CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Quality Engineering is focusing and highlight to plan, design, conduct and experiments efficiently and effectively. It also exposes the applications of metrology to improve quality, reliability, design and maintain an effective quality management system in manufacturing industry. The metrology as a science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any. This help to emphasize towards International Quality Standards. The knowledge and skills covered in Quality Engineering makes route to become valued engineers in industry. This final year is focused on the metrology tools and technique which under the scope of Quality Engineering. Metrology is describe about the science of measurement which deals with theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. Metrology concerns the establishment of quantity systems, unit systems, measurement instrument, and their calibrations. From the metrology scope, mistake cab make measurement and count incorrect. Even if there are no mistakes, nearly all measurements are still inexact. All measurement have to be checked to sufficiently correct. Metrology is science that establishes the correctness of specific measurement situations. This done by anticipating and allowing for both mistakes and error. Calibration is the among the process used to measurement equipment and processes to ensure conformity with know standards of measurement. From this case study and observation, it has been identified that measurement in different temperature condition has affected the temperature.

1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Based on the observation this final year project is focused on the study of thermal variation effect on height gauge measurement. As in todays Quality Control industry there were rising needed to the outside measurement rather than in controlled temperature environment. In this case, as per theory shows that when 1 increases there will be increase in measurement as 1m. As per theory, it shows that there will be change measurement when there is change in temperature.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objective of this final year project is to study metrology tools and techniques to identify the thermal variation effect on measurement. Moreover to study the significant effect of measurement on different temperature by using height gauge.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study will focused on the effect of temperature in measurement, by taking measurement using height gauge. The measurement were taken by different operators. Correlation study method used to analyze and collect data. Moreover the resolution of height gauge used is 0.001mm and the range of height gauge measurement is 0-450mm.

2

1.5 METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT

The overall methodology in conducting the project is shown in figure 1 below. It starts with detailed literature review relating to metrology tools and techniques, linear thermal expansions and others. At the same time, attention was given to choose and determine method and tools. Once the supervisor approved, data collection proceeded. If not approved, the method and tools selection will repeated until get suitable method and tools. After select suitable method and tools the data will be collected in the different selected temperature. The data using metrology tools and techniques. The results will be compared and referred with theoretical statement. Lastly, the final year project report is written as the final stage in final year project.

3

Start

Literature review

Selection of method and tools

Approved by supervisor Case study

Collect the

4

CHAPTER 2Analyze the

LITERATURE REVIEW

Metrology tools and techniques

Comparison towards theory

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF METROLOGYWriting FYP

Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology." The ontology and international Finis vocabulary of metrology (VIM) is maintained by the International Organisation for Standardisation. Figure 1.5 Flowchart ofmethodology project

A core concept in metrology is (metrological) traceability, defined as "the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties." The level of traceability establishes the level of comparability of the measurement: whether the result of a measurement can be compared to the previous one, a measurement result a year ago, or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world. Traceability is most often obtained by calibration, establishing the relation between the indication of a measuring instrument and the value of a measurement standard. These standards are usually coordinated by national metrological institutes. Tracebility, accuracy, precision, systematic bias, evaluation of measurement uncertainty are critical parts of a quality management system.

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2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF METROLOGY

Metrology has existed in some form or another since antiquity. The earliest forms of metrology were simply arbitrary standards set up by regional or local authorities, often based on practical measures such as the length of an arm. The earliest examples of these standardized measures are length, time, and weight. These standards were established in order to facilitate commerce and record human activity. Little progress was made with regard to proto-metrology until various scientists, chemists, and physicists started making headway during the scientific revolution. With the advances in the sciences, the comparison of experiment to theory required a rational system of units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to come into being. The discovery of atoms, electricity, thermodynamics, and other fundamental scientific principles could be applied to standards of measurement, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or qualitatively assess physical properties, using the defined units of measurement established by science. Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production, equipment commonality, and assembly lines. Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this case deriving a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Systeme International d'Unites, or the International System of Units. This system has gained unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM. As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole, to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and maintained through various agencies in each country, and establish a hierarchy of measurement standards that can be traced back to the established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability. The U.S. agencies holding this responsibility are the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

6

The development of standards also does involve individual and small group Achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his company perfected his Saturated Standard Cell design, which allowed the volt to be reproduced to 1 part in ten to the fourth power directly. This advance made a huge practical difference at a critical moment in the development of modern electrical devices. Groupings of saturated cells, called banks, can still be found in some metrology and calibration laboratories today. Edward Weston did not pursue patents for his cell design. By doing this, his superior design quickly replaced similar but inferior patented devices worldwide without much discussion.

