1

2

3

Biofuels

Typical composition of biogas

Compound Chem %

Methane CH4 50-75

Carbon dioxide CO2 25-50

Nitrogen N2 0-10Hydrogen H2 0-1

Hydrogen sulfide H2S 0-3

Oxygen O2 0-2

3) Biogas

2) BiodieselSaturated fat, monounsaturated. fat, polyunsaturated fat, trans fat and others

1) Bioethanol

Palmitic C16 44.3Oleic C18 38.7Linoleic C18 10.5Stearic C18 4.6Myristic C14 1.0Others 0.9

Fatty acid content of palm oil (%)

A gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen

4

Major components of Diesel exhaustGaseous components (DE, ppm)

CO2 1769.2NOx 12.1NO 10.0NO2 2.0SO2 0.2

Particles (DEP, mg/m3)Carbon 0.70Organic carbon 0.13Ca 0.01Na 0.002Al 0.001K 0.001Mn 0.0005others 0.16

Tokyo Metropolitan area (1999)

5Atopic dermatitis

6

An adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune response.

Exhaust as an adjuvant

Diesel exhaust functions as an adjuvant

7

8.0 x 1011 L/y 2.6 x 1012 L/y

Gasoline 1.2 x 1012 L/y

8

9

Ethanol

10

1,4- -( )

1,4- -( )

11

::

12

Cellulose degradation mechanism

(CBHI and CBHII)

Glucose-glucosidase

13

14

10 20 3015 25 35Diffraction angle 2 ( )

(31% )

(9% )

(19% )

15

2007

16

Time (h)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Etha

nol p

rodu

ctio

n(m

g/10

0 m

g xy

lem

)

6 12 24 48 6 12 24 48 6 12 24 48

Kaida et al. (2009) J. Wood Sci. DOI 10.1007/s10086-009-1038-0

17

g/cm3

18

1)2)3)

1)2)

19

1,4- -3 5 6 2

180

20

( )

21

2 1.2 1.2

22

23

Fig. 1. Compositions of monosaccharides released by enzymic hydrolysis of transgenic xylem during the time course of the study. Wt, wild type; XEG, transgenic (xyloglucanase); XYL, transgenic (xylanase); CEL, transgenic (cellulase); GAL, transgenic (galactanase).

6 h 24 h 48 h

GlcGalManXylAraFucRha

10

20

30

40

50

Suga

r rel

ease

d (m

g/10

0 m

g xy

lem

)

0

Wt

XEG

XYL

CEL

GAL

Wt

XEG

XYL

CEL

GAL

Wt

XEG

XYL

CEL

GAL

24

(h)

0

5

10

15

20

(mg/

100

mg

)

6 12 24 48

25

26

c d e f

27

Diffraction angle 2 ( )

Wt

XEG

XYL

GAL

CEL

10 20 3015 25 35

28

29

/ 2007 3 22

physical containment level 1 : P1 P4 P1

( )

/ 2011 4

30

31

32

33

•

• 2

•

•

34

•

•

•

35

•

• 2008-077110••

36