

Çok küçük

tiny

microscopic

minute

very small

Zarar vermek

harm

damage

hurt

impair

Yeterli

adequate(adj)

sufficient

enough

satisfactory

Sebep/Neden

motive

reason

cause

grounds

Kaynaklanmak

to be caused by

result from

stem from

originate from

derive from

arise from

Tehlikeli

dangerous

risky

unsafe

treacherous

perilous

hazardous

Tartışmak

debate (v)

discuss

argue

debate (n)

discussion

Müzakere etmek/

Görüşmek

negotiate (v)

talk

hold talks

bargain

Bahsetmek/

Bir şeye bağlamak

attribute to (v)

refer to

ascribe to

Oluşturmak

account for (v)

constitute

comprise

make up

form the total of

sth

Ortak

collective

common

public

communal

RESEARCH

2

Garanti DynEd

Ortaya çıkarmak

unearth (v)

dig up

excavate

uncover

discover

Yaygınlık/Sıklık

prevalence

commonness

frequency

regularity

universality

Tahsis etmek,

aktarmak

allocate

allot

distribute

Tanımlamak/

Belirlemek

identify (v)

determine

specify

establish

recognize

Kapsamlı/

Detaylı/Karmaşık

extensive (adj)

wide-spread

sophisticated

complicated

inclusive

Kademeli/Yavaşça

steadily

gradually

slowly

step by step

little by little

Yıkma/Yok etme

destruction

eradication

termination

elimination

devastation

Sonuç/Etki

consequence

outcome

result

output

effect

İzlemek/Takip

etmek

track

trace

follow

pursue

pursuit(n)

Sonuç/Bulgu

result (n)

finding

outcome

effect

discovery

Kanıt/

Kanıtlamak

evidence (n)

proof

evident(adj)

prove (v)

establish

provide

evidence

Göstermek/ İşaret

etmek

indicate (v)

show

demonstrate

illustrate

display

Onaylamak/

Doğrulamak

confirm (v)

approve

verify

ratify

validate

Onaylama/

Doğrulama

confirmation (n)

approval

verification

ratification

validation

Oluşturmak/

-Den oluşmak

consist of

comprise

be composed of

make up sth

constitute

Yenilik

novelty (n)

innovation

discovery

something new

Yenilik yapmak

innovate (v)

introduce changes

/new ideas

bring in

Miras/Kalıtım

inheritance

heritage (n)

legacy (n)

heirship (n)

İhtiyaç duymak/

Bağlı olmak

need

require

rely on/upon(v)

depend on/upon

Ayrılmak/

Farklılaşmak

differentiate

distinguish

vary

set apart

3

Garanti DynEd

Zayıf/Hassas/

Kırılgan

fragile

vulnerable

weak

delicate

susceptible

Tanımlamak/

Belirlemek

identify (v)

determine

specify

establish

recognize

Kazmak/Çıkarmak

unearth (v)

dig up

excavate

uncover

discover

Kanıtlamak/

Göstermek

prove (v)

establish

show

demonstrate

indicate

Hesaplamak

calculate

estimate

compute

figure

evaluate

Katı/Sert

solid

firm

rigid

hard

concrete

Konu/Sorun/

Mesela

matter (n)

issue

subject

topic

concern

Şüpheci/

Treddütlü

sceptic

cynic of/about

sth (adj)

doubtful (adj)

hesitating

Sürdürmek/

Devam etmek

maintain (v)

sustain

extend

prolong

keep sth going

Çekmek/Küçülmek

contract (v)

shrink

narrow

shorten

get make smaller

Birlik/Dernek/

Kuruluş

fellowship (n)

association

society

brotherhood

companionship

Geliştirmek/

İlerletmek

improve(v)

enhance

advance

develop

boost

mature

Araştırmak

research on sth

search

seek - sought

scrutinize (v)

investigate or

scrutiny (n)

Olmak/

Meydana

getirmek

take place

happen

come about

emerge

arise

appear

Sağlamak/

Vermek

provide with

provision

supply with (v,n)

deliver (v)

give(v)

grant(v)

Uygulamak/

Yasalaştırmak

put into effect

practise

put into

regulation

enact

endorse

Dikkat çekici/

Çarpıcı

remarking

striking

outstanding

notable

noteworthy

Çağdaş/Modern

contemporary

modern

current

present

up to date

Kabul/Onay

acceptance (n)

approval

agreement

admission

consent

Tehdit etmek/

Tehlikeye

sokmak

threaten (v)

endanger

risk

jeopardise

put into risk

4

Etkilemek

influence

affect

impact on

have an effect on

have an impact on

act or work upon

Salmak

emit

release

give out

emission

release

Katkı sağlamak

contribute to(v),

provide

make

a contribution

help sth to

advance

Karşı çıkmak/

Tartışmak

oppose (v)

disagree

dispute

argue

quarrel

fall out

Çatışmak/

Tartışmak

conflict (v) (with)

contrast

contradict

clash

be opposite

fight

Sınıflandırmak

classify (v) into:

categorize under

group

sort

arrange

systematically

Güvenmek/

Bağlı olmak

rely on/upon(v)

depend on/upon

count on

trust

Kabul etmek/

Razı olmak

accept (v)

agree

approve

consent receive

acknowledge

come to

the terms with

sth(v)

Başarısızlık/

Hayal kırıklığı

failure (n)

collapse

breakdown

frustration

disappointment

lack of success

Sonuç çıkarmak/

Sonuç/Çıkarım

conclude from (v)

deduce from

infer from

conclusion (n)

deduction

inference

Süren/Devam

eden/Kesintisiz

persistent

continuous

recurrent

on-going

non-stop –

uninterrupted

Ekmek

plant

grow

cultivate

farm

cultivation

planting

Birikmek/Artmak

build up

increase

rise

grow

boost

intensify

İkna edici/

İnandırıcı

convincing

persuasive

compelling

satisfying

cogent

creditable

Büyük/Çok

substantial

considerable

tremendous

great

big

large

İlerleme/

Gelişme

improvement

progress

development

advance

progression

advancement

Zafer/Başarı

triumph (n)

victory

success

achievement

accomplishment

conquest

feat

Vazgeçmek/

Bırakmak

give up

abandon

quit

stop

halt

discontinue

Kötüleşmek/

Kötüleştirmek

exacerbate

worsen

aggravate

degenerate

deteriorate

get worse

Genişletmek/

Büyütmek

expand

enlarge

extend

widen

expansion(n)