2.3 GENERAL SCOPE OF METROLOGY

Mistakes can make measurements and counts incorrect. Even if there are no mistakes, nearly all measurements are still inexact. The term 'error' is reserved for that inexactness, also called measurement uncertainty. All other measurements either have to be checked to be sufficiently correct or left to chance. Metrology is the science that establishes the correctness of specific measurement situations. This is done by anticipating and allowing for both mistakes and error. The precise distinction between measurement error and mistakes is not settled and varies by country. Repeatability and reproducibility studies help quantify the precision: one common method is an Gauge R&R study. Calibration is the process where metrology is applied to measurement equipment and processes to ensure conformity with a known standard of measurement, usually traceable to a national standards board.

2.4 DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF THERMAL VARIATION IN MEASUREMENT

Metrology tools and technique that focusing study of thermal variation towards measurement is important scope that detected to identify and study the theoretical fact. The study important to improve and standardize the measurement process in industries at different environments. Moreover, it also help towards improvement of Quality Standard in industries.

2.5 REFERENCES OF STUDY7

NO.

TITLE

AUTHOR

SCOPE OF STUDYThermal error; Realtime thermal error compensation; Thermocouple; Laser interferometer; Thermal deformation

YEAR

1

Error compensation in machine tools a review Part II: thermal errors

R. Ramesh, M.A. Mannan , A.N. Poo Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, The National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260

Received 7 July 1999; received in revised form 22 December 1999; accepted 14 January 2000

2

The Gauge Block Handbook

Ted Doiron and John Beers Dimensional Metrology Group Precision Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology

documentation and extended the coverage to completely describe the current gauge block calibration process

3

Measurement of the thermal expansion of metal and FRPs

S. Kanagaraj, S. Pattanayak Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India

thermal expansion of the metals/alloys/composite materials

Received 6January 2002; accepted 1 April 2003

4

20 CA Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements

Ted Doiron Precision Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8211

One of the basic principles of dimensional metrology is that a part dimension changes with temperature because of thermal expansion. Since 1931 industrial lengths have been defined as the size at 20 C. This paper discusses the variety of

November 11, 2006

8

standard temperatures that were in use before that date, the efforts of C.E. Johansson to meet these variations, and the effort by the National Bureau of Standards to bring the United States to the eventual world standard.

5

Temperature and Dimensional Measurement

Theodore D. Doiron

effects of temperature on dimensional measurements. heAugust 18, 1997

6

Uncertainty and Dimensional Calibrations

Ted Doiron and John Stoup National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001

The calculation of uncertainty for a measurement is an effort to set reasonable bounds for the measurement result according to standardized rules. Since every measurement produces only an estimate of the answer, the primary requisite of an uncertainty statement is to inform the reader of how sure the writer is that the answer is in a certain range. This report explains how we have implemented these

9

rules for dimensional calibrations of nine

7

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF CALCITE, VAR. ICE LAND SPAR, AND YULE MARBLE

Joseph L. Rosenholtz and Dudley T.Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New Year.

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF CALCITE, VAR. ICE LAND SPAR, AND YULE MARBLE

Figure 2.5 reference of study

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

10

This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of the research is to study the thermal variation effect on height gauge measurement. To study and evaluate the various temperature is set inside the metrology lab of unikl mitec. Data for the study were collected using several tools and technique of metrology.

3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

This research used quantitative method only. Quantitative method used in comparison analysis data after take the readings. We are used different temperature set to take the measurement of our workpiece and we also analyze the and study the result. After analyze the we identify the affect of the temperature in measurement.

