"Gamma Ray Bursts : The BrightestExplosions in the Universe"

" Some History" Some Observational Developments" Phenomenology of Bursts and Afterglows" Stellar Context" Aftermath" Prime Movers

" Electromagnetic Bubbles

" Some Prospects

"Those who cannot remember the pastare condemned to repeat it"(Santayana)

" Relativistic Explosions" Quasars (1963) - star clusters vs black holes

" Radio variability => relativistic expansion" Double radio sources => jets

" Pulsars (1968)- Crab Nebula" Spinning magnetized neutron stars" 30 Hz electromagnetic wave

" Grasars (1971)" Multifarious => local neutron stars etc?" Ultrarelativistic expansion and stellar energy if cosmological

Hoyle Burbidge & Sargent

ShklovskiiWoltjer, Reesvan der Laan

Ozernoi & Usov

PaciniGold

KlebesdalStrong & Olson

RudermanGrindlay

Good behavior

" Short and long bursts" No short burst afterglows

" X-Ray Flashes" ~daily, soft, long (<1500 s), X-ray afterglows

" Break energy ~ 200 keV" Only one optical flash GRB990123" HETE-2 finding bursts" 27 redshifts

Kouveliotou

Heise

Ricker

Park

Djorgovski

“Skepticism, like chastity, should not berelinquished too readily” (Santayana)

" Correlations" Luminosity - lag" Luminosity - variability ....

" Hard spectra, steeper than synchrotron" Concentration of long lags to SGP

KouveliotouSchaefferMedvedev

“Apres moi, le deluge”

" Standard Rules for Spectrum" Thick, thermal, powerlaw, cooled behind relativistic

shock

" Achromatic breaks θ ~ 1-10o

" Γ ~< 10, R > 1017 cm" Eγ ~ Eag ~ 5 x 1050 erg" n ~ 10 cm-3, usually" some winds?" reverse shocks in stellar winds => isobaric cavity?

FrailGoodmanSariKumarBhattacharyaChevalier

A shock is a shock is a shock (Stein)

" Still no guarantee that relativistic, collisionlessshocks exist

" If they do, properties should be "universal"" Pair shocks should have similar εB,~.01?, εe ~0.3?" Ion shocks may also depend on Γ

" Compare shocks from different sources at same Γ" Plerions?

SariMedvedevKirk

"Greed is Good" (Milken)

" Relativistic particle acceleration" Assume:

" thin subshock" injection" downstream field created immediately" scattering either upstream or downstream" distributions symmetric about shock normal, not field

" => p=2.23" Jitter (=Synchro-Compton) radiation

Kirk

Field of Dreams

" Weibel instability on microscale need to build up tolarge value on large scale immediately foracceleration mechanism

" nb Weibel instability destroyed strong wave" Non relativistic shock fronts?" Where are they?

Medvedev

Cas A

Max

Line Dancing

" 5 Fe lines claimed" 1 low Z spectrum claimed (Reeves et al)

" Blueshift (supranova?)

" Hard to explain equivalent widths" Significance debated" Models contrived" "Ginga lines more significant"; ion cyclotron lines" Worth repeating!

PiroMeszarosKaspi

Excuse my Dust

" Alternative explanation of bumps" Destroyed to 5pc" May still cause dark bursts" Molecular hydrogen

Draine

Star Vehicles

" Long bursts associated with star forming regions" 1998bw - SNIc -highly plausible

" Controversial association with GRB980425

" Possible SN light curve in late afterglow" GRB980326, GRB001121" Variable amplitude, time" Need a good spectrum" Explosion+gas => moving photosphere => massive star

" <1/2 (1/4) in obscured regions cf EBL?

HoflichChevalierBloomDjorgovski

/

Widows and Orphans

" Orphans" Parent population of GRB beamed away" Stillborn jets" Explosion rate ~ 300 x observed GRB rate" Luminosity density ~ 10-5 L*/galaxy ~ 10-3-4 AGN

" Widows" Black Holes

" Fallback (cf SN1987a)?

" Neutron Stars" Magnetars (SGR, AXP)?

GranotRhoadesGrindlay

HurleyKaspiGaenslerOzelHeyl

Proton cyclotron linesNot SNR

Environmental Impact Statement

" Now not more energetic than SN" More prolate when young" Line emission?

PernaRhoades

Universal Truths?