5

Faydalanmak/

Kullanmak

make use of (v)

utilize

employ

exploit

benefit from (v)

help

to be helped

Simgelemek/

Anlamına gelmek

stand for (v)

signify

mean

represent

symbol,

symbolize

Derin

profound (adj)

serious

deep

fathomless

of great depth

not superficial

İcat etmek/

Geliştirmek

invent (v)

devise

develop

design

create

discover

Mantıklı

logical

acceptable

rational

reasonable

plausible

sensible

6

engellemek

prevent

stop

hinder

inhibit

obstruct

etki

effect

influence

impact

Bağlık olmak

rely on/upon(v)

depend on/upon

count on

değiştirmek

replace

alter

change

Yaygın, salgın

endemic

epidemic

pandemic

titreme

tremor

shaking

shiver

tremble

sertlik

rigidity

inflexibility

hardness

stiffness

kusurlu

defective

faulty

flawed

unhealthy

görüş

vision

eyesight

sight

view

sonuç

outcome

result

consequence

output

belirsiz

vague

ambiguous

unclear

implicit

Yoğun, sert

severe

intense

powerful

violent

Tanı koymak

diagnose

identify

determine

pinpoint

aşırı

excessive

too much

exaggerated

extreme

artma

increase (n) rise

growth

escalation

expansion

yaralanma

injury

wound

damage

harm

Ilaç yazmak

prescribe

recommend

order

set down

farkındalık

awareness

consciousness

realization

mindfulness

beklemedik

unprecedented

unforeseen

unexpected

unanticipated

sağlamak

supply with

provide with

give

offer

bulaşıcı

infectious contagious

catching

transmissible

communicable

kötüleşmek

worsen

aggravate

degenerate

deteriorate

get worse

Meydana gelmek

occur (v)

happen

take place

arise

come about

iyileştirici

therapeutic

healing

beneficial

curative

remedial

farklılaşmak

vary

differ

differentiate

distinguish

set apart

HEALTH AND MEDICINE

7

Kaygı, endişe

worry

tension

apprehension

distress

nervousness

fear

Zararlı, tehlikeli

hazardous

harmful

detrimental

perilous

dangerous

Muayene

examination

investigation

study

prospection

scrutiny

survey

bağışık

immune

resistant

insusceptible

unsusceptible –

not susceptible to

immunity

yetersizlik

inability

incapacity

disability

inefficiency

inadequacy

insufficiency

Kusur, noksanlık

disadvantage (n)

drawback

shortcoming

weakness

handicap

set-back

zararsız

harmless

benign

Yan etki

side effect

adverse or

unwanted

secondary effect

reaction

secondary

response

iyileştirmek

treat

cure

heal

medicate

rehabilitate

relieve

ameliorate

yaşamak

experience

live

face

confront

to be exposed

to be subject to

undergo

bağımlılık

addiction

dependence

habit

attachment

obsession

aşmak

outnumber

outpace

surpass

exceed

outrun

nakletmek

transplant

transfer

transport

move

replace

bulaştırmak

infect

pass on ..to

transmit ...

infection

transmission

Üstesinden

gelmek

overcome

surmount

get over

beat

defeat

azaltmak

reduce

decrease

cut down

lessen

mitigate

minimize

Yol, yöntem

means

way

method

technique

by means of

bitirmek

deplete

use up

finish

exhaust

get through

aşama

stage

phase

level

period

step

ilgili

associated with

linked with

related to

connected to

bound to

8

Tanı koymak, tanı

Detection(n)

discovery

find

finding

detect(v)

notice

diagnose

identify

büyük

massive

huge

vast

immense

giant

enormous

gigantic

tremendous

Yetersizlik, yetersiz

Deficiency(n)

inadequacy

insufficiency

absence of

lack of

deficit

inadequate(adj)

insufficient

Sebep olmak

trigger(v)

cause

lead to

bring about

give rise to

result in

produce

generate

Belirti, işaret

symptom

sign

signal

evidence

indication

indicator

mark

syndrome

warning

Yetersiz beslenme

Kötü beslenme

malnutrition

malnourishment

Tedavi edilemez

ölümcül

incurable

malignant

cureless

deadly

fatal

inoperable

irrecoverable

irremediable

irreparable

terminal

hastalık

illness

disease

affliction

ailment

ill health

infirmity

malady

sickness

infection

disorder

Kalırtımsal,

doğuştan

hereditary

inherited

genetic

congenital

inborn

maternal

paternal

innate

inherent

Süren, kalıcı

chronic

incessant

never-ending

constant

continuous

fixed

incurable

lifelong

persistent

Anlama, algı

perception

understanding

apprehension

conception

discernment

grasp

impression

insight

Tedavi ,çare

cure

healing

medication

medicine

recovery

remedy

treatment

therapy

özellik

feature

characteristic

quality

property

attribute

trait

specification

Besin gıda

beslenme

nutrition(n)

food

refreshment

nourishment

sustenance

incelemek

examine

investigate

go through

check up

scrutinize

survey

vet

9

süreç

process

procedure

altyapı

substructure

infrastructure

kanıtlamak

prove (v)

establish

provide

evidence

yoğunlaşmak

condense (v)

concentrate (v)

condensation(n)

Kabuk, yer

kabuğu

crust

cover

shell

gömülü

embedded

implanted

inserted

başarı

success (n)

achievement

accomplishment

feat

sürdürmek

maintain

sustain

persist in

yankılanmak

echo

cry out

erimek

melt

dissolve

smelt

thaw

Belirli, özel

particular

certain

specific

madde

matter

substance

stuff

compound

Bağlı olmak

rely on/upon(v)

depend on/upon

need

require

Çatlak, kırık

fracture

crack

fragment

rupture

sağlamak

supply

provide

give

offer

güvenirlik

credibility

dependability

reliability

trustworthiness

güvenilir

credible

dependable

reliable

trustworthy

Dış

exterior

external

iç

interior

internal

yeterli

adequate (adj)

sufficient

enough

satisfactory

geciktirmek

retard

hold sb/sth up

delay

set back

suçlu

Culprit

Reasonable for

guilty

gözlemek

observe

watch

screen

monitor

view

Zehirli, ölümcül

toxic (adj)

poisonous

deadly

lethal

Çaba, girişim

endeavour (n)

attempt

effort

try

Baş etmek

Ele almak

approach

tackle

deal with

handle

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

10

kuvvetli

forceful

strong

powerful

mighty

gerçek

fact

truth

reality

actuality

gerçek

factual

real

true

actual

sınıflandırma

classification

categorization

sorting

order

Ara, boşluk

interval

gap

period

space

vazgeçmek

abandon

quit

give up

abort

tehlikeli

dangerous

risky

unsafe

treacherous

farklılaşmak

differentiate

distinguish

vary

set apart

geçerli

valid

legitimate

solid

applicable

Var olmak

exist

to be found

occur

existence (n)

presence (n)