INSTRUMENT USED IN THIS STUDY Height Gauge

11

figure 3.2 A height gauge Used to take measurement of workpiece.

figure 3.2 B temperature and humidity sensor used to check the temperature of lab.

12

3.3 RESEARCH PROCEDURE

This method is started with collect data on selected workpiece. The data were collect in 2 methods(refer figure 3.3 and table 3.3a). There were 2 operators used to collect the data, and various selected temperature used to set up the lab( as shown on table 3.3b).H G

F

E D C B A Datum

Figure 3.3

13

METHOD

DESCRIPTION Datum is set and the measurement is taken as A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H and the set datum again and the step repeated 5 times.

TABLE 3.3a DESCRIPTION OF METHOD OF TAKING MEASUREMENT

SET OF TEMPERATURE 20 23 25 27 30 TABLE 3.3b SET TEMPERATURE USED IN STUDY

14

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Data analyzing is done using correlation study method. The correlation study is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables. Possible correlations range from +1 to 1. A zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the variables. A correlation of 1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable goes up, the other goes down. A correlation of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that both variables move in the same direction together. Correlation study r = + 1.0 r = + 0.5 r=0 r =- 0.5 Strong-Positive Weak-Positive No Correlation Weak-Negative As X goes up, Y always also goes up As X goes up, Y tends to usually also go up X and Y are not correlated As X goes up, Y tends to usually go down As X goes up, Y always goes down

r = - 1.0

Strong - Negative

Figure 3.4 correlation relationship

15

CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION4.1 RAW DATATEMP: 20 HUMIDITY: 50 Ashwikumar AVERA 5 GE 11.937 11.926 4 38.530 38.543 8 71.074 71.097 6 105.58 105.561 2 150.35 150.358 14 253.03 253.036 08 328.81 328.836 08 381.22 381.243 9

1 A B C D E F G H 11.954 38.499 71.1 105.658 150.379 253.006 328.775 381.241

2 11.927 38.52 71.04 105.519 150.35 253.037 328.819 381.195

3 11.924 38.56 71.063 105.567 150.328 253.031 328.804 381.229

4 11.956 38.532 71.073 105.605 150.342 253.044 328.82 381.237

S.DEVIATI ON 0.016118 31 0.023080 29 0.024905 82 0.052297 23 0.018994 74 0.014618 48 0.022993 48 0.019748 42

TEMP:20

HUMIDITY:50 Zainab 16

1 A B C D E F G H 11.943 38.487 71.074 105.543 150.346 253.066 328.809 381.234

2 11.879 38.47 71.038 105.535 150.264 252.999 328.784 381.176

3 11.878 38.462 70.998 105.52 150.27 253.035 328.791 381.168

4 11.922 38.417 71.057 105.555 150.3 253.077 328.811 381.184

5 11.897 38.492 71.035 105.567 150.314 253.073 328.402 381.183

AVERA GE 11.903 8 38.465 6 71.040 4 105.54 4 150.29 88 253.05 328.71 94 381.18 9

S.DEVIATI ON 0.028261 28 0.029787 58 0.028448 2 0.018083 14 0.033544 0.032939 34 0.177806 92 0.025961 51

TEMP:23

1 A B C D E F G H 11.902 38.516 71.055 105.553 150.347 253.045 328.81 381.249

2 11.941 38.507 71.053 105.561 150.332 253.036 328.813 381.218

3 11.919 38.529 71.029 105.564 150.313 253.002 328.777 381.224

4 11.929 38.523 71.078 105.521 150.294 252.993 328.753 381.144

HUMIDITY:56 Ashwikumar AVERA 5 GE 11.928 11.953 8 38.535 71.035 105.562 150.343 253.04 328.835 381.233 38.522 71.05 105.55 22 150.32 58 253.02 32 328.79 76 381.21 36

S.DEVIATI ON 0.019677 4 0.010954 45 0.019261 36 0.017936 0.022129 17 0.023889 33 0.032416 05 0.040623 88

TEMP:23

A

1 11.884

2 11.917

3 11.919

4 11.944

HUMIDITY:56 Zainab AVERA 5 GE 11.938 11.920

S.DEVIATI ON 0.023479 17

B C D E F G H

38.507 71.06 105.558 150.325 253.1 328.845 381.286

38.5 71.074 105.543 150.331 253.075 328.822 381.265

38.505 71.037 105.545 150.327 253.082 328.83 381.206

38.538 71.083 105.582 150.373 253.095 328.888 381.238

38.528 71.043 105.565 150.349 253.045 328.836 381.256

4 38.515 6 71.059 4 105.55 86 150.34 1 253.07 94 328.84 42 381.25 02

78 0.016471 19 0.019629 06 0.015946 79 0.020248 46 0.021663 33 0.025888 22 0.030152 94

TEMP:25

1 A B C D E F 11.951 38.499 71.108 105.56 150.341 253.083

2 11.94 38.542 71.059 105.565 150.338 253.076

3 11.923 38.522 71.024 105.543 150.286 253.019

4 11.999 38.528 71.078 105.579 150.318 253.058

HUMIDITY:54 Ashwikumar AVERA 5 GE 11.877 38.505 71.041 105.515 150.277 253.06 11.938 38.519 2 71.062 105.55 24 150.31 2 253.05 92

S.DEVIATI ON 0.044271 89 0.017426 99 0.032657 31 0.024551 99 0.029385 37 0.024833 45 18

G H

328.827 381.157

328.877 381.259

328.813 381.243

328.843 381.244

328.806 381.188

328.83 32 381.21 82

0.028287 81 0.043597 02

TEMP:25

1 A B C D E F G H 11.896 38.463 71.029 105.547 150.304 253.06 328.837 381.198

2 11.932 38.485 71.101 105.604 150.383 253.081 328.848 381.261

3 11.906 38.202 71.038 105.543 150.303 253.023 328.821 381.227

4 11.905 38.164 71.083 105.576 150.317 253.03 328.81 381.209

HUMIDITY:54 Zainab AVERA 5 GE 11.917 11.948 4 38.501 71.065 105.59 150.335 253.074 328.813 381.243 38.363 71.063 2 105.57 2 150.32 84 253.05 36 328.82 58 381.22 76

S.DEVIATI ON 0.021743 96 0.165416 14 0.030119 76 0.026598 87 0.033148 15 0.025986 53 0.016238 84 0.025373 21

19

TEMP:27

1 A B C D E F G H 11.918 38.487 71.028 105.501 150.339 253.059 328.861 381.24

2 11.937 38.503 71.037 105.537 150.355 253.027 328.841 381.255

3 11.917 38.547 71.138 105.578 150.377 253.025 328.838 381.26

4 11.95 38.516 71.073 105.568 150.377 253.054 328.841 381.259

HUMIDITY:59 Ashwikumar AVERA 5 GE 11.937 11.964 2 38.522 38.56 6 71.084 105.598 150.389 253.065 328.899 381.296 71.072 105.55 64 150.36 74 253.04 6 328.85 6 381.26 2

S.DEVIATI ON 0.020364 18 0.030369 39 0.043766 43 0.038003 95 0.020069 88 0.018681 54 0.025729 36 0.020627 65

TEMP:27

1 A B C D E F 11.835 38.242 70.979 105.534 150.316 253.073

2 11.964 38.434 71.038 105.539 150.361 253.111

3 11.923 38.533 71.042 105.573 150.337 253.096

4 11.967 38.562 71.1 105.6 150.399 253.1

HUMIDITY:59 Zainab AVERA 5 GE 11.866 38.491 71 105.521 150.296 253.025 11.911 38.452 4 71.031 8 105.55 34 150.34 18 253.08 1