LoebDjorgovski

" Complement quasars as probe of high zuniverse to z~20

" Independent monitor of total SFR" Probes of reionization; stars vs AGN

" "¼ Swift bursts z>5"" Gravitational lensing of quasars;

" "1/3 magnified and multiplied"

" =>0.1 GRB repeat???" Microlensing Stanek

B+Helfand 1999

Animal Magnetism" Ultrarelativistic Outflows are beamed" Pulsar Wind Nebulae

" EM extraction of mechanical energy =>pair? wind

" AGN jets" EM extraction from innner disk or hole collimated

magnetically =>pair or ion wind

" GRB" EM (ν???) extraction of energy => Fireball

Animal Magnetism" Ultrarelativistic Outflows are beamed" Pulsar Wind Nebulae

" EM extraction of mechanical energy =>pair? wind

" AGN jets" EM extraction from innner disk or hole collimated

magnetically =>pair or ion wind

" GRB" EM (ν???) extraction of energy => Fireball Astronomers Hate Electromagnetic Field

" QCompact Radio Sourcesin AGN as emission from Relativistic Blast Waves

Jones O'Dell & SteinJones & TobinVitello & PaciniB & McKee 1977(MNRAS 180 343)...

Small is Beautiful

Numerical simulationsLayered Jets

eg Roland & Sol,Rees

Jumping the Queue

" M87 Knots -Internal Shocks" Superluminal radio sources

" Cores are radio photospheres" Knots are moving internal shocks" Smaller scale shocks emit γ, X-rays 3C 273

Pearson et al 1981V ~ 8c

Rees 1977...Bicknell & BegelmanB & Konigl 1979

Shapiro et al 1971...

Birth of an Idea

" Compact SymmetricObjects

" Age ~ 1000 yr ~106 m" Unresolved compact core" Advancing hotspots" Relativistic jets V~c" E >1056 erg" <L> > 3 x 1045 erg s-1.

" ~ 100 <LGRB >

Taylor et al 2000

~1000 G

~ 0.1 G

K

Jumbo Jets

" GRB jets" Prompt gamma ray emission Γ ~ 300? Lasts for 106 m?" Afterglows lasting years Γ ~< 10" E ~ 1051erg, L ~ 1049 erg s-1

" AGN jets" Outbursts lasting months to 10 Myr" E ~ 1052-62erg, L ~ 1036-46 erg s-1

" AGN jets are similar to observed GRB jets andhave 100 times the luminosity density of GRB

Rees Maraschi

Prime Movers

" Formation/augmentation of black hole" Long -Collapsars??" Short -NS+BH, NS+NS???

" Other dark Horses" Magnetars" WD" Intermediate BH" Cosmological exotica

" Electromagnetic Models

WoosleyRees Heylvan PuttenMaraschi

Fire or Ice

" Electromagnetic -> particle energy conversion takes place in the emission region

X X

.

OO

O

O.Polar +Equatorial CurrentToroidal Magnetic FieldPoloidal Electric FieldCURRENT INSTABILITY EM Turbulence SpectrumNonlinear wave AccelerationSynchro-Compton Radiation

Inductive Reasoning

Numerical simulation is starting to reveal a complexmagnetic configuration

Reesvan Putten

B

M

Ω" Alfven 1939, Davis, Goldreich & Julian" Rules of thumb:

" Φ ∼ B R2 ; V ~ Ω Φ;" I~ V / Z0; P ~ V I

PSR AGN GRBB 100 MT 1 T 1 TTν 10 Hz 10 µHz 1 kHzR 10 km 10 Tm 10 kmV 3 PV 300 EV 30 ZVI 300 TA 3 EA 300 EAP 100 XW 1 TXW 10 PXW

Faraday Rotation

"I Sing the Body Electric"No shocks inbubble

Particle accnand emissionfrom current

Microstructurekinematically unrelated to source =>slower jet

Energy estimateindependent of orientation

B + LyutikovUsov

Brave New World

" GRB: Integral, Swift, EXIST" GeV - TeV: HESS, VERITAS..., GLAST" UHE Neutrinos: AMANDA / IceCube" Gravitational Radiation: (Adv) LIGO" UHE CR (Auger....)" Numerical simulations of shocks, currents and

black holes

Grindlay, Harrison, Gehrels

Weekes

Waxman

Kalogeravan PuttenWaxman

MedvedevKirkGammie