Açlıktan ölmek, açlık

starve (v)

starvation (n)

hunger(n)

famine (n)

Güç, kuvvet

force

strength

power

might

strengthen (v)

Rakım ,yükseklik

altitude

elevation

height

latitude (n)

sıklık

frequency

regularity

occurrence

frequent

regular

genişletmek

expand

enlarge

extend

widen

buharlaşmak

vapour

evaporate

vaporise

steam

vapour

çarpmak

impact

crash

collide with

bump into

collision

Araç, gereç

machinery

gear

kit

equipment

tools

Yol, yöntem

means

way

method

technique

by means of

bitirmek

deplete

use up

finish

exhaust

get through

koruma

preservation

conservation

protection

saving

sağlamak

ensure (v)

make sure

make certain

guarantee

dönüş

rotation

revolving

turning

circling

alışmak

acclimate

get used to

adapt

adjust

Rastgele

random

haphazard

arbitrary

accidental

11

Kademeli, yavaşca

gradually

slowly

steadily

step by step

little by little

Sonsuz, sınırsız

endless

boundless

infinite

unlimited

eternal

-den oluşmak

consist of

comprise

be composed of

make up st

constitute

Katı, sert

solid

firm

rigid

hard

concrete

belirlemek

determine

identify

specify

decide

settle

Fark etmek

realize

notice

discover

recognize

realization(n)

Devam etmek

continue

keep ving

go on

proceed

carry on ving

uyarmak

alert

awaken

warn

caution

notify

Yoğunluk, yoğun

Intensity(n)

density

intensiveness

intense(adj)

intensive

dense

engellemek

obstruct

hinder

hamper

block

handicap

hold back

Anlayış, kavrama

insight

understanding

conception

comprehension

grasp

discernment

Araç, cihaz

device

instrument

gizmo

utensil

gadget

mechanism

korumak

protect (v)

conserve

preserve

secure

defend

guard

desteklemek

fund

sponsor

finance

subsidize

back up

support

etkilemek

Influence(v)

impact

affect

influence(n)

effect

impact

Zararlı, tehlikeli

hazardous

harmful

detrimental

perilous

Araç, cihaz

device

instrument

gizmo

utensil

gadget

mechanism

Merak, meraklı

Inquisitiveness(n)

curiosity

interest

inquisitive(adj)

curious

interested

başlatmak

ignite

trigger

launch

initiate

introduce

bring in

Ikna edici

convincing

persuasive

compelling

satisfying

cogent

creditable

izlemek

track

trace

follow

pursue

pursuit(n)

Yok etme

destruction

eradication

termination

elimination

devastation

Akmak, akış

Flow(v)

circulate

circulation(n)

flow

run

Artış, yükseliş

increase (n)

rise

growth

escalation

expansion

Harcamak,

tüketmek

Consume(v)

expend

consumption(n)

expenditure

expense

12

kullanmak

benefit from

make use of

utilize

exploit

employ

take advantage of

Zayıflık, noksanlık

disadvantage (n)

drawback

shortcoming

weakness

handicap

set-back

Anlayış, kavrama

insight

understanding

conception

comprehension

grasp

discernment

Yaklaşım, tavır

approach

way

style

manner

attitude

benimsemek

Adopt(v)

embrace

accept

adoption(n)

embracing

acceptance

sıkılaştırmak

tighten

stretch

gevşetmek

relax

loose

release

free

mantıklı

reasonable

logical

rational

practical

acceptable

plausible

Ilişki, bağ

relation

connection

relationship

correlation

link

association

kapsamlı

comprehensive

extensive

far-reaching

large-scale

wide-ranging

sophisticated

complicated

Beslemek, besin

nourish (v)

nurture (v)

nutrient (n)

nourishment (n)

nutrition (n)

nutrious (adj)

nourishing (adj)

içermek

contain (v)

include

cover

involve

take in

encompass

embrace

sınıflandırmak

classify (v) sth

into: categorize

under group

sort

arrange

systematically

engel

obstruction

barrier

barricade

hurdle

obstacle

hindrance

impediment

Belirsizlik, belirsiz

Vagueness(n)

ambiguity

uncertainty

vague(adj)

ambiguous

unclear

implicit

Çatışma,

anlaşmazlık

paradox

disagreement

conflict

contradiction

discrepancy

opposition

inconsistency

dönmek

rotate

turn around circle

go around

orbit

spin

revolve

zor

difficult

hard

challenging

demanding

taxing

tough

Kesmek, bırakmak

cease(v)

give up

stop

abandon

quit

discontinue

belirsiz

unclear

confusing

uncertain

implicit

opaque

unresolved

Tutarlı, sabit

consistent

steady

stable

tutarsız

unsteady

unstable

inconsistent

13

tuhaf

strange

odd

weird

bizarre

peculiar

uncanny

abnormal

Sonsuz, sınırsız

endless

boundless

infinite

unlimited

eternal

vast

immense

dönüştürmek

transform (v)

convert

change

turn into

alter

shift

adapt

Açık, belirli

clear

explicit

express

lucid

apparent

obvious

evident

transparent

arttırmak

boost (v)

enhance

improve

raise

increase

augment

intensify

Değelendirmek,

değerlendirme

Evaluation(n)

assessment

appraisal

evaluate(v)

assess

appraise

judgement

Ilgili, bağlantılı

related to

associated with

connected with

linked

unified

interrelated

interconnected

Ayrı, farklı

separate

distinct

distinctive

different

various

single

individual

Oran, oransal

Rate(n)

ration

proportion

scale

proportional(adj)

relative

comparative

solumak

inhale

exhale

breath

respire

inhalation(n)

exhalation

respiration

breathing

büyük

massive

huge

vast

immense

giant

enormous

gigantic

tremendous

değiştirmek

change (v)

alter

shift

adapt

tailor

and vary

adjust

modify

Yok etmek

destroy

eradicate

wipe out

terminate

eliminate

devastate

abolish

annihilate

Sebep olmak,

trigger(v)

cause

lead to

bring about

give rise to

result in

pave the way for

Nafile, boşuna

futile

useless

pointless

ineffective

fruitless

inefficient

vain

in vain

anlamak

Comprehend(v)

understand

take in

grasp

perceive

Icat etmek, üretmek

invent

devise

create

formulate

design

engineer

fabricate

Üretmek, yapmak

produce (v)

make

do

generate

create

build

form

yaşamak

experience

live

face

confront

to be exposed to

to be subject to

undergo

özellik

feature

characteristic

quality

property

attribute

trait

specification

14

İlgi

interest

attention

notice

İçgüdü

Instinct

reflex

drive

instinctive(adj)

natural

Sezgi

intuition

intuitive

Vazgeçirmek

Dissuade

deter

discourage

dishearten

Baskı yapmak

repress

suppress

subjugate

crush

Kürtaj

Abortion

düşük yapma

miscarriage

Açı/Yön

aspect

side

respect

feature

Önyargı/

Ayrımcılık

prejudice

bias

discrimination

preconception

Önyargılı

prejudiced against

biased against

partial

intolerant

discriminatory

Grev yapmak

strike

go on strike

protest

Davranmak

behave

treat

act

conduct

Davranış

behaviour

treatment

action

deed

manner

Engelliler

the disabled

the handicapped

the impaired

Engel

disability

handicap

impairment

Koruma/Gözetim

supervision

protection

guardianship

care

Kentsel

urban

city

metropolitan

Kırsal

rural

rustic

country

pastoral

Yalnızlık

solitude

isolation

loneliness

seclusion

segragation

Kızgınlık

anger

annoyance

irritation

Kızgın

annoyed

irritated

Rekabet

competition

race

rivalry

Uyumlu

compatible with

well-matched

matching

harmonious

fitting

consistent

Batıl inanç

superstitious

superstition

paranormal

Denemek

attempt to do

try to do

intent to

endeavour

seek

İstifa etmek

Resign

leave

quit

resignation

HUMAN SOCIETY

15

Ücret/Maaş

wage

salary

pay

Ödeme

income

revenue

returns

earnings

profits

Mesai

overwork

extra work

overtime work

Yaklaşmak

approach

come near

turn to

Sebep/Neden

motive

reason

cause

grounds

Dikkat etmek

pay attention

mind (ving)

care

Dikkat/Önem

care

attention

concentration

Sağlamak

supply

provide

give

offer

deliver

Varoş

suburbs

the outskirts

environs

ghetto

Baş etmek

cope with

tackle with

deal with

handle

Boşanma/Ayrılma

divorce

break-up

split-up

separation

İsteksiz

reluctant to

to be unwilling

hesitant

unenthusiastic to

reluctance(n)

Desteklemek

favour

support

back up

assist

supporters

Başarmak

succeed in (ving)

achieve

accomplish

manage to do sth

Rekabet etmek

compete with

race

rival against

challenge

Hakaret etmek

insult

offend

abuse

offence (n)

Etkileşim kurmak/

İşbirliği yapmak

interact

interaction

cooperate

cooperation(n)

Sonuç/Etki

result

effect

outcome

consequence

Zengin

prosperous

wealthy

rich

affluent

well-off

Din

religion

faith

theology

dyne

Yabancı

alien

stranger

unfamiliar

foreigner

Yetişkin

adult

mature

grown-up

Arzu/Hırs

ambition

dream

aspiration

drive

determination

Mülk sahibi

landlord

property-owner

proprietor

İfade etmek

express

state

articulate

utter

convey, say

16

Yönetici

manager

administrator

supervisor

executive

Gurur

Pride

proud of

Kibir

arrogance

arrogant of

Kaygı/Endişe

concern

worry

anxiety

apprehension

fear

Değerlendirmek

judge

appraise

evaluate

assess

estimate

Değerlendirme

judgement

appraisal

evaluation

assessment

estimation

Kurum/Kuruluş

organization

institution

foundation

establishment

association

Konu/Mesele

matter (n)

issue

subject

topic

concern

Boşanmak/

Ayrılmak

divorce

break up with

split up with

separate from

get divorced

Şefkat/Sevgi

affection

closeness

liking

love

tenderness

fondness

İletişim kurmak

communicate with

be in touch

contact

interact

keep in touch

Sürdürmek

persist in

continue

carry on

go on

keep on

Miras/

Kalıtım

legacy

inheritance

heritage

heirship

bequest

Önlem almak/

Harekete geçmek

take action

take steps

take precautions

take measures

act

İlişki/Bağlantı

Bağ

relation

connection

relationship

correlation

link

association

Tartışmak/

Kavga etmek

quarrel

argue with

fall out

fight

argument

Devlet/

Hükümet

state

country

government

administration

Ahlak/Erdem

morality

virtue

ethics

morals

Emekli olmak

retire

retirement

withdraw

retreat

İşsiz

unemployed

jobless

out of work

redundant

Tanrı

deity

god

goddess

the lord

17

İbadet etmek

pray

worship

praise

adore

fast

Sigorta

insure

insurance

life assurance

cover

coverage

Tüketmek/

Bitirmek

deplete

exhaust

use sth up

get through sth

depletion

İşe almak

employ

hire

recruit

assign

sign up

Kurum/

Kuruluş

organization

institution

foundation

establishment

association

Ciddi/

Önemli

serious

important

weighty

grave

significant

severe

acute

Kayıtsız/

Duyarsız

indifferent to

unconcerned with

apathetic to

insensitive to

untouched by

Kişi/Birey

person

individual

character

soul

entity

Hakimiyet/

Egemenlik

sovereignty

dominion

domination

rule

reign

İş arkadaşı

partner

associate

co-worker

collaborator

workmate

Kaygılı/

Endişeli

concerned

worried

nervous

anxious

apprehensive

fearful

Toplum/

Medeniyet

society

the public

community

population

the Nation

civilization

Anlamak/

Kavramak

understanding

insight

comprehension

grasp

perception

conception

Önyargısız/

Tarafsız

unbiased against

unprejudiced

objective

impartial

neutral

fair

Tereddüt etmek/

Şüphe duymak

doubt

to be in doubt

hesitate

to be uncertain

unsure about

dubious

Zenginlik

prosperity

wealth

fortune

riches

affluence

Bağımlı/

Tiryaki

addicted to

hooked on

addiction

dependence on

habit

Farkında

awareness

to be aware of

consciousness

conscious of

realization of

Güvence vermek/

Garanti etmek

assure

ensure

insure

make sure

guarantee

Reddetme/

Karşı çıkma

opposition

resistance

denial

refusal

defiance

18

Farklılaşmak/

Ayrılmak

differ in/from

vary

distinguish

be different

differentiate

range from to

set apart

Hiçe saymak/

Göz ardı etmek

ignore

disregard

overlook

neglect

be indifferent to

take no notice

Yol/Yöntem

way

method

technique

means

process

system

Kötüye davranmak/

Kötüye kullanmak

maltreat

mistreat

misuse

abuse

maltreatment

mistreatment

İstekli/Hevesli

to be eager to

to be willing to

enthusiastic about

keen

zealous

eagerness(n)

willingness

volunteer

Israr etmek

insist on

persist

press

urge

keen on Ving

keen to V1

Hedef/Amaç

target

goal

objective

aim

purpose

intention

Belirlemek

determine

identify

specify

establish

set

recognize

Kıskanç

envy

envious of

jealousy

jealous of

açgözlü

greed

greedy for

Utanç/Utanma

shame

embarrassment

humiliation

shameful(adj)

embarrassed

humiliated

Korumak/

Muhafaza etmek

Conserve(v)

preserve

maintain

conservation(n)

preservation

maintenance

Reddetmek

reject

deny

refuse

decline

turn down

defy

Talep etmek/

İstemek

demand

request

claim

desire

wish

temptation

Karşı çıkmak/

Reddetmek

oppose

resist

reject

deny

refuse

decline

turn down

Sakınmak/

Kaçınmak/

Önlemek

avoid

evade

keep away

stay away

shun

prevent

avert

Anlayış

understanding

insight

comprehension

grasp

perception

conception

Yanlış anlama

misunderstanding

delusion

misconception

fallacy

illusion

misinterpretation

Çözmek

work out

resolve

solve

settle

sort out

figure out

Teşvik etmek/

Desteklemek

encourage

hearten

give support

foster

promote

support

Kaygılı/Endişeli

concerned

worried

nervous

anxious

apprehensive

fearful

19

Bölge Ortaklaşa/

Ortak

Kovmak Fikir/Düşünce

Dinsel/Kutsal

religious

devotional

sacred

spiritual

holy

ritual

Harcamak

Expend(v)

consume

spend

expenditure(n)

spending

consumption

Ev/Konut

residence

dwelling

house

home

shelter

abode

Yapmak/

Gerçekleştirmek

fulfil

perform

carry out

execute

conduct

implement

İş/Meslek

labour

work

employment

career

profession

occupation

İnanç/Sezgi

conception

concept

belief

impression

outlook

intuition

intuitive

area

region

part

zone

neighbourhood

district

province

collective

common

combined

public

communal

joint

cooperative

fire

dismiss

lay smb off

sack

make redundant

discharge

expel

discard

opinion

view

idea

notion

thought

consideration

sense

Yetersizlik

inability

incapacity

disability

inefficiency

inadequacy

insufficiency

Açlık/Yokluk/

Yoksulluk

poverty

famine

starvation

insufficiency

lack

poorness

scarcity

shortage

Yokluğu/

Kıtlığı

lack of

absence of

shortage

shortfall

deficiency in

scarcity

rareness

Benimsemek/

Kabul etmek

Adopt(v)

embrace

accept

adoption(n)

embracing

acceptance

Azarlamak

rebuke

scold

reprimand

reprove

reproach

Fikir/Düşünce Kovmak Ortaklaşa/

Ortak

Bölge

20

Meyilli olmak

tend to

intend to

prone to

inclined to

tendency(n)

inclination

intention

Genç/ergen

teenager

adolescent

youth

Tavır/Davranış

behaviour

treatment

attitude

action

Kötü davranmak

Maltreat(v)

mistreat

misuse

abuse

maltreatment(n)

mistreatment

misuse

ill-treatment

abuse

Kıtlık/Açlık

poverty

famine

insufficiency

lack

poorness

scarcity

shortage

starvation

Nüfus/Yaşayanlar

population

community

dwellers

natives

people

public

residents

society

Suç/Hata/Hatalı

Guilt(n)

blame

error

failing

fault

wrong(adj)

guilty

faulty

erroneous

Özellik

trait

feature

characteristic

quality

property

attribute

specification

Kalıtımsal/

Doğuştan

hereditary

inherited

inborn

innate

inherent

natural

native

Yol açmak/

Sebep olmak

lead to

cause

bring about

trigger

engender

give rise to

result in

Çocuk

child

kid

youngster

toddler

junior

kardeş

sibling

bebek

infant

Karşı çıkmak/

Reddetmek

oppose

resist

reject

deny

refuse

decline

turn down

21

Tehdit/Uyarı

threat

menace

warning

Çatışmak

conflict (v)

battle

fight

conflict (n)

confrontation (n)

Karşılaşmak

confront (v)

challenge

oppose

come across

face

İç savaş

civil war

domestic warfare

intestine war

Ateşkes

cease fire

truce

armistice

settlement

Ajanlık/

İstihbarat

espionage

spying

intelligence

Savaş ilan etmek

declare war

announce war

on/against

Misilleme

yapmak

retaliate

react

strike/hit back

Pusuya düşürmek

ambush

entrap

trap (v,n)

Savaş

alanı

outcome

result

consequence

output

Yasalaştırmak

enact

endorse

legislate

ratify

Uygulamaya

koymak

put into effect

practise

put into regulation

Yaralı

casualty

wounded

injured

Vatansever

patriot

loyalist

partisan

Ticaret/Takas

exchange

trade

commerce

business

barter

Devirmek

overthrow

depose

bring down

topple

oust

dethrone

Taraf/Eş

party

side

counterpart

equivalent

Müzakere/

Pazarlık etmek

negotiate with

negotiation

hold talks

bargain

Rütbe

rank

position

grade

level

status

title

Silah/Cephane

weapon

arm

armament

firearm

ammunition

İkili/Karşılıklı

mutual

reciprocal

dual

joint

shared

Belirlemek

set

specify

determine

stipulate

Aşmak/Geçmek

outnumber

outpace

surpass

exceed

outstrip

top

beat

İsyan

riot

uprising

unrest

insurrection

rebellion

Patlak vermek

break out

outbreak (n)

erupt (v)

start

begin

develop (v)

WAR AND PEACE

22

Sömürmek/

Sömürgeleştirmek

exploit

colonize

exploitation (n)

colonization (n)

Kötüleştirmek/

Kötüleşmek

deteriorate

degenerate

get worse

weaken

Kale

fortress

castle

fort

stronghold

Şartlar/Koşullar

conditions

terms

terms and

conditions

Kabul etmek/

Tanımak

recognize

accept

approve legally

Çatışma/

Tartışma

conflict

opposition

disagreement

dispute

controversy

Hakimiyet/

Egemenlik

dominance

domination

hegemony

sovereignty

autonomy

Teslim olmak

surrender

give in

give

lay down one’s

arms

Esir almak

take prisoner

capture

take hostage

arrest

catch

Saldırı/

Akın

offensive

attack

assault

raid

İttifak kurmak/

İşbirliği yapmak

make alliance

cooperate with

collaborate with

cooperation

collaboration

Tehdit etmek/

Tehlikeye sokma

threaten (v)

endanger

risk

jeopardise

put into risk

Onaylamak

approve

confirm

ratify

verify

certify

İlerlemek

advance

head

move forward

proceed

march

Serbest bırakmak

release

free

let smb go

liberate

set smb free

Patlak vermek

break out

outbreak (n)

erupt (v)

eruption (v)

develop (v)

Kullanmak

exploit

use

make use of

utilize

employ

harness

Saldırı/Akın

raid

attack

invasion

storm

assault

offensive

Sert biçimde/

Büyük oranda

drastically

severely

radically

considerably

substantially

Hakim olmak/

Yönetmek

dominate

control

rule

govern

reign

Sürdürmek

maintain

sustain

preserve

keep in existence

Katliam/Katletmek

massacre (v,n)

genocide

slaughter (v,n)

holocaust

Kuşatmak

besiege (v)

siege (n)

blockage (v,n)

surround (v)

Başlatmak

launch

initiate

start

commence

İttifak

ally

alliance with

league

coalition

23

İstemek/Talep

etmek

demand

call for sth

request

claim

appeal

Temsilci/

Delegasyon

delegation

Messenger

representative

envoy

ambassador

Çözüm

solution

key

way out

resolution

remedy

Kabul/Onay

agreement

approval

consent

acceptance

concurrence

Onaylama/

Doğrulama

verification

approval

confirmation

ratification

certification

Onaylamak

verify

approve

confirm

ratify

certify

Toplanmak

assemble

meet

gather

come together

convene

Zafer/

Başarı

Victory

feat

triumph

success

achievement

Çatışmak/

Tartışmak

conflict

oppose

disagree

quarrel

fight

Hedef/

Amaç

target

aim

objective

goal

purpose

Çözmek

solve

resolve

settle

figure out

sort out

work out

İsyan etmek

rebel against (v)

rise against (v)

revolt against (v)

uprising (n)

upheaval (n)

revolt (n)

rebellion

Yönetmek

administer (v)

reign (v,n)

rule (v,n)

govern (v)

government (n)

manage (v)

Düşman/

Düşmanlık

hostility

hostile

antagonism

animosity

antipathy

enmity

enemy

Katletmek/

Katliam

massacre (v,n)

genocide

slaughter (v,n)

holocaust

murder

Düşman/

Rakip

enemy

opponent

rival

adversary

foe

Sağlamak/Vermek

provide with

supply with (v,n)

deliver (v)

give (v)

grant (v)

provision

Geri çekilmek

retreat

withdraw

pull smb/sth out

hold back

withdrawal (n)

Yapmak

carry out

conduct

perform

implement

fulfil

execute

Suikast

düzenlemek/

Öldürmek

assassination

murder

killing

assassinate

kill

Yok etme

demolition

annihilation

eradication

destruction

devastation

Güçlendirmek

strengthen

reinforce

fortify

bolster

strength(n)

reinforcement(n)

Güvensizlik/

Şüphe

distrust

suspicion

cynicism

disbelief

scepticism

Yoketmek

eliminate

eradicate

exterminate

wipe out

destroy

Reddetmek

refuse

reject

deny

decline

turn down

24

Koruma/

Koruyucu

protection

protective

defence

defensive

preservation

security

Tarafsız

impartial

objective

unbiased

unprejudiced

fair

neutral

Toplantı/

Oturum

meeting

conference

session

summit

gathering

assembly

Savaş/Çatışma

war

battle

conflict

fighting

combat

warfare

military

campaign

Bitirmek

deplete

use sth up

exhaust

get through

sth

Saldırmak/Saldırı

attack (v,n)

assault (v,n)

strike (v,n)

charge (v,n)

storm

assail

offensive

Korumak

protect

defend

guard

preserve

conserve

secure

shelter

Sebep olmak

lead to

cause

bring about

trigger

engender

give rise to

result in

Uygulamak

enforce

apply to

impose

put into

effect

practise

enforcement

Mağlup etmek

defeat (v,n)

beat (v)

overcome (v)

vanquish (v)

rout (v)

prevail

overwhelm

Kabul etmek

agree

approve

accept

consent

concur

come to terms

welcome

Ordu/Asker/

Birlik

army

military

armed forces

troops

soldiers

militia

legion

quarters

Mağlup etmek

defeat (v,n)

beat (v)

overcome (v)

vanquish (v)

prevail

over/against

overwhelm

crush

İlerlemek

advance

head

move forward

proceed

march

forward

movement

progress

Azalmak/

Düşmek

diminish

decline

leşsen

fall

drop

decrease

mitigate

Meydana

gelmek/Ortaya

çıkmak

emerge

arise

appear

come about

take place

happen

come up

Getirmek/

Başlatmak

bring in

introduce

launch

initiate

start

commence

Enkaz/

Yıkıntı

wreck

wreckage

debris

ruins

remains

Yokluğu/Kıtlığı

lack of

absence of

shortage

shortfall

deficiency in

scarcity

Direnmek/

Karşı koymak

resist

resistance

oppose

opposition

struggle (v,n)

fight against

25

İşgal etmek

invade

occupy

annex

conquer

seize

capture

take

invasion

occupation

annexation

conquest

Yürürlükten

kaldırmak/Yok

etmek

abolish

put an end

terminate

demolish

annihilate

eradicate

wipe out

destroy

Kurmak/Kuruluş

establish

form

set up

found

establishment

introduction

formation

foundation

constitution

Uzlaşmak/Uzlaşı

Antlaşma

compromise

consensus

accord

pact

agreement

deal

treaty

settlement

26

Tarih şeridi

timeline

timetable

Orta çağ

medieval time

middle age

Tahta çıkarmak

Enthrone

crown

Üstün

Supreme

highest

superior to

Ünvan

Title

name

label

Dönüm noktası

milestone (n)

landmark

turning point

decisive moment

Karmaşık

complicated

complex

intricate

difficult

Sürgün etmek

exile

deport

expel

banish

Dayanmak

date back

go back

stretch

trace

Varoluş

existence

presence

reality

Kötüleşmek

deteriorate

worsen

degenerate

degrade

İlk

first (adj)

intial

orginal

earlier

primary

Mezar

grave (n)

tomb (n)

mausoleum (n)

çöküş

fall

collapse

ruin

breakdown

Ortaya çıkış

emergence

rise

advent

appearance

Aramak

seek

look for

search

Sürmek

last

continue

extend

carry on

keep on

Yerleşmek

settle

move into

inhabit

Kabul etmek

recognize

accept

approve legally

Kötüleşmek

deteriorate

worsen

degenerate

Hanedanlık

dynasty-

hynastic

Süresince

in the course of

throughout

during

through

Çağ, dönem

age (n)

era

epoch

Etki

effect (n)

impact

influence

Tek

sole

only

mere

Muhafaza etmek

preserve

conserve

protect

save

maintain

Düşüş

decline (n)

drop

fall

decrease

Dağıtmak

distribute

give out

spread

allocate

scatter

Düzenlemek

regulate (v)

control

supervise

regulation

Yasaklamak

ban

forbid

prohibit

bar

HISTORY

27

Ara, boşluk

gap (n)

interval

hiatus

span

Sanat eseri

artefact

artifact (n)

work of art

relic

Antik, eski

ancient (adj)

antique

historic

archaic

Korumak

preserve

conserve

protect

save

Keşfetmek

discover

explore

find out

learn

Katkı yapmak

contribute to (v)

provide

make a

contribution

help sth to

advance

Ünlü olmak

to be famous for

to be notable for

kötü ünlü olmak

to be notorious for

to be infamous for

Yaymak,

dağıtmak

spread (v)

extend

scatter

distribute

İlerlemek

progress

mature (v)

develop (v)

proceed

Gelişmek

evolve from (v)

develop from

evolution (n)

development

Yönetmek

dominate

control

rule

govern

reign

Hakimet

dominance

domination

hegemony

sovereignty

autonomy

Kazmak

excavate (v)

dig out

unearth

excavation

Toplanmak

assemble

meet

gather

come together

convene

Miras

heritage (n)

legacy (n)

heirship (n)

inherit (v)

inheritance (n)

Efsane

myth

legend

anonymity

mystery

tale

Kurmak

establish

set up

form

found

open

İlerleme

development

advancement

progress

advance

progression

Devirmek

overthrow

depose

bring smb down

oust

topplu

Devlet

state

country

government

administration

Atfetmek

attribute to (v)

refer to (v)

Toplum

community

society

civilization

tribe

Değiştirme

adjustment (n)

transformation

conversion (n)

modification (n)

Yaymak,

dağıtmak

spread (v)

extend

scatter

distribute

Esir almak

take prisoner

capture

arrest

catch

28

Genişletmek

enlarge (v)

expand (v)

widen (v)

extend (v)

extension (n)

expansion (n)

Geri çekilmek

withdraw

retreat

pull smb/sth out

hold back

retreat

withdrawal (n)

Kapsamlı, geniş

comprehensive

detailed

through

extensive

full

broad

Yaşamak

experience

undergo

go through

live

suffer

be exposed to

Büyük

substantial

considerable

great

big

large

Yaşayan

inhabitant (n)

resident (n)

dweller (n)

citizen

native

occupant

Dönüştürmek

turn into

transform (v)

change

convert

alter (v)

adapt

Göstermek

indicate show

demonstrate

illustrate

point out

pose

display

İlkel İnsan

crude

boorish man

early man

primitive man

caveman

primeval man

İnsan/İnsanlık

human being (n)

humanity (n)

homo sapiens (n)

manhood (n)

man

mankind (n)

Saldırı

raid

attack

assault

strike

charge

storm

offensive

Düşmek

decline

drop

fall

diminish

decrease

come down

Ata/Ecdat

ancestor (n)

predecessor (n)

antecedent (n)

forefathers

forebears

predecease(v)

İsyan etmek

rebel against (v)

rebellion

rise against (v)

uprising (n)

upheaval (n)

revolt (n)

revolt against (v)

Var olmak

exist (v)

to be found

occur

live

be present

existence

presence

Safha, aşama

stage (n)

phase

level

step

round

leg

Soylu

nobel (adj)

royal

regal

Karal, hükümdar

crown (n)

king (n)

ruler

queen

monarch

sovereign

Yönetmek

rule (v)

administer (v)

reign (v)

govern (v)

manage (v)

reign (n)

rule (n)

government (n)

Yok olmak

disappear (v)

become extinct

vanish (v)

fade away (v)

go extinct

disappearance

extinction

Yıkıntı kalıntı

remains

ruins

remnants

relic

residue

rubble

Ortaya çıkmak

appear (v)

emerge

originate

come into

being

Serbest bırakmak

release

free

let smb go

liberate

set smb free

Meydana gelmek

occur (v)

happen

take place

arise

come about

Kurma

establishment

introduction

formation

foundation

constitution

29

Bulmak, çözmek

detect (v)

to discover

find out

decipher

decode

Ortaya çıkmak

emerge

appear

originate

arise

to come into

being (v) to

come into

existence

appearance

emergence

Tasvir etmek, tasvir

depict (v)

picture (v)

describe (v)

portray (v)

represent (v)

illustrate (v)

depiction (n)

description (n)

representation

illustration (n)

İlkel, ilk, eski

primitive (adj)

ancient

original

archaic

earliest

old

primal

primary

primeval

simple

İşgal etmek

Ele geçirmek

conquer

invade

occupy

annex

seize

capture

take

Tekrar eden,süren

recurrent (adj)

ongoing

persistent

continuous

non-stop

uninterrupted

türemek

derive from (v)

originate from

develop from

come from

source (n)

derivation (n)

origin (n)

beginning

birth

root

değiştimek

transform (v)

change

convert

turn into

alter

modify

adapt

shift (v)

adjust (v)

transformation

conversion (n)

modifacation (n)

adjustment (n)

Sürmek

Tekrar etmek

recur (v)

persist in

go

continue

Savaş, çatışma

war

battle

warfare

conflict

fighting

combat

military

campaign

Yaşamak, yaşayan

inhabit (v)

inhabitant (n)

reside (v)

resident (n)

dwell (v)

dweller (n)

citizen

native

occupant

Soyundan gelmek

descend from (v)

come from

derive from

run down

descendant (n)

Halef

successor (n)

followers

heir (n)

descendant (n)

Selef

predecessor

forefathers

ancestors

Kurgusal

fictional (adj)

fictitious

imaginary

unreal

not real

not existed

virtual

30

Emmek

soak up

absorb

suck

take in

Beslemek

nourish (v)

nurture

feed

Çekim kuvveti

gravity

magnitude

Salmak

emit

release

give out

discharge

Salınım

emission

release

discharge

secretion

Yaşanılabilir

habitable

liveable

hospitable

inhabitable

Yaşamaya

elverişsiz

uninhabitable

inhospitable

hostile

barren

Yağış

precipitation

rainfall

Kırsal

rural

rustic

country

pastoral

Kentsel

urban

city

metropolitan

Üreme/Çoğalma

breeding

reproduction

proliferation

procreation

generation

Yavru

offspring

children

babies

progeny

progenies

Klonlamak/

Kopyalamak

clone

duplicate

copy

reproduce

Akmak

flow

run

stream

pour

Akıntı

current

flow

circulation

stream

drift

Nehir

river

stream

canal

Patlamak

erupt

explode

blast

blow up

go off

Evrim/Dönüşüm

evolution

transformation

mutation

alteration

conversion

change

Kaynak

source

resource

supply

reserves

stocks

Donmak

freeze

cool

chill

Gözlem

observation

monitoring

surveillance

screening

Gözlemlemek

monitor (v)

view

observe

screen

Yörünge

orbit

course

path

track

Miktar

quantity

amount

supply

volume

Felaket

catastrophe

disaster

calamity

tragedy

NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

31

Kabuk/

Yerkabuğu

crust

Shell

covering

coating

Çeşitlilik

diversity

variety

unlikeness

difference

assortment

Hayatta kalmak

survive

live

endure

keep living

Yok olma

extinction

disappearance

dying out

death

loss

Volkanik

patlama

volcanic outburst

eruption

explosion

outburst

Ormansızlaştırma

deforestation

clear-cutting

desertification

erosion

Sel

flood

torrent

deluge

tsunami

Erimek

melt

dissolve

thaw

defrost

Kaynaklanmak

to be caused by

result from

stem from

originate from

derive from

arise from

Tehlikeli

dangerous

risky

unsafe

treacherous

perilious

Nemli

humid

damp

moist

wet

Nem

humidity

damp

moisture

mugginess

wetness

Işın/

Güneş ışını

ray

beam

sunbeam

Tepe/Bozkır

hill

moor

highlands

foothill

Toplum/

Topluluk

society

community

population

the public

Doğa/

Vahşi yaşam

wildlife

nature

the wild

natural world

Canlı

alive

living

live

animate

Zarar vermek

harm

damage

hurt

impair

weaken

spoil

Doğa

wildlife

nature

vegetation

bitki örtüsü

flora (bitki)

fauna(hayvan)

Tehdit/

Tehlike

threat

menace

danger

risk

hazard

peril

Dünya dışı

extra-terrestrial

celestial

outer space

heavenly

Savaşmak

combat

fight

struggle against

battle

Kesmek

chop down

cut

cut down

Kirlilik

pollution

contamination

spoiling

Kirletmek

pollute

contaminate

dirty

infest

32

Zirve

peak

summit

pinnacle

high point

zenith

top

acme

Manzara

landscape

view

scenery

panorama

scene

Çekinik

recessive

dormant

inactive

latent

regressive

Kış uykusuna

yatmak

hibernate

lie dormant

sleep

hibernation

dormancy

Yok etme

destruction

eradication

termination

elimination

devastation

obliteration

annihilation

Etkilenmek/

Etki

influence

impact

affect

influence

effect

Kuraklık

drought

dryness

aridity

dearth

scarcity

Meydana gelmek

occur (v)

happen

take place

arise

come about

Kurak/Verimsiz

arid

dry

waterless

infertile

unproductive

barren

Azaltmak

reduce

decrease

cut down

lessen

mitigate

minimize

Örnek/Numune

specimen

example

sample

exemplification

sampling

species

Korumak/

Muhafaza Etmek

protect (v)

conserve

preserve

secure

defend

guard

safeguard

Oluşturmak/

-den oluşmak

consist of

comprise

be composed of

make up sth

constitute

include

encompass

Yükseklik

altitude

elevation

height

elevate (v)

latitude (n)

Arıtmak/

Temizlemek

purify

filter

refine

cleanse

decontaminate

Besin

nutrition

food

refreshment

nourishment

sustenance

Tehdit etmek/

Tehlikeye sokmak

threaten

endanger

risk

jeopardise

put into risk

imperil

Göç etmek

migrate

immigrate

emigrate

leave

move out

Çarpışmak

collide with

crash

impact

strike

hit

Tabaka/

Katman

plate

layer

cover

stratum

strata

33

Yaşam alanı

habitat

territory

home

environment

eco system

dwelling

Toprak

soil

earth

mud

ground

clay

landslide

Ekmek

plant

grow

sow

cultivate

farm

cultivation(n)

planting

Hakim

dominant

powerful

strong

controlling

commanding

influential

Çeşitli/Farklı

diverse

various

varied

assorted

miscellaneous

heterogeneous

Doğurmak/

Üremek

breed

produce

reproduce

bear

give birth

proliferate

Tehlike altında

endangered

at risk

to be threatened

in danger

vulnerable to

in jeopardy

Birikmek/Artmak

build up

increase

rise

grow

boost

intensify

Deprem/Sarsıntı

earthquake

quake

trembling

tremor

jolt

vibration

Engellemek

obstruct

hinder

hamper

block

handicap

hold back

Sınıflandırmak

divide into

classify into

categorize

under

group

sort

Korumak

protect

defend

guard

preserve

conserve

secure

shelter

Tür/Çeşit

species

class

variety

breed

group

sort

type

Özellik

feature

characteristic

quality

property

attribute

trait

specification

Değişmek/

Evrim geçirmek

evolve

transform

convert

change

mutate

turn to/into

develop from

Verimli/

Üretken

fertile

fruitful

productive

prolific

rich

lush

Maruz kalmak

to be exposed to

to be subjected

to undergo

experience

go through

Bağımlı olmak/

Bağlı olmak

depend on

rely on

count on

be dependent on

be reliant on/upon

Yoğunluk/

Sıklık

intensity

density

frequency

occurrence

Buharlaşmak/

Buhar

vapour

evaporate

vaporise

steam

evaporation

34

Yaşayanlar Yok etmek

destroy

eradicate

wipe out

terminate

eliminate

devastate

abolish

annihilate

Zayıf/

Savunmasız

vulnerable to

susceptible to

fragile

weak

open to sth

helpless

defenceless

prone to

İçermek

contain (v)

include

cover

involve

take in

encompass

embrace

incorporate

Engel

obstruction

barrier

barricade

hurdle

obstacle

hindrance

impediment

Kapsamlı/

Detay

comprehensive

extensive

far-reaching

large-scale

wide-ranging

sophisticated

complicated

Üretmek/

Yapmak

produce (v)

make

do

generate

create

build

form

Bölge/Alan

region

area

part

zone

neighbourhood

district

territory

terrain

Oluşmak/

Ortaya çıkmak

form

develop

originate

emerge

come into

existence

come into being

appear

arise

Tehlike altında

endangered

to be threatened

open to sth

at risk

in danger

vulnerable to

helpless

in jeopardy

defenceless

inhabitant (n)

resident (n)

dweller (n)

citizen

occupant

native (n)

local

national

Yerli/Yaşayan

native (n)

local

national

inhabitant (n)

resident (n)

dweller (n)

citizen

occupant

Çiftleşmek/

Üremek

mate

pair

couple

copulate

breed

propagate

mating(n)

copulation

Yok olmak

disappear (v)

become extinct

vanish (v)

fade away

go extinct

die out

disappearance(n)

extinction

Değiştirmek/

Değişmek

change (v)

alter

shift

adapt

adjust

modify

transform

convert

Sebep olmak

lead to

cause

bring about

trigger

engender

give rise to

result in

Yaşayanlar