S.DEVIATI ON 0.058927 92 0.127087 76 0.046348 68 0.032362 01 0.040083 66 0.034227 18 20

G H

328.756 381.196

328.897 381.244

328.85 381.269

328.916 381.317

328.787 381.248

328.84 12 381.25 48

0.068889 04 0.043848 6

TEMP:30

1 A B C D E F G H 11.958 38.562 71.065 105.597 150.363 253.075 328.857 381.255

2 11.958 38.554 71.099 105.616 150.372 253.072 328.893 381.24

3 11.94 38.554 71.14 105.598 150.358 253.09 328.858 381.326

4 11.92 38.499 71.085 105.527 150.344 253.062 328.82 381.211

HUMIDITY:70 Ashwikumar AVERA 5 GE 11.904 38.515 71.114 105.599 150.324 253.026 328.752 381.162 11.936 38.536 8 71.100 6 105.58 74 150.35 22 253.06 5 328.83 6 381.23 88

S.DEVIATI ON 0.023790 75 0.027976 78 0.028483 33 0.034659 77 0.018740 33 0.024 0.053586 38 0.060288 47

TEMP:30

1 A B 11.889 38.337

2 11.939 38.502

3 11.897 38.494

4 11.915 38.487

HUMIDITY:70 Zainab AVERA 5 GE 11.9 38.481 11.908 38.460

S.DEVIATI ON 0.019723 08 0.069315 21

C D E F G H

70.994 105.514 150.334 253.037 328.798 381.188

71.022 105.572 150.334 253.07 328.768 381.163

71.094 105.615 150.392 253.109 328.82 381.194

71.057 105.543 150.34 253.04 328.839 381.211

71.041 105.559 150.341 253.039 328.82 381.213

2 71.041 6 105.56 06 150.34 82 253.05 9 328.80 9 381.19 38

94 0.037527 32 0.037326 93 0.024702 23 0.031088 58 0.027129 32 0.020290 39

Table 4.1 raw data taken by operators.

4.2 ASSUMPTION OF DATA BY THEORY Using thermal variation formula: LTEMP = L0 + LL = L0t

( = 1.08 X 10-5) ( L0=20)

20 A B 11.904 38.466

23 0.000 0.001

25 0.001 0.002

27 0.001 0.003

30 0.001 0.004

22

C D E F G H

71.040 105.544 150.299 253.050 328.719 381.189

0.002 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.012

0.004 0.006 0.008 0.014 0.018 0.021

0.005 0.008 0.011 0.019 0.025 0.029

0.008 0.011 0.016 0.027 0.036 0.041

Table 4.2- difference of L and L0

4.3 SELECTED DATA FOR ANALYSIS BY AVERAGE ASHWIKUMARTEMPERATURE

20 11.937 38.531 71.075 105.582 150.351 253.031 328.811 381.229

23 11.929 38.522 71.05 105.552 150.326 253.023 328.798 381.214

25 11.938 38.519 71.062 105.552 150.312 253.059 328.833 381.218

27 11.937 38.523 71.072 105.556 150.367 253.046 328.856 381.262

30 11.936 38.537 71.101 105.587 150.352 253.065 328.836 381.239

A B C D E F G H

23

ZAINABTEMPERATURE

20 11.904 38.466 71.040 105.544 150.299 253.05 328.719 381.189

23 11.920 38.516 71.059 105.559 150.341 253.079 328.844 381.250

25 11.917 38.363 71.063 105.572 150.328 253.054 328.826 381.228

27 11.911 38.452 71.032 105.553 150.342 253.081 328.841 381.255

30 11.908 38.460 71.042 105.561 150.348 253.059 328.809 381.194

A B C D E F G H

Table 4.3 data by average on selected data

4.4 DATA BY CORRELATION ANALYSIS ASHWIKUMAR FOR A: X 20 23 25 Y 11.937 11.929 11.938 XY 238.74 274.367 298.45 X2 400 529 625 Y2 142.492 142.301 142.51624

27 30X=125

11.937 11.936Y= 59.677

322.299 358.08XY=1491.936

729 900X2 = 3183

142.492 142.468Y2 = 712.269

FOR B : X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 38.531 38.522 38.519 38.523 38.537Y= 192.257

XY 769.32 885.868 959.075 1038.204 1153.8XY=4806.267

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 1484.638 1483.944 1483.713 1484.022 1485.100Y2 = 7421.417

FOR C :25

X 20 23 25 27 30X= 125

Y 71.075 71.050 71.062 71.072 71.101Y= 355.36

XY 1421.5 1634.15 1776.55 1918.944 2133.03XY= 8884.174

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 5051.656 5048.103 5049.808 5051.229 5055.352Y2 = 25256.148

FOR D: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 105.582 105.552 105.552 105.556 105.587Y= 527.829

XY 2111.64 2427.696 2638.8 2850.012 3167.61XY= 13195.758

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 11147.559 11141.225 11141.225 11142.070 11148.615Y2 = 55720.694

26

FOR E: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 150.351 150.326 150.312 150.367 150.352Y= 751.708

XY 3007.02 3457.498 3757.8 4059.909 4510.56XY=18792.787

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 22605.423 22597.906 22593.697 22610.235 22605.724Y2=113012.985

FOR F: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 253.031 253.023 253.059 253.046 253.065Y= 1265.224

XY 5060.62 5819.529 6326.475 6832.242 7591.95XY=31630.816

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 64024.687 64020.639 64038.857 64032.278 64041.894Y2 =

320158.355

27

FOR G: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 328.811 328.798 328.833 328.856 328.836Y= 1644.134

XY 6576.22 7562.354 8220.825 8879.112 9865.08XY =

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 108116.674 108108.125 108131.142 108146.269 108133.115Y2 =

41103.591

540635.325

FOR H: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 381.229 381.214 381.218 381.262 381.239Y= 1906.162

XY 7624.58 8767.922 9530.45 10294.074 11437.17XY= 47654.196

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 145335.551 145324.114 145327.164 145360.713 145343.175Y2 =

726690.717

28

29

ZAINAB FOR A: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 11.904 11.920 11.917 11.911 11.908Y= 59.56

XY 238.08 274.16 297.925 321.597 357.24XY= 1489.002

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 141.705 142.086 142.015 141.872 141.800Y2=709.478

FOR B : X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 38.466 38.516 38.363 38.452 38.460Y= 192.257

XY 769.32 885.868 959.075 1038.204 1153.8XY=4806.267

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 1479.633 1483.482 1471.720 1478.556 1479.172Y2=7392.563

30

FOR C : X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 71.040 71.059 71.063 71.032 71.042Y= 355.236

XY 1420.8 1634.357 1776.575 1917.864 2131.26XY=8880.856

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 5046.682 5049.381 5049.950 5045.545 5046.966Y2=25238.524

FOR D: X 20 23 25 Y 105.544 105.559 105.572 XY 2110.88 2427.857 2639.3 X2 400 529 625 Y2 11139.536 11142.702 11145.44731

27 30X=125

105.553 105.561Y= 527.789

2849.931 3166.83XY=13194.798

729 900X2 = 3183

11141.436 11143.125Y2=55712.246

FOR E: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 150.299 150.341 150.328 150.342 150.348Y= 751.658

XY 3005.98 3457.843 3758.2 4059.234 4510.44XY=18791.697

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 22589.789 22602.416 22598.508 22602.717 22604.521Y2=112997.951

32

FOR F: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 253.050 253.079 253.054 253.081 253.059Y= 1265.323

XY 5061 5820.817 6326.35 6833.187 7591.77XY=31633.124

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 64034.303 64048.980 64036.327 64049.993 64038.857Y2=320208.46

33

FOR G: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 328.719 328.844 328.826 328.841 328.809Y= 1644.039

XY 6574.38 7563.412 8220.65 8878.707 9864.27XY=41101.419

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 108056.181 108138.376 108126.538 108136.403 108115.359Y2=540572.857

FOR H: X 20 23 25 27 30X=125

Y 381.189 381.250 381.228 381.255 381.194Y= 1906.116

XY 7623.78 8768.75 9530.7 10293.885 11435.82XY=47652.935

X2 400 529 625 729 900X2 = 3183

Y2 145305.054 145351.563 145334.788 145355.375 145308.866Y2=726655.646

Table 4.4 data by correlation analysis34

4.5 DATA AFTER CORRELATION STUDY Correlation formula,

r = xy- xynx2- x2ny2- y2n

Value of (r) r, a A B C D E F G Hr

r, z -0.010 -0.158 -0.197 0.557 0.934 0.191 0.575 0.066=1.958

0.125 -0.029 -0.004 0.075 0.970 0.913 0.577 0.353=2.98

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Table 4.5 A1. rmina= 2.988 2.

= 0.373 rminz= 1.9588 = 0.245ra+ rz2

r=

r = 0.373+ 0.245 2 = 0.309

(figure 4.5A)rvalue=0.373 Graph

of ra

(figure 4.5B)

Graph of rz

4.6 DISCUSSION

During this final project we use 1 workpiece to take measurement. Moreover, to identify the effect of thermal variation on measurement, we decided to in different temperature, namely at 20,23,25,27, and 30. We have to ensure that our research was gave a successful result. We choose correlation study as our method because it is very much related in identifying relationship between temperature and measurement. Moreover we used 2 methods to take reading of the workpiece, but as for the analysis we choose the 2nd method readings to analyze the data using correlation study.

The correlation shows on the relationship between 2 factors. As the value of r is equal to r=0 there was no correlation happens. As if the r=+0.5 it is weak36

positive, as the x goes up, the y also tends to go up. If the r=+1.0 it is strong positive , when x goes the y also goes up. When there is r= -0.5, it is weak negative, as x goes up, y usually goes down. If the r = -1.0 it is strong negative, as x goes up, y always goes down. As the result, the r value in correlation study shows on how the x and y is related on each other.

Besides that, we decided to use 2 operators to take measurement. This because , we wants to get accurate reading to do analysis. Furthermore, our result from data prove the literature review. As said if 1 increases the dimension also will increases by 1m.

Beside that, we choose different temperature to undergo the experiment. We setup the lab as to standard temperature as 20, other than that to identify the thermal variation effect on measurement, we also used 23,25,27 and 30. We select these temperatures, to study and identify the significant impact of temperature on measurement of the workpiece.

During this experiment, we used height gauge, we used the height gauge to take measurement of workpiece. The height gauge as the measurement range as 0 450mm and the accuracy is 0.001mm. we also use humidifier to control humidity level . the temperature and humidity sensor to read the temperature set is correct and constant. CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, the r value shows how the x and y related to each other. We also use different temperature to study the thermal variation effect on measurement. For this research, we use different temperature setting, which37

is 20,23,25,27 and 30. We also take the 20 as the reference temperature. Besides that we used 2 operators to take measurement. We conclude that taking measurement using two operator could get 2 set of data, which would give accurate analysis of experiment.

Based on the result that we get the value of r of 2 set of data is r = 0.309. so we can prove that as x goes y also tends to go up (as refer figure 3.4). which x is represent temperature and y represent measurement. It proved the literature review, as 1 increase 1m increase in measurement. But based on our research, the significant relationship between the x and y shows on higher temperature and higher measurement. (refer figure 4.6A and figure 4.6b). Beside that, the effect of thermal variation on measurement is shows the strong and weak relationship (refer table 4.2). as shows on table 4.5a the correlation from A-C is weak as the correlation value is less than zero, but as from D-H the correlation value is strong so it show the relationship between temperature and measurement is significant on the range measurement of 105.000 mm and above. For future research we will be focus on more higher temperature and higher measurement.

REFERENCES Physics seventh edition, Paul E.tippens LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF CALCITE, VAR. ICELAND SPAR, AND YULE MARBLE Josnrn L. Rosnnnolrz AND Duprnv T. Surru, RensselaePr ol'^ ttechnicIn stitute. Trov, New York http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_coefficient http://www.metrology.com.my/english/index.htm International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture Error compensation in machine tools a review Part II: thermal errors R. Ramesh, M.A. Mannan *, A.N. Poo The Gauge Block Handbook by Ted Doiron and John Beers, Dimensional Metrology Group Precision Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Measurement of the thermal expansion of metal and FRPs, S. Kanagaraj, S. Pattanayak, Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India Volume 112, Number 1, January-February 2007, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Volume 102, Number 6, NovemberDecember 1997,Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Uncertainty and Dimensional Calibrations